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Mapping of Flood Zones in Urban Areas Through a Hydro-Climatic Approach: the Case of the City of Abha

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Mapping of Flood Zones in Urban Areas Through a Hydro-Climatic Approach: the Case of the City of Abha Earth Science Research; Vol. 10, No. 2; 2021 ISSN 1927-0542 E-ISSN 1927-0550 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Mapping of Flood Zones in Urban Areas through a Hydro-climatic Approach: the Case of the City of Abha Allaoua Ansar1 and Azaiez Naima1,2,3 1 King Khalid University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Geography Department, Abha, Saudi Arabia. 2 Preparatory Institute for Literary Studies and Human Sciences of Tunis I (IPELSHT), Tunis city, Tunisia 3 Research Laboratory: “Biogeography, Applied Climatology and Environmental Dynamics” (BICADE), Faculty of Arts and Humanities of Manouba, Tunis city, Tunisia Correspondence: Allaoua Ansar, King Khalid University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Geography Department, Abha, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 15, 2021 Accepted: March 15, 2021 Online Published: April 19, 2021 doi:10.5539/esr.v10n2p1 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/esr.v10n2p1 Abstract Flooding is a natural phenomenon of the hydrological cycle, but it has become an urban concern in many cities around the world. Due to human intervention on the functioning of hydrosystems through infrastructure, the channelling of watercourses, the redirection of the flow and the inevitable extension of the urban landscape, floods have become a growing urban hazard. Several cities are currently facing very frequent flash floods. These floods are of various types and several factors are at the origin of their manifestation, which leaves its understanding and prevention for local stakeholders a long-term process that requires a colossal amount of work among several multidisciplinary researchers. Without denying the scientific consensus on the role of climate change, currently floods are largely caused by the senseless and irresponsible behaviour of humans. Among the cities in Saudi Arabia facing the risk of flooding is the city of Abha located in the southwest of the country, the focus of this research. It is subject to recurrent and devastating floods caused by several factors. Controversial topography, dissected orography, aggressive rainfall, accelerated and unregulated urban growth, and irresponsible human intervention are all factors that aggravate this problem. The resolution of this problem, or at least the minimization of its consequences, requires a rigorous and carefully studied approach. The appropriate knowledge by local stakeholders must be reinforced by a methodological and cartographic assessment of this phenomenon in order to mitigate its consequences. The main objective of this work is to make cartographic and methodological contributions to acquire additional knowledge on the flood hazard in the city of Abha through a statistical processing of rainfall data for the period 1978-2018, a mapping of the factors intervening on the runoff and its various behaviors and finally a synthetic analysis. Keywords: Abha city, flood hazard, urban landscape, torrential rains, return period, runoff coefficient 1. Introduction The city of Abha, located in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, is characterized by a morpho-structural complexity that is reflected in its topographical diversity, a "jagged" urban fabric with "peaks " and deeply incised valleys. The altitudinal differences influence the climate characteristics, originating certain names such as 'Dhabab city' or 'city of fog'. Indeed, this city is confronted with several hazards where each component of the natural environment has its share of responsibility: the substratum, the altitudes, the slopes, the climate with very variable rains, deep and steep waterways generating devastating floods, a regional framework in favor of the accentuation of all these hazards (figure 1). The observation of the arrangement of the physical units of the city and the combination of elements of the natural environment points to a "high-risk" city. This situation is accentuated by a booming demography and a "strong and risky urbanization", the result of the scarcity of building land uses. Some neighborhoods are perched, others are located on low slopes, or on ancient terraces, indeed their proximity to waterways which are really very numerous in the Assir region. This situation results in numerous hazards that can become potential risks, including the phenomenon of submersion of built areas and streets, which can affect several places. The objective of this study is to map the areas that are prone to flooding, after highlighting the characteristics of the natural environment in terms of rainfall and hydrology. To do so, different thematic maps are used (topographic, hypsometric, slopes, hydrographic network, urban). The climatic data, particularly rainfall data (1978-2018), will be processed statistically using appropriate tools and specific parameters. 1 http://esr.ccsenet.org Earth Science Research Vol. 10, No. 1; 2021 Figure 1. Location map of Abha city (source: Data base image from Arc Gis) 2. Previous Work on Flood Study in Saudi Arabia Studies of food problems in the world remain Plenty, Prosperous and fortunate it is thanks to the complementarity between hydrological, climatic and geomorphological sciences. Many international action programs and scientific meetings were designed to address the various challenges associated to urban flood. A large and sophisticated literature exists on the flooding subject in Saudi Arabia, but this one mostly concerned only Mekah, Jeddah and Ryadh frequently opposed to the phenomenon of flooding and challenges in flash flood disaster management (Shwehdi, 2006; Qari, 2009; Subyani et al., 2009;2010; 2011, Ledraa 2020; Ashammari Eissa et al, 2020; Alamri, 2011; Gomaa et al, 2011, Al-Ghamidi et 2012; Al Saud, 2015, Faddaz et al, 2016; Ameur, 2016; Abdelkarim 2019; Abdelkarim et al, 2019; Ashammari Eissa Zaidan et al, 2020, Ledraa et al, 2020).The studies of flood in urban area in Assir region remain rare and descriptive rather than quantitative. Although a considerable number of research studies have been conducted on the issue, no study has explored the Geo-morphological specifics and the various aspects of flood and its impact in Abha city, especially after urban sprawl on both sides of the Abha valley and its tributaries. This study, based on a hydroclimatic modeling approach, can provide essential additional information on the physical processes of floods, taking into account the land use and the return period of the torrential rains which affect the hydrological response of the sub-catchments and able to generate several floods. 3. Research Method A separate data sets was used for this study, which deals with floods in an urban environment in order to try and understand the relationships that exist between several parameters that condition the phenomenon of flooding. In fact, floods are the 2 http://esr.ccsenet.org Earth Science Research Vol. 10, No. 1; 2021 result of the combination of at least two parameters, namely climate and hydrology, that is why we chose the hydro- climatic approach which requires the study of these two factors to more easily. To explain this problem, it was necessary to follow a multidisciplinary methodology which is based on the complementarity of statistical, graphic and cartographic analyzes and we take into account of three aspects: 3.1 Statistical, Rational and Empirical Methods The first statistical method relating to the processing and analysis of climatic data with a focus on rainfall without neglecting other climatic parameters. This behavior is explained by the "direct" relationship between the rainfall variables and more precisely torrential rains and floods. A difference between PTP and PTR was made through a statistical treatment of monthly rainfall amounts. These help us to measure the relative risk of flooding on three-time scales which are year, season and month. For the 1978-2018 study period. The second is interested in the prediction of hydrological parameters and the cartographic modeling of the results. 3.2 The Cartographic Approach It uses a multi-criteria database, based on the use of many documents such as: topographic map at 1/50000, geological map at 1/250000, satellite Images and Google Earth Pro Images with a high resolution and exported in UTM projection by Map Puzzle program, climatic map and exploitation of SRTM satellite image data related to the Assir region. 3.3 The Quantitative Component This hydro-climatic analysis shows the sensitivity of these environments favored by a morpho-structural complexity, a topographical diversity, a "jagged" urban fabric, an accelerated and disorderly urbanization ... hence an environment very vulnerable to flooding. 4. Climatic Aspects: Statistical Processing of Rainfall Data The climatic characteristics of the city of Abha are summarised with a focus on rainfall analysis, which strongly influences floods. The climate of the region of Abha is mostly a mountain climate. It is characterized by temperatures averaging around 20°C (Al-Quahtani. et al., 2019). The peaks range from 21.8° C to 31.5° C while the lows are between 2.3° C and 12.9° C. Relative humidity is highly variable. Evapotranspiration is about 2381.0 mm at the annual scale. The rainfall amounts for the period 1970-1988 are about 460 mm (Blehed, 1986 and AL-Jerash, 1992). What about the rainfall patterns for the period 1978-2018? To answer this question this parameter will be studied through three patterns, namely annual, seasonal and monthly. The annual rate: the average rainfall, calculated over 41 years (1978-2018) is 229.3 mm (The General authority of Meteorology and Environment protection). The annual rainfall amounts vary between 639.5 mm and 84.8 mm. The maximum value is recorded in 1983 while the minimum is recorded in 2009. The graphical translation of the annual rainfall quantities reveals the existence of five peaks in addition to the maximum value; the first one, in 1997, is significant, at 582.1 mm, because they are accompanied by flood events, while the other four are less significant: 463.3 mm in 1990, 386.6 mm in 2016, 372. 3 mm in 1992 and 263.8 mm in 2013. Three minimum values are below 100 mm: 87.4 mm in 1994, 90.8 mm in 2003 and 96.8 mm in 2008.
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