Redalyc.SECONDARY METABOLITES of the ANNONACEAE, SOLANACEAE and MELIACEAE FAMILIES USED AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL of INSECTS

Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems E-ISSN: 1870-0462 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán México Castillo-Sánchez, Luis Enrique; Jiménez-Osornio, Juan José; Delgado-Herrera, María América SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE ANNONACEAE, SOLANACEAE AND MELIACEAE FAMILIES USED AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, vol. 12, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2010, pp. 445-462 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93915170004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 12 (2010): 445 -462 REVIEW [REVISIÓN] SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE ANNONACEAE, SOLANACEAE Tropical and AND MELIACEAE FAMILIES USED AS BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS Subtropical [METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS DE LAS FAMILIAS ANNONACEAE, SOLANACEAE Y MELIACEAE USADAS COMO CONTROL BIOLÓGICO Agroecosystems DE INSECTOS] Luis Enrique Castillo-Sánchez1*, Juan José Jiménez-Osornio2 and María América Delgado-Herrera3. 1Technological Institute of Tizimin 3.5 km final highway Cupul airport to Tizimin. Tizimin, Yucatan, Mexico. Email: [email protected] 2Tropical Natural Resources Management and Conservation Department, Biological Sciences and Animal Husbandry Campus, Autonomous University of Yucatan. P.O. box. 4-116 Col. Itzimna, 97100. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. 3Applied Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Faculty, Autonomous University of Yucatan. P.O. box. 97150. Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. *Corresponding author SUMMARY RESUMEN Given the problems that synthetic insecticides cause to Debido a los problemas que ocasionan los insecticidas the environment as well as to human health, there has sintéticos tanto en el ambiente como en la salud been an up surging on research for plant extracts for humana existe un resurgimiento en investigaciones insect control. Specialized literature is revised on sobre los extractos de origen vegetal para el control de published studies about different plant extracts insectos. Se presenta una revisión de literatura obtained from the Annonaceae, Meliaceae and especializada de los trabajos publicados de los Solanaceae families, describing the compounds or diferentes extractos vegetales obtenidos de las familias mixtures of compounds obtained, as well as their Annonaceae, Meliaceae y Solanaceae, describiendo los modes of action that present on insects. The plant compuestos o mezcla de compuestos obtenidos, así species of the three revised families present very polar como sus mecanismos de acción que presentan sobre compounds. The Meliaceae family is the most studied insectos. Las especies vegetales de las tres familias one, with azadirachtyne as the most important active presentan compuestos muy polares. La familia compound. Acetogenins, squamocyn and annonacyn Meliaceae es la más estudiada, con la azadiractina from the Annonaceae family, display the strongest como el compuesto activo más importante. Las impact; whereas in the Solanaceae family, the acetogeninas, squamocin y annonacin de la familia alkaloids and steroidal glycosides are the ingredients Annonacea, son las de mayor impacto, mientras que en with more bioactivity. The biological activity of la familia Solanaceae son los alcaloides y glicósidos secondary metabolites has been higher when extracts esteroidales los principios con mayor bioactividad. La are tested, which consist of complex mixtures of actividad biológica de los metabolitos secundarios ha secondary compounds. Most of the investigations sido mayor cuando se prueban los extractos, que son revised herein have consisted of in vitro bioassays for mezclas complejas de compuestos secundarios. La insecticidal activity: therefore, the field effectiveness mayoría de las investigaciones revisadas han sido of these extracts is unknown. bioensayos in vitro para la actividad insecticida, por lo que se desconoce la efectividad de los extractos en Key words: Pest insects; plant extracts; biological campo. activity; secondary compounds. Palabras clave: insectos plaga; extractos vegetales; actividad biológica; compuestos secundarios. 445 Castillo-Sánchez et al., 2010 INTRODUCTION al., 2004), or dehydrated plant parts to be used as powders (Silva et al., 2003). From the second half of the XX century, the agricultural modernization has focused on using new Secondary metabolites feature several properties techniques which aim to increase the food production against insects, like insecticidal activity (Cavalacante for the ever-growing human population (Iannacone et et al., 2006), considered as that substance or mixture al., 2005). The increase on the food production is of substances that exert biocide action due to the owned to the scientific breakthroughs and nature of their chemical structure (Celis et al., 2008). technological innovations which include developing However, most of the plants used against insects have new plant varieties, the increase of irrigation facilities an insectistatic effect, rather than insecticidal. This and the use of fertilizers and pesticides (Gliessman, refers to the inhibition of the insect’s development and 2002). The use of the monoculture has brought as a behavior (Celis et al., 2008), and it is divided into: consequence, the use of synthetic insecticides, which Repellence (Viglianco et al., 2006), anti-feeding reduce the biodiversity of agroecosystems, provoking activity (Eriksson et al., 2008), growth regulation their instability (Gliessman, op. cit.) and cause harmful (Wheeler and Isman, 2001), feed deterrents (Koul, effects, such as: environmental pollution, human 2004), and oviposition deterrents (Banchio et al., health issues (Hilje, 2001), insect resistance to 2003). pesticides (Denholm et al., 1998), natural pest predators (Aggarwal and Brar, 2006), parasitoids Repellent activity is presented in plants that have (Iannacone and Lamas, 2003) and pollinators compounds with fowling odor or irritating effects, (Desneux et al., 2007) loss. which cause insects to get away from them (Peterson y Coats, 2001). Anti-feeding activity is exerted by As a consequence of these environmental security and compounds that once ingested by the insect, causes it health issues (Karunamoorthi et al., 2008), nowadays, to stop feeding and eventually die of starvation (Isman, new strategies for pest insects control which are less 2006). Growth regulating compounds inhibit hazardous and more environmentally friendly are metamorphosis or provoke precocious molting. They searched for; such as the use of plant extracts, one of alter the growth regulating hormones and cause the most attractive methods for this aim (Salvadores et malformations, sterility or death in insects (Celis et al., al., 2007). 2008). The practice of using plant extracts in agriculture for To the present, there are more than 2000 plant species pest control is not new; it has been used for at least known to have insecticidal properties, where the two millennia, when botanical insecticides were Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Labiatae, Fabaceae, considered important products for pest management in Meliaceae and Solanaceae families stand out (García Ancient China (Long et al., 2006), Egypt, Greece and et al., 2004). Among the metabolites with biological India (Isman, 2006). Even in the United States and activities against insects, flavonoids, terpenoids, some European countries, botanical insecticides were alkaloids, steroids and phenols stand out (Orozco et predominantly used, before the discovery of al., 2006). organochlorated and organophosphorated insecticides in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s (Isman, 1997). Three plant families that draw attention as promising sources of insecticidal compounds are: Annonaceae, In the last 30 years, there has been an increasing Solanaceae and Meliaceae. These families have been research on plant extracts (Clemente et al., 2003), due selected to be studied for the following reasons: 1) to the numerous problems that synthetic insecticides they possess different chemical groups for insect cause; leading to what could be considered a second control; 2) they are common families in the tropics and era of the botanical insecticides (Silva et al., 2002). are cultivated in various regions; 3) there is research that have shown biological activity against insects and The plants that present biological activity against are highlighted as potential plants for their use in the insects owe this feature to the presence of secondary tropics. metabolites (García et al., 2004), some of which have been widely investigated (Álvarez et al., 2007; The objective of the present work is to revise literature Salvadores et al., 2007; Chandra et al., 2008). The on different plant extracts from the Annonaceae, process of knowing and obtaining secondary Meliaceae and Solanaceae families, the compounds or metabolites against insects is by means of plant mixtures of compounds obtained as well as their extracts, which can have variations; sometimes modes of action against insects. aqueous extracts can be obtained (Bobadilla et al., 2005), solvents can be used to obtain different compounds depending on their polarity (Bobadilla et al., 2002), essential oils can also be obtained (Pérez et 446 Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 12 (2010): 445 -462 Annonaceae range from very polar,

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