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Reporters on the Battlefield: the Embedded Press System in Historical Context

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Reporters on the Battlefield: the Embedded Press System in Historical Context CHILD POLICY This PDF document was made available CIVIL JUSTICE from www.rand.org as a public service of EDUCATION the RAND Corporation. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE Jump down to document6 INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit POPULATION AND AGING research organization providing PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY objective analysis and effective SUBSTANCE ABUSE solutions that address the challenges TERRORISM AND facing the public and private sectors HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND around the world. 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All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. 3FQPSUFST POUIF #BUUMFGJFME 4HE%MBEDDED0RESS3YSTEM IN(ISTORICAL#ONTEXT #HRISTOPHER0AULs*AMES*+IM !PPROVEDFORPUBLICRELEASEDISTRIBUTIONUNLIMITED 4HISREPORTRESULTSFROMTHE2!.$#ORPORATIONSCONTINUINGPROGRAMOF SELF INITIATEDRESEARCH3UPPORTFORSUCHRESEARCHISPROVIDED INPART BY DONORSANDBYTHEINDEPENDENTRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTPROVISIONSOF 2!.$SCONTRACTSFORTHEOPERATIONOFITS53$EPARTMENTOF$EFENSE FEDERALLYFUNDEDRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTCENTERS ,IBRARYOF#ONGRESS#ATALOGING IN 0UBLICATION$ATA 0AUL #HRISTOPHER n 2EPORTERSONTHEBATTLEFIELDTHEEMBEDDEDPRESSSYSTEMINHISTORICALCONTEXT #HRISTOPHER0AUL *AMES*+IM PCM )NCLUDESBIBLIOGRAPHICALREFERENCES h-' v )3". PBK 7AR0RESSCOVERAGE)RAQ7AR 0RESSCOVERAGE)+IM *AMES* ))4ITLE 0.70 gDC 4HE2!.$#ORPORATIONISANONPROFITRESEARCHORGANIZATIONPROVIDING OBJECTIVEANALYSISANDEFFECTIVESOLUTIONSTHATADDRESSTHECHALLENGES FACING THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS AROUND THE WORLD 2!.$S PUBLICATIONSDONOTNECESSARILYREFLECTTHEOPINIONSOFITSRESEARCHCLIENTS ANDSPONSORS ®ISAREGISTEREDTRADEMARK #OVERDESIGNBY3TEPHEN"LOODSWORTH Ú#OPYRIGHT2!.$#ORPORATION !LLRIGHTSRESERVED.OPARTOFTHISBOOKMAYBEREPRODUCEDINANY FORMBYANYELECTRONICORMECHANICALMEANSINCLUDINGPHOTOCOPYING RECORDING ORINFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL WITHOUTPERMISSIONIN WRITINGFROM2!.$ 0UBLISHEDBYTHE2!.$#ORPORATION -AIN3TREET 0/"OX 3ANTA-ONICA #! 3OUTH(AYES3TREET !RLINGTON 6! .ORTH#RAIG3TREET 3UITE 0ITTSBURGH 0! 2!.$52,HTTPWWWRANDORG 4OORDER2!.$DOCUMENTSORTOOBTAINADDITIONALINFORMATION CONTACT $ISTRIBUTION3ERVICES4ELEPHONE &AX %MAILORDER RANDORG Preface While the history of relations between the press and the military pre- dates modern journalism, much of what had gone before was neu- tralized by the horrible press-military breakdown that occurred dur- ing U.S. involvement in Vietnam. By the end of the Vietnam War, press-military trust was at an all time low, and antagonism on both sides at an all time high. Many in the press, feeling repeatedly misled, reported ongoing events in an unfavorable light; many in the military felt betrayed by this “inappropriate” and negative press coverage and wanted to have nothing further to do with the press. Following Viet- nam, the tension between First Amendment protections, generally accepted citizen “right to know,” and military resistance and desire for operational secrecy has led press-military relations through several different institutional forms. First, the complete exclusion of the press from the intervention in Grenada, followed by the better but less- than-satisfactory “press pool” systems used in Panama and during the first Gulf War, and the “turning of the tables” in Haiti and Somalia, where the press was in country before the troops, concluding (for the present) with the “embedded press” system, in which journalists are attached to, and travel with specific military units. The embedded press system appears to be the best solution to date at balancing the needs of the three core constituencies (the press, the military, and the public); the questions remain whether that appearance is correct, what improvements remain to be made, and what, if any, vulnerabili- ties (for any of the constituents) the embedded press system creates. iii iv Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in Historical Context This research focuses on the embedded press system deployed during Operation Iraqi Freedom and should be of interest to those in the armed forces, the media, policymakers responsible for regulating press access, as well as the public at large. It attempts to answer the following questions: How effective was the embedded press system in meeting the needs of the three main constituencies (the press, the military, and the citizens of the United States)? What policy history led to the innovation of an embedded press system? Where are press- military relations likely to go in the future? These questions are an- swered through an evaluation of the embedded press system, a set of lessons learned from press-military relations during the recent con- flict, and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the embedded press system (or its descendants) for possible future operations. This research was conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center (ISDP) of the National Security Research Division (NSRD), a unit of the RAND Corporation. NSRD con- ducts research and analysis for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Commands, the defense agencies, the De- partment of the Navy, the U.S. intelligence community, allied for- eign governments, and foundations. This book results from the RAND Corporation’s continuing program of self-initiated research. Support for such research is pro- vided, in part, by donors and by the independent research and devel- opment provisions of RAND’s contracts for the operation of its U.S. Department of Defense federally funded research and development centers. For more information on the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, contact the director, James Dobbins. He can be reached at [email protected]; 310-393-0411, ext. 5134; RAND Corporation, 1700 Main Street, Santa Monica, California 90407-2138. Contents Preface ...................................................................... iii Figures ...................................................................... ix Tables....................................................................... xi Summary .................................................................. xiii Acknowledgments........................................................xxiii CHAPTER ONE Introduction.................................................................1 The Origins of “Embedded Press”...........................................1 Defining the Key Constituencies in Military-Press Relations ...............3 Methods......................................................................4 Significance of this Research .................................................5 Structure of the Book ........................................................6 CHAPTER TWO The Relationship Between the Press and the Military: A Starting Point ........................................................7 The Press.....................................................................8 Mission Focus: Reporting.................................................8 Institutional Characteristics............................................. 10 Press Goals for News Coverage ......................................... 14 The Military ............................................................... 17 Mission Focus: Protection and Defense of the United States .......... 18 Institutional Characteristics............................................. 18 Military Goals Related to News Coverage .............................. 21 v vi Reporters on the Battlefield: The Embedded Press System in Historical Context Comparison of the Press and the Military ................................. 26 Goals of the Press or Military Vis-à-Vis the Public ........................ 28 The Public’s Goals for News Coverage ................................. 29 Press-Military Relations................................................. 30 Conclusion ................................................................. 34 CHAPTER THREE History of Relations Between the Press and the Military .............. 35 Case Studies: The Legacies of History ..................................... 36 Vietnam: A Critical Juncture in Press-Military Relations and a Massive Legacy of Mistrust .......................................... 36 Grenada: Backlash Against the Press.................................... 39 Panama: Press Pool Doesn’t Work ..................................... 40 First Gulf War: Coverage But Not Access .............................. 42 Somalia: The Press Turns the Tables ................................... 46 Haiti: Prelude to Cooperation .......................................... 47 Bosnia and Kosovo: Proto–Embedded Press System ................... 48 Afghanistan: Special Forces Are Hard to Cover ........................ 50 Major
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