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Military Communications www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Editorial Advisory Board George H. Bolling (U.S. Army, ret.) Kathryn Roe Coker Michael S. Dean (RAF, ret.) Bernard S. Finn Steven Livingston Clifford Lord Robert J. Oslund Rebecca Robbins Raines Steven J. Rauch Richard P. “Hank” Sauer (USAF, ret.) Thomas S. Snyder Keir B. Sterling Peter M. Swartz (U.S. Navy, ret.) Timothy Wolters David L. Woods (U.S. Navy, ret.) Tommy R. Young II www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Military Communications From Ancient Times to the 21st Century Christopher H. Sterling Editor Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quota- tions in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Military communications : from ancient times to the 21st century / Christopher H. Sterling, Editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-85109-732-6 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-85109-737-1 (ebook) 1. Armed Forces—Communication systems—Encyclopedias. I. Sterling, Christopher H., 1943– UG590.M56 2008 358’.2403—dc22 2007018160 12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an ebook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 Senior Production Editor: Cami Cacciatore Editorial Assistant: Sara Springer Production Manager: Don Schmidt Media Manager: Caroline Price Media Editor: Ellen Rasmussen File Manager: Paula Gerard This book is printed on acid-free paper. Manufactured in the United States of America www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 CONTENTS Contributors, xi Preface, xv Acknowledgments, xix Introduction, xxiii A Army Battle Command System (ABCS), 34 Air Force Communications Agency Army Signal Corps, 35 (AFCA, 1991–2006), 1 Artillery/Gunfire, 40 Air Force Communications Service (AFCS), Association of Old Crows (AOC), 41 Air Force Communications Command Atlantic, Battle of the (1939–1945), 42 (AFCC) (1961–1991), 3 Atlantic Wall, 44 Air Force Research Laboratory, Australia: Royal Australian Corps of (Rome, New York), 6 Signals, 45 Airborne Warning and Control System Automatic Digital Network (AWACS), 7 (AUTODIN), 47 Airmobile Communications, 8 Automatic Secure Voice Communications Airplanes, 10 (AUTOSEVOCOM), 48 Airships and Balloons, 13 Alaska Communications System, B 15 Bain, Alexander (1811–1877), 51 Aldis Lamp, 17 Baltic Nations, 52 Alexander, Edward Porter (1835–1910), 18 Banker, Grace (1892–1960), 54 American Civil War (1861–1865), 19 Beardslee Telegraph, 55 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Bell, Alexander Graham (1847–1922), 57 (AT&T), 21 Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL), 58 American Wars to 1860, 23 Berlin Airlift (1948–1949), 60 Ancient Signals, 24 Blair, William Richards (1874–1962), 61 Appalachian, USS, 26 Blandford Camp, 62 Ardois Light, 27 Bletchley Park, 63 Arlington Hall, 28 Boer War Wireless (1899–1902), 65 Armed Forces Communications & Britain, Battle of (1940), 66 Electronics Association (AFCEA), 30 Bull Run, Battle of (1861), 68 Armstrong, Edwin Howard Bush, Vannevar (1890–1974), 69 (1890–1954), 31 Army Airways Communications System, C Airways and Air Communications Camp Crowder, Missouri, 71 Service (AACS, 1938–1961), 32 Canada, 72 v www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 vi MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS Contents Canada: Communications Security Defense Switched Network (DSN), 121 Establishment (CSE), 75 Defiance, HMS, 122 Chappe, Claude (1763–1805), 76 Diego Garcia, 123 Cher Ami and the “Lost Battalion,” 77 Dogs, 124 Chicksands, 78 Driscoll, Agnes Meyer (1889–1971), 126 China, People’s Republic of, 79 Coast Defense, 82 E Code, Codebook, 84 Eastern Europe, 129 Code Breaking, 86 Edelcrantz, Abraham (1754–1821), 130 Code Talkers, 87 Edison, Thomas A. (1847–1931), 131 Color, 89 Egypt, 132 Combat Information Center (CIC), 90 Electric Cipher Machine (ECM Mark II, Combat Information Transport System “SIGABA”), 134 (CITS), 91 Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), 136 Commonwealth Communications Army Electronic Countermeasures/Electronic Network (COMCAN), 92 Warfare (ECM/EW), 137 Communication Satellites, 92 E-Mail Systems, 139 Communications Security (COMSEC), 96 Enigma, 140 Computer, 98 European Late Nineteenth-Century Wars, Computer Security (COMPUSEC), 101 142 Confederate Army Signal Corps, 102 Coston Signals, 103 F Couriers, 105 Facsimile/Fax, 145 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 106 Falklands Conflict (1982), 146 Fateful Day—25 June 1876, 147 D Ferrié, Gustave-Auguste (1868–1932), DARPANET, 109 148 de Forest, Lee (1873–1961), 110 Fessenden, Reginald A. (1866–1932), 149 Deception, 111 Fiber Optics, 151 Defence Communications Service Agency Field, Cyrus W. (1819–1892), 152 (DCSA), 113 Field Wire and Cable, 153 Defence Fixed Telecommunications System Fire/Flame/Torch, 154 (DFTS), 114 Fiske, Bradley A. (1854–1942), 155 Defense Advanced Research Projects Flaghoist, 156 Agency (DARPA), 115 Flags, 158 Defense Communications Agency (DCA, Flagship, 161 1960–1991), 117 Fleming, John Ambrose (1849–1945), 161 Defense Communications Board/Board of Fort Gordon, Georgia, 163 War Communications (1940–1947), 117 Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 164 Defense Communications System Fort Meade, Maryland, 165 (DCS), 118 Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, 166 Defense Information Systems Agency Fort Myer, Virginia, 167 (DISA), 119 France: Air Force (Armée de l’Air), 168 Defense Message System (DMS), 120 France: Army, 169 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS vii Contents France: Navy (Marine Nationale), 172 India, 226 Friedman, William F. (1891–1969), 174 Information Revolution in Military Affairs Fullerphone, 176 (IRMA), 228 Future Combat Systems (FCS), 177 Infrared Signal Systems, 229 Institute of Electrical and Electronic G Engineers (IEEE), 230 German “Fish” Codes, 179 Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE), 232 Germany: Air Force, 181 Intelligence Ships, 233 Germany: Army, 182 International Code of Signals (ICS), 234 Germany: Military Communications International Telecommunication Union School, 186 (ITU), 236 Germany: Naval Intelligence (B-Dienst), 187 Internet, 237 Germany: Navy, 189 Iraq War (2003–Present), 240 Global Command and Control System Israel, 244 (GCCS), 190 Global Information Grid (GIG), 192 J Global Positioning System (GPS), 193 Jackson, Henry B. (1855–1929), 247 Golden Arrow Sections, 195 Jamming, 248 Government Code & Cipher School Japan: Air Force, 250 (GC&CS, 1919–1946), 196 Japan: Army, 251 Great Wall of China, 197 Japan: Navy (Nippon Teikoku Kaigun), 254 Greece, 198 Joint Assault Signal Company Greely, Adolphus W. (1844–1935), 199 (JASCO), 255 Ground Radio, 200 Joint Tactical Information Distribution Gulf War (1990–1991), 201 System (JTIDS), 256 Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS), 258 H Joint Task Force–Global Network Hadrian’s Wall, 207 Operations (JTF-GNO), 259 Heliograph and Mirrors, 208 “Jungle Telegraph”, 260 Hello Girls, 211 Jutland, Battle of (1916), 261 Heraldry/Insignia, 213 High-Frequency Direction Finding K (HF DF), 215 Kilby, Jack St. Clair (1923–2005) and Noyce, High-Speed Morse, 217 Robert Norton (1927–1990), 263 Hooper, Stanford C. (1884–1955), 218 Korean War (1950–1953), 264 Horses and Mules, 219 Hotline/Direct Communications Link L (DCL), 221 Lamarr, Hedy (1913–2000), 267 Howe, Admiral Lord Richard Language Translation, 268 (1726–1799), 222 Laser, 269 Human Signaling, 223 Lights and Beacons, 270 Lincoln in the Telegraph Office I 271 Identification, Friend or Foe (IFF), 225 Lowe, Thaddeus S. C. (1832–1913), 273 www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868 viii MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS Contents M National Security Agency (NSA), 319 Magic, 275 National Telecommunications and Maginot Line, 277 Information Administration Maori Signaling, 278 (NTIA), 321 Marconi, Guglielmo (1874–1937), 279 Native American Signaling, 322 Marne, Battle of (September 1914), 281 Naval Radio Stations/Service, 323 Mauborgne, Joseph Oswald Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 326 (1881–1971), 282 Naval Security Group (NSG), 328 Medal of Honor Winners, Signal Corps, Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS), 329 284 Navy Commands and Systems, 330 Medieval Military Signaling Navy Radio Laboratory, 332 (500–1500 CE), 286 Nebraska Avenue, Washington DC, 333 Mercury, HMS, 287 Network Enterprise Technology Command Meteor Burst Communications (NETCOM), 334 (MBC), 288 New Zealand: Royal New Zealand Corps Mexican Punitive Expedition of Signals, 336 (1916–1917), 289 Night Signals, 337 Microwave, 290 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Midway, Battle of (3–6 June 1942), 291 (NATO) Communications & Military Affiliate Radio System Information Systems Agency, 338 (MARS), 292 Military Communications-Electronics O Board (MCEB), 294 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 341 Military Roads, 295 Ohio, USS, 342 Miniaturization, 296 OP-20-G, 343 Missile Range Communications, 297 Mobile Communications, 298 P Modulation, 302 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 347 Morse Code, 303 Philippines, 348 Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872), 305 Phonetic Alphabet, 350 Music Signals, 306 Photography, 352 Myer, Albert James (1828–1880), 308 Phu Lam, Vietnam (1961–1972), 354 Pigeons, 355 N Polish Code Breaking, 357 Napoleonic Wars (1795–1815), 311 Popham, Home
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