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University of Groningen Unity and Diversity of the Public Prosecution University of Groningen Unity and diversity of the public prosecution services in Europe. A study of the Czech, Dutch, French and Polish systems Marguery, Tony Paul IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2008 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Marguery, T. P. (2008). Unity and diversity of the public prosecution services in Europe. A study of the Czech, Dutch, French and Polish systems. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 29-09-2021 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN Unity and Diversity of the Public Prosecution Services in Europe A study of the Czech, Dutch, French and Polish systems Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Rechtsgeleerdheid aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 12 juni 2008 om 16.15 uur door Tony Paul Marguery geboren op 18 december 1970 te Neuilly sur Seine, Frankrijk Promotor: Prof. mr. G. Knigge Copromotor : Prof. mr. E.F. Stamhuis Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. mr. A. Prechal Prof. mr. F. Vellinga-Schootstra Prof. mr. B.F. Keulen ISBN: 978-90-9023100-6 To my brother, Nous avons aujourd’hui une loi admirable, c’est celle qui veut que le Prince, établi pour faire exécuter les lois, prépose un officier dans chaque tribunal pour poursuivre en son nom tous les crimes, de telle sorte que la fonction des délateurs est inconnue parmi nous. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois, 1748, L. VI, Chap.* Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Abbreviations 9 Research programme of the Research School of the Groningen Faculty of Law ‘Incorporation and Adjustment – Reception of Legal Transplants’ 10 Chapter 1 Introduction 12 1.1 The central object, scope and general aim of the study 12 1.2 The use of legal transplants in this study 14 1.3 The context of Czech and Polish accession to the European Union 15 1.4 Formulation of central questions 20 1.5 Method 21 Chapter 2 Origins of the public prosecution services in continental law systems 27 2.1 French royal judicial system of the Ancien Régime 28 2.1.1 Lower courts 28 2.1.2 The parlements 29 2.2 Birth of the prosecution service 31 2.2.1 Non-Roman origins of the public ministry 31 2.2.2 Functional birth of the public ministry 32 2.3 Organisation of the public ministry of the Ancien Régime 36 2.3.1 Structure of the public ministry of the Ancien Régime 36 2.3.2 The recruitment of gens du roi , rewards of office and subordination to the king 37 2.3.3 Position of the gens du roi in the judicial system 39 2.4 Tasks and functions of the public ministry during the Ancien Régime 44 2.4.1 Defence of the interests of the king 44 2.4.2 The defence of the interests of society by a public ministry 46 2.5 Important developments in the French judicial system through the Revolution until the Napoleonic reforms 49 2.6 The public ministry through the Revolution up to the Napoleonic reforms 49 2.6.1 A State institution 49 2.6.2 A hierarchical and pyramidal institution 49 2.6.3 A function in the criminal process 49 2.7 Epilogue 49 Chapter 3 France – organisation of the prosecution service and its functions in the criminal process 49 3.1 Historical developments 49 3.1.1 Provisions concerning judicial power in the 1958 Constitution 49 3.1.2 The structural and functional position of the prosecution service in the State organisation 49 3.2 The present French criminal courts system 49 3.2.1 First instance 49 3.2.2 Appeal level 49 3.2.3 Supreme Court 49 3.2.4 Types of judicial decisions 49 3.3 Organisation of the French PPS 49 3.3.1 Structure of the public ministry 49 3.3.2 Subordination 49 3.3.3 Limits to subordination 49 3.3.4 Other rights and duties of French prosecutors 49 3.3.5 Criminal and disciplinary responsibility of prosecutors 49 3.4 The functions of the French PPS in the preliminary phase of the criminal process 49 3.4.1 Functions in fields other than the criminal process 49 3.4.2 General principles concerning the preliminary proceedings of the criminal process 49 3.4.3 The role of the French prosecution service in the preparatory criminal proceedings 49 3.4.4 The role of the French prosecution service in the supervision of the preliminary proceedings 49 3.5 The role of the French PPS after the preliminary proceedings 49 3.5.1 Preliminary verifications 49 3.5.2 First instance hearing 49 3.5.3 Position of the public prosecutor in the ordinary forms of review 49 3.5.4 Position of the public prosecutor in the extraordinary forms of review 49 Chapter 4 The Netherlands – organisation of the prosecution service and its functions in the criminal process 49 4.1 Historical developments 49 4.1.1 The 1811 transplantation of the French judicial organisation into the Dutch system and the 1827 Act on judicial organisation 49 4.1.2 The position the prosecution service in the State organisation in the 1827 Act 49 4.2 The current Dutch criminal judicial system 49 4.2.1 The first instance 49 4.2.2 Appellate courts and the Supreme Court 49 4.2.3 Types of decisions 49 4.3 Organisation of the Dutch PPS 49 4.3.1 The structure of the prosecution service 49 4.3.2 Distribution of competences within the prosecution service and the principle of substitution 49 4.3.3 Subordination 49 4.3.4 Limits to the subordination 49 4.3.5 Other rights and duties of Dutch prosecutors 49 4.3.6 Criminal and disciplinary responsibility of prosecutors 49 4.4 The functions of the Dutch PPS in the preliminary phase of the criminal process 49 4.4.1 Functions outside the preliminary phase of the criminal process 49 4.4.2 General principles concerning the preliminary proceedings of the criminal process 49 4.4.3 The role of the Dutch prosecution service in the pre-trial stage 49 4.4.4 The role of the Dutch prosecution service in the supervision of the preliminary proceedings 49 4.5 The role of the Dutch PPS after the preliminary phase of the criminal process 49 4.5.1 Preliminary verifications 49 4.5.2 First instance hearing and participation of the prosecutor therein 49 4.5.3 Position of the public prosecutor in the ordinary forms of review 49 4.5.4 Position of the public prosecutor in the extraordinary forms of review 49 Chapter 5 Poland (1947–1989) – the Communist organisation and functions of the Prokuratura in the criminal process 49 5.1 The political structure in Poland after the Second World War 49 5.1.1 Basic historical developments in politics and constitutions 49 5.1.2 The shape of the governing bodies – the Sejm, the Council of State and the Council of Ministers 49 5.1.3 The People’s Councils 49 5.2 The criminal judicial organisation of the Polish People’s Republic 49 5.2.1 Socialist Legality and changes in the Criminal Procedure Code and the Criminal Code 49 5.2.2 Organs and institutions of the judicial system of Communist Poland 49 5.3 Organisation of the Polish Prokuratura 49 5.3.1 The laws of the Prokuratura 49 5.3.2 The structure of the Polish Communist Prokuratura 49 5.3.3 Subordination 49 5.4 Supervisory functions of the Polish Prokuratura 49 5.4.1 Provisions common to general and judicial supervision 49 5.4.2 General supervision 49 5.4.3 Judicial supervision 49 5.5 The role of the Polish Prokuratura in the preliminary phase of the criminal process 49 5.5.1 The role of the Polish Prokuratura in preparatory proceedings 49 5.5.2 The role of the Polish Prokuratura in the supervision of the preparatory proceedings 49 5.6 The role of the Polish Prokuratura after the preliminary phase of the criminal process 49 5.6.1 The position of public prosecutors in the first instance 49 5.6.2 The position of public prosecutors in ordinary forms of review 49 5.6.3 The position of public prosecutors in extraordinary forms of review 49 Chapter 6 Poland – the current organisation and functions of the prosecution service in the criminal process 49 6.1 Major changes affecting the Polish PPS in the Constitution of Poland and in the Prokuratura Act 49 6.2 The current Polish criminal justice system 49 6.2.1 The first instance 49 6.2.2 The appeal and the Supreme Court level 49 6.2.3 Types of decisions 49 6.3 The organisation of the current Polish PPS 49 6.3.1 The designation of the prosecution in the Soviet statute, in the 1985 Act and in the Criminal Procedure Code 49 6.3.2 The Minister of Justice/general prosecutor and the administration of the public prosecutors’ offices 49 6.3.3 The structure of the Polish prosecution service 49 6.3.4 The appointment and subordination
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