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Promoting Democratic Values in the Enlarging Europe: the Changing Role of the Baltic States from Importers to Exporters

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Promoting Democratic Values in the Enlarging Europe: the Changing Role of the Baltic States from Importers to Exporters PROMOTING DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN THE ENLARGING EUROPE: THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE BALTIC STATES FROM IMPORTERS TO EXPORTERS PROMOTING DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN THE ENLARGING EUROPE: THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE BALTIC STATES FROM IMPORTERS TO EXPORTERS Papers presented on the International Conference EuroCollege, University of Tartu Edited by Andres Kasekamp and Heiko Pääbo Tartu, 5–6 May 2006 Supported by EU Publication is supported by the European Union (Erasmus – Jean Monnet Grant 2005-1919/001-001), the Estonian Foreign Policy Insti- tute, the British Council, the Open Estonia Foundation, the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Embassy of Poland to Estonia, the Nordic Council of Ministers, and the University of Tartu Translated by Marina Grišakova Copyright Authors, 2006 Copyright EuroCollege, University of Tartu, 2006 ISBN-13: 978–9949–11–400–9 ISBN-10: 9949–11–400–4 Tartu University Press www.tyk.ee Order No. 368 Contents PREFACE Gert-Rüdiger Wegmarshaus..................................................................... 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................ 10 PART ONE: EU Conditionality as the Democratisation Force ........... 11 Susan Stewart EU Support for Civil Society in the Baltic States ............................ 13 Kyriaki Topidi Minority Protection & EU Membership in the Baltic States: Myths & Reality .................................................................................. 28 Peter Van Elsuwege Promoting Democracy in the EU’s Neighbourhood: Lessons from the Pre-Accession Strategy........................................ 40 PART TWO: The Baltic States’ Internal Challenges of Democratisation..................................................................................... 53 Kristi Raik From Conditionality to Convergence?: EU Enlargement as an Instrument of Democracy Promotion .................................... 55 Timofei Agarin Russian Speaking Communities and Democratic Consolidation in the Post-Soviet Baltic Societies...................................................... 67 Jennifer Skulte-Ouaiss Returned Diaspora and Political Leadership: The Cases of Postcommunist Latvia and Lithuania.......................................... 78 PART THREE: Applicability of Democratisation Experience............. 89 Rasma Karklins Anti-Corruption Advice for the Postcommunist Region: One Formula for All? ......................................................................... 91 6 EU Conditionality as the Democratisation Force David J. Galbreath and Jeremy W. Lamoreaux Bastion, Beacon or Bridge? The Role of the Baltic States in the EU’s Relationship with the Eastern ‘Neighbours’............... 97 Katrin Nyman-Metcalf Common Values as a Basis for Legal Integration: Is there an End to Europe? The Baltic States as a Bridge Between Europe and Beyond ............................................ 110 Egdūnas Račius Baltic Democracy Exporters to Central Asia? A Lithuanian Perspective........................................................................................... 121 PART FOUR: Expectations and Needs Towards Democratisation in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood........................................................ 131 Ghia Nodia What Democratizing Countries May (Hope to) Get from Abroad?................................................................................................ 133 Iurie Gotişan Republic of Moldova on the European Pathway............................ 146 Sergiy V. Kurbatov Integrated Nation as a Social Value: An Attempt to Apply Estonian Experience to Ukrainian Reality....................................... 159 Alexandre Kourotchkine The Role of Local Self-Government Networks in the Democratization Process of the Baltic Region Countries .............. 169 Aliaksandr Lahvinets Europeanization Mechanism of Socialization as a Means of Exporting Democratic Values into Belarus................................. 177 Preface This publication presents the results of the international conference “Promoting Democratic Values in the Enlarging Europe: The Changing Role of the Baltic States from Importers to Exporters” organised by the EuroCollege of the University of Tartu and held on the 5th and the 6th of May 2006 in Tartu, Estonia. The issue addressed by our conference is both politically salient and intellectually rewarding: the promotion of democratic values in the enlarging Europe. The conference brought together international and interdisciplinary scholarship as well as experience from the top- level of European politics and from civil-society networks. The objective of the conference was to facilitate the learning process of democratisation in post-Soviet societies using the experience gained in the Baltic States during the last 15 years of national independence. Our conference opened up new ways to a deeper understanding of the transformation of CIS countries on their path to democracy and the rule of law. In the early 1990s Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were among the countries embracing the challenge of entering the community of de- mocratic Western states. To meet this challenge they had to import the values and institutional arrangements necessary to make democracy in the Baltic nations work and flourish. Having successfully imported both the democratic values and parliamentary institutional settings the Baltic States are now in the truly unique position of building bridges to neighbouring East European nations like Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, finding themselves under less favourable conditions but striving for implementing the values and institutions indispensable to democracy. The conference started with two key-note addresses delivered by György Schöpflin, Member of the European Parliament (Hungary), and by Jim Cloos, General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union (Luxemburg). György Schöpflin and Jim Cloos represent two essential levels of European Policy making: the legislative – the Euro- 8 EU Conditionality as the Democratisation Force pean Parliament, and the Executive – the Council of the European Union, its General Secretariat. György. Schöpflin and Jim Cloos are highly experienced political figures who have gained academic merits and international recognition in scholarship as well. Both pursue their respective political activities in a truly European spirit and with pro- found European erudition. In order to address the research questions in a well structured way the conference was organised in four panels chaired by Rasma Kar- klins, Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Chi- cago; Kristi Raik, Researcher at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Helsinki; Ghai Nodia, Director of the Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development and Professor at the Ilya Chavchadze University Tbilisi, Georgia; and Andres Kasekamp, Director of the Estonian Foreign Policy Institute and Professor of Political Science at Tartu University. Panel I “EU Conditionality as the Democratisation Force” dealt with the political assistance the Baltic States received from the democ- ratic nations of Western Europe and North America after regaining their independence in1991. Panel II “The Baltic States’ Internal Chal- lenges of Democratisation” addressed the internal processes of build- ing democracy within the Baltic nations. Panel III “Applicability of Democratisation Experience” discussed the role the Baltic States are able to play today in supporting and assisting the democratisation in the neighbouring Post-Soviet countries. In Panel IV “Expectations and Needs Towards Democratisation in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood” scholars from of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and Georgia pre- sented their views on the political and social developments going on in these Post-Soviet republics. They addressed achievements and prob- lems alike on the way to establishing the rule of law and to creating a functioning liberal democracy in their native countries. As the conference concentrated on democratisation processes, it provided valuable experience of the Baltic States to countries like Rus- sia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova or Georgia to promote democracy and to move forward to closer cooperation with the European Union. The conference helped to establish an academic framework connecting scholars and experts both from old and new EU-member states, and from East-European nations. Promoting Democratic Values in the Enlarging Europe 9 The conference papers are published in two separate volumes, one in the English language, and the other in Russian. Publishing in both languages will not only facilitate building bridges between different scientific communities in East and West. It also will make it possible to disseminate the ideas and concepts being developed at our conference among the wider Russian speaking public in Post-Soviet countries. EuroCollege expresses gratitude to all participants of the conference for their interest and their active role in this international scholarly event. We see our conference as an important event in the academic and the political debates on the processes of democracy-building in the enlarging Europe. Gert-Rüdiger Wegmarshaus EuroCollege University of Tartu Acknowledgements This conference would not have been possible without the generous financial support granted by the European Union. At the same time we are grateful for the additional financial assistance for the conference received from other partners: from academic organisations, from state and intergovernmental
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