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Male Mid Female Relationships in Australian Fiction 1917

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Male Mid Female Relationships in Australian Fiction 1917 MALE MID FEMALE RELATIONSHIPS IN AUSTRALIAN FICTION 1917-1956 This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the written requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Victoria University of Technology - Footscray Institute of Technology. August 1990 NANCY BUTLER FTS THESIS A823.3 BUT 30001004744050 Butler, Nancy Male and female relationships in Australian fiction 1917-1956 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the product of my original work except where due acknowledgement has been made through the footnotes and bibliography. NANCY BUTLER AUGUST 1990. CONTENTS VOLUME I CHAPTER 1 Introduction CHAPTER 2 Strongly Sexist Male Novels CHAPTER 3 Less Sexist Male Novels CHAPTER 4 Strongly Sexist Female Novels VOLUME II CHAPTER 5 Less Sexist Female Novels CHAPTER 6 Some Conclusions and Directions s BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The subject of male and female relationships is a sensitive issue and I thank my initial supervisors, Dr John McLaren and Dr Michael Sharkey for the assistance provided. I am especially grateful to my final supervisor, Dr Dirk Den Hartog, whose invaluable advice and guidance has enabled me to bring this thesis to fruition. My husband Patrick has not only been long-suffering and supportive, but he has assisted me regularly in seeking out and returning required books, and delivering and collecting script from my supervisor. Most of all I shall forever love my mother to whom I dedicate this work. She has been the one to encourage and inspire me whenever my spirit flagged. NANCY BUTLER AUGUST, 1990. / CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION My purpose in this study is to examine a number of Australian novels which portray love relationships between men and women, and to suggest some reasons for the quality of these relationships as fictionally depicted. Traditionally, Australian culture has been male dominated, therefore, central to the culture are stereotypes of the masculine and the feminine. Sexism in Australia and the gender stereotypes which legitimize it have been recognised generally both by historians and sociologists. Miriam Dixson and Anne Summers have presented strong analyses of the effects of sexism in Australian society, both past and present; even a non- feminist historian such as Manning Clark notes not only male- dominance, but the development of social humiliations to 2 which men subject women. Manning Clark traces a possible connection between this male dominance and the disproportionate number of male to female convicts. Dixson argues that the male convicts demeaned their female 1. See Miriam Dixson, The Real Matilda -- Woman and Identity in Australia 1788 to 1975, Melbourne, 1976. Anne Summers, Damned Whores and God's Police -- The Colonization of Women in Australia, Melbourne, 1977. 2. Manning Clark, A Short History of Australia, Melbourne, 1981, p.109. 1 counterparts unconsciously as a means of compensating for 3 their own lowly positions. This, she argues, resulted in the majority of women in early generations of white settlement internalizing a negative self-image as the defining trait of a sense of self, in contrast to the potential positive 'real' self which her humanist psychological orientation assumes. She attributes the main problem to the men who settled Australia as convicts, rejects, and negative and resentful administrators. Likewise Summers has posed a socialist-feminist analysis to identify 4 the means of women's oppression in a patriarchal society. She also argues that the problem lies with male power and 5 female colonization. But both writers recognise that women accept their infez-ior status within patriarchy unconsciously, and conform to patriarchal stereotypes of female sexuality. Kay Schaffer has restated this case, though from the viewpoint of more recent developments of social theory which 7 reject the assumption of a 'real' self. Nevertheless, these and others recognize that sexism has existed in Australian culture since white settlement. This sexism is shown in the depiction of love 3. Dixson, op.cit., p.60. 4. Summers, op.cit. 5. Ibid, Chapter 7, "A Colonized Sex". 6. Summers, loc.cit., Chapter 4, "The Ravaged Self", and Dixson, op.cit., Chapter 2, "Theories and Beginnings". 7. Kay Schaffer, Women and the Bush -- Forces of Desire in the Australian Cultural Tradition, Melbourne, 1988, p.69. 2 relationships in Australian fiction. However, I shall make a distinction between writing that depicts sexism critically as an element of Australian society/culture and writing that is informed by sexism in its depiction of love relationships. However, this is not a firm and definitive way of distinguishing between works, because they may contain elements of both factors. In this regard I shall investigate the relationship between the general culture, with its traditionally sexist orientation, and the specific cultural form of literature. Karl Marx argued that "it is not the consciousness of men that- determines their being, but, on the contrary, their ft social being that detez-mines their consciousness." I want to argue that the relationship between culture and social structure is significantly illustrated in the way that the traditionally patriarchal nature of Australian society is reflected in Australian literature. For instance, commenting on traditional Australian literature, Jeanne MacKenzie has written that in Australian literature one 'rarely' finds 'any expression of rich human emotion, of young love, or any profound relationship between two people of the opposite sex. 8. Karl Marx, from the "Preface" to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, as quoted in Rick Rylance (Ed.), Debating Texts -- A Reader in 20th Century Literary Theory and Method, Stony Stratford, England, 1987, p.202. 3 "nearly all Australian fiction reveals some aspect of 9 sexual loneliness".' In 1973 Max Harris agreed with this observation: Geoffrey Dutton has examined the almost complete absence of amatory themes in Australian writing. As far as Australian writers are concerned, right up to modern times, male-female relationships have no potential literary substance. There are no Australian love-poems. There are few 1detailed studies of women in the Australian novel. Likewise, Fay Zwicky has discussed a poverty in male-female relationships shown in Australian novels. I shall examine the implications of these claims specifically in regard to novels written between 1917 and 1956. Leslie A. Fiedler has noted that the great American novelists have tended to avoid the passionate encounter of a man and a woman. Instead of mature women, they present monsters of virtue or bitchery, symbols of either the 12 rejection or fear of sexuality. As with later, more feminist oriented critics, Fiedler argues that the Pure Maiden image represents an insidious form of enslavement. 9. J. MacKenzie, Australian Paradox, Melbourne, 1961, as quoted in Miriam Dixson, The Real Matilda, Melbourne, 1976, p. 32. 10. Max Harris, The Angry Eye, Sydney, 1973, p. 41, as quoted in The Real Matilda, op. cit., pp. 32-33. 11. Fay Zwicky, "Speeches and Silences" in Quadrant Number 189, Vol. xxvii, No. 5, May 1983. 12. Leslie A. Fiedler, Love and Death in the American Novel, London, 1970, p.24. 4 The idealization of the female is a device to deprive her of freedom and self-determination; an attempt to imprison woman within a myth of Woman. The archetype is degraded to 13 stereotype. Literature has thus been more confident in its depiction of male-to-male relationships. Males are shown to join soul to soul, not body to body, and the love between males is depicted as superior to the ignoble lust of man for woman. In some ways the development of Australian literature ressembles that of jkmerica, but the causes and outcomes are quite different. Fiedler argues that the Protestant rejection of the Virgin created a need . of a substitute notion of love sanctified by marriage, of the wife as a secular madonna who takes over special authority. The first American novels were influenced by these ideas from 15 Europe. From such beginnings there developed in the American novel gothic romance, horror, violence and a covert 1 fi nihilistic and diabolic stance. Just as with American fiction, the absence of amatory themes has been a feature of Australian writing although this has not been as a consequence of religious forces. It has often been claimed that in Australian culture there is a general distrust of emotion and this has been reflected in 13. Ibid, p.65. 14. Ibid, p.343. 15. Fiedler, loc.cit., pp. 53-57. 16. Ibid, p.466. 5 the nature of the treatment of love relations in our literature. Many writers have depicted Australia as being without a soul. This may be because the Australian, as typified, reveals very little of self. D.H. Lawrence notes this trait in his novel Kangaroo. Today the Australian image has become that of the "ocker", often used for purposes of humour, but, in reality, one that many Australians can move 17 in or out of according to the company. Subterfuge like this is arguably a means of hiding self, suppressing emotion, and inhibiting meaningful relationships, especially between the sexes. This tendency may be.seen as a consequence of both convictism and the gold rushes. Most convicts were unmarried, and the family lives of married Irish convicts •I Q were shattered by transportation. The gold rushes led to men leaving families behind to seek their fortunes. Prostitution was rife on the gold fields as it had been in the earlier days of settlement, but this was a substitute that even widened the gap between men and women and made deep emotional involvement and love less likely. Psychologically, the gold rushes may have had a similar effect to war, 17. Peter Fitzpatrick, "Australian Drama: Images of a Society" in John Carroll (Ed.), Intruders in the Bush, Melbourne, pp. 160-161. 18. M. Clark: "The Origins of the Convicts Transported to Eastern Australia, 1787-1852", Historical Studies ANZ, vol.
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