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Home , Asian palm civet, Banded mongoose, Barbary ground squirrel, Callosciurinae, Cape genet, Cape ground squirrel

Final station: Living Room EXOTIC AS FINAl station Living Room • 3

A summary 4

B Introduction 5

C method 6

D Results 7

ANALYSIS OF THE ONLINE MARKET FOR EXOTIC MAMMALS 7 FURTHER SOURCES FOR ACQUIRING EXOTIC MAMMALS 14 REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE 14 welfare 14 CONSERVATION 15 HEALTH risks 17 study cases 18 18 PREDATORS 19 21 23 OTHER SPECIES 25 E DISCUSSION&RECOMMENDATIONS 27 4 • final station living room

Summary

Die Privathaltung von exotischen Wildtieren wird in The keeping of exotic pets in has increased Deutschland immer populärer. Während dieser Trend in popularity. Whereas this trend and associated prob- und die damit verbundenen Probleme für die Haltung lems are already well documented for and rep- von Reptilien und Vögeln bereits ausreichend bekannt tiles, the situation regarding exotic mammals has been und dokumentiert sind, blieb die Haltung von Säuge- neglected. Currently, legislation, control and registra- tieren bis jetzt vernachlässigt. Die aktuelle Gesetzes- tion regarding wild kept in German house- lage, Kontrolle und Registrierung für die Haltung von holds are all insufficient. The number of privately kept Wildtieren in deutschen Haushalten ist unzureichend. wild animals as well as the associated animal welfare Die Anzahl der gehaltenen Tiere, sowie die daraus re- problems and risks, are largely unknown. sultierenden Tierschutzprobleme und Risiken sind wei- test gehend unbekannt. The present report documents the large number and Der vorliegende Bericht dokumentiert die Anzahl und range of non-domesticated species offered Vielfalt nicht-domestizierter Säugetiere, die auf zwei for sale on just two major German online platforms deutschen Internetbörsen (Exotic-Animal.de / Terra- (Exotic-Animal.de / Terraristik.com). For the five-year ristik.com) zum Kauf angeboten wurden. Von 2010 bis period between 2010 and 2014, 10,120 individuals of 291 2014 wurden 10.120 Tiere aus 291 verschiedenen Arten exotic mammal species were offered for sale. ricesP inseriert. Zusätzlich wurden über den Zeitraum von were also analysed. The total market value for these fünf Jahren die Preise analysiert und ergaben einen animals on this single platform was more than eight Marktwert von über acht Millionen Euro. million Euros. Wildtiere haben ein komplexes Sozialverhalten, spezi- With their often very complex social behaviours, spe- elle Ansprüche an Nahrung und Umwelt sowie einen cialised dietary and requirements as well as hohen Platzbedarf, dem in Privathaltung nicht ent- their sometimes considerable spacial requirements, sprochen werden kann. Probleme bei der Privathal- the majority of wild mammals do not thrive in private tung von exotischen Säugetieren sind nicht nur auf den ownership. The problems associated with the private Tierschutz beschränkt, auch für Menschen und Natur keeping of wild mammals are not restricted to animal sind Risiken festzustellen: Diverse als Haustier gehal- welfare problems, but also include risks to humans tene Wildtiere stellen ein Gesundheitsrisiko dar, da sie and the environment. Many mammals pose a physi- durch ihre Körperkraft, scharfen Zähne und Krallen cal threat to humans due to their physical strength, Menschen verletzen können und potentielle Krank- sharp teeth or and various species also transmit heitsüberträger sind. Desweiteren haben viele Arten zoonotic diseases. In addition, exotic mammals have ein invasives Potential und sind damit eine Gefährdung the potential to become invasive and therefore pose a der heimischen Fauna und Flora. Ein Teil der exotischen threat to native species. A further problem is that some Säuger auf dem deutschen Haustiermarkt wird noch mammal species continue to be taken from the wild for immer aus der Wildnis entnommen, was eine zusätz- the European market, so putting additional pres- liche Gefährdung der natürlichen Population bedeutet. sure on wild populations.

Die Autoren schlussfolgern, dass seitens der The authors conclude that urgent action is needed deutschen Bundesregierung dringender Hand- and en- courage the German Government to pass lungsbedarf bezüglich entsprechender Geset- adequate legislation regulating the import, trade in, ze zum Import und Handel sowie Haltung und and keeping and breeding of, wild mammals. A posi- Zucht von Wildtieren besteht. Eine Positiv- tive list, as already implemented in Belgium and the liste, wie bereits in Belgien und den Niederlanden , can restrict pet keeping and trade to verabschiedet, kann die Privathaltung und den Han- those species that are suitable for private husbandry del von exotischen Säugern auf Arten limitieren, die with regards to animal welfare, species conserva- bezüglich Tierschutz, Artenschutz und der öffentli- tion, and public health. chen Sicherheit geeignet sind. final station living room• 5

INTRODUCTION

Some of our companion animals, such as and , pertise needed to keep the animals or, receive advice have been domesticated by humans over centuries, i.e. on how to handle, care for and feed the animals. Often they are adapted to a life in human care through selec- buyers realise too late that they are unable to cope with tive breeding. As a result, the physical characteristics the specific requirements of a species; exotic animals and behaviour of these animals has altered. Besides are therefore increasingly abandoned or brought to the numerous domesticated species and breeds that animal shelters (van Gennep, 2013; MAFO study on the are kept as pets there is now an increasing number of situation of animal shelters 2006&2010; Schmid, et al., non-domesticated animal species in private ownership. 2003). Many pet owners are no longer satisfied with having a rare breed of or ; they wish to have exotic ani- Legal situation – The private keeping of and trade in mals. This tendency is not only dangerous, but also im- wild animals is insufficiently regulated in Germany. pacts animal welfare and species conservation (Kam- While the Species Protection Act requires species un- ber, 2014; Slater, 2014; Schmid et al., 2003). Ownership der special protection to be registered (§ 7 section 2 of of and trade in wild animals should be seen critically; the Federal Species Protection Regulations), authori- these animals have specialised behavioural, dietary ties report poor compliance and estimate that only one and habitat requirements that make them unsuitable in ten of these animals is actually registered (Landes- for being kept as pets (Schuppli et al., 2014; AAP, 2014; hauptstadt München - Referat für Stadtplanung und Koene, 2012; Moutou et al., 2010 ). In addition, the ani- Bauordnung, 2014). As the majority of these animals mals can transmit a wide range of diseases or pose a are not registered, it is difficult to estimate how many physical danger to humans (STS, 2014; Rabsch, 2014; wild animals are actually kept in Germany‘s private Warwick et al., 2013; Pickering et al., 2008; Karesh et households. Regarding the private ownership of dan- al., 2007). gerous wild animals such as and chimpanzees, With the aim of documenting the range of mammal so far eight of the 16 federal states of Germany have species in German private households and analysing passed regulations (which diverge considerably) for the associated problems, Pro Wildlife conducted a sur- private keeping of dangerous animals. While a number vey covering a period of five years (2010-2014) of exotic of German states have classified large primates and big animals offered for sale on Internet platforms. In ad- cats as dangerous and consequently put restrictions on dition, a review of relevant literature was undertaken, their ownership, the hazards posed by medium-sized and animal shelters and sanctuaries were interviewed primates, Procyonids as well as smaller feline preda- about their experience with exotic mammals. tors have so far been underestimated. There is still no legal obligation to register trade and ownership of spe- The increase of privately owned exotic animals – The cies thought not to be dangerous or to pose a lower quantity and diversity of privately owned wildlife has risk, or of those species not covered by species protec- increased rapidly over the past 20 years (Schuppli et tion legislation. al., 2014; Moutou et al., 2010). This expansion in exotic animal keeping is confirmed by animal shelters and The Report on the Minimum Requirements for the sanctuaries (see section 4.1.1 – disposal of animals), Keeping of Mammals of the German Ministry for Food as well as by the increase of newly published specia- and Agriculture aims to serve as a ”guide for the in- list magazines and books. Particularly remarkable are terpretation of the general regulations of the Animal the number and diversity of exotic mammals offered Protection Act“ (BMEL, 2014) and specify the require- for sale on the German market, ranging from capuchin ments for keeping animals in accordance with §2 of monkeys to . All kinds of non-native mammal the Animal Protection Act. The report is however not species are available on the Internet, at animal mar- legally binding – particularly in private households to kets and in pet shops. The Internet is an ideal platform which official veterinarians have little access or means for the anonymous and spontaneous purchase, with of checking whether the recommended conditions for no obligation on the purchaser to demonstrate the ex- keeping animals are actually sufficient. 6 • final station living room

METHOD Pro Wildlife recorded and evaluated advertisements In addition, the authors interviewed, on a random basis, on the online platforms Exotic-Animal.de and Terra- wildlife rescue centres and animal shelters with regard ristik.com covering a period of five years (01.01.2010 to exotic animals taken in from private owners. – 31.12.2014) in order to identify the range of private- Pro Wildlife conducted a review of relevant literature ly kept mammal species in Germany. In this context, to identify the issues related to privately kept wild all mammal species in the ad categories ”for sale,“ animals. The main focus was on aspects of animal ”wanted“ and ”trade“ were recorded. The quantity of welfare and health hazards for humans, as well as individual animals offered for sale was only recorded problems of species and nature conservation caused in the ”for sale“ category. From each advertisement in by the trade and private ownership of wild animals. the categories of primates, predators, rodents, mar- For our research we examined scientific reports, supials, , , large mammals and exotic newspaper articles, presentations, trade journals and mammals (for exceptions see below) we recorded the forums. The above-mentioned aspects of the literature species, the quantity, price per animal, year, vendor and review were then presented in more detail in case the ad category. examples for selected species.

As the survey was conducted over two months and evaluated the quantity of animals according to the categories mentioned above, the possibility that some animals may have been counted twice cannot be exclu- ded in cases where ads were placed in more than one category. As the exact number of animals offered for sale was frequently unspecified, the minimum number was estimated in the following way: if an ad mentioned several animals without specifying the exact number (e.g. in the case of young animals) two animals were recorded. When it was clear that the ad referred to more than two animals, we recorded three animals or the number of animals visible on a photograph. Besi- des private owners, the platform Exotic-Animal.de is also used by zoos, and so large mammals that were unlikely to be purchased by private individuals (such as rhinos, manatees) were not considered relevant. In order to establish the financial aggregate value of the Figure 1 : Screenshot of the categories on the website animals offered for sale, the average of the lowest and Exotic-Animal.de highest selling price for each species was multiplied by the number of the animals offered for sale from each The number of animals offered for sale and the range species. of species on the surveyed online platforms comprise only a small proportion of all animals traded in Ger- Other sources of acquisition besides the Internet were many. There are at least ten other online platforms also examined. Pro Wildlife visited Zoo Zajac in Duis- that sell exotic mammals. In addition, there are hob- burg, which claims to be the biggest pet shop in the by breeders, who sell animals on private websites. The world, and also analysed the mammals for sale at the extent and quantity of animals offered for sale is thus fair, Terraristika, in Hamm. considerably greater.

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Offers per taxon on the online-platform Exotic-Animal.de and Terraristik.com (2010-2014) results

ANALYSIS OF THE ONLINE MAR- KET FOR EXOTIC MAMMALS

Species diversity – On the online platforms Exotic- Animal.de and Terraristik.com Pro Wildlife found at least 10,120 mammals offered for sale in the years bet- Figure 2 ween 2010 and 2014. No fewer than 291 different spe- cies were offered in nine categories with a total value of €8,288,202.50. Most species were offered in the ca- Quantity offered individuals tegory of rodents, of which 3,471 individuals from 117 per taxon species were found. Predators were the second most on the online-platform Exotic-Animal.de and frequent, 2,853 individuals from 73 species, followed by Terraristik.com (2010-2014) primates, where 2,409 individuals from 54 species were found. In the order of marsupials, 475 animals from 18 species were recorded. Within the , xenarth- ra, chiropters and insectivores 912 individuals out of 29 orders were recorded (figures 2&3).

Prices - Prices of most mammals were relatively low: a Wagner gerbil costs €3, a Canadian red €20 and a banded €75. The rarely offered animals were expensive, such as sloths from €2,800, Geoffroy‘s cats from €6,000 or a for €10,000. Compared to the individual orders (figure 4), predators offered at a total value of €4,778,142, were the most expensive, followed by the order of primates with a to- Figure3 tal value of €2,857,325. The rodents, which were most commonly represented, were offered for a total value Total Value in euro per taxon of €332,593.

Marsupials and the remaining orders totalled around €160,000 per order.

Rodents

Predators

Primates

Marsupials

Other Species Figure 4 8 • final station living room

EXOTIC MAMMAL SPECIES FOR SALE ON EXOTIC-ANIMAL.DE AND TERRARISTIK.COM (2010-2014)

rodents

family species scientific name quantity MIN price MAX price () Dasyprocta 11 n.s. n.s. Agoutis Azara‘s agouti Dasyprocta azarae 16 n.s. n.s. Agoutis Red-rumped agouti Dasyprocta leporina 8 €100 €600 Agoutis Black-rumped agouti Dasyprocta prymnolopha 2 n.s. n.s. Agoutis Central American agouti Dasyprocta punctata 4 €500 €500 Agoutis Green Myoprocta pratti 6 €250 €350 Hutias Desmarest's hutia / Cuban hutia Capromys pilorides 2 €40 €40 New world Brazilian Coendou prehensilis 2 €1,100 €1,100 New world porcupines North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum 2 €1,500 €1,500 Dormice Dryomys nitedula 2 n.s. n.s. Dormice Asian garden dormouse Eliomys melanurus 4 n.s. n.s. Dormice Garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus 44 €50 €60 Dormice Edible dormouse Glis Glis 33 €5 €15 Dormice African dormice (genus) 50 €10 €10 Northern peruanum 1 n.s. n.s. Chinchillas Lagidium viscacia 6 n.s. n.s. Chinchillas maximus 17 €1,200 €1,200 Cuniculidae Lowland paca Cuniculus paca 10 €600 €900 Arctic / mountain hare Lepus timidus 1 n.s. n.s. Barbary Atlantoxerus getulus 2 €600 €600 Squirrels Pallas's squirrel / red-bellied erythraeus 1 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Finlayson's squirrel Callosciurus finlaysonii 3 €150 €150 Squirrels Finlayson's squirrel (subspecies ferrugineus) Callosciurus finlaysonii ferrugineus 3 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Callosciurus notatus 2 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Beautiful squirrel (subspecies prevostii bankanus) Callosciurus prevostii bankanus 4 €225 €225 Squirrels Prevost's squirrel (subspecies borneoensis) Callosciurus prevostii borneoensis 25 €150 €150 Squirrels Beautiful squirrel ( subspecies prevostii rafflesi) Callosciurus prevostii rafflesi 12 €150 €150 Squirrels Prairie dogs (genus) Cynomys 111 €125 €299 Squirrels Black-tailed Cynomys ludovicianus 37 €200 €350 Squirrels Perny's long-nosed squirrel Dremomys pernyi 12 €200 €200 Squirrels Palm squirrels (genus) 11 €100 €100 Squirrels Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans 27 €70 €100 Squirrels Alpine Marmota marmota 9 €350 €350 Squirrels Smith's bush squirrel Paraxerus cepapi 6 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Ochre bush squirrel Paraxerus ochraceus 4 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Red giant flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista 11 €4,250 €4,250 Squirrels Siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans 12 €90 €100 Squirrels Black giant squirrel Ratufa bicolor 2 €1,250 €1,250 Squirrels Père-David's rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus 6 €80 €80 Squirrels Eastern grey squirrel carolinensis 2 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Red-tailed squirrel (subspecies dorsalis) Sciurus granatensis dorsalis 20 €350 €350 Squirrels Red-tailed squirrel (subspecies hoffmanni) Sciurus granatensis hoffmanni 35 €50 €110 Squirrels Japanese squirrel Sciurus lis 14 €95 €95 Squirrels squirrel Sciurus 13 €100 €300 Squirrels Russian red tree squirrel (subspecies) Sciurus vulgaris exalbidus 37 €80 €150 Squirrels Richardson's ground squirrel richardsonii 44 €60 €225 Squirrels Thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus 12 €80 €100 Squirrels Rock squirrel Spermophilus variegatus 44 €75 €225 Squirrels Chipmunks (genus) Tamias 65 €60 €85 Squirrels Siberian chipmunk Tamias sibiricus 36 €30 €150 Squirrels American Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 211 €20 €75 Squirrels Asiatic striped squirrel Tamiops mcclellandii 6 €125 €125 Squirrels Swinhoe's striped squirrel Tamiops swinhoei 365 €45 €85 Squirrels Spotted ground squirrel spilosoma 10 €75 €75 Squirrels Xerus inauris 1 n.s. n.s. Squirrels Unstriped ground squirrel Xerus rutilus 6 n.s. n.s. Cairo Acomys cahirinus 12 €5 €5 Muridae (subspecies cahirinus) Acomys cahirinus cahirinus 5 €5 €5 Muridae Arabian spiny mouse Acomys dimidiatus 45 €10 €50 final station living room • 9

Muridae Golden spiny mouse Acomys russatus 62 €10 €20 Muridae Seurat's spiny mouse Acomys seurati 16 n.s. n.s. Muridae Southern African spiny mouse Acomys spinosissimus 60 €10 €20 Muridae Neumann's grass neumanni 2 n.s. n.s. Muridae Nile grass rat (subspecies) Arvicanthis niloticus niloticus 22 n.s. n.s. Muridae Gerbil (genus) 30 n.s. n.s. Muridae Wagner's gerbil Gerbillus dasyurus 79 €3 €40 Muridae Balochistan gerbil Gerbillus nanus 6 €40 €40 Muridae Pale gerbil Gerbillus perpallidus 18 €15 €15 Muridae Greater Egyptian gerbil Gerbillus pyramidum 2 n.s. n.s. Muridae Thicket rat (genus) Grammomys 4 n.s. n.s. Muridae Water rat Hydromys chrysogaster 4 n.s. n.s. Muridae Zebra mouse (genus) Lemniscomys 17 €12 €12 Muridae Barbary Lemniscomys barbarus 35 €5 €12 Muridae Typical striped grass mouse Lemniscomys striatus 12 €30 €40 Muridae Maned rat / crested rat Lophiomys imhausi 2 n.s. n.s. Muridae Multimammate mouse (genus) 11 n.s. n.s. Muridae persicus 48 €20 €40 Muridae Shaw's jird Meriones shawi 40 €9 €18 Muridae Mongolian jird / Meriones unguiculatus 53 €4 €4 Muridae Sundevall's jird Meriones crassus perpallidus 3 n.s. n.s. Muridae Eurasian harvest mouse Micromys minutus 104 €8 €8 Muridae Reed fortis 8 €15 €15 Muridae Günther's vole Microtus guentheri 25 €10 €15 Muridae African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides 111 €4 €10 Muridae Hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius 21 n.s. n.s. Muridae Fat-tailed gerbil Pachyuromys duprasi 56 €15 €20 Muridae Oldfield mouse Peromyscus polionotus 19 n.s. n.s. Muridae Sand rat obesus 83 €15 €50 Muridae Mesic four-striped grass rat dilectus 18 €5 €6 Muridae Striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio 36 €5 €15 Muridae Bushy-tailed jird Sekeetamys calurus 126 €7 €10 Muridae Harrington's gerbil harringtoni 3 n.s. n.s. Muridae Acacia rat Thallomys paedulcus 92 €15 €20 Mouse-like Zagros Mountains mouse-like Calomyscus bailwardi 2 n.s. n.s. Mouse-like hamsters Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster Calomyscus mystax 37 €3 €15 Cavy family Brazilian pig aperea 3 n.s. n.s. Cavy family Greater Cavia magna 4 €0 €150 Cavy family (genus) Dolichotinae 6 n.s. n.s. Cavy family Dolichotis patagonum 47 €200 €350 Cavy family Dolichotis salinicola 6 n.s. n.s. Cavy family hydrochaeris 29 €750 €750 Cavy family Rock cavy rupestris 28 €66 €66 (genus) Cricetomys 1 €85 €85 Nesomyidae Gambian pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus 35 €50 €350 Nesomyidae Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat grandidieri 7 n.s. n.s. Elephant shrews Round-eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus 2 n.s. n.s. Mole Ansell's mole rat Fukomys anselli 4 n.s. n.s. Mole rats Silvery mole rat Heliophobius argenteocinereus 2 n.s. n.s. Mole rats Naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber 25 €370 €370 Tree shrews Tree shrew (genus) Scandentia 1 €500 €500 Tree shrews Tupaia (genus) Tupaia 1 €100 €500 Tree shrews Northern tree shrew Tupaia belangeri 21 €80 €125 Tree shrews Common tree shrew Tupaia glis 4 n.s. n.s. Shrews Asian house shrew Suncus murinus 2 €30 €30 Springhares South African springhare Pedetes capensis 13 €300 €650 Jerboas Long-eared jerboa Euchoreutes naso 1 n.s. n.s. Jerboas Four-toed jerboa Allactaga tetradactyla 12 €125 €125 Jerboas Five-toed pygmy jerboa Cardiocranius paradoxus 2 n.s. n.s. Jerboas Lesser Egyptian jerboa Jaculus jaculus 14 €50 €112 Jerboas Greater Egyptian jerboa Jaculus orientalis 31 €40 €200 Echimyidae Coypu / nutria Myocastor coypus 24 €50 €50 Porcupines Brush-tailed porcupine (genus) Atherurus 5 €250 €300 Porcupines African brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus 2 €250 €250 Porcupines Old world porcupines (genus) Hystricidae 50 €0 €350 Porcupines Porcupine (genus) Hystrix 13 €150 €250 Porcupines Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata 8 €200 €200 Porcupines Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica 13 €100 €300 Heteromyidae rats (genus) Dipodomys 8 n.s. n.s. Octodontidae Degu Octodon degus 59 €20 €150 10 • final station living room

Octodontidae Cururo Spalacopus cyanus 2 n.s. n.s. Cricetidae Northern mole vole Ellobius talpinus 2 n.s. n.s. Cricetidae lemming / steppe vole Lagurus lagurus 144 €8 €30 Cricetidae Norway lemming Lemmus lemmus 5 n.s. n.s. Cricetidae mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 8 €8 €8 Cricetidae Campbell's dwarf hamster Phodopus campbelli 3 n.s. n.s. Cricetidae Roborovski hamster Phodopus roborovskii 25 €3 €5 Cricetidae Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus 6 n.s. n.s. Cricetidae Cotton rat (genus) Sigmodon 8 n.s. n.s.

Predators

Bears Brown arctos 4 €4,500 €5,000 Dogs (genus) Canis 2 €1,750 €1,750 Dogs Canis lupus 7 n.s. n.s. Dogs Arctic wolf (subspecies) Canis lupus arctos 16 n.s. n.s. Dogs (subspecies) Canis lupus dingo 9 €500 €1.333 Dogs Iberian wolf (subspecies) Canis lupus signatus 15 €1,333 €4,250 Dogs Black-backed Canis mesomelas 3 €1,166 €1,166 Dogs Lycaon pictus 2 n.s. n.s. Dogs dog procyonoides 69 €50 €250 Dogs -eared fox Otocyon megalotis 4 n.s. n.s. Dogs Grey fox cinereoargenteus 1 €500 €500 Dogs Fox (genus) 8 n.s. n.s. Dogs Vulpes corsac 33 €200 €700 Dogs Vulpes lagopus 99 €80 €750 Dogs Blue fox (colour variant arctic fox) Vulpes lagopus 8 €100 €550 Dogs White fox (colour variant arctic fox) Vulpes lagopus 1 €450 €450 Dogs Vulpes vulpes 44 €60 €500 Dogs Black fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 2 €250 €250 Dogs Beige fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 12 €250 €250 Dogs Platin fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 17 €260 €260 Dogs Red amber (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 8 €100 €200 Dogs Silver fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 22 €100 €260 Dogs Vulpes zerda 106 €750 €2,250 Spotted Crocuta crocuta 2 n.s. n.s. Hyenas hyaena 11 €50 €9,000 Cats Cheetah jubatus 46 €10,000 €10,000 Cats Caracal caracal 48 €2,000 €6,000 Cats chaus 17 €450 €1,750 Cats Felis silvestris 2 €175 €425 Cats Arabian wildcat (subspecies) Felis silvestris gordoni 4 €400 €425 Cats European wildcat (subspecies) Felis silvestris silvestris 11 €175 €250 Cats cat, hybrid Hybrid: bengalensis x Felis 47 €350 €2,600 Cats Asian , hybrid Hybrid: Prionailurus viverrinus x Felis 2 €1,500 €1,500 Cats Liger, hybrid leo × P. tigris 2 n.s. n.s. Cats hybrid Leptailurus serval x Felis silvestris catus 20 €800 €10,000 Cats Tigon, hybrid Panthera leo × P. tigris 2 n.s. n.s. Cats Geoffroy's cat geoffroyi 4 €3,000 €6,000 Cats Leopardus pardalis 9 €2,500 €3,500 Cats Serval Leptailurus serval 101 €900 €6,000 Cats (genus) Lynx 3 €1,650 €1,650 Cats Canadian lynx Lynx canadensis 2 n.s. n.s. Cats Lynx lynx 23 n.s. n.s. Cats Lynx rufus 6 €6,000 €6,000 Cats nebulosa 4 €4,500 €4,500 Cats Panthera leo 63 €2,000 €25,000 Cats Barbary lion (subspecies) Panthera leo leo 5 €1,500 €2,500 Cats East African lion (subspecies) Panthera leo massaicus 2 n.s. n.s. Cats Panthera onca 10 €11,500 €16,000 Cats Leopard Panthera pardus 37 €4.500 €22.000 Cats (subspecies) Panthera pardus pardus 11 n.s. n.s. Cats Persian leopard (subspecies) Panthera pardus saxicolor 1 n.s. n.s. Cats Panthera tigris 44 €4,500 €15,000 Cats Siberian tiger (subspecies) Panthera tigris altaica 19 €3,500 €4,000 Cats Bengal tiger (subspecies) Panthera tigris tigris 14 €4,500 €4,500 Cats Panthera uncia 2 n.s. n.s. Cats marmorata 1 n.s. n.s. Cats Prionailurus bengalensis 58 €425 €3,250 final station living room • 11

Cats Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus 13 €1,250 €2,000 Cats Puma concolor 18 €3,000 €6,000 Cats Puma yagouaroundi 4 n.s. n.s. White-nosed narica 1 n.s. n.s. Procyonidae Nasua nasua 244 €50 €1,200 Procyonidae Potos flavus 75 €500 €2,200 Procyonidae Raccoon lotor 217 €33 €500 Madagascan predators Cryptoprocta ferox 6 n.s. n.s. Atilax paludinosus 1 €450 €450 Mongooses Common kusimanse obscurus 2 n.s. n.s. Mongooses Cynictis penicillata 49 €100 €600 Mongooses sanguinea 2 n.s. n.s. Mongooses (genus) Helogale 12 €100 €150 Mongooses Helogale parvula 35 €100 €350 Mongooses (genus) Herpestes 5 n.s. n.s. Mongooses mungo 61 €75 €450 Mongooses Suricata suricatta 265 €150 €1,800 Oriental small-clawed cinerea 20 €600 €1,500 Mustelidae Eira barbara 4 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae - hybrid Mustela putorius furo × Putorius 3 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Polecat-ferret hybrid Putorius n.s. x Putorius k.A 1 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Saharan libyca 3 €250 €250 Mustelidae Striped polecat / Zorilla Ictonyx striatus 6 €338 €338 Mustelidae North American river otter canadensis 1 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae European otter lutra 8 €1,000 €1,500 Mustelidae (subfamily) Lutrinae 1 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Beech Martes foina 11 €50 €200 Mustelidae European marten Martes martes 8 €150 €150 Mustelidae European meles 1 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Badger (subfamily) Melinae 2 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Mellivora capensis 1 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Least Mustela nivalis 1 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae Mustela sibirica 2 n.s. n.s. Mustelidae American Neovison vison 45 €50 €300 Mustelidae Vormela peregusna 1 n.s. n.s. Nandinia binotata 4 n.s. n.s. Arctictis binturong 1 n.s. n.s. Viverridae Palawan Binturong (subspecies) Arctictis binturong whitei 6 €2,700 €2,700 Viverridae Owston's palm civet Chrotogale owstoni 2 n.s. n.s. Viverridae Civettictis civetta 2 n.s. n.s. Viverridae Genetta (genus) Genetta 23 €400 €1,350 Viverridae Common Genetta genetta 24 €400 €625 Viverridae (subspecies dongolana) Genetta genetta dongolana 2 n.s. n.s. Viverridae Common genet (subspecies felina) Genetta genetta felina 2 n.s. n.s. Viverridae Rusty-spotted genet Genetta maculata 13 €275 €600 Viverridae Genetta pardina 1 €350 €500 Viverridae Haussa genet Genetta thierryi 6 €300 €600 Viverridae Genetta tigrina 22 €250 €800 Viverridae Rusty-spotted genet hybrid Genetta maculata x G. thierryi 1 n.s. n.s. Viverridae hermaphroditus 21 €400 €890 Viverridae Palm civet Paradoxurus philippinensis 3 n.s. n.s. (family) 412 €50 €350 Skunks macroura 1 €100 €100 Skunks Mephitis mephitis 54 €50 €250

PRIMATEs

Bushbabies Galago (genus) Galago 14 €350 €550 Bushbabies Prince Demidof's bushbaby Galago demidoff 2 n.s. n.s. Bushbabies bushbaby Galago senegalensis 47 €275 €513 Bushbabies Otolemur Otolemur garnettii 3 n.s. n.s. White-fronted Eulemur albifrons 12 €1,830 €1,830 Lemurs Common brown lemur Eulemur fulvus 11 €2,000 €2,250 Lemurs Common brown lemur (subspecies mayottensis) Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1 n.s. n.s. Lemurs Red-fronted lemur Eulemur rufifrons 1 n.s. n.s. Lemurs Collared brown lemur Eulemur collaris 1 n.s. n.s. Lemurs Ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta 95 €750 €1,625 Lemurs Black-and-white Varecia variegata 12 €3,500 €3,500 Gibbons Grey gibbon Hylobates muelleri 2 n.s. n.s. 12 • final station living room

Gibbons Lar gibbon / white-handed gibbon Hylobates lar 1 n.s. n.s. Cebidae Capuchin monkey (genus) Cebus 48 €185 €1,343 Cebidae Tufted capuchin Cebus apella 42 €850 €3,675 Cebidae White-headed capuchin Cebus capucinus 8 €325 €1,413 Cebidae Wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus 6 €6,000 €6,000 Cebidae Squirrel monkey (genus) Saimiri 84 €1,100 €2,300 Cebidae Common squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus 53 €1,350 €2,925 Cebidae Black-capped squirrel monkey Saimiri boliviensis 4 n.s. n.s. Mouse lemurs Mouse lemur (genus) Microcebus 22 €500 €700 Mouse lemurs Grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus 63 €300 €475 Tarsiers Spectral tarsier Tarsius tarsier 3 n.s. n.s. Tarsiers Philippine tarsier Tarsius syrichta 2 €1,650 €1,650 Callitrichidae (Gruppe) Callitrichidae 4 n.s. n.s. Callitrichidae White-headed marmoset geoffroyi 61 €300 €750 Callitrichidae Common marmoset Callithrix jacchus 809 €125 €813 Callitrichidae Black-tailed marmoset Callithrix melanura 1 n.s. n.s. Callitrichidae Black-tufted marmoset Callithrix penicillata 43 €500 €750 Callitrichidae Pygmy marmoset Callithrix pygmaea 105 €300 €775 Callitrichidae Pygmy marmoset (subspecies niveiventris) Callithrix pygmaea niveiventris 23 €500 €500 Callitrichidae Goeldi's marmoset Callimico goeldii 30 €1,500 €4,500 Callitrichidae Golden-headed lion Leontopithecus chrysomelas 129 €1,000 €2,250 Callitrichidae Emperor tamarin Saguinus imperator 9 n.s. n.s. Callitrichidae White-lipped tamarin Saguinus labiatus 69 €650 €825 Callitrichidae Red-handed tamarin Saguinus midas 73 €400 €700 Callitrichidae Moustached tamarin Saguinus mystax 6 €1,350 €1,350 Callitrichidae Cotton-top tamarin Saguinus oedipus 275 €250 €1,250 Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis 29 €500 €950 Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin (subspecies agonotus) Saguinus fuscicollis lagonotus 3 €700 €700 Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin (subspecies leucogenys) Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys 11 €2,000 €2,000 Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin (subspecies nigrifrons) Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons 2 €1,100 €1,100 Loris (genus) Nycticebus 4 n.s. n.s. Loris Pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus 3 €1,400 €1,400 Loris Potto Perodicticus potto 3 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Patas monkey Erythrocebus patas 7 €800 €800 Cercopithecids Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata 27 €500 €1,250 Cercopithecids -eating macaque Macaca fascicularis 11 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta 16 €400 €675 Cercopithecids Celebes crested macaque Macaca nigra 1 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata 2 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus 2 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus 44 €400 €500 Cercopithecids Mandrill Mandrillus sphinx 3 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids talapoin Miopithecus ogouensis 2 €1,250 €1,250 Cercopithecids Talapoin Miopithecus talapoin 16 €1,000 €1,125 Cercopithecids Chlorocebus (genus) Chlorocebus 2 €3,000 €3,000 Cercopithecids Grivet / African green monkey Chlorocebus aethiops 24 €1,500 €1,500 Cercopithecids Mona monkey Cercopithecus mona 1 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Lesser spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista 2 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Black-and-white colobus (genus) Colobus 1 n.s. n.s. Cercopithecids Mantled guereza Colobus guereza 2 n.s. n.s. Great apes Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 4 n.s. n.s. Night monkeys Spix's night monkey Aotus vociferans 4 n.s. n.s. Night monkeys Nancy Ma's night monkey Aotus nancymaae 4 n.s. n.s. Pithecids Red titi monkey Callicebus cupreus 2 n.s. n.s.

MARSUPIALS

Opossums White-eared opossum Didelphis albiventris 28 €250 €363 Opossums Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana 4 €250 €425 Opossums Grey short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica 76 €45 €68 Opossums Philander (genus) Philander 5 n.s. n.s. Opossums Grey four-eyed opossum Philander opossum 5 n.s. n.s. Petaurids trivirgata 4 n.s. n.s. Petaurids breviceps 165 €16 €158 Tamar eugenii 3 €750 €750 Kangaroos Macropus fuliginosus 7 n.s. n.s. Kangaroos Macropus giganteus 4 n.s. n.s. Kangaroos Macropus parma 34 €150 €375 Kangaroos Red-necked wallaby Macropus rufogriseus 75 €200 €1,000 final station living room • 13

Kangaroos Red-necked wallaby (subspecies rufogriseus) Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus 25 n.s. n.s. Kangaroos Macropus rufus 6 €500 €1,500 Thylogales Thylogale brunii 4 n.s. n.s. Kletterbeutler Ground cuscus gymnotis 2 n.s. n.s. Kletterbeutler Common brush-tail possum Trichosurus vulpecula 23 €350 €688 Rattenkänguru Brush-tailed Bettongia penicillata 3 €350 €350 (family) Wombats 1 n.s. n.s. Feather-tailed possum Distoechurus pennatus 1 n.s. n.s. other species

New world leaf-nosed bats Seba's short-tailed bat Carollia perspicillata 12 €80 €80 New world leaf-nosed bats Common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus 3 n.s. n.s. New world leaf-nosed bats Glossophaga (genus) Glossophaga 4 n.s. n.s. Cyclopedidae Silky anteater Cyclopes didactylus 4 €2,250 €2,250 Flying / fruit bats Straw-coloured fruit bat helvum 5 €150 €250 Flying foxes / fruit bats Hammer-headed bat Hypsignathus monstrosus 24 €0 €0 Flying foxes / fruit bats Flying foxes (family) Pteropodidae 6 €60 €60 Flying foxes / fruit bats Seychelles fruit bat seychellensis 2 €800 €800 Flying foxes / fruit bats Rodrigues flying fox Pteropus rodricensis 2 €500 €500 Flying foxes / fruit bats Egyptian fruit bat aegyptiacus 126 €30 €300 Folivora Sloth (suborder) Folivora 2 n.s. n.s. Armadillos Chaetophractus (genus) Chaetophractus 1 n.s. n.s. Armadillos Small hairy armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus 7 n.s. n.s. Armadillos Big hairy armadillo Chaetophractus villosus 18 €700 €1,200 Armadillos Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus 6 €1,450 €1,450 Armadillos Six-banded armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus 5 n.s. n.s. Armadillos Tolypeutes (genus) Tolypeutes 5 n.s. n.s. Armadillos Southern three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes matacus 24 €550 €550 Hedgehogs African hedgehog Atelerix albiventris 317 €30 €150 Hedgehogs Long-eared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus 7 €30 €60 Hedgehogs Brandt's hedgehog Paraechinus hypomelas 8 €250 €250 Megalonychidae Two-toed sloth (genus) Choloepus 2 €2,800 €2,800 Megalonychidae Linnaeus' two-toed sloth Choloepus didactylus 4 n.s. n.s. Myrmecophagidae Tamandua (genus) Tamandua 3 €2,250 €2,250 Myrmecophagidae Collared anteater Tamandua tetradactyla 2 n.s. n.s. Elephant shrews Rufous elephant shrew Elephantulus rufescens 20 n.s. n.s. Elephant shrews Jumping shrew (family) Macroscelididae 25 €150 €225 Elephant shrews Round-eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus 56 €100 €220 Elephant shrews Four-toed elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus 15 n.s. n.s. Elephant shrews Elephant shrew Rhynchocyon 2 n.s. n.s. Elephant shrews Black and rufous elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi 6 n.s. n.s. Southern tree Dendrohyrax arboreus 6 €450 €500 Shrews Asian house shrew Suncus murinus 8 €25 €30 Tenrecs Lesser hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi 114 €40 €150 Tenrecs Lowland streaked tenrec Hemicentetes semispinosus 21 €225 €400 Tenrecs Highland streaked tenrec Hemicentetes nigriceps 12 €200 €300 Tenrecs Hedgehog tenrec (subfamily) Tenrecinae 9 €50 €70 Tenrecs Tailless tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus 19 €300 €350 14 • final station living room

FURTHER SOURCES FOR Acquiring EXOTIC MAMMALS

In Germany, by far the widest range of exotic mammal jird, Campbell‘s dwarf hamster, Mongolian gerbil, Cairo species is sold via online portals and ads. Occasionally, spiny mouse, Shaw‘s jird, fat-tailed gerbil, Asian gar- exotic mammals are also sold through pet stores and den dormouse, Guenther‘s vole, Southern African spiny animal fairs. mouse, Persian jird, African hedgehog and Himalayan striped squirrel. During a visit to the pet shop Zoo Zajac in Duisburg, in April 2015, we found the following 25 species of In Hamm, at the German reptile fair Terraristika we exotic mammals: Yellow mongoose, cotton-top tama- found, amongst others, the following species for sale: rin, pygmy marmoset, six-banded armadillo, two-to- sugar glider, African hedgehog, short-tailed opos- ed sloth, meerkat, white-eared opossum, prairie dog, sum, steppe lemming, white-footed mouse, Mongolian South American coati, , tree shrew, gerbil, African pygmy mouse, Cairo spiny mouse, and Wagner‘s gerbil, Eastern spiny mouse, bushy-tailed Campbell‘s dwarf hamster.

REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE

ANIMAL WELFARE Flying foxes in the living room, cheetahs in the gar- Non-native mammals often originate from other clima- den or monkeys in the basement: Private ownership te zones and have special environmental requirements of exotic mammals can sometimes take on grotesque relating to humidity, temperature, ultraviolet light and forms and is often a case of misguided love for ani- soil. In addition, complex social structures, the need for mals. Capture, transport and trade are a torment for movement, day-night rhythm, seasonal rhythms, life the animals, resulting in high mortality rates even be- expectancy and growth have to be taken into account fore the animals are in the possession of the private (van Leeuwen, 2010; Soulsbury et al., 2009; Bandini et owner (Ashley et al., 2014; Todd, 2011; Gonzalez, 2003). al., 2004). In the wild, animals conceal disease symp- Poor husbandry, which can cause significant animal toms and weaknesses to avoid becoming easy prey. As suffering, is often a result of inexperience and absence it is difficult for owners to recognise signs of stress and of reliable guidance, as well as a lack of appreciation of suffering in the animals, diseases can remain undetec- the space, cost and expertise needed to accommodate ted or only noticed when it is too late, which commonly the complex care needs of these animals. The present leads to the animals dying prematurely (Johnson-De- study for instance shows a surprisingly large number laney, 2006; Schmid et al., 2003). Correct nutrition for and diversity of primates for sale, comprising animals the animals is also often overlooked or misunderstood that are rarely even kept in zoos, e.g. slow loris (in three causing the animals to suffer from deficiency symp- German zoos), (in five German zoos) and toms or obesity (Lazarz, 2012; Bernhard, 2010). fennecs (in 10 German zoos) (Zootierliste, 2015). Domestication – Taming an animal should not be con- Husbandry problems – Exotic mammals are frequent- fused with domestication (Hüster, Plogmann, et al., ly purchased on the Internet or at trade fairs. While 2003). Close contact to humans causes high levels of companion and farm animal welfare have been exa- psychological stress for most wild animals, as they re- mined and documented in detail in the relevant litera- tain their natural instincts despite being tame (Maue- ture, there is little species-specific information on the rer, 2009). Humans will often attempt to force animals private keeping of wild animals (Tegeder, 2015), which to adapt and will discourage them from displaying can lead to fatal mistakes in husbandry. their natural behaviours. Sometimes animals’ claws or final station living room• 15

scent glands are removed, which constitutes a violation a significant increase of surrendered exotic mammals of the ban on amputation according to §12 section 4 of in recent years (Wildtier- und Artenschutzstation e.V., the German Animal Welfare Act. Such constraints and 2015; Raubtier- & Exotenasyl e.V., 2015). Due to a lack amputations, and even the mere presence of humans, of capacity, often only animals seized by the authorities can cause stress for the animals, leading to abnormal can be admitted. Many of these centres usually only behaviour (Beckstein, 2009). take in native wild animals, so they are overtaxed by the requirements of exotic wildlife. The mammals sur- Abandonment of animals – People may buy an ani- rendered or seized by the authorities include , mal because they feel sorry for it and want to ’libe- , , macaques, mongooses and sugar gli- rate’ it, because they are tempted by cheap deals at a ders. In 2013, a Munich-based rescue centre specialised trade fair, or because they want to give their children a in was for the first time obliged to take in exotic ’cute little playmate‘. The enjoyment of such spontane- mammals such as dwarf mongooses and sugar gliders ous purchases is usually short-lived. Many owners are (Auffangstation für Reptilien, München e.V., 2013). overwhelmed by the complex needs of their animals, and the long lifespan of some species as well as the on- Capture & transport – Many wild animals, particular- going keeping costs, which tend to be underestimated. ly those that do not fall under any international spe- Many exotic mammals are quickly offered for resale, cies conservation regulations, continue to be captured brought to animal shelters or specialised sanctuaries with nets and traps and are brutally removed from or even abandoned into the wild (van Gennep, 2013; their natural habitat. They are subsequently deposited Lazarz, 2012; van Leeuwen, 2010). Most of the released and locked away for days or weeks at the facilities of animals die, but some manage to adapt to the new some middleman before being shipped across great conditions and establish in the local environment (see distances. Many of the animals die during transport next section); others are found in time and end up in due to stress caused by lack of space, insufficient food animal shelters. Many animal shelters lack the capa- and water or poor ventilation (Slater, 2014; Baker et city and competence to take in exotic animals but for al., 2013). those centres that do, this puts a considerable, addi- tional strain on their resources. Rescue centres report

SPECIES CONSERVATION

Many of the species kept in private ownership are ria) (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2010). However, Ger- endangered in the wild (Lyons et al., 2013; Lyons et al., many allows the import of wild-caught animals from 2012; van Lavieren, 2004), while some of them are sub- other countries. For non-protected mammal species ject to international trade regulations of the Convention the proportion of wild-captured animals can amount on International Trade in of Wild to 80% (fennecs) or even 98% (kinkajous) (Harrington, Fauna and Flora (CITES) wherein loopholes and grey 2015). Wild-caught specimens of species protected by areas remain (Kwet, 2014; Outhwaite et al., 2014; Na- the EU Regulations 1 must not be impor- tusch et al., 2013; van Uhm, 2012; van Lavieren, 2004). ted for trading (Annex A) or can be imported with re- Studies show that trade in wild animals, for whatever stritions only (Annex B). But here again loopholes and purpose, poses a threat to one third of all mammal grey areas do exist. Even seriously endangered species species worldwide (Baillie et al., 2004). Many species or those, which are strictly protected only in their coun- continue to be at risk because of the trade. try of origin and have been illegally smuggled out, may be imported (Altherr, 2014). In addition, catch and trade Wild caught animals – Collecting native wild animal quotas of the exporting countries are not scientifically species from the wild for trade and private ownership based and are frequently exceeded. Another problem is is, in most cases, prohibited in Germany and the EU. the regulation of the trade in captive-bred animals. In According to § 44 section 1 of the Federal Nature Con- order to circumvent species conservation regulations, servation Act, collecting specially protected species is wild-trapped animals are often declared as offspring prohibited; this is the case with most of native mammal from captive breeding or ‘ranching’ (see box on next species (apart from ‘problematic species’ such as nut- page).

1) Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein. 16 • final station living roomr

Captive Breeding – constitutes a major for potentially invasive species (Genovesi et al., 2012; problem for exotic mammals kept as pets (Warwick, CBD, 2012; Keller et al., 2011; Pro Wildlife, 2010). In the 2009). The con- tribution of hobby breeders and pri- EU 10 % of the invasive mammal species can be traced vate owners to the conservation of species is negligib- back to private pet ownership (Davenport et al., 2011). le: private ownership does not aim at a reintroduction Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Euro- of the animals into the wild, it can only in exceptional pe (DAISIE) is a publicly accessible databank set up by cases provide the condi-tions in terms of space, funds experts that lists all known invasive species in and organisation (Beck- stein, 2009). Reintroducing (European Invasive Alien Species Gateway, 2008). In our animals bred in captivity is problematic and may have research we found 52 species for sale on online plat- negative effects on the wild population, as reintroduced forms that are included in the 117 DAISIE-listed inva- animals can transmit diseases that do not occur in the sive mammal species. The DAISIE databank only lists natural habitat (Slade et al., 2014). In addition, reintro- species that have already been assessed, but there are duced animals can be genetically very distinct from lo- many species in trade, whose invasive potential has as cal populations. Studies suggest that mating between yet not been scientifically determined. The invasiveness wild and captive-bred populations is minimal, as wild of exotic mammals such as chipmunks and squirrels, animals have different behaviour and physical consti- as well as and raccoon dogs is amply docu- tutions (Power et al., 2013). Online platforms also offer mented (Genovesi et al., 2012; CBD, 2012; Keller et al., various hybrids for sale that are either crossed between 2011; Pro Wildlife, 2010; Marmet et al., 2009; Klingen- closely related wild animal species (polecat or genet stein et al., 2005). Many squirrel species are conside- hybrids) or between wild and domestic species (ferret x red to have a well documented high invasive potential polecat, leopard cat x domestic cat, serval x domestic (Rabitsch et al., 2013). A case is the North American cat). Aside from the animal welfare issues associated grey squirrel that has displaced the red squirrel to the with such breeds (for instance, the smaller domestic brink of , in Britain. Grey squirrels were re- cat has to give birth to the significantly larger hybrid leased from private ownership (Bosch et al., 2013). Also offspring and the fact that hybrids are much wilder and Pallas`s squirrels that escaped from a breeder have, in therefore less suitable for being kept as pets), such ani- the last couple of years, established in Belgium and mals do in no way contribute to species conservation the Netherlands (Dijkstra et al., 2008). For this reason, efforts. the large number of exotic squirrels offered for sale is particularly worrying: Asiatic striped squirrels and Invasive species – According to a study by the IUCN, American red squirrels were the most frequently tra- invasive alien species are one of the main reasons for ded rodents. the extinction and decline of populations of endange- red , birds and mammals. Invasive species – 37 of the species found, such as in Europe cause tremendous economic damage: Ac- the golden-headed , the brush-tailed bet- cording to existing data the total costs of IAS in Eu- tong and the white-headed lemur, are listed in Annex rope are estimated to be at least 12.5 billion EUR per A of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations, meaning that year (according to documented costs) and probably commercial trade in wild-trapped animals is prohibi- over 20 billion EUR (based on some extrapolation of ted and the trade in offspring from captive-bred ani- costs) per year (IUCN, 2012; Rutherford, 2010; Kettunen mals is subject to restrictions. 55 species, including the et al., 2008). Frequently the invaders originate from Rodrigues flying fox and the fishing cat, are listed in regions with similar climatic conditions and multiply Annex B, which means that trade in wild-caught ani- explosively due to a lack of predators (Heinemann, mals is possible. For many animals offered for sale it 2012; Driessen, 2012). The trade in exotic animals for is not possible to see whether the species conservati- the pet market is described as an important pathway on regulations have been met. Our research revealed

On its own website and on the online platform Exotic-Animal.de, the enterprise Green Life Import Export advertises for sale animals from a wide range of countries. These animals also include strictly protected species (Annex A and B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations), such as chimpanzees and tigers.

In email correspondence that was made available to us, the company owner emphasised that CAP T URE S A primates, such as the squirrel monkey and the galagos, offered for sale were wild-caught but that if „C ap t i v e bred “ L ARIN G WI D DEC requested he could issue a breeding certificate. The case is under investigation by the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation and the Spanish CITES Authorities. final station living room • 17

HEALTH riskS

Zoonotic diseases – Exotic pets constitute a significant as the main source of zoonotic disease transmission in reservoir of pathogens that are highly infectious and formerly epidemic-free regions (Durand et al., 2013). In potentially fatal to humans and animals (Whitfieldet 2007 the WHO warned against the rapid spread of epi- al., 2014; Conraths et al., 2014; Warwick et al., 2013; Al- demics such as HIV, SARS or Ebola as a consequence pers et al., 2004; Schmid et al., 2003). Exotic animals of the high mobility of humans and animals (Winkel- that are already sick, infected or are potential vectors mayer, 2008; Pickering et al., 2008; Faulde et al., 2002). of pathogens, are imported into, or bred in, Germany 85 percent of bites from exotic pets transmit potential (Warwick et al., 2013; Reaser et al., 2008). pathogens (Krauss, 2004).

The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines all di- Injuries – Wild animals can also be physically dange- seases and infections that are directly or indirectly rous to humans, due to their size and strength, their transmitted between and humans as zoo- natural weapons such as teeth, claws or tail, and many notic diseases. It distinguishes between viral, bacterial have poisonous bites, stings or secretions (Warwick et and parasitic zoonotic diseases. The diseases transmit- al., 2012). As a rule, wild animals will attack humans ted by wild animals range from worm infections and when they feel threatened or unable to escape. Here to , SARS, Ebola, hepatitis, again, humans are frequently unable to recognise the parapox, polio or Borna viruses (Rabsch, 2014; Kaup, animals‘ behavioural signals and this can culminate in 2011; Rietschel et al., 2008; Chomel et al., 2007; Alpers unexpected attacks (Beckstein, 2009). Further hazards et al., 2004). There are 177 known “Emerging Infectious result from the physical and psychological changes Diseases“ worldwide (EID; infectious diseases that have that occur in young animals on reaching sexual ma- increased in the last two decades or that are likely to turity, which cause them to become more aggressive. emerge in the near future), 73 percent of them are zoo- This phenomenon has been reported particularly fre- notic diseases. The most recent studies indicate that the quently in primates (Endangered Foundation, trade in wild animals for commercial purposes poses a 2013; Wissman, 2006). Many animals react aggressively particular risk. Live animal trade has been identified in order to defend their (Pickering et al., 2008).

In February 2015, the Robert Koch Institute and the Friedrich Löffler Institute reported on the death of three German breeders of variegated squirrels due to a Borna virus infection (Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 2015).

Flying foxes (including the hammer-headed bat that is traded in Germany as a pet) transmit Ebola and are believed to be the vectors for the epidemic in West in 2014 (Leroy, et al., 2005;Alexander, et al., 2014).

Experts warn against the transmission of and roundworms by privately kept raccoons and skunks in Germany (Conraths, et al., 2014; Franssen, et al., 2013).

Flying foxes can transmit Lyssa viruses, African hedgehogs Salmonella and common marmosets , among other diseases (Chomel, et al., 2007; Favoretto, et al., 2001; Bandini, et al., 2004).

Since 2003, the EU prohibits the import of prairie dogs from the USA, as well as non-native rodents and squirrels from Africa (south of the ), because these were identified as vectors of the dangerous monkeypox (EU Commission, 2003).

In Asian markets, SARS pathogens were found in masked palm , raccoon dogs and Chinese ferret- (Bell et al., 2004). RECE NT c as e s o f Z OONOTI C DIS E AS S In the USA, 22 people have infected themselves with leprosy transmitted by armadillos (Truman, et al., 2011). 18 • final station living room

case studies

This section presents a number of species or genera per order or superorder in order to exemplify the great variety of exotic wild animals offered for sale and the problems connected with keeping them. Afrotheria, Xenarthra, insec- tivores and Chiroptera (bats) have been subsumed under the category “others“.

rodents

The order of rodents comprises some 2,300 species, most of which are TOP 5 rather small and therefore are particularly attractive for private homes. In 1. Swinhoes striped squirrel our online survey 3,471 individual animals from 117 species were offered 2. AMERICAN RED SQUIRREL for sale, with a total value of €332,593. Rodents already established as companion animals, such as fancy mice, rats, hamsters and were 3. STEPPE LEMMING not considered in this study. It is a well-known fact that diseases such as 4. BUSHY-TAILED JIRD salmonella infections and lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be transmit- 5. PRAIRIE DOG ted from infected rodents to humans (Pickering et al., 2008).

Swinhoes sTRIPED SQUIRREL Top Seller

Distribution Asia: deciduous and coniferous Ecology lives in tree hollows, crepuscular; moves in long leaps from tree to tree; requires plenty of space; very agile Hazards Potentially invasive

Swinhoes striped squirrel (Tamiops swinhoei) was the exotic species most frequently offered for sale in our online survey, with a total of 365 animals. Prices ranged between €45 and €85, adding up to an average aggregate value of €23,725. The Swinhoes striped squirrel and the related are known to be extremely adaptable and are considered to have a high invasive potential (Rabitsch et al., 2013; van Ham, 2013). €85 There are frequent reports that Swinhoes striped squirrels suffer from poor health in captivity, including bald patches in their , lack of appetite, paralysis of the extremities and listlessness. Premature mortality in these animals is not uncommon. A possible reason could be insufficient ultravi- olet light (Loose, 2008). On Internet forums it is reported that the majority of the animals die within their first year, whereas in the wild they can live for seven to eight years (Lauterbach, 2013). final station living room• 19

PRAIRIE DOG

Distribution North America: Prairie Ecology lives in colonies of up to 1,000 animals, tunnel systems up to 5 m deep and 300 m long, hibernates sometimes for several months Hazards Disease transmitter, potentially invasive

During the survey period, 148 prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) were offered for sale at prices between €125 and €299 with an average aggregate value of €33,707. In captivity, the highly social, diurnal rodents often display abnormal behaviour and fatten up very quickly (Lennox, 2007; Johnson- Delaney, 2006). As they are very difficult to breed in captivity, many prairie dogs are taken from the wild. This is one reason why the animals usually €299 do not tame and tend to become increasingly aggressive on reaching sexual maturity. Black-tailed prairie dogs hibernate, and in order to do this in captivity, the animals have to dig burrows in open-air enclosures. In our climate zone however, the animals risk freezing to death in cold winters (Sistermann, 2013). Prairie dogs transmit diseases and are thought to have been the vectors of monkeypox that broke out in the USA in 2003 (Meyer, 2012; Hutson et al., 2007). For this reason the EU has prohibited their im- port from the USA, but not from . In addition, prairie dogs possibly also transmit plague, Lyssavirus and Tularemia (Yale et al., 2013; Chomel et al., 2007; Phalen, 2004; Avashia et al., 2004).

PREDATORS

Predators in particular pose a physical danger to humans. They are usually TOP 5 equipped with sharp teeth and claws for catching and killing their prey. 1. Skunk The online survey of predators revealed 73 different species and 2,854 indi- 2. Meerkat viduals. Compared to the other orders, the predators were the most expen- sive, and with an average aggregate value of €4,778,642 the offers in this 3. Coati category comprised more than 50 percent of the total value. The species 4. raccoon offered for sale ranged from big cats and foxes to viverrids and . 5. fennec fox 20 • final station living room

Skunk Top Seller

Distribution southern Canada to Central America Ecology Crepuscular and nocturnal, solitary, anal as defence mechanism Hazards Disease vector

Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are becoming increasingly popular as pets. The present study found 467 animals offered for sale in a range from €50 to €350 each, with an average aggregate value of €90,600. The past years have seen an increase in the number of breeders, but imports too have increased (Lueke, 2014). Skunks are potential vectors of rabies (Robert Koch Institut, 2009; Hattwick et al.,1973), Tularemia (Berrada et al., 2006) and roundworms (Biron, 2006). €350 Skunks can squirt a foul-smelling secretion from their across a distance of up to six metres. Although the proscription of amputation in the German Animal Welfare Act prohibits the removal of the anal gland, many breeders and owners have ordered to have it removed. Skunks can become very aggressive, which makes them particularly difficult to keep. They are agile climbers and burrowers, and therefore often manage to escape from their enclosures. Skunks have a high invasive potential (Lueke, 2014). KINKAJOU

Distribution Central and South America; tropical rain forests Ecology Nocturnal, tree dwellers, predominantly solitary, long prehensile tail Hazards Vector of parasites and fungal infections, potentially invasive

The surveyed adverts comprised 75 kinkajous (Potos flavus) at prices ranging from €500 to €2,200, with an average aggregate value of €101,250. Almost all internationally traded kinkajous continue to be collected from the wild (98%) (Harrington, 2015). Even though the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies this species as so far not threate- €2,200 ned (“Least Concern“), a significant decline in populations has been docu- mented, in part caused by captures for the pet trade (Kays et al., 2008). The species is considered to have a high invasive potential and is included in the list of invasive species in Germany (Geiter et al., 2002).

Kinkajous have very specific dietary requirements and little is known about their biology (Wright et al., 2009). In captivity, incorrect diet frequently causes cysts in the jaw (Garma-Aviña et al., 1998) and the animals tend towards obesity (Eshar, 2013).

Kinkajous transmit roundworms (Taira et al., 2013; Gaj et al., 2011;) as well as fungal infections via bites (Harris et al., 2011). final station living room • 21

primates

TOP 5 Wild primate populations all around the world are engangered (Engel et 1. COMMON MARMOSET al., 2005); many species of primate are threatened by illegal and unsusta- inable trade and the destruction of their environment (Nijman et al., 2011; 2. COTTON-TOP TAMARIN Shepherd, 2010). Primates belong to the most heavily traded mammal 3. goldEN-HEADED LION TAMARIN species (Shepherd, 2010), with global primate exports on the rise since 4. PYGMY MARMOSET 1995 (Nijman et al., 2011). Due to their behaviour and their very complex social life primates are totally unsuited to being kept as pets (Soulsbury et 5. RING-TAILED LEMUR al., 2009). Frequently, on reaching sexual maturity, the animals become aggressive and some species can threaten human life (Beckstein, 2009). They are vec- tors (Engel et al., 2005) for a host of diseases (Kaup, 2011; Rietschel et al., 2008). In order to tame monkeys, young animals are often separated from their mothers and bottle-fed. As hand-reared animals are not suited for socialisation, most will develop abnormal behaviour. Primates cannot be house-trained (von Glovcewski, 2004). Primates are listed in Annex A or B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations and are therefore subject to registration. The researchers found 2,409 primates from 54 different species for sale. They included squirrel monkeys, lemurs and guenons. Of the species in trade, 16 are listed in Annex A and 38 in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulati- ons.

Top COMMON MARMOSET Seller

Distribution Ecology tree dweller, family group of up to 15 animals Hazards Disease transmitter

We found more than 800 individuals of the diurnal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in online adverts, with prices ranging between €125 and €1,500. In captivity these animals are very susceptible to diseases; the potential for transmission of human diseases, such as herpes, smallpox and flu viruses is often underestimated. By the time an owner notices that a monkey is infected, it is often too late and sudden and premature death can ensue (Grübener, 2010). €1,500

Arbitrary socialisation and placements generate an enormous amount of psychological stress for these highly social primates, which can lead to pronounced territorial marking, increased heart rates and haematologi- cal deviations (Kühnel, 2013). These omnivorous monkeys have complex foraging behaviour that in the wild occupies most of their time. They feed on tree saps, , fruit and small mammals. Despite intensive efforts by zoos, the composition of artificial captive diets is insufficiently balanced. 22 • final station living room

Deficient nutrition frequently causes illnesses. The most common illness found in captivity is the “Wasting Marmoset Syndrome“ (WMS), a multi- functional disease that is usually fatal (Kühnel, 2013).

The limited space in captivity often causes these naturally highly active animals to become fat (Bernhard, 2010). In close contact with humans they can become extremely aggressive. The monkeys are known to be vectors of rabies (Yale et al., 2013; Favoretto et al., 2001).

slow loris

Distribution Ecology tree dweller, nocturnal, solitary; slow movements, Hazards Painful bites

Although since 2007 slow lorises (Nycticebus sp.) have been internatio- nally strictly protected by CITES and only very few zoos keep them, seven animals were offered for sale on the sites examined in our survey, in one case for €1,400.

According to the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, the wild populati- ons of all five slow loris species are endangered in their range states and in €1.400 decline, with one species even facing extinction (IUCN, 2014). Uncontrolled, unsustainable trade for the pet market has been identified as one of the main reasons for dwindling populations (Campbell et al., 2012; Nijman et al., 2011; Nekaris et al., 2010). A number of studies show that juvenile slow lorises are among the most frequently identified primates offered for sale in Southeast Asian markets (Streicher et al., 2013; Nekaris et al., 2010; Shepherd, 2010). Internet videos featuring slow lorises as seemingly cute pets have created a veritable boom in trade. Authorities report an incre- ased number of confiscations, but slow lorises continue to be discovered in Asian animal markets and the number of animals brought to rescue centres is on the increase (Nekaris et al., 2013). Reproduction in captivity is so unsuccessful that it is highly unlikely that slow lorises offered for sale originate from captive breeding (Nekariset al., 2013).

Due to their complex requirements regarding diet and environment, kee- ping these animals in a species-appropriate way is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Animals kept in captivity develop dental problems, obesity, a low reproduction rate and stereotypic behaviour (Streicher et al., 2013).

Slow lorises defend themselves with their very sharp teeth and a poisonous secretion, which is why their front canines and inscissors are often brutally removed (Streicher et al., 2013). This is one of the reasons why the mor- tality rate through infections is particularly elevated in these animals and why rescued animals cannot be returned to the wild (Nekaris et al., 2013; Shepherd, 2010). final station living room • 23

BARBARY MACAQUE

Distribution North Africa: and cedar forests Ecology ground and tree dwellers, groups between 12 and 60 animals Hazards Physical danger

The online adverts included 44 Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) for prices ranging between €400 and €600.

In captivity the animals spend considerably less time foraging and eating than in the wild, which reportedly results in more aggressive behaviour (el Alami et al., 2012). €400 Barbary macaques are the only macaques living in North Africa. In recent years populations have been decimated because numerous young animals are captured for the illegal pet trade (van Uhm, 2014; Waters et al., 2013; van Lavieren, 2008). Barbary macaques are listed in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations and classified according to IUCN as ”Endan- gered“ (Butynsk et al., 2008). Rescue centres such as AAP Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals (Netherlands) and the animal welfare organisation Animal Public report that Barbary macaques are the primate species most frequently brought in.

MARSUPIALS

The characteristic feature of marsupials is the pouch on their tummy. The TOP 5 offspring are born into this pouch in an embryo-like state and grow up inside. The nine families include the opossums, the common shrew opos- SUGAR GLIDER 1. sums and kangaroos. 2. SHORT-TAILED OPOSSUM Our online research identified 18 species and 475 animals for sale; among 3. RED-NECKED WALLABY them was a red kangaroo that can grow to a height of almost two metres 4. PARMA WALLABY for up to €2,500, and wombats that can weigh up to 40 kg. 5. WHITE-EARED OPOSSUM 24 • final station living room

sugar glider Top Seller

Distribution Australia, New Guinea Ecology Nocturnal, tree dweller, family group (groups of approx. 10 animals); can glide across a distance of 70 m Hazards Physical danger €300 The sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) has become a popular household pet (Booth, 2003; Lindenmayer, 2002). In our online survey we found 165 animals for sale for prices between €16 and €300. Sugar gliders are also regularly offered for sale at animal trade shows.

In captivity, the gliding behaviour so typical for this species is rarely obser- ved, which points to a lack of space (Schmid et al., 2003). Communication within and between the groups takes place through scent marking and loud barking and hissing (Schultze-Westrum, 1969). Their diet is seaso- nal and includes resin and insects (Booth, 2003). Such a specialised diet cannot be provided in captivity. Artificial diets lead to malnutrition, obesity, osteodystrophy, vitamin and mineral deficiency as well as dental disorders (Dierenfeld, 2009; Lennox, 2007; Johnson-Delaney, 2006). Sugar gliders fre- quently display aggressive behaviour and are equipped with long and sharp incisors, which they normally use to penetrate tree bark (Booth, 2003). As is the case for many other tree dwelling animals, sugar gliders cannot be house-trained and will urinate and defecate everywhere if they are allowed to leave their cage.

common

Distribution Australia Ecology Nocturnal, tree-hollow dweller, solitary, climber (sharp claws, prehensile tail) Hazards Potentially invasive, transmits diseases, can inflict injuries

The present survey found 23 common brushtail possums for sale, at prices between €350 and €688. The (Trichosurus vulpecula) is an exclusively solitary animal, except during mating season. Its body can reach a height of up to 55cm. In captivity animals are often kept in groups which can lead to them severely injuring or even killing each other. They have sharp claws and teeth, with which they scratch their involuntary co-residents and tear €688 out their fur. Also the owner is seldom by spared injuries when handling common brush-tail possums. At night males emit loud hissing calls to de- fend their territory. Lack of stimulation can cause common brushtail pos- sums to develop abnormal behaviour in captivity. Owners have reported that free-roaming animals trashed their living rooms (Neumann, 2009). final station living room• 25

OTHER SPECIES

TOP 5 This category includes the orders of Afrotheria (e.g. elephant shrews, ten- 1. African pygmy hedgehog recs), Xenarthra (e.g. sloths, armadillos), insectivores (e.g. hedgehogs) and bats (e.g. flying foxes). 912 animals from 29 different orders were offered 2. EGYPTIAN FRUIT BAT for sale. The average aggregate value amounted to €160,730. 3. HEDGEHOG TENREC 4. ROUND-EARED ELEPHANT SHREW 5. ARMADILLO

Top African pygmy hedgehog Seller

Distribution Central Africa Ecology Cave dweller, crepuscular and nocturnal, solitary, partly hibernates and/or estivates; strong urge to move €150 Hazards High risk of transmitting diseases

The online survey identified 317 African hedgehogs(Atelerix albiventris) that were offered for sale for a price of between €30 and €150, equal to an average aggregate value of €28,530. Their diet consists of various sorts of insects, worms, snails and other small animals. However, little is known about their natural behaviour and the exact composition of their diet (Biron, 2005). In captivity animals are often fed with cat food (Riedel,2014), which can lead to malnutrition and illnesses. The most common of these are skin disorders (66%), gastro-intestinal disorders (33%) and skeletal disorders (15%). More than 10 % of the examined animals were obese (Gardhouse, et al.,2015). In captivity, African hedgehogs often suffer from the so-called “Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome“ (WHS), a kind of multiple sclerosis, not observed in the wild, which cannot be cured and is even hereditary (Graesser et al., 2006). WHS is apparently an effect of inbreeding (Warwick, 2009). Tumours and infection with human viruses are also reported as a cause of death (Allison et al., 2002). Many of the animals offered for sale originate from inbreeding, which explains their extreme vulnerability to diseases and their short life expectancy.

African pygmy hedgehogs have a very keen and hearing, which means that these crepuscular animals suffer severe stress from the 26 • final station living room

daytime activities of humans. In the wild, African hedgehogs breed only once per year; in captivity up to three times. However, there are reports that offspring are often killed and eaten by their parents (Bandiniet al., 2004). Their stereotypic pacing up and down induces many owners to provide their animals with hamster wheels, which can cause injuries to extremities and the spine (Biron, 2005). In addition, owners often choose an unsuitable surface, so that many hedgehogs get sore or even bloody feet (Home of Exotics, 2015).

The hedgehogs have a powerful set of teeth; humans, when bitten, can contract serious infections, including rabies. Contact may also lead to sal- monella, viral and fungal infections as well as other zoonoses (Yale et al., 2013; Riley et al., 2005; Rosen, et al., 2003; Woodward et al., 1997; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995). Salmonella infections are the most common zoonotic disease associated with these animals and often remain undetected as the animals themselves display few symptoms (Craig et al., 1997). Bacteria may be transmitted not only through direct contact with the animal, but also through indirect third party contact (Nenoffet al., 2012; Rosen et al., 2003). Since 1991, imports of African pygmy hedgehogs into the USA have been prohibited due to the potential risk of foot and mouth disease. Animals purchased in pet shops are frequently surrendered to rescue cen- tres; in North America there are 20 rescue centres that care exclusively for African hedgehogs. In some US states, it is illegal to keep African hedge- hogs (Riley et al., 2005). EGYPTIAN FRUIT BAT

Distribution to Arabian region, and Cyprus Ecology Nocturnal, groups of more than 100 animlas, cave dwel- lers, seasonal migrations, flight membrane between front and rear extremities Hazards Disease transmitters

Our online survey identified 126 Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) offered for sale for prices between €30 and €300. The average aggregate value amounted to €20,790. Fruit bats feed exclusively on fruit and, along with other bat species, are the only mammals capable of active flight. The €300 animals have an extensive home range and live in closely-knit social com- munities (colonies) that no form of private keeping can do justice to.

Egyptian fruit bats are reservoir hosts and potential vectors of encaphalitis and various Lyssa viruses (Yale et al., 2013; Chomel et al., 2007). Of parti- cular concern is the fact that Egyptian fruit bats can carry and transmit a number of viruses such as Ebola, Marburg and SARS (Laminger et al., 2010; Pourrut et al., 2009; Leroy et al., 2005) as well as an only recently discovered paramyxovirus (sosuga virus) (Amman et al., 2015; Schountz, 2014), without being affected themselves (Kleyet al., 2013). final station living room • 27

Discussion & recommendations

The present study provides, for the first time, an over- South America, which triggered investigations by au- view of the range of exotic mammal species traded in thorities in Germany and Spain (see page 16). Germany. On the two Internet platforms Exotic-Animal. Also with regard to invasive species, the largely uncon- de and Terraristik.com alone, 291 species and more trolled trade in exotic mammals is a reason for con- than 10,000 individual exotic mammals were offered cern. The most frequently sold exotic mammals inclu- for sale within a period of five years (2010-2014). The de various species of squirrels that have high potential most frequently represented order was the rodents, for establishing themselves in temperate latitudes and followed by predators, primates and marsupials. Top competing with native species. sellers of the various orders were Asian striped squir- rels, skunks, common marmosets and sugar gliders – Zoonotic diseases constitute a serious threat to hu- but agoutis, , lemurs, and flying floxes mans. The death of three German breeders of variega- were also regularly found on sale. Prices ranged from a ted squirrels in 2013 as a result of an infection with the few Euros (e.g. for spiny mice) up to thousands of Euros Borna virus is alarming and so is the increasing tide of per animal (various predators and primates). scientific publications warning against the transmissi- on of a growing variety of pathogens (e.g. monkeypox, Many exotic mammal species are highly developed, Ebola, SARS, HIV, leprosy) transmitted via wild animals. display extremely complex social behaviour, require Many species‘ potential for aggression is also undere- plenty of space and have very specific requirements for stimated and they can inflict serious injuries. Online stimulation, diet, temperature and chronobiology (i.e. advertisements, pet markets, an increase in specialised day-night rhythm). Species that in the wild live in size- literature and feedback from rescue centers all con- able colonies (e.g. , flying foxes) are often sold firm an alarming demand for exotic mammals. Animal as single animals or in pairs. Nocturnal animals (e.g. shelters complain about the problems of housing and sugar gliders, viverrids) are disturbed or kept awake caring for these animals, as they lack the necessary during daytime and semiaquatic animals (e.g. otters, space, equipment and expertise. greater guinea pigs) are provided with little or no ac- cess to water. The complex care requirements of these The present report is the first to show the magnitude of animals are often underestimated by owners. Reports the trade in exotic mammals in Germany, and the pro- by owners on Internet forums confirm that prematu- blems relating to animal welfare, nature conservation re mortality is common for many species. The animal and public health. The findings underline the urgent welfare issues are serious. need to curb the, largely uncontrolled trade in wild ani- mals and their private ownership. Greater restrictions While various exotic mammal species are now bred on the trade and keeping of exotic pets are long over- on a regular basis, many animals are still taken from due. A positive list would permit only those species to the wild. It is not possible to put a figure on the exact be kept and traded that are relatively straightforward proportion since many species are not protected and for the average person to keep and that do not pose a their trade is therefore not monitored or regulated. For disproportionate risk to humans and the environment. some mammal species, capture for the pet market has Belgium introduced such a positive list for mammals in become a threat to their existence. Frequently, animals 2009, listing 42 species as suitable for private owner- that are captured in the wild are laundered as ”capti- ship. For all other species private keeping is not permit- ve bred“ – in the context of the present study, this was ted, while justified exceptions are possible. revealed in the example of protected primates from 28 • final station living room

The Netherlands developed scientifically based, trans- The findings of the present study emphasise the ur- parent and objective criteria for a positive list that gent need for action. The introduction of a positive list came into effect in 2015 and currently lists 52 species of for species suited to being kept as pets with regards to mammals. Also other European countries have alrea- animal welfare and species protection, as well as pub- dy agreed on restrictions and regulations. In addition lic health and safety is long overdue. Imports of wild- to establishing a positive list, we recommend issuing caught animals into the EU must be prohibited by law, nationwide regulations for the keeping of the animals as well as the sale of wild animals via animal trade included on the positive list. In 2013 the Government shows. parties declared in their coalition agreement a restric- tion on the trade and private keeping of wild animals.

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Suggested citation Fischer, A.C. et al., 2015: Endstation Wohnzimmer – Exotische Säugetiere als Haustiere. Pro Wildlife, Munich, 32 pages.

English translation Matthias Mueller from AAP Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals Elaine Toland and Rob Whitehall from Animal Protection Agency

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following persons and institutions that have contributed valuable information and images to this publication: Dr. Henriette Mackensen / Deutscher Tierschutzbund; Laura Zodrow / Animal Pub- lic; Raubtier- und Exotenasyl; Tierart e.V.; Wildtier- und Artenschutzstation e.V., and AAP Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals.

Copyrights Cover photo: Pygmy marmoset © 123RF Page 18: Asiatic striped squirrel © Jörg Hempel Page 19: Prairie dog © Pixabay Page 20: Skunk © birdphotos.com Page 20: Kinkajou © Dick Culbert Page 21: Common marmoset ©Pixabay Page 22: Slow loris © IAR JO‘Neill Page 23: Barbary macaque © Pixabay Page 24: Sugar glider © Alessandro Di Grazia Page 24: Common brushtail possum © Andrew Mercer Page 25: Atelerix © Picabay Page 26: Egyptian fruit bat © Вых Пыхманн Pro Wildlife e.V. Kidlerstraße 2 D-81371 München T +49 89 812 99 507 [email protected] www.prowildlife.de