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Seed Dispersal by Australian Digging Mammals

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Seed Dispersal by Australian Digging Mammals Seed dispersal by Australian digging mammals Gabrielle Beca and Bryony Palmer with Leonie E. Valentine, Todd E. Erickson and Richard J. Hobbs May 2021 This report is based off the following published research articles: 1. Beca G, Palmer B, Valentine LE, Erickson TE, Hobbs RJ (in press) Gut-passage time and viability of seeds consumed by Australian marsupials. Australian Mammalogy. DOI: 10.1071/AM20063 2. Palmer BJ, Beca G, Erickson TE, Hobbs RJ and Valentine LE (in press) New evidence of seed dispersal identified in Australian mammals. Wildlife Research. Cite this publication as: Beca, G.,* Palmer, B.,* Valentine, L., Erickson, T., Hobbs, R., 2021. Seed dispersal by Australian digging mammals. NESP Threatened Sprecies Recovery Hub Project 4.1.7 report, Brisbane. * Joint first authors Cover image: Woylie (Bettongia penicillata). Image: Arthur Chapman, Flickr, CC BY-NC 2.0 2 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Gut-passage time, viability and germination of seeds in captive digging mammals ............................................................ 6 Study animals .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Testing seed viability ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Scat collection .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 Scat processing, seed viability & germination........................................................................................................................... 6 Seed viability and germination capacity in wild digging mammals ............................................................................................7 Study species and collection sites ................................................................................................................................................7 Scat collection ...................................................................................................................................................................................7 Scat processing ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Seed viability and germination ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Results ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Gut-passage time, viability and germination of seeds in captive digging mammals ............................................................ 9 Seed consumption and gut-passage time ................................................................................................................................. 9 Seed viability and germination ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Seed viability and germination in wild digging mammals ...........................................................................................................11 Seed occurrence, abundance and identification ....................................................................................................................11 Seed viability and germination .....................................................................................................................................................15 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Data sets ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Ethics statement ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 18 References ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Seed dispersal by Australian digging mammals 3 Acknowledgements We acknowledge the Noongar, Badimia, Malgana, Martu and Nganguraku people as the traditional custodians of the lands on which we conducted our research and we pay our respects to their Elders past, present and emerging. We thank Native Animal Rescue staff and volunteers, and in particular L. Carson, for allowing us access to their facilities and animals and assisting with the study. We also thank the Kings Park Science team at the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions for the use of the seed laboratory, particularly D. Merritt for his assistance with the seed viability and germination testing. We thank C. Lohr, C. Sims, staff and volunteers from the Western Australian Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (DBCA), and H. Crisp, C. Jackson, C. Moir, R. Parker, G. Volck, staff and volunteers from the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) for their assistance with the collection of scat samples. We thank AWC, DBCA, Matuwa-Kurrara Kurrara Indigenous Protected Area Management Team and the City of Joondalup for access to study site locations. G. Beca and B. Palmer were supported by a University of Western Australia Postgraduate Award and by the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment & The Ecological Society of Australia. G. Beca, B. Palmer and L. Valentine received support from the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program through the Threatened Species Recovery Hub. Executive summary Mammal-seed interactions are important for structuring vegetation communities across a diverse range of ecosystems worldwide. Many Australian mammals consume seeds, but their role in seed dispersal has not been well explored. The translocation of Australian mammals for the purposes of ecosystem restoration is increasing. Digging mammals, i.e. species that dig to obtain food or create shelter, are commonly the focus of these translocations because they are ecosystem engineers but an understanding of their role in seed dispersal is lacking. We aimed to expand the understanding of endozoochory in Australian digging mammals by determining whether seeds consumed by select species remain viable and able to germinate. Firstly, we investigated the mean retention time and the post- consumption germination capacity of Australian seeds (Acacia acuminata, Dodonaea viscosa and Gastrolobium calycinum) likely to be consumed by quenda (Isoodon fusciventer) and woylies (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) while in captivity. Secondly, we collected scat samples from five wild digging mammal species (boodie, B. lesueur; woylie, B. penicillata; bilby, Macrotis lagotis; golden bandicoot, I. auratus and quenda, I. fusciventer) known to consume seeds across nine sites in Western and South Australia. We searched the scat samples for seeds, identified the recovered seeds and then tested their viability and germination capacity. Mean excretion times in captive individuals were 14 hours for quenda and 24 hours for woylies, but some seeds were retained in their digestive passages for up to 39.5 and 55.5 hours, respectively. In captive settings, viable seeds of all plant species were retrieved from both quenda and woylie scats and only G. calycinum seeds ingested by quenda (62%) had a significantly higher germination percentage than control seeds (34%). In wild animals, we found that the abundance of intact seeds in scats was generally low but 70% of the retrieved seeds appeared viable. Five species of seed collected from scats of wild digging mammals germinated under laboratory conditions. Our results show that viable seeds are deposited in the scats of Australian digging mammals, indicating that these species may play a more important role in seed dispersal than previously considered. Digging mammals have the potential to contribute to ecosystem restoration efforts through the dispersal of viable seeds but there is also a risk that
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