newsletter of australian wildlife conservancy wildlife matters

Summer 2008/09

An historic partnership to save the wildlife of the

Terry Trewin

P. Rothlisberg S. Murphy Lochman Transparencies a u s t r a l i a n

w i l d l i f e saving ’s conservancy threatened wildlife the awc mission Pictograph The mission of Australian Wildlife elcome to the Summer 2008 edition of Wildlife Matters. At a time when global financial Conservancy (AWC) is the effective Wmarkets are in turmoil, I am pleased to provide some very good news about one of your conservation of all Australian investments. Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) continues to deliver very strong positive returns. species and the habitats in which they Of course, the value of our assets is not measured in dollars but in terms of the number of native live. To achieve this mission, our actions wildlife species and habitats that are effectively conserved on AWC sanctuaries. In this respect, are focused on: AWC is a market leader, protecting more species of , , reptiles and amphibians, and their habitats, than any other non-government organisation in Australia. • Establishing a network of sanctuaries Over the last 12 months, we have increased the number of species and habitats that are which protect threatened wildlife and protected by AWC through the acquisition of key sanctuaries in central and northern Australia. ecosystems: AWC now manages 20 However, most importantly, we have continued to deliver effective conservation for species on sanctuaries covering over 2.5 million our sanctuaries through the implementation of practical, on-ground programs targeting feral hectares (6.2 million acres). , fire management and other threatening processes. Populations of key species such • Implementing practical, on-ground as the Bridled Nailtail Wallaby are meeting targets (ie, the populations are stable or increasing). conservation programs to protect Just as importantly, we have delivered these ecological returns in a cost-effective manner. the wildlife at our sanctuaries: There are several key elements of AWC’s business model which underpin our ongoing performance: these programs include feral animal • Around 80% of our staff are based in the field. This has enabled us to roll-out programs dealing control, fire management and with fire management and feral animal control at a scale that is unique within the non-government the translocation of endangered sector. More information on our land management programs are set out in the following pages. species. • AWC invests heavily in field-based science. We have a large number of scientists and students based in the field, seeking to fill the “information gaps” that currently limitthe • Conducting (either alone or in effectiveness of all land managers. This is a critical investment by AWC – by helping to find collaboration with other organisations) better ways to manage land, our investment will provide a more secure future for Australia’s scientific research that will help wildlife, as well as a more productive future for pastoralists and other land managers. address the key threats to our native • AWC uses resources efficiently: A high proportion of our operating expenditure (over 80%) wildlife. is directed to conservation programs. This is significantly higher than other comparable • Hosting visitor programs at our organisations. Similarly, our cost of fundraising is lower than other comparable organisations. sanctuaries for the purpose of As economic conditions tighten, AWC recognises the importance of ensuring that scarce education and promoting awareness resources are used as effectively as possible. With this in mind, the Pungalina-Seven Emu project of the plight of Australia’s wildlife. (see pages 4-9) is an example of AWC structuring a deal in an innovative manner to secure a great environmental outcome at a reduced cost. AWC set out to find a project that would capture an ecological gradient from the Gulf of Carpentaria about awc coast to the sandstone escarpment of the interior. We achieved this by combining the acquisition of Pungalina (in the interior) with a long-term sublease over an adjacent section of Seven Emu • AWC is an independent, non-profit (including 55 kilometres of coastline). The combined Pungalina-Seven Emu Wildlife Sanctuary organisation based in Perth, Western contains all of the mammals and birds expected in this , with the exception of a single Australia. Donations to AWC are tax species of and a single species. deductible. This is an example of AWC’s innovation: the sublease over Seven Emu is the first time a private organisation has subleased Aboriginal-owned land for conservation. At a combined investment • During 2007/08, more than 90% of $5.25 million, it was also significantly less expensive than the alternative options within the of AWC’s total expenditure was region. By saving on the cost of acquisition, AWC hopes to be able to invest more in on-ground incurred on conservation programs, management at Pungalina-Seven Emu. including land acquisition. Less than I hope you enjoy reading about the Pungalina-Seven Emu project, as well as the updates on our 10% was allocated to development programs at other sanctuaries across Australia. The extent of our activity around Australia is, I (fundraising) and administration. believe, a measure of the dedication and commitment of our staff team. Cover photos (main): Atticus Fleming and Finally, I wish to thank all of our donors, volunteers and other supporters. The success we have Frank Shadforth on an escarpment over- achieved to date is a direct result of your generosity. I am confident that, with your continued support, looking the , Pungalina. AWC will remain a “blue chip” investment helping to provide a secure future for Australia’s wildlife. Animals (L-R): Dingo; Purple-crowned Fairy- wren; Spectacled Hare Wallaby Merry Christmas australian wildlife conservancy PO Box 8070 Subiaco East 6008 Atticus Fleming Ph: +61 8 9380 9633 Chief Executive www.australianwildlife.org PS AWC is pleased to offer a special Christmas gift: sponsor the acquisition and management of an area of Pungalina-Seven Emu on behalf of a friend or family member for only $35 per hectare! See page 9 for details. 2 Northern Australian update

Planigales at Piccaninny Plains Wayne Lawler

Thank you to all AWC supporters he implementation of our northern Australian strategy has who have helped with the acquisition Tbeen a high priority for AWC in 2008. As part of this process, and management of Marion Downs and Piccaninny Plains. We could not have we have carried out a range of on-ground management programs completed these acquisitions without your at our sanctuaries across the north, as well as completing the generous support. We also acknowledge the special contribution we have received acquistion of Piccaninny Plains and Marion Downs from the following key partners: • The Australian Government has Marion Downs Piccaninny Plains provided a grant of $1.8 million for the acquisition of Marion Downs. Marion Downs covers over 280,000 Protecting rare tropical and a The Nature Conservancy is also network of spectacular wetlands, Piccaninny hectares of tropical savanna and sandstone providing substantial assistance for escarpment country. Features of the property Plains covers over 170,000 hectares Marion Downs. of northern Cape York. It is a region of include the Phillips Range and spectacular • The acquisition of Piccaninny Plains extraordinary biological significance, strongly rivers and streams that carve deep gorges involves one of our key partners, through the Kimberley landscape. influenced by its previous connections to WildlifeLink-The Tony and Lisette . The AWC team at Piccaninny Lindsay Malay, a member of the local Lewis Foundation. A generous Plains has been very active: grant is also being provided to AWC indigenous community, has joined the AWC • Several hundred feral cattle have been through the Wild Australia program, staff team, based at Marion Downs. Together mustered, ready for sale early in the next a joint initiative of Pew Environment with a wealth of practical experience, Lindsay dry season. Group and The Nature Conservancy. also brings strong local knowledge to his • 1700 feral horses have been culled. AWC is very grateful for the assistance new role implementing the land management provided by our supporters around programs at Marion Downs. • A new boundary fence is being Australia and from our key partners. constructed to reduce the level of Since completing the acquisition of Marion Together, we are making great progress re-invasion by cattle and feral horses. toward the effective conservation Downs, AWC has undertaken a range of AWC scientists and volunteers carried out of wildlife and habitats in northern priority management tasks: a biological survey of Australia. • Targeted biological surveys have the major habitats on confirmed the presence of the Piccaninny, incorp- endangered Northern , as well as orating over 3,800 the Northern Brown Bandicoot (which trap nights and has elsewhere declined across northern many hours of bird Australia). surveys. The survey • Wildfire suppression has been required team recorded a on several occasions to limit the impact high number of rare of late season fires. and endemic species, • Infrastructure maintenance, including including several im- fencing, is laying the groundwork for portant range exten- destocking of most of the property to sions: see page 25 begin in the next dry season. for more information. AWC staff members Lindsay Malay and Tony Fleming Richard Kingswood at Marion Downs 3 Pungalina-Seven Emu project A stronghold for wildlife in the Gulf of Carpentaria

ustralian Wildlife Conservancy has secured an opportunity Pungalina and Seven Emu are centrally located within the Gulf Region. This Region Ato establish the first private nature reserve in the Gulf of links the and , Carpentaria. The Pungalina-Seven Emu Wildlife Sanctuary will playing a vital role in connecting the landscape of northern Australia. However, there has protect an area of outstanding conservation significance. It will also been little investment in conservation in the represent an historic partnership between AWC and an indigenous Gulf and its wildlife is disappearing. The landholder, creating an exciting new model for conservation on impact of feral animals, weeds and altered fire regimes has been severe. indigenous-owned pastoral land. Pungalina and Seven Emu have largely escaped the impact of these threats and, Pungalina is perched on the edge of a Covering a combined area of 306,000 with effective land management, will provide rugged sandstone plateau, overlooking the hectares (750,000 acres), Pungalina and a vital stronghold for the wildlife of the Gulf of vast coastal plains of Seven Emu. The two Seven Emu encompass: Carpentaria. properties are intimately connected by the • Over 55 kilometres of pristine coastline. powerful Calvert River, which has shaped the Pungalina-Seven Emu landscape for • More than 100 kilometres of the nationally millennia. On Pungalina, the river has carved significant Calvert River. a network of deep gorges and dramatic • Over 325 species of birds, mammals, sandstone escarpments. Here, the monsoon reptiles and frogs, including a suite of rains are collected from across the tropical threatened species. savanna before tumbling off the plateau and through Seven Emu to meet the salt water of • A diversity of ecosystems including the Gulf of Carpentaria. Along the way, the perched wetlands, coastal rainforest, vast river traces a remarkable ecological gradient eucalypt woodlands, bubbling thermal which supports a diversity of wildlife, including springs, mangroves and extensive riparian many rare and declining species. forest.

4 Mangrove forest, Seven Emu Wayne Lawler A remote tributary of the Calvert River, Pungalina Ecopix Pungalina-Seven Emu project A stronghold for wildlife in the Gulf of Carpentaria

An historic partnership The establishment of the Pungalina- Seven Emu Wildlife Sanctuary involves an historic partnership between AWC and an indigenous landholder, Frank Shadforth, and his family. Pungalina, which covers 194,000 hectares, is being acquired outright by AWC. Seven Emu is owned by Frank Shadforth, a Garawa man. AWC has entered into a partnership with Frank Shadforth under which 111,000 hectares of Seven Emu will be subleased to AWC for conservation. Seven Emu was acquired by Frank’s father, Willie Shadforth, in 1953. Willie Shadforth was the first indigenous man to acquire a pastoral lease in Australia. Frank’s son, Clarrie, and his daughter, Marissa, work with Frank in managing Seven Emu. AWC and Frank Shadforth have created an important new model for conservation on indigenous-owned pastoral land. The This new model, which provides for the Seven Emu is the first example of this Seven Emu project represents the first conservation value of indigenous land model being applied in practice, generating time in Australia’s history that a private to be realised through payment of an a return for the Shadforth family and securing conservation organisation has subleased “ecosystem rental”, has the potential to a vital area for conservation. an area of indigenous land for conservation. deliver substantial benefits for conservation At Pungalina and Seven Emu, our shared The partnership extends to on-ground across northern and central Australia, as vision is to ensure the effective conservation management at Seven Emu, where AWC will well as significant socio-economic benefits of both properties, providing a secure refuge be working closely with Frank and his family. for indigenous communities. for the wildlife of northern Australia.

Frank Shadforth and AWC Chief Executive, Atticus Fleming Wayne Lawler 5 Pungalina - Seven Emu Showcasing the ecosystems of the Gulf Region

ungalina and Seven Emu combine to capture a broad range of PGulf region ecosystems. The beaches along the Seven Emu coast are guarded by she-oaks, while strips of mangrove forest hug the estuaries and waterways and tidal flats support an array of waders.

A series of parallel sand dunes is lined Seven Emu, the sandstone breaks through with coastal monsoon rainforest, a rich and as heavily weathered and gnarled outcrops rare habitat type which is in remarkably good studded by Cabbage Palms and Cycads, condition on Seven Emu. Vetiver grasslands, as well as eucalypts. Perched wetlands on salt flats and a network of freshwater and top of the plateau support concentric rings brackish lagoons contribute to making the of waterplants, Coolibahs, Northern Swamp 55 kilometres of coastal strip on Seven Emu Box, and paperbarks. biologically and visually outstanding. This ecosystem gradient, from salt to The coastal plains support a variety of ancient sandstone, -level to uplands, is different woodlands. Belts of Northern connected by the mighty Calvert River and Cypress Pine alternate with tall Darwin its tributaries. The Calvert River cuts its way Stringybark forests as well as bloodwood through the sandstone in a series of deep and box woodlands. Further inland, ancient sandstone rises closer to the surface and gorges, creating pockets of dry rainforest the woodlands become more open. In and tall riparian forests of River Red Gums places, especially around the edge of the and more paperbarks, mixed with Pandanus Pandanus and eucalypt woodlands Ecopix plateau near the boundary of Pungalina and Palms and Freshwater Mangroves.

6 Escarpment overlooking the Calvert River, Pungalina Ecopix Pungalina - Seven Emu Showcasing the ecosystems of the Gulf Region

A refuge for the wildlife of the Gulf The diversity of habitats on Pungalina and Seven Emu is vitally important for wildlife. In addition, unlike other properties in the region, Pungalina and Seven Emu have largely escaped the impacts of weeds and grazing by introduced herbivores, making them an important refuge for many rare species. The new Pungalina-Seven Emu Wildlife Sanctuary will protect nearly 200 bird species, over 35 mammal species and more than 105 reptiles and amphibians. This species inventory does not include pelagic seabirds like boobies, most terns, and frigate birds that are likely to visit the shores of Seven Green Turtle Lochman Transparencies Emu regularly. Pungalina and Seven Emu provide refuge Robins at the coast are replaced by Banded, White-throated and Grey-fronted for a range of threatened species including Buff-sided Robins in the freshwater springs Honeyeaters. It is a birdwatcher’s paradise. the Gulf Snapping Turtle, the Freshwater along the Calvert River, while crab-eating Pungalina and Seven Emu are home to Sawfish, the Beach Thick-knee and the Collared Kingfishers give way toR ed-backed three locally endemic reptile species: the Red Goshawk, as well as sea turtles. The Kingfishers in the savannas. Red-headed properties also protect Northern Brown Honeyeaters in the coastal mangroves endangered Gulf Snapping Turtle and lesser Bandicoots, Spectacled Hare Wallabies, have their place taken by a bevy of other known species, the Carpentarian Ctenotus Antilopine Wallaroos and other species which, honeyeaters in the woodlands, including and the Dtella. while not yet on the threatened species list, have declined over large parts of northern Australia. The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren and the Buff-sided Robin are just two of the iconic birds that adorn the riverside habitats on Pungalina-Seven Emu. The transition from coastal waters to sandstone uplands is mirrored by changes in the resident wildlife community. Mangrove

Buff-sided Robin Wayne Lawler Antilopine Wallaroo Ecopix 7 Pungalina - Seven Emu Management priorities

The impact of feral animals and weeds, ground and by helicopter changed fire regimes and cattle grazing can prevent extensive across most of the Gulf Region has been wildfires on Pungalina- severe. Pungalina and Seven Emu are rare Seven Emu. exceptions to this rule, having largely escaped • Feral animals must the effect of grazing and weeds. There is an be controlled: horses, urgent need for a project, like Pungalina- donkeys, pigs, feral cats Seven Emu, that will showcase effective land and even buffalos have management and act as a catalyst to help the potential to devastate improve management across the region. the wildlife of Pungalina- The immediate implementation of such Seven Emu. active land management will be critically • There are few weeds important. The wildlife and habitats on on Pungalina-Seven Pungalina-Seven Emu will be secure only Emu, which means it is when threats such as fire, feral animals and important to establish weeds are effectively abated. and implement measures AWC is unique among non-government that will prevent the organisations in that we have extensive establishment of invasive experience in delivering land management species. in northern Australia. Frank Shadforth and • AWC will conduct a his family are intimately familiar with Seven biological inventory and Emu and have a long history of managing the map habitats. Scientific property. Together, our priorities at Pungalina research will help and Seven Emu will include: unlock the secrets to • Establishing and maintaining infrastruc- survival for the wildlife of ture (field operations base; solar power; northern Australia, while fencing; roads) and assets (grader; a rigorous monitoring vehicles; conservation equipment). program will measure the • Active fire management must be put ecological condition of AWC has extensive fire management Nick Rains in place: strategic burning from the the properties over time. experience in tropical savannas

8 Biological surveys will be a priority management action Wayne Lawler Pungalina - Seven Emu Management priorities

Sea turtles come ashore on Seven Emu Wayne Lawler

In addition, AWC must raise funds for AWC and Frank Shadforth and his family We need your help management at Pungalina-Seven Emu: face a great challenge in protecting Pungalina • Approximately $1.5 million in set-up and Seven Emu. We hope you will join us in “A lot of things are disappearing helping to save these stunning places and costs (fencing, field operations base; very fast. There is a bird I used their threatened wildlife. to see in this country when I was field research quarters etc); and Thank you to the Australian Government, small – a woodpecker. In the 1970s • Approximately $4 million for a perpetual which has provided $2.1 million to assist it disappeared. Same with another management fund, which will generate with the acquisition of Pungalina, and little kangaroo. It’s always in the 50% of the estimated $400,000 required back of my mind.” every year for operational costs at The Nature Conservancy, which is also Pungalina-Seven Emu. providing generous support. Frank Shadforth

We need your help to protect Pungalina The perfect gift for Christmas: a and Seven Emu and to establish an important new model for conservation on indigenous hectare of Pungalina-Seven Emu land. This is a unique opportunity to make Are you looking for the perfect gift for family and friends this Christmas? A special a real difference in the heart of one of the gift that that will help save a spectacular part of northern Australia and its threatened world’s last great natural areas. wildlife? As a gift to a friend or family member, make a tax deductible donation to help A gift of $350 will acquire and protect 10 protect a hectare or more of Pungalina-Seven Emu. You will receive by email a special hectares (25 acres) along the gradient from the Seven Emu coast to the sandstone Christmas certificate to print and include under the tree (or we can email it direct to the uplands of Pungalina. gift recipient). At $35 per hectare, this is a Christmas gift that will last forever. The total cost to AWC of acquiring Pungalina and securing a long-term lease To make a donation: fill in the form with this newsletter (page 28); call 08 9380 9633 or visit over Seven Emu is $5.25 million. www.australianwildlife.org

9

AWC: a new model for conservation in Australia

WC Chief Executive, Atticus Fleming, discusses the role of AWC and to measure the effectiveness of our implementation of those strategies. AWC A in developing a new model for conservation in Australia. is increasingly recognised as a key player in applied conservation science. I am often asked about the role of look at new roles for the public sector and Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) the private sector, as well as new partnership • AWC implements public education within the overall conservation sector and, in models; and to look at more innovative ways programs to raise awareness of particular, about the extent to which we are of doing conservation. conservation issues. Our programs at places like Mornington, Yookamurra different to government agencies and other In short, we need a new and more effective non-government organisations. and Karakamia offer a unique visitor model for conservation in Australia. AWC is experience. AWC was founded by Martin Copley at the cutting edge of efforts to design and because he recognised the need for additional implement such a model. What has been the action to address Australia’s extinction crisis. contribution of AWC to date? Australia has the worst mammal extinction What is the role of AWC? rate in the world and literally thousands of AWC’s mission is the effective conservation Although only a relatively young organisation, animal and plant species and ecosystems of all Australian animal species and AWC’s contribution to conservation has are on the endangered list. the habitats in which they live. In order to been very significant and we are making great progress toward the achievement of our Clearly, there are immense challenges achieve this mission, we undertake the mission. involved in saving our . To meet following activities: these challenges, Australia will need both • AWC establishes wildlife sanctuaries • AWC owns more land for conservation than a strong public sector and an increasingly by acquiring land and also by working in any other non-government organisation in Australia. AWC now manages 20 significant contribution from the private partnership with other landholders. Our properties, covering a total of 2.5 million (non-profit) sector. Greater collaboration properties become catalysts for broader hectares (6.2 million acres). between the private and public sectors will regional initiatives (see the article on our be required. EcoFire project on pages 15-18) and • AWC protects more species of mammals Increased accountability for all organisations, many of our partnerships reflect a high and birds than any other non-government and some healthy competition, is also level of innovation (see the Seven Emus organisation in Australia. important. Increased accountability will partnership on pages 4-9). – more than 74% of all Australian bird ensure that investors (both public and private) • AWC implements practical, on-ground species are found on one or more can direct funds to projects that deliver land management including feral animal AWC reserves. the highest biodiversity returns. Healthy control, weed control, fire management – Over 68% of all Australian mammal competition will encourage organisations and translocations of threatened wildlife. species are found on one or more to innovate and continually improve As you will read throughout this edition AWC reserves. their performance. of Wildlife Matters, we are breaking new • AWC protects more ecosystems than Above all, we need to recognise that ground in relation to the delivery of land any other non-government organisation “business as usual” in the conservation management across Australia. in Australia. sector will result in many more extinctions in • AWC undertakes field-based scientific Australia. It is therefore time to challenge the research designed to inform the develop- How is AWC different to other traditional way of delivering conservation; to ment of our land management strategies, organisations involved in protected area management? AWC’s particular expertise is focused on: • The active management of large, remote areas (for example, our properties in the Kimberley, near , in the Gulf, in Cape York and in the central deserts). • The restoration of wildlife populations, including through the creation of feral predator-free areas and the reintroduction of regionally extinct species. • High quality applied conservation science, tackling a range of issues including improving our understanding of threatening processes (fire, feral animals, etc) and gathering information on the ecology of threatened species. There are four key factors that distinguish AWC from other conservation organisations (public and private) and that ensure we are The average number of small mammal species at permanent monitoring sites on well-equipped to discharge the above roles. Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary has increased in most habitats since the removal of stock 10 and the control of fire.

AWC: a new model for conservation in Australia

Development of the AWC model began at Karakamia, our first sanctuary Richard Woldendorp

1. AWC invests a greater proportion and globally) in the field of reintroduc- 4. AWC focuses on outcomes of our resources in the delivery of tions: in fact, our level of experience is • AWC operates in a business-like manner, on-ground conservation (as opposed unparalleled within the non-government with a focus on outcomes rather than to administration and fundraising) sector in Australia. process. • In relation to fire management, AWC • Around 80% of AWC staff are based in • Our success at a property like recently conducted fire management the field. This is a much higher proportion Mornington is therefore measured by across 14 properties in the Kimberley than any other comparable organisation. reference to informative indicators, such covering 5 million hectares. It is the first It reflects the fact that we ensure our as the number of small mammal species time a non-government conservation remote properties are adequately that are present. Across our sanctuaries, organisation has conducted fire manage- staffed. populations of key species such as ment at this scale. • Over 80% of AWC’s operational Bilbies and Purple-crowned Fairy-wrens expenditure (ie, not taking into account 3. AWC invests heavily in field-based are increasing. capital costs such as land acquisition) science and we ensure that our • Ultimately, our focus on outcomes and is incurred on conservation programs. science program is tightly integrated our efficient use of resources means that Again, this is a higher proportion than with our land management program every dollar donated to AWC generates a other comparable organisations, • AWC has established a major field very high return for Australia’s wildlife. reflecting the priority that we give to research centre at . Our practical approach to conservation, land management programs such as fire This is the only research centre of its kind and our recent achievements, are highlighted management and feral animal control. in the Kimberley, and currently hosts in the following pages. • Our cost of fundraising is lower than scientists from around other comparable organisations. Australia and the world. A second field research 2. AWC’s land management programs centre has now been are being rolled out at a scale that is established at Scotia in unique within the non-government far-western NSW. sector • In total, AWC has 17 • AWC manages more feral predator- scientists working free land than any other organisation across our sanctuaries on (government or on key issues non-government). For example, Scotia affecting biodiversity Sanctuary in western NSW contains conservation. The the largest feral predator-free area on science team helps in mainland Australia. the development of land • AWC has conducted over 70 trans- management strategies locations of threatened and declining and audits the success mammals. AWC is a leader (nationally of their implementation. A Pale Field Rat captured at a Tegan May monitoring site at Mornington 11 Feral animal control

WC invests a higher proportion of available resources in On-ground feral A on-ground land management than any other conservation animal control organisation in Australia. Much of our investment is directed to There is no substitute for dedicated, on-ground feral animal control. Any failure to the control of feral animals, which represent a grave threat to the implement effective feral animal control at a survival of native wildlife. The paragraphs below summarise our property is likely to result in a steady decline overall approach to feral animal control, and provide an update on in its ecological condition as feral animals damage habitats and destroy wildlife. implementation at AWC sanctuaries. AWC’s objective at each sanctuary is to reduce the population of feral animals to a Since the 1800s, hordes of rabbits, To meet this challenge, AWC has level where their impacts are ecologically sheep, goats and larger herbivores have insignificant. In limited cases (such as the swept across our , competing adopted a holistic approach to feral animal control which incorporates: ), there is currently no feasible for vegetation and other resources, and method for achieving this. In all other cases, blazing a trail for feral cats and foxes. The • implementation of on-ground there is a range of techniques that we employ effect on Australia’s native wildlife has been control programs that include to remove ferals. However, determining the devastating. For example, in the arid zones mustering, trapping, shooting and “threshold” to which a feral animal population of central and southern Australia, the majority baiting a range of feral animals; needs to be reduced in order to ensure its of mammal species between the sizes of a • development of regional strate- impact is ecologically insignificant remains an large rodent and a small wallaby are either ongoing challenge. extinct or threatened with extinction. gies which involve working with neighbours and other landhold- In some cases, complete eradication is Feral animals are now among the most ers to implement integrated, abundant species in many Australian necessary. For example, many small-medium cross-boundary programs; landscapes. For example, it is estimated that sized mammals - such as the Mala and the Australia is home to: • implementation of rigorous Greater Stick-nest Rat - will survive only in the complete absence of cats and foxes. In • 40 million rabbits (in alone) monitoring programs to measure the success of on-ground activity order to protect and restore populations of • 1 million camels and to inform the ongoing review these mammals, AWC has established feral • 18 million cats (each of which consumes of program design; and predator-free areas on an offshore island the equivalent of about 800 pygmy () and within several fenced possums per year.) • conduct of strategic research mainland areas (Scotia, Yookamurra and to continually improve the Active and sustained control of these Karakamia). In these areas, the threshold techniques and methodolo- invasive species is essential if native wildlife is to population of foxes and cats is zero. Employing gies we employ to control feral survive. A protected area without an active this strategy, AWC now manages more feral feral animal control program is potentially animals. predator-free land on mainland Australia a “ ghost town”. However, feral Our leadership in the area of feral than any other organisation. These areas are animal control is not an easy task – invasive animal control has been recognised also free of feral herbivores including rabbits species are, by definition, exceptionally good at by our role as an active partici- and goats. surviving, breeding and dispersing, and many pant within the Invasive Animals Establishing a feral predator-free area are inherently difficult to trap or kill. Co-operative Research Centre requires a significant investment of resources: (CRC). feral-proof fences must be constructed and

12 Buffalo and feral cattle yarded, ready for removal at Wongalara Melissa Whatley Feral animal control

Feral exclusion fence, Scotia Wayne Lawler

• Approximately 2,000 cattle, 250 horses • AWC and the WA Department of and 200 donkeys have been removed Conservation have, for several years, from 65,000 hectares of Mornington co-ordinated fox baiting at Paruna and in recent years. Within this destocked adjacent National Parks. area, an ongoing control program • On an even greater scale, AWC and maintains numbers in this area to less the various land owners and managers Feral donkeys Jo Heathcote than 100 animals, so that impacts are surrounding Scotia have recently agreed insignificant. to implement a co-ordinated feral staff time invested in the removal of rabbits, Our programs are carefully designed to predator control program that involves cats and foxes through baiting, trapping take into account knowledge of the ecology synchronised baiting across 900,000 and shooting. It took Tony Cathcart, our feral hectares. and behaviour of the target species. For animal control officer at Scotia, more than 6 months to eradicate the very last feral cat example, at Wongalara we muster buffalo Monitoring our ability to within the 4,000 hectare “Stage 2” fenced late in the dry season when they are control feral animals area. However, the return on investment concentrated on the diminishing waterholes. is extremely high: AWC’s feral free areas Camels at Newhaven are shot during the AWC is establishing monitoring programs are critical to the survival of several highly winter, when rutting males keep females at our sanctuaries that are designed to: threatened mammals including the , together in large groups, and when access • Identify baseline populations of feral Bridled Nailtail Wallaby, , Western to alternative bores is prevented. animals; and Barred Bandicoot and the Implementing • Measure the change in feral animal Bilby (see the article on Translocations on populations over time (and hence page 20). regional programs measure the effectiveness of our In cases where complete eradication is not control programs). AWC aims to play a key role in the the objective, we are taking action to reduce (Our broader monitoring program also feral animal populations to levels at which development and implementation of measures the impact of feral animals on their impacts are ecologically insignificant. regional strategies which involve working indicator species and ecosystem processes We are in the process of defining the relevant with neighbours and other landholders – see pages 21-23 below.) “thresholds” for feral animal species at each to implement integrated, cross-boundary of our sanctuaries. In the meantime, AWC programs. We do this for two reasons: The data obtained from our feral animal staff are forging ahead with dedicated action (1) we aim to ensure our sanctuaries are monitoring programs is used to continually to reduce the impacts of each feral animal. catalysts for broader conservation efforts review the relevant control strategy, providing Examples include: across the in which we operate; (2) an example of AWC’s adaptive management approach. Strategies will be amended • 70,000 baits for foxes and cats have it reduces the extent to which feral animals when monitoring results highlight the need been laid each year for the past three “reinvade” AWC sanctuaries and so it helps for change. years at Mt Gibson (which is unfenced). maintain populations below ecologically Our feral animal monitoring programs are • Since 2006, just under 2,000 feral significant levels. typically designed to measure indicators goats have been shot at Buckaringa by Examples of AWC’s regional approach of population size/density. For example, AWC staff and the Sporting Shooters include: populations of buffalo, horses and donkeys Association of SA, helping to protect the • In the Flinders Ranges, AWC staff and are estimated at Wongalara by aerial surveys. threatened Yellow-footed Rock-wallaby. volunteers bury baits for foxes at least At Kalamurina and Newhaven, one hundred • Over 200 buffalo have been trapped and every two months at Buckaringa, and two-hectare sandplots spread throughout removed from Wongalara in the past 4 also in a ring encircling Buckaringa on the properties, as well as radial transects months alone. neighbouring properties. from bores, are surveyed to indicate changes 13 Feral animals (cont.)

in camel numbers. Similarly, cat and fox activity at Scotia is monitored at permanent sandplots. Monitoring inside the fenced areas at Scotia is particularly important because reintroductions of highly threatened mammals can occur only after we confirm that the last cat and fox has been eradicated – ie, when the population of both species is zero. The graph below highlights the results of monitoring over a two year period The last feral cat captured within the Stage 2 area of Scotia Tony Cathcart at Scotia. Strategic research into feral ecologically insignificant: this will help us set sex, we must target (as a minimum) each animal control our “target” for the control of that feral animal year to maximise population reduction. at a particular sanctuary. Some examples of Clive is also carrying out a population There are several key issues being recent research activity include: genetic analysis across Arnhem Land addressed by AWC, often in collaboration (including Wongalara) to determine how with our research partners. Our priority • At Wongalara, Clive McMahon (Charles Darwin University) is carrying out research far buffalo move; this will help us predict to date has been to help identify new the likely re-invasion rate following techniques to enhance the effectiveness of that will help fine-tune our buffalo control removal of buffalo at Wongalara. feral animal control programs and reduce program. By measuring the growth rates, the cost of those programs. However, we survivorship and breeding rates of the • One of the highest priorities for will also be seeking to identify the population population, Clive will be able to identify conservation is developing an effective level at which the impacts of a feral animal are how many buffalo, and of what age and way to reduce cat populations. Cats prefer to hunt live prey, and are therefore notoriously hard to bait. AWC is a key Scotia Graph - Rabbit, Cat and Fox Rabbit, Cat and Fox activity (Scotia) partner in trials of a new bait-delivery TM 0.9 25 system (Eradicat – a sausage instead of the traditional lump of meat) designed 0.8 Rabbit Stage II to be more attractive to cats. At Mt Fox Stage II 20 0.7 Cat Stage II Gibson, the impact of broadscale baiting TM 0.6 (using Eradicat ) on cat numbers and fox 15 0.5 numbers is being monitored in a four-year project using sandplots. Preliminary 0.4 TM 10 results suggest that Eradicat is indeed 0.3 Rabbit activity inde x more effective at controlling cats than Cat and fox activity index traditional baiting methods. 0.2 5 Our research priorities also include

0 0 examining the potential for any proposed Jul 06 AugSep Oct Nov DecJan Feb Mar Apr May JunJul 07 AugSep Oct Nov Dec feral animal control program to impact on Regular monitoring confirms that rabbits, foxes and cats have been successfully removed non-target species. The uptake of EradicatTM from the Stage 2 fenced area (4,000 ha) at Scotia. bait by native mammals is being examined Mornington Graph in a research project at Paruna, where the Horse and Donkey population (Mornington) poison within the EradicatTM sausage has 180 been replaced by Rhodamine B, a non-toxic Horses in destocked area bio-marker that is incorporated into growing 160 Donkeys on entire property tissue, including facial whiskers. By examining 140 the whiskers of native mammals at Paruna,

120 we can assess whether they are eating the EradicatTM bait. 100 AWC’s field research is only one element of

Population 80 our holistic approach to feral animal control. Overall, the extent to which we invest in 60 practical, on-ground feral animal control, 40 informed by the best available science, 20 makes AWC unique among non-government

0 conservation organisations. We believe that success in defeating feral animals is essential 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 if the tide of wildlife extinctions in Australia is Year to be reversed. At Mornington, annual monitoring of horse and donkey populations is carried out. 14 Fire management

long with feral animal control, fire management is a critical Fire management in A component of AWC’s land management program. Our the Kimberley leadership on fire management is best illustrated by our EcoFire Fire patterns in the Kimberley have shifted project in the Kimberley, where we work in collaboration with a over the past two decades towards a regime dominated by massive, intense fires in the range of partners to deliver prescribed burning across 14 properties mid-to-late dry season. Single fires can cover covering more than 5 million hectares. one million hectares, burning everything in their path. The scale and ferocity of these Fire is a naturally occurring process across The expansive geographic spread of AWC fires is emotionally draining – thick bands of almost all of Australia except the wettest sanctuaries means that we are developing smoke blur the horizons and the savannas rainforests. However, over the last two hundred expertise managing fire in habitats as diverse blacken like a violent bruise. years, fire patterns have changed significantly. as the deserts of central Australia, the wet However, over and above the aesthetic This change in fire regimes has contributed to sclerophyll forests of northeast Queensland, insult, such fires are extremely damaging to the decline in many species across a range of and the savannas of northern Australia. To biodiversity – they kill vegetation along creeks different habitat types. illustrate the range of issues involved, the and in wet gullies, prevent tree recruitment, Just as active feral animal control is essential, following paragraphs provide an update reduce ground cover complexity, and elevate active fire management is also necessary to on fire management at Mornington in the water and nutrient run-off, thus increasing maintain and enhance the ecological condition Kimberley, and Newhaven on the southern sedimentation loads in rivers. Animals that of our landscapes. A failure to implement edge of the Tanami desert. live in the ground layer, like small mammals effective fire management represents a significant risk to habitat quality and the survival of key species. AWC’s approach to fire management incorporates the following elements: • Setting objectives: AWC identifies the ecological objectives we are seeking to achieve with our fire management, based on available scientific knowledge. Our objectives may, for example, relate to: the distribution and size of unburnt patches throughout the landscape; the prevention of large, hot fires; or the protection of fire-sensitive habitats. We define indicators which will help us measure whether we are successful in achieving our objectives. • Development of regional strategies: AWC aims to operate on a regional scale, co-ordinating our prescribed burning with neighbours and other landholders where possible. • On-ground delivery: AWC invests significant resources in on-ground delivery of fire management using a combination of techniques including aerial incendiaries (dropped from helicopter), burning from the ground, wet season burning and so on. • Measuring success: AWC uses satellite imagery and ground-truthing to monitor fire patterns and to measure our progress in achieving the specified fire management objectives. • Strategic research: substantial infor- mation gaps limit our ability to effectively manage fire: many of our research programs are therefore designed to help fill those gaps (eg, the Red-backed Fairy-wren project which featured in the June 2007 edition of Wildlife Matters).

Sammy Walker conducting prescribed burning near Tirralintji community, Richard Kingswood within Mornington 15 Fire management (cont.)

and grass-dwelling birds, are extremely disadvantaged, as are animals that rely on grass seed for food such as the Gouldian Finch (because grass seed yields are often lower following fire). Extensive fires also result in economic losses to pastoralists

through loss of grass for cattle. In the longer Flightlines and resultant firescars from term, frequent intense fires cause a general the 2008 prescribed burn program. loss of fertility in the soil, and thus result in lower production. Finally, cultural sites are also damaged by intense fires. These fires dwarf single properties, and property owners and managers have therefore struggled to contain the pyretic spread when acting alone. In an ambitious project funded by Federal and State governments through the Rangelands NRM Co-ordinating Group, AWC has brought together land owners, managers, indigenous communities, government and non-government organisations with diverse interests to deliver co-ordinated, regional fire management across the central and north Kimberley; the project now involves over fourteen properties covering almost 5 million hectares. EcoFire relies on proactive prescribed burning in the early dry season (when fires are less intense, burn patchily, and tend to go out overnight) to create firebreaks that run across property boundaries, creating multiple cells of unburnt country throughout the landscape. This lacework of breaks makes it more difficult for late dry season fires to affect large swathes of country. The June 2007 edition of Wildlife Matters described the background and aims of the EcoFire project. At that time, we had just completed our first prescribed burning

1 2 The effects of a strategic prescribed burning program are demonstrated by comparing fire patterns in the year before the program (2006) with the year of the project (2007). Satellite imagery is used to map burnt areas through the year. The relatively cooler burns of the early dry season are shown in green; more intense fires in the mid to late dry season are shown in red. Following the prescribed burning in 2007, a smaller proportion of the project area burnt later in the year, and firescars were spread as smaller patches more evenly through the area. 16 program. Over one year later (and with two burning seasons under our belts), we are in a position to examine whether the project has been effective at changing fire patterns in a way likely to benefit wildlife. Have fire patterns in the Kimberley changed? Using satellite imagery, we are able to compare fire patterns pre and post the delivery of fire management by AWC and our partners as part of EcoFire. This analysis shows that at the end of the first year (ie. December 2007) fire patterns were strikingly different to previous years. Mid-to-late season wildfires (unplanned fires) were largely contained by the prescribed fire scars. As a result, wildfires made up a much smaller proportion of all fires than previous years, and the size of Incendiaries being dropped from helicopter in the central Kimberley Jo Axford wildfires were also much smaller. Patches of burnt and unburnt vegetation were scattered In addition to the prescribed burning, The EcoFire project highlights key elements more evenly throughout the project area, EcoFire has been expanded this year of AWC’s approach to fire management: providing refuges for wildlife and grazing to include additional activities. The WA • It has clear and measurable objectives, stock (see maps on bottom of page 16). Department of Agriculture have begun which are based on the best available Based on the dramatic success of its monitoring the relationship between different science on the effects of fire in the first year and strong community support, tropical savannas. sorts of fires, grazing pressure and pasture EcoFire was expanded in 2008 to include 14 • It is collaborative, involving a range of properties covering 5 million hectares. condition. The Kimberley stakeholders and operating at a regional has been involved in fire planning with Activity during 2008 level, highlighting the catalytic nature of one of the indigenous communities. The AWC activities. The 2008 Regional Burn Plan was Fire and Emergency Services Authority • It is focused on action, not process, with implemented during April and May. AWC staff provided training courses in on-ground the delivery of active fire management on flew approximately 24,000 km in a helicopter fire management to project participants, a massive scale. whilst dropping 30,000 incendiaries, with especially the indigenous communities. AWC indigenous community representatives and • Success is measured and reported. pastoralists joining us in the chopper for has implemented a communication program • There is a strong science component, the prescribed burning on their property that is providing information about fire-related helping to continually revise objectives (see map on page 16). issues to sectors of the community. and strategies.

Traditional owners, Central Land Council and AWC working together on prescribed burning Josef Schofield on the Yunkanjini Land Trust near Newhaven’s northern boundary 17 Fire management (cont.)

Fire management However it is crucial to get these breaks in at Newhaven before the hot dry winds of summer create AWC receives WA conditions that make almost everything Environment Awards Despite the low and erratic rainfall of our highly flammable. arid centre, fire patterns have still shifted AWC and its EcoFire partners have towards a regime of extensive uncontrolled Some of this year’s burning was carried been honoured with ’s fires, albeit with a lower periodicity than the out collaboratively with eight people from top environment award. At a special monsoonal north. As a result, ‘old-growth’ the nearby Nyirripi community, including ceremony on 11 October the WA vegetation in the central deserts has become the senior Traditional Owner for the area. Environment Minister, the Hon Donna exceedingly rare. Representatives from the Central Land Faragher MLC, presented AWC and the Newhaven contains some areas of Council (CLC) also took part. We hope the Rangelands NRM Co-ordinating Group with the overall WA Environment Award vegetation that are uniquely ‘old’, and thus project is a first step in developing a broader for 2008. exceptionally precious. A patch of Acacia partnership with Traditional Owners and the Presenting the award, the Minister said calcicola in the northwest of Newhaven is not CLC in relation to regional fire management. only “old-growth”, it is also the only stand of the EcoFire project was “an outstanding its type lying within a protected area. Although operating on a smaller scale example of strong leadership, exemplary than in the Kimberley, our fire management Newhaven’s fire management is guided stakeholder involvement and excellent by a fire strategy developed by arid zone at Newhaven is based on similar principles: it environmental outcomes”. The award fire ecologists Peter Latz and Rachel is underpinned by clear objectives based on was collected by representatives of Paltridge, and fine-tuned with annual fire ecological requirements; it involves a heavy AWC, the local indigenous community, the Rangelands NRM group, the WA planning workshops that involves several fire focus on active on-ground management; Fire and Emergency Services Authority ecologists, Bushfires NT, and AWC staff. results are measured and reported; and it and the Department of Environment and A primary goal of this year’s fire incorporates a collaborative approach with Conservation (see photo). management has been to burn firebreaks neighbours. In addition, similar to Mornington, AWC was also a joint winner of the (from the ground) around and through Newhaven has a research program in place 2008 Biodiversity Conservation Award ten key areas of old-growth vegetation to examine the ecological effects of fire for our restoration of endangered in order to protect them from destructive management: for example, AWC works with mammal populations on Faure Island. uncontrolled fires. The careful patch burning involved in implementing this plan has local ecologists and members of the Nyirripi Receipt of these prestigious awards proved a painstaking task as many areas community to examine the relationship is recognition of AWC’s leadership in fire on Newhaven still have low fuel loads between fire and threatened taxa (such as management, feral animal control and following extensive fires several years ago. and Great Desert Skink). the translocation of endangered species.

Members of the successful EcoFire team accept their prestigious award from the WA Environment Minister Terrace Photo

18 Weed control

he control of weeds is the third core element in AWC’s land Mornington – stopping Tmanagement strategy. AWC adopts a variety of practical and weeds from establishing innovative approaches to removing even the most invasive weeds. As Parkinsonia aculeata is a branched spreading tree native to . It with feral animal control and fire management, we are also establishing was introduced to Australia as a shade tree programs to measure the effectiveness of our weed control program. for cattle, but it outcompetes native species, chokes wetlands and creates thickets There are hundreds of weed species in methods to reduce rubber vine populations. impenetrable even to cattle. It is common in Australia. Some arrived accidentally, whilst Following destocking, in areas where rubber parts of Queensland, but still relatively rare in others were introduced deliberately for vine infestations were scattered enough to the Kimberley; controlling its spread at this agriculture or ornament. Some weeds allow a build-up of grassy fuel, prescribed stage is therefore a high priority. spread slowly, or not at all. Others only burning has been used very effectively to When conditions are suitable, Mornington exploit disturbed areas, or a narrow range selectively kill rubber vine. Approximately 50% staff and volunteers embark upon targeted of habitats. However some exotic species, of the weed has been killed with this method Parkinsonia control along the Fitzroy River on arrival in a new environment, thrive and over the past 3 years. In areas like gallery and its tributaries. Small teams use a proliferate beyond all prediction and can forests where fire is inappropriate (because helicopter to skip between isolated outbreaks comprehensively replace native ecosystems. it would damage sensitive vegetation), AWC along stretches of inaccessible river, basal The task of removing weeds, once staff cut the vines and apply herbicide. bark spraying as they go. This year’s effort established, can be prohibitively expensive. 350 hectares of riparian ecosystems have has been very successful. Over 100 person AWC has therefore adopted an approach that been recovered using this method. hours have cleared up 1710 Parkinsonia carefully prioritises our activity based on the Monitoring the effectiveness plants along 130 km of water courses. level of environmental risk and the feasibility of control. For example, targeting potentially of lantana control at Curramore – a showpiece of threatening weeds that are newly established Mt Zero-Taravale dedicated weed control may be better than trying to eradicate a When AWC acquired Mt Zero-Taravale, In the region surrounding Curramore widespread but benign weed. Similarly, lantana dominated the understorey of many Wildlife Sanctuary in southeast Queensland, preventing new invasions by quarantining wetter gullies, and was spilling out into the lantana is such a pervasive weed that many vehicles and equipment is more cost effective grassy woodlands. Without intervention, this landholders have abandoned any control than controlling established weeds. The case noxious weed was set to spread and thicken, effort. However, AWC is identifying the most studies below help illustrate AWC’s commitment shading out the grass and shrub layers, successful combination of techniques to the on-ground control of weeds. and thus changing fire patterns irrevocably. for controlling lantana in these tall wet Rubber vine control at However, AWC has used repeated, targeted forests, and quantifying the benefit to fires to first burn the main plants, and then wildlife. By demonstrating that lantana can the suckers and regrowth that follow in the be successfully controlled, AWC hopes When AWC established Brooklyn Wildlife next two years. Before the control program to catalyse restorative efforts throughout Sanctuary, grazing by cattle in fertile alluvial began, the distribution, extent and density the region. 112 hectares of impenetrable areas (and consequent removal of grassy of lantana was estimated from aerial lantana thicket has been removed with a fuel), had led to many years without fire. In photos. Repeat aerial mapping will soon combination of herbicide spray, hand pulling the absence of fire, rubber vine (Cryptostegia be completed and combined with ground and cut stump herbicide. AWC, with input grandiflora) had spread over 17,000 hectares surveys to quantify the effectiveness of our from Griffith University, is also investigating and in places almost completely replaced lantana control by measuring the reduction the effect of lantana removal on flora native vegetation. AWC has used two in the area occupied by lantana. and fauna.

Hymenachne infestation before and after (right) eradication Mick Blackman Mick Blackman from wetland on Brooklyn Wildlife Sanctuary 19 Translocating threatened mammals

s readers of Wildlife Matters will be aware, Australia has the A worst record of mammal extinctions in the world. Although weed invasion, altered fire patterns and habitat loss have had a part to play, the overwhelming contributor to the extinctions of Australian mammals has been feral animals in general and, in particular, feral predators (the cat and the fox). The extinction crisis is set to continue, with one quarter of our surviving mammals listed as threatened with extinction.

In an effort to turn back the tide of The impetus for the Woylie translocation extinctions, AWC is implementing an ambitious was twofold. First, the translocation is a program of mammal reintroductions, returning crucial insurance measure because threatened species back into areas where in the southwest are declining dramatically in they have become locally extinct. Major all but two populations (one of the two stable re-introduction programs are underway at five populations is at Karakamia). AWC sanctuaries. Second, after eighteen months of • In collaboration with the WA Department painstaking work, the Stage 2 fenced area at of Environment and Conservation, all feral Scotia was declared feral-free in May (taking cats were removed from Faure Island in the total feral-free area to 8,000 ha), opening AWC’s Jo Williams releases a Western Barred Bandicoot at Faure Island Shark Bay, WA. the way for the reintroduction of Woylies, Bridled Nailtail Wallabies and . • On the mainland, AWC has created In the southwest, four Banded Hare AWC is now the custodian of some of the feral-free areas at three sanctuaries Wallabies were moved onto Faure Island in largest and most important populations of (Scotia in western NSW, Yookamurra in the most recent of a series of translocations Australia’s threatened mammals. Over the next SA, and Karakamia in WA’s southwest) of this species that began in 2004. A total by eradicating cats and foxes from large few years AWC’s reintroduction programs will of 37 individuals have been moved to the continue to develop by increasing the feral-free fenced areas (up to 8,000 ha). island. Regular monitoring shows that the areas on sanctuaries already involved in the • Finally, strategic fencing and intensive baiting population has established well. program and by expanding the network of has reduced the density of feral predators at As mentioned above, AWC also carries sanctuaries in the translocation program. Paruna, also in WA’s southwest, sufficiently out translocations from its sanctuaries In this way, AWC’s leadership in the field of to allow re-introductions to take place. onto land managed by the Department of translocations will provide a more secure To date, AWC has successfully carried Environment and Conservation (DEC). In out over 70 translocations involving over June, at the request of DEC, we moved 36 future for Bilbies, Mala, Numbats and a range 2050 individuals of 17 different species, Brush-tailed Possums from Karakamia to of other endangered species, including the ranging from birds, to small native rodents, Lorna Glen, as part of a program to restore Black-flanked Rock-wallaby (below). and small to large , including that property’s native fauna. arboreal species. Most translocations have been into AWC sanctuaries, but about 15% have involved transferring animals from AWC sanctuaries to restock other protected areas not managed by AWC. Recent translocations In September, in our biggest interstate translocation yet, 57 Woylies were moved from Karakamia to Scotia. The logistics of capturing, processing and airlifting such a large batch of animals are formidable. The project involved a military timetable executed by a team of AWC staff from the southeast and southwest regions, plus expert input on health and quarantine issues from the Veterinary Conservation Program at Adelaide Zoo and the consortium of research groups (of which AWC is a member) who are investigating the Woylie decline in the southwest. 20 A Black-flanked Rock-wallaby, part of a reintroduced population at Paruna Wildlife Sanctuary Marie Lochman AWC’s science program

ne of the distinguishing features of AWC is the close O integration between our science program and our land management operations. Our research projects inform the design of fire management plans, feral animal control programs and other land management operations. In addition, our science team plays a vital role in measuring the on-ground effectiveness of our land management operations. Our growing portfolio of field-based research projects is generating knowledge that will prove invaluable to all land managers including pastoralists, conservation agencies, indigenous communities and industry.

What are the functions of also generating new information about AWC’s science program? the status and distribution of many species, particularly in remote areas of 1. Conducting biological inventories: At Australia. each sanctuary, one of our priorities is to 2. Designing land management conduct a biological inventory of the fauna strategies: AWC’s science team plays a and flora species as well as ecosystems key role in the design of fire management that are present. Such knowledge helps plans, feral animal control programs shape the design of land management and other land management strategies. strategies: we need to know what we Responsibility for the implementation of are protecting in order to maximise the these science-based plans then rests effectiveness of our land management with AWC’s operations team. In practice, operations. As indicated on pages 24-25 both the design and implementation of AWC Field Ecologist, Ray Lloyd, Wayne Lawler of this newsletter, our inventory work is land management strategies occurs on a recent fauna survey

Radio-tracking Dingos by helicopter at Mornington Nick Rains 21 AWC’s science program (cont.)

in an integrated manner, with the tracking changes in health over time. 5. Research addressing key issues operations team intimately involved in The advantages of such a framework are affecting conservation and land the design phase and the science team significant: management: There are many assisting with implementation. The result • By tracking ecological health over knowledge gaps that constrain our is that AWC is developing a suite of land time, AWC will be able to detect any ability to protect Australia’s wildlife and management strategies that are strongly deterioration and adjust management ecosystems. For example: science-based, but also reflect practical, strategies accordingly. We will have • What are the factors that cause a given operational factors. This integrated a strong scientific basis on which to species to decline? approach has been pivotal in our land evaluate success against our mission • How do different threatening processes, management success to date – for of delivering effective conservation for such as fire and feral cats, interact? example, in rolling out the largest private wildlife and habitats. sector fire management program in • What is the most effective way to northern Australia (in the Kimberley) and • Donors (investors) will be able to monitor implement fire management or to in creating the largest feral predator-free the “ecological returns” from their control feral predators? investment: in other words, donors will area on mainland Australia (at Scotia). Often working with partners (such as have more information about whether 3. Measuring the ecological condition universities, and other conservation agencies) populations of key species – such of AWC properties: Measuring the AWC has established a series of field-based as Bilbies and Gouldian Finches – are ecological condition (or health) of our research projects designed to address many stable or increasing and whether properties is a critical medium-term of these key issues. In doing so, our team ecosystems are functioning effectively. objective for the AWC science team. is taking science out of the lab and across (Some of this information is already We are developing a framework for the country to places as diverse as Cape available and has been reported in measuring ecological health and have York, Arnhem Land, the Kimberley, the begun the process of implementation Wildlife Matters.) Simpson Desert and the country of at several sanctuaries – watch out for 4. Wildlife translocations: As described western NSW. These projects are generating a more detailed Wildlife Matters article on page 20 of this newsletter, AWC has information of benefit to pastoralists, industry, in 2009. We believe our framework will conducted over 70 translocations of conservation agencies and other land set a benchmark for conservation in threatened wildlife. Our science team managers, highlighting the role of science Australia, providing a rigorous, science- takes the lead in reintroducing mammal in ensuring the work at AWC sanctuaries is based approach to measuring whether a species back into areas where they have a catalyst for broader regional conservation property is in good ecological health and become regionally extinct. efforts.

22 The recent biological survey at Piccaninny Plains contributes to our objectives for inventory, research and ecological condition measurement Wayne Lawler A selection of AWC research projects 1. Dingo-cat interactions: Does a healthy dingo population suppress cat numbers, thereby benefiting small native mammals? Field research is being conducted at Mornington (where cats and dingoes are radio-collared) as well as Marion Downs, Wongalara, Kalamurina and Newhaven. 2. Fox-cat interactions: Does fox control result in an expansion of cat numbers? This question is being investigated Banded Crimson Finch Steve Murphy at Scotia, and also Mt Gibson, in conjunction with the WA Department of 7. Role of small-to-medium sized health research, including the role of health Environment and Conservation and the mammals in ecosystem processes: in the success of re-introductions. The new Invasive Animals CRC. Many of the species that have been lab received its first full “test run” (as the hub 3. The decline in seed-eating birds: lost from large parts of the Australian for health screening) during the transfer of AWC scientists and PhD students, based mainland were professional ‘gardeners’, over 250 Bridled Nailtail Wallabies from the at Mornington, are examining the decline constantly digging for food and to make breeding enclosures within Scotia into the in seed-eating birds across northern burrows. Research being carried out at 4,000 hectare feral-free area known as “Stage Australia by measuring the effects of fire Scotia is measuring the impact of this 2”. Vets from the Royal Zoological Society of and grazing on the population health group of animals on processes like litter (Adelaide Zoo) performed of Gouldian Finches and other finch decomposition rates, water and nutrient species, as well as identifying the factors cycling, plant germination rates and health assessments on the wallabies, and influencing food (grass seed) availability. recruitment. established a population health profile. 4. Effects of grazing: Across several AWC now protects a substantial proportion sanctuaries, AWC is conducting large A New Field Research Centre of Australia’s entire Bridled Nailtail Wallaby scale, long-term research on the recovery at Scotia population at Scotia. of fauna following the removal of large AWC’s science program in the south-east Just as the WildlifeLink Centre for Research herbivores like cattle. has received a major boost with the opening and Conservation at Mornington has become 5. Effects of fire on sensitive species: of a new field research centre at Scotia. The a focus for research activity in the Kimberley, AWC is carrying out research to determine research centre will play an invaluable role the Scotia Research Centre is set to become the precise effect of different fire attributes in AWC’s translocation program and will be a hub for conservation-related research in (eg the intensity, size and patchiness of the centrepiece of a growing focus on wildlife the mallee country. fires) on the health, breeding success and survival of Red-backed Fairy-wrens. Like many species that live in the grass layer, theses wrens are sensitive to fire and this research will help refine fire management to reduce impacts on fauna. 6. The effect of habitat fragmentation: Maintaining the ability of species to disperse between habitat patches as landscapes become fragmented is a key conservation issue. AWC is using population genetics coupled with intensive fieldwork to examine the dispersal capabilities of the threatened Purple-crowned Fairy-wren in the Kimberley. This information will allow us to predict the thresholds for habitat disturbance beyond which this species is likely to become locally extinct. In addition, we will identify the key populations that act as ‘recolonisation’ sources, allowing land managers to prioritise fairy-wren populations for conservation management. Scotia’s new field research centre in action: AWC staff and Adelaide Zoo vets Sally Cantrill carry out population health tests on Bridled Nailtail Wallabies 23 Biological inventory

ne of the key objectives of the AWC science program is to which is enough to be considered a distinct genetic lineage. By comparison, another Oundertake a biological inventory of each sanctuary, identifying widely accepted “subspecies pair” of which species and ecosystems are present (including threatened common also differ by about 1%. species and ecosystems). Such baseline information guides the The discovery of the ‘Wongalara ’ highlights not only AWC’s commitment development of management strategies and priorities, and enables to biological inventory, but also the high AWC to evaluate the effectiveness of our management action by level scientific skills within the organisation which enable such genetic analyses to be measuring, over time, any changes to key indicator species. undertaken.

Apart from birds, most species are cryptic, – exciting because there are no records of Kalamurina – unexpected and confirming their presence takes a degree dunnarts from the Wongalara area. The treasures from the desert of guile and persistence. Field ecologists dunnart superficially resembled a Kakadu have a broad range of techniques to help Dunnart (Sminthopsis bindii), but the key In July-September we carried out our detect different groups of species – sound diagnostic features of the footpads did not first series of surveys at Kalamurina. AWC recording for frogs, infrared cameras for match up. In order to confirm its identity, ecologists carried out surveys of one hundred two-hectare plots for mammal and nocturnal animals, analysis of scats, many a small tissue sample was taken from the reptile tracks. In doing so, they made some different sorts of traps, observation of tracks, dunnart before it was released. AWC staff notable captures, including a and a genetic analysis of hairs, and so on. Some member Steve Murphy extracted DNA from this sample at the Biosciences Lab Dusky Hopping Mouse. The record for the of the more exciting discoveries made at in Darwin, and then amplified (using PCR) latter species is the most westerly record off AWC sanctuaries in the past six months are and sequenced an informative stretch of the Birdsville track. described below. DNA. The results were compared against an In addition, a stalwart group of volunteer New subspecies of dunnart existing phylogeny for dunnarts. birdwatchers, led by Richard Jordan, endured discovered at Wongalara? This analysis confirmed that the ‘Wongalara sandstorms and heavy rain to undertake dunnart’ was a Kakadu Dunnart, and yet it systematic bird surveys at the permanent The 48 permanent monitoring sites set up was sufficiently different to be considered monitoring sites. They also searched across Wongalara (mainly to track changes a separate subspecies. For example, using the lignum-lined banks of the Warburton in response to management) were operated an informative section of DNA, the genetic Creek system for Grey , and during July and August this year. One of divergence between the Kakadu Dunnart and were rewarded with clear sightings at two the more exciting captures was a dunnart the ‘Wongalara dunnart’ is approximately 1%, locations. The subspecies of

24 A Spotted Cuscus at Piccaninny Plains Wayne Lawler Palm Cockatoo at Piccaninny Plains Wayne Lawler Biological inventory

• Black-winged Monarch (Monarcha frater) The rainforests are clearly an important extension of the unique forests of the east coast. It is also apparent that Palm Cockatoos are relatively common on Piccaninny Plains. AWC scientists even saw a family with a juvenile (which means they bred nearby). Interestingly, the Palm Cockatoos and Riflebirds had a different dialect to the birds on the east coast at Iron Range, suggesting there is some population differentiation between the two places.

Brush-tailed Mulgara at Newhaven Josef Schofield Marion Downs – a refuge for threatened mammals the Grey has only been previously endemic to the northern Cape, including Despite the proximity of Marion Downs to reported from further upstream on the Papuan , Spotted Cuscus, Mornington, it has a distinct set of ecosystems. Diamintina-Warburton system, making this Trumpet Manucode and the Magnificent Our first inventory survey at Marion Downs, an exceptionally interesting range extension. Riflebird. A further four species that were carried out in August, was designed primarily found along the Archer River are extremely Mulgara and Marsupial to collect evidence of Northern , which significant because they are typically are nationally Endangered. Quolls occur on Moles at Newhaven associated with the east coast rainforests Mornington in rocky and infrequently burnt around Lockhart River and Iron Range Several AWC staff and members of the areas; we wanted to see whether this pattern National Park – that is, these species are held true at Marion Downs as well. local Nyirripi community, together with generally considered to be limited to the east a number of volunteers, carried out a side of the Dividing Range: Not only did we find quolls during the major series of bird, mammal, reptile and surveys on Marion Downs, but also Northern • Southern Common Cuscus (Phalanger vegetation surveys at Newhaven during Brown Bandicoots, in wetter, sandy soils mimicus) March and April. The surveys provided at the foot of damp gullies. This species is valuable data on species presence and • Cape York Melomys (Melomys capensis) not listed as threatened, but it has declined abundance in relation to vegetation type, • Double-eyed Fig-parrot (Cyclopsitta substantially across the tropical savannas of age since fire, and distance to water. The diophthalma macleayana) northern Australia. surveys also turned up a number of rare species including relatively large numbers of Brush-tailed Mulgara (Vulnerable), Marsupial Moles (Endangered), and Great Desert Skinks (Vulnerable). The highlights of the bird surveys were Grey Falcons, Australian Bustards, Bourke’s Parrots, Rufous-crowned Emu-wrens, Dusky Grasswrens and large numbers of Painted Finches. A brief sighting of Scarlet-chested Parrots resulted in much excitement and vigorous debate; this record needs confirmation. Piccaninny Plains Within months of finalising the acquisition of Piccaninny Plains, the first biological survey of this remarkable property has been completed. AWC scientists and volunteers carried out more than 3,800 trap nights during October and November, targeting a selection of rainforest, wetland, woodland and sites. The results were impressive, confirming the exceptional significance of Piccaninny Plains for the fauna of Cape York. One of the most significant findings of the survey was the high number of species AWC’s Rigel Jensen and Brian Venables (volunteer) at Piccaninny Plains Wayne Lawler with a very rare plant (Analcolosa papuana) 25 Supporting AWC

Optus and AWC celebrate about their on-ground management and over 30,000 members can download the first anniversary of our protection. educational material, play games, and track AWC’s progress online. In addition, Optus has partnership • Optus has also assisted with the acquisition and protection of Kalamurina, deployed an extensive electronic and print In September 2007, AWC and Optus helping us to secure around 20,000 media campaign, taking our conservation launched an innovative new partnership acres of desert wilderness. message to several million Optus customers, recruiting many new donors and generating to help save some of Australia’s most • In the Kimberley, Optus has supported a significant level of donations. threatened species. Called “Building Better our efforts to protect populations of the Homes for Australian Wildlife” this exciting threatened Purple-crowned Fairy-wren. One of these campaigns, a competition initiative is generating funding for a number We have now located 155 groups of called “Save them for a Song,” attracted of key AWC projects, as well as leveraging Fairy-wrens and have captured, banded over 10,000 entrants who learned about the Optus’ extraordinary market reach to and released 319 individuals. Optus staff plight of the Purple-crowned Fairy-wren. In help raise public awareness about wildlife drove a national campaign to raise funds August, two winning couples, accompanied conservation issues. The results to date have internally for this important project. by Optus staff, spent an inspiring weekend been outstanding: In addition to providing direct financial with AWC’s team at Mornington where they • As part of the first project supported by assistance for these “on-ground” projects, encountered these endearing little birds “first Optus, five endangered Yellow-footed Optus has played a significant role in hand.” Rock-wallabies have been radio-collared helping AWC raise public awareness about After 12 months, the partnership between at Buckaringa Sanctuary in the Flinders Australia’s threatened wildlife through a range AWC and Optus is generating significant Ranges. The data collected by these radio of innovative communication channels linked benefits for both parties. Most importantly, collars will provide information about the to the Optus website and customer network. it is demonstrating how a good corporate movement and distribution patterns of For example, Optus built an interactive citizen like Optus can make a real difference the wallabies, and will inform decisions website, www.optus.com.au/wildlife. Now, for Australia’s wildlife.

Grey Grasswren graemechapman.com.au AWC supporter Mike Cook at Scotia

AWC and The Nature Conservancy Funding the Scotia Research Centre As reported on pages 24-25, the Grey Grasswren has recently In October 2008, the Scotia Research Centre was completed in been recorded at Kalamurina. This is a major range extension and time to play a vital role in the translocation of Woylies from Karakamia highlights the importance of this vast new desert reserve. AWC and the release of Bridled Nailtail Wallabies into Stage 2 (see page was supported in the acquisition of Kalamurina by two of our key 20). Construction of the Centre was funded by a generous gift partners – The Nature Conservancy and The Thomas Foundation. from Mike Cook, pictured here inspecting a nest built by a Greater Under the Thomas Challenge, donations to AWC of more than Stick-nest Rat at Scotia. Thousands of other AWC supporters from $10,000 for eligible projects, such as Kalamurina, may be matched all around Australia help support the ongoing management of Scotia by The Nature Conservancy. More broadly, The Nature Conservancy and our other sanctuaries, including feral animal control, staff salaries provides assistance to AWC and its other Australian partners in and maintenance of assets and infrastructure. a range of ways including through the sharing of knowledge on technical matters and assistance and advice on capacity building and development activities. 26 Supporting AWC

Phillips Range, Marion Downs Ecopix

AWC partners with business AWC conservation projects.” says Andre interception and baiting systems are to save Australia’s wildlife Ellis, Director of Spirit Tours. currently up by 25%! This is great news www.outbackspirittours.com.au for AWC. Exterra is launching its support While individuals will always be the primary • Protecting wild, remote places is a theme for AWC with a national competition, source of donations to AWC, we are delighted that also resonates with Kathmandu, an whereby a family of four can win a to announce significant growth in the level of international retailer of outdoor clothing weekend at AWC’s . support from Australian businesses. Despite and equipment. Kathmandu is making a www.exterra.com.au the slowing economy, four leading companies vital and timely contribution to AWC for the • Skansen, a wholesale distributor of have recently entered into partnerships with management and conservation of Marion Australian toys, is also helping to raise AWC to support conservation where it really Downs. Kathmandu intends to leverage funds for AWC. Following the production counts – in the field. its chain of 43 national stores and strong of the Yellow-footed Rock-Wallaby • Mornington in the central Kimberley online presence to help generate public Beanie Kid (currently being sold in stores is a favourite travel destination for awareness and further fundraising to around Australia), Skansen is using an Outback Spirit Tours, an outdoor assist AWC implement priority actions at “Adopt an Aussie” theme to launch a travel company, with a long history of Marion Downs, such as weed eradication, series of Australian toys. A portion of the taking adventurous holiday-makers to fire management and biological surveys. proceeds from sales of these toys are memorable locations well off the beaten www.kathmandu.com.au donated to AWC. In addition, Skansen track. “As a company that relies heavily • Exterra is Australia’s leading provider has built an interactive, educational on the natural environment, we felt of environmentally friendly, non-toxic website to educate its 100,000 compelled to contribute towards saving termite interception and baiting systems members about the plight of Australia’s some of our most precious wildlife. for the urban market. Proceeds from the threatened wildlife and the work of AWC. That’s why we’ve committed to donating sale of each system will be donated to www.adoptanaussie.com.au $20 from each passenger fare for the AWC to support the conservation and Please contact Shauna Chadlowe in our 2009 season to AWC. Over the year, management of Australia’s threatened Sydney office (02 9324 4210) if you are this humble sum will add up to over wildlife and their habitats. Exterra interested in exploring opportunities for your $70,000 and will help support important recently reported that sales for termite business to partner with AWC. 27 we urgentlyneedyourhelp Dingo Please post this form to:australian wildlife conservancy - Reply Paid 8070 Subiaco East WAPlease post thisform 6008 www.australianwildlife.org 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Our CommitmenttoYou, DrawingArrangements: E-mail: Telephone: W) Postcode: Suburb: Address: Name: Dr/Mr/rs/s I wishtopayby:

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Please direct mydonationtoAWC operationsaround Australia. Please sendmeacertificatecommemoratingmycontribution. I havedonated$300ormore ormadeamonthlypledgeof$25more. Please direct mydonationtoPungalina-SevenEmu. • • Calvert Rivercatchment. A donationof$1000willpurchase andprotect nearly30hectares ofthe A donationof$100willpurchase andprotect nearly3hectares oftropical savanna. Signature: Cardholder’sName: mastercard Credit ardDet Printed NameinFull: Signature: terms ofthe“Direct Debit Client ServiceAgreement” (setoutbelow). I /We bythe acknowledgethatthisDirect DebitRequestisgoverned Account Number: Account Name: Institution: My $ I /We request thatyoudrawbywayoftheDirect DebitSystem, Direct DebitRequest / on ourlatestinitiativesandprogress. Please tickthisboxifyoudoNOTwishtoreceive newsandinformation Our Accountdetailsare Card Number S. Murphy to Australian Wildlife ConservancyFund. to AustralianWildlife per month,forthepaymentofamonthlydonation

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Newsletter 14 - WILD305601