DOCSLIB.ORG

Water Quality Modelling Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Remote Sensing in South Florida Mohammad Hajigholizadeh [email protected]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water Quality Modelling Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Remote Sensing in South Florida Mohammad Hajigholizadeh Mhaji002@Fiu.Edu Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-7-2016 Water Quality Modelling Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Remote Sensing in South Florida Mohammad Hajigholizadeh [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC001230 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Hajigholizadeh, Mohammad, "Water Quality Modelling Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Remote Sensing in South Florida" (2016). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2992. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2992 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida WATER QUALITY MODELLING USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN SOUTH FLORIDA A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in CIVIL ENGINEERING by Mohammad Hajigholizadeh 2016 To: Interim Dean Ranu Jung College of Engineering and Computing This dissertation, written by Mohammad Hajigholizadeh, and entitled Water Quality Modelling Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Remote Sensing in South Florida, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Michael C. Sukop _______________________________________ Walter Z. Tang _______________________________________ Seung J. Lee _______________________________________ Hector R. Fuentes, Co-Major Professor _______________________________________ Assefa M. Melesse, Co-Major Professor Date of Defense: November 7, 2016 The dissertation of Mohammad Hajigholizadeh is approved. _______________________________________ Interim Dean Ranu Jung College of Engineering and Computing _______________________________________ Andres G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2016 ii © Copyright 2016 by Mohammad Hajigholizadeh All rights reserved. iii DEDICATION To my mother, Afagh, who encouraged my curiosity and have always supported my aspirations no matter how fanciful they have been, also to my father, Heidar, who is no longer physically present in my life, I still feel his impact every day. And to Samira, whose love and wisdom has kept me grounded. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work presented in this dissertation was not accomplished solely by the author. Many individuals assisted me throughout this process with mentorship and logistical support. I would fist like to thank Dr. Assefa M. Melesse and Dr. Hector R. Fuentes, my co-major advisors. Your level of energy and excitement seem boundless and are often a needed reminder of what I love about science. Special thanks to Dr. Assefa M. Melesse. You have been an excellent role model for me, both professionally and personally. You believed in my ideas and allowed me to run with them. Working under your mentorship has given me the resources and confidence to pursue my career aspirations. I am grateful for all of the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Walter Z. Tang, Dr. Michael C. Sukop, and Dr. Seung Jae Lee. I appreciate your generous contributions of expertise and time during my research. Special thanks to Dr. Lakshmi Reddi for his support during the early stages of this research, when it was still a dissertation proposal. During my research I was generously supported by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and University Graduate School of Florida International University through both the Presidential Fellowship and Graduate Assistantship. v ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION WATER QUALITY MODELLING USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN SOUTH FLORIDA by Mohammad Hajigholizadeh Florida International University, 2016 Miami, Florida Professor Assefa M. Melesse, Co-Major Professor Professor Hector R. Fuentes, Co-Major Professor The overall objective of this dissertation research is to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of water quality parameters in different water bodies of South Florida. Two major approaches (multivariate statistical techniques and remote sensing) were used in this study. Multivariate statistical techniques include cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), discriminant analysis (DA), absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) and PMF receptor modeling techniques were used to assess the water quality and identify and quantify the potential pollution sources affecting the water quality of three major rivers of South Florida. For this purpose, a 15-year (2000–2014) data set of 12 water quality variables, and about 35,000 observations were used. Agglomerative hierarchical CA grouped 16 monitoring sites into three groups (low pollution, moderate pollution, and high pollution) based on their similarity of water quality characteristics. DA, as an important data reduction method, was used to assess the water pollution status and vi analysis of its spatiotemporal variation. PCA/FA identified potential pollution sources in wet and dry seasons, respectively, and the effective mechanisms, rules, and causes were explained. The APCS-MLR and PMF models apportioned their contributions to each water quality variable. Also, the bio-physical parameters associated with the water quality of the two important water bodies of Lake Okeechobee and Florida Bay were investigated based on remotely sensed data. The principal objective of this part of the study is to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal changes of water quality using the application of integrated remote sensing, GIS data, and statistical techniques. The optical bands in the region from blue to near infrared and all the possible band ratios were used to explore the relation between the reflectance of a waterbody and observed data. The developed MLR models appeared to be promising for monitoring and predicting the spatiotemporal dynamics of optically active and inactive water quality characteristics in Lake Okeechobee and Florida Bay. It is believed that the results of this study could be very useful to local authorities for the control and management of pollution and better protection of water quality in the most important water bodies of South Florida. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE DISCLAIMER..............................................................................................................1 PREFACE.....................................................................................................................2 I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................3 1. Introduction and research rationale...............................................................................4 2. Current water quality challenges in South Florida .......................................................5 3. Objectives of study .......................................................................................................9 References.....................................................................................................................14 II. A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ESTIMATION USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES ...................................19 Abstract.........................................................................................................................20 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................21 2. An overview of water quality assessment and remote sensing ....................................23 3. Spaceborne and airborne sensors for water quality studies .........................................25 4. Water quality investigations through remote sensing techniques ................................26 4.1. Chlorophyll-a .........................................................................................................31 4.2. Colored dissolved organic matters (CDOM) .........................................................37 4.3. Secchi disk depth ...................................................................................................41 4.4. Turbidity and total suspended sediments...............................................................44 4.5. Total phosphorus....................................................................................................47 4.6. Water temperature..................................................................................................51 4.7. Sea surface salinity (SSS) ......................................................................................54 4.8. Dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)...........................................................................................56 5. Limitations of remote sensing for the assessment of water quality parameters ...........59 6. Discussion.....................................................................................................................61
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water Clusters in Plants. Fast Channel Plant Communications. Planet Influence
    Vol.1, No.1, 1-11 (2010) Journal of Biophysical Chemistry doi:10.4236/jbpc.2010.11001 Water clusters in plants. Fast channel plant communications. Planet influence Kristina Zubow1, Anatolij Viktorovich Zubow2, Viktor Anatolijevich Zubow1* 1“Aist Handels- und consulting GmbH”, R&D Department, Groß Gievitz, Germany; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2Department of Computer Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany; [email protected] Received 19 April, 2010; revised 30 April, 2010; accepted 7 May 2010. ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION In tubers of two potato cultivars and in one ap- It is well known, that in the bulk water molecules form ple cultivar, water clusters, consisting of 11 ± 1, clusters [1]. Though clusters were discovered in bio- 100, 178, 280, 402, 545, 715, 903, 119, 1351, 1606 logical matrices [2] until now there isn’t still a method and 1889 molecules, were directly (in-vivo) by which clusters in plants can be identified during analyzed by gravitation spectroscopy. The growth in-vivo. By Okonchi Shoichi [3] it was suggested, clusters’ interactions with their surroundings that water molecules are in the form of clusters in living during plant growth in summer 2006 in Germany organisms. In Figure 1 computer models of some water were described where a model represents the clusters are given. In our laboratory, we developed a states of water clusters in bio matrices. Fur- gravitation spectrometer for water cluster identification thermore, a comparison with clusters in irriga- in bio-matrices of plants [4-6]. Knowing the state of tion water (river, rain) is given. To achieve a high water clusters in plants could be helpful for understand- and good quality yield it is necessary to choose ing the relation between biochemical processes at nano- the right irrigation water that has to correspond scale level during growth and qualitative yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Cluster Ensembles As Interface to the Structure of Epicenter and the Earthquake Mechanism on the Jawa Island  ´ S
    id4277265 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ISSN : 0974 - 7524 Volume 7 Issue 3 Physical CCHHEEAMMn InIIdSSiaTnT JRoRurYnYal Trade Science Inc. Full Paper PCAIJ, 7(3), 2012 [87-95] Water cluster ensembles as interface to the structure of epicenter and the earthquake mechanism on the Jawa island ´ s. 112 ´ e.) (8 73 36 K.Zubow2, A.Zubow1, V.A.Zubow2* 1Dept.of Computer Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Johann von Neumann Haus, House III, 3rd Floor, Rudower Chaussee 25, D-12489 (BERLIN) 2«A IST H&C», Dept.R&D, D-17192 Groß Gievitz, Dorfstraße, 3, (GERMANY) E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Received: 6th December, 2011 ; Accepted: 7th January, 2012 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The long-range order (LRO) in underground water (North Germany) that Water; was excited by gravitation was investigated in the period of August 13th to Clusters; 14th, 2009. The average molecular mass of water clusters, the forms of the Epicenter; Structure; base water cluster (H2O)12 and of the Chaplin cluster (H2O)280, were found to correlate with a series of gravitation excitation which is connected with Earthquake; the earthquake on the Java island. It has been investigated how earth- Mechanism; quakes at distance influence the general energy capacity of the water Jawa. cluster ensembles. A mechanism describing generation and development of gravitation tensions in the epicenter on Java as the result of changed hydrogen bridges in water under the influence of impulse pressure up to 0.46 GPa has been suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • BEYOND the STATUS QUO: 2015 EQB Water Policy Report
    BEYOND THE STATUS QUO: 2015 EQB Water Policy Report LAKE ST. CROIX TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . 4 Health Equity and Water. 5 GOAL #1: Manage Water Resources to Meet Increasing Demands . .6 GOAL #2: Manage Our Built Environment to Protect Water . 14 GOAL #3: Increase and Maintain Living Cover Across Watersheds .. 20 GOAL #4: Ensure We Are Resilient to Extreme Rainfall . .28 Legislative Charge The Environmental Quality Board is mandated to produce a five year water Contaminants of Emerging Concern . .34 policy report pursuant to Minnesota Statutes, sections 103A .204 and 103A .43 . Minnesota’s Water Technology Industry . 36 This report was prepared by the Environmental Quality Board with the Board More Information . .43 of Water and Soil Resources, Department of Agriculture, Department of Employment and Economic Development, Department of Health, Department Appendices available online: of Natural Resources, Department of Transportation, Metropolitan Council, • 2015 Groundwater Monitoring Status Report and Pollution Control Agency . • Five-Year Assessment of Water Quality Degradation Trends and Prevention Efforts Edited by Mary Hoff • Minnesota’s Water Industry Economic Profile Graphic Design by Paula Bohte • The Agricultural BMP Handbook for Minnesota The total cost of preparing this report was $76,000 • Water Availability Assessment Report 2 Beyond the Status Quo: 2015 EQB Water Policy Report Minnesota is home to more than 10,000 lakes, 100,000 miles of rivers and streams, and abundant groundwater resources. However, many of these waters are not clean enough. In 2015, we took a major step toward improving our water by enacting a law that protects water quality by requiring buffers on more than 100,000 acres of land adjacent to water.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements
    Acknowledgements First of all, I sincerely thank all the people I met in Lisbon that helped me to finish this Master thesis. Foremost I am deeply grateful to my supervisor --- Prof. Ana Estela Barbosa from LNEC, for her life caring, and academic guidance for me. This paper will be completed under her guidance that helped me in all the time of research and writing of the paper, also. Her profound knowledge, rigorous attitude, high sense of responsibility and patience benefited me a lot in my life. Second of all, I'd like to thank my Chinese promoter professor Xu Wenbin, for his encouragement and concern with me. Without his consent, I could not have this opportunity to study abroad. My sincere thanks also goes to Prof. João Alfredo Santos for his giving me some Portuguese skill, and teacher Miss Susana for her settling me down and providing me a beautiful campus to live and study, and giving me a lot of supports such as helping me to successfully complete my visa prolonging. Many thanks go to my new friends in Lisbon, for patiently answering all of my questions and helping me to solve different kinds of difficulties in the study and life. The list is not ranked and they include: Angola Angolano, Garson Wong, Kai Lee, David Rajnoch, Catarina Paulo, Gonçalo Oliveira, Ondra Dohnálek, Lu Ye, Le Bo, Valentino Ho, Chancy Chen, André Maia, Takuma Sato, Eric Won, Paulo Henrique Zanin, João Pestana and so on. This thesis is dedicated to my parents who have given me the opportunity of studying abroad and support throughout my life.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Nd Annual Report Cluster Topic Water and Water Resources
    2nd Annual Report Cluster Topic Water and Water Resources Submitted by Akanda, A., Amador, J., Boving, T.*, Craver, V., Guilfoos, T., Johnson, K., Lohmann, R., Opaluch, J. * Contact: Tom Boving ([email protected]) May 31, 2014 A. Background Life on Earth depends on water and there is simply no substitute for it. Yet, humanity has degraded or depleted many sources of water and is now confronted with a severe water crisis that already affects large parts of the World. Humanity's response to the water crisis requires that scientists, engineers, economist and policy makers to work together and develop effective and sustainable strategies for managing this essential natural resource. For the foreseeable future, it is of vital importance to strive for an understanding of the compleX connections between the various compartments of the environment that influence the availability and quality of water on local and global scales. In an area that is critical to the Rhode Island and the world, and equally important, to student learning and future employment, the study of water enhances the magnitude and impact of learning and discovery at the University of Rhode Island. Consequently, URI decided to invest into a cluster of three new faculty positions that strategically address the most pressing issues of the 21st century: Safe, Sustainable, and Secure Water. The following provides an overview of the activities that completed the hiring process of three new water cluster faculty members. It also provides a perspective on the activities of the water cluster faculty during the Academic Year 2013/14. B. Summary of Activities The “Water Cluster” is a university wide initiative in which four Colleges (CELS, COE, A&S and GSO) and ten departments (BIO, CHE, CHM, CVE, GEO, LAR, NRS, PSC, PLS, and WRT) and several eXtension and outreach programs proposed to hire three new faculty members.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2012.00131V1 [Cs.LG] 30 Nov 2020 Long-Range Interactions [10]
    HydroNet: Benchmark Tasks for Preserving Intermolecular Interactions and Structural Motifs in Predictive and Generative Models for Molecular Data Sutanay Choudhury Jenna A. Bilbrey Logan Ward [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Sotiris S. Xantheas Ian Foster Joseph P. Heindel [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ben Blaiszik Marcus E. Schwarting [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Intermolecular and long-range interactions are central to phenomena as diverse as gene regulation, topological states of quantum materials, electrolyte transport in batteries, and the universal solvation properties of water. We present a set of challenge problems 1 for preserving intermolecular interactions and structural motifs in machine-learning approaches to chemical problems, through the use of a recently published dataset of 4.95 million water clusters held together by hydrogen bonding interactions and resulting in longer range structural patterns. The dataset provides spatial coordinates as well as two types of graph representations, to accommodate a variety of machine-learning practices. 1 Introduction The application of machine-learning (ML) techniques such as supervised learning and generative models in chemistry is an active research area. ML-driven prediction of chemical properties and generation of molecular structures with tailored properties have emerged as attractive alternatives to expensive computational methods [20, 24, 23, 32, 31, 7, 14, 16, 22]. Though increasingly used, graph representations of molecules often do not explicitly include non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, which poses difficulties when examining systems with intermolecular and/or arXiv:2012.00131v1 [cs.LG] 30 Nov 2020 long-range interactions [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Ionization Dynamics of the Branched Water Cluster: a Long-Lived Non-Proton-Transferred Intermediate
    Title Ionization dynamics of the branched water cluster: A long-lived non-proton-transferred intermediate Author(s) Tachikawa, Hiroto; Takada, Tomoya Computational and theoretical chemistry, 1089, 13-20 Citation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2016.05.008 Issue Date 2016-08-02 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/71126 © 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Rights(URL) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Type article (author version) File Information Tachikawa-CTC(1089).pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Ionization Dynamics of the Branched Water Cluster: A Long-lived Non-Proton-transferred Intermediate Hiroto TACHIKAWA*a and Tomoya TAKADAb aDivision of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan bDepartment of Bio- and Material photonics, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Japan Manuscript submitted to: Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Section of the journal: Article Running title: Reaction rate of proton transfer Correspondence and Proof to: Dr. Hiroto TACHIKAWA* Division of Materials Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-8628, JAPAN [email protected] Fax +81 11706-7897 Contents: Text 15 Pages Figure captions 1 Page Table 1 Figures 7 Graphical Abstract 1 Highlights 1 Ionization Dynamics of the Branched Water Cluster: A Long-lived Non-Proton-transferred Intermediate Authors: Hiroto TACHIKAWA*a and Tomoya TAKADAb aDivision of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan bDepartment of Bio- and Material photonics, Chitose Institute of Science and Technology, Bibi, Chitose 066-8655, Japan Abstract: The proton transfer (PT) reaction after water cluster ionization is known to be a very fast process occurring on the 10-30 fs time scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: Significance, Processes and Implications for Regional Water Resources
    Hydrogeology in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: significance, processes and implications for regional water resources By Michel Baraër Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Copyright © Michel Baraër 2012 1 2 Table of content Table of content ..................................................................................................... 3 Contributions of Authors ................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction / literature review ......................................................................... 13 1.1Global glacier retreat and water resources ................................................... 13 1.2Glacial retreat in Peru .................................................................................. 14 1.3The Rio Santa and water resources .............................................................. 14 1.4Framework ................................................................................................... 16 1.5Objectives .................................................................................................... 17 1.6Approach ...................................................................................................... 17 Context of Chapter 2 within Thesis .................................................................. 19 2. Characterizing contributions of glacier melt and ground
    [Show full text]
  • IOB Evaluation
    IOB Evaluation Tackling major water challenges Policy review of Dutch development aid policy for improved water management, 2006-2016 IOB Evaluation | no. 418 | Tackling major water challenges | IOB Evaluation | no. 418 | Tackling major water challenges | IOB Evaluation | no. 418 | Tackling major water challenges IOB Evaluation Tackling major water challenges Policy review of Dutch development aid policy for improved water management, 2006-2016 December 2017 Tackling major water challenges Preface Improved water management is a priority of the development aid policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. It is a complex field of Dutch foreign policy that must deliver on global commitments in different national and local contexts, and also involves other parts of the Dutch government and water sector. This review gives insights into how the Dutch aid policy was carried out, and how effectively and efficiently it was implemented. In doing so, it distinguishes water management in agriculture, (sub) national water management and transboundary water management. In addition to these thematic areas, the review studies the integration of cross-cutting policy themes: climate change, environment, governance, gender and women’s participation. It also assesses the contribution to the overarching policy objective of poverty reduction. The involvement of the Dutch water sector is also reviewed. The policy review was undertaken by a three-member IOB team led by the IOB coordinating policy evaluator Rita Tesselaar. The other members were Stephen Turner, independent consultant, and Pim de Beer, IOB policy evaluator. Among the information sources for the review were four IOB country case studies conducted by Stephen Turner, together with the other members of the IOB team and a national expert for each of these four studies.
    [Show full text]
  • REQUEST for CEO ENDORSEMENT PROJECT TYPE: Full-Sized Project TYPE of TRUST FUND:GEF Trust Fund
    REQUEST FOR CEO ENDORSEMENT PROJECT TYPE: Full-sized Project TYPE OF TRUST FUND:GEF Trust Fund For more information about GEF, visit TheGEF.org PART I: PROJECT INFORMATION Project Title: Biodiversity Conservation and sustainable land management in the soda saline-alkaline wetlands agro pastoral landscapes in the western area of the Jilin Province (Jilin - BCSLM) Country(ies): China GEF Project ID:1 4632 GEF Agency(ies): FAO (select) (select) GEF Agency Project ID: 611430 Other Executing Partner(s): Department of Water Resources, Submission Date: April 10, Jilin Province (DWR Jilin) 2015 GEF Focal Area (s): Multifocal Area Project Duration(Months) 48 Name of Parent Program (if N/A Project Agency Fee ($): 262,700 applicable): For SFM/REDD+ For SGP For PPP A. FOCAL AREA STRATEGY FRAMEWORK2 Trust Indicative Indicative Focal Fund Grant Co- Area Expected FA Outcomes Expected FA Outputs Amount Financing Objectives ($) ($) BD-2 Outcome 2.1: Increased Output 2.2 National and Sub- GEFTF 1,415,000 6,700,000 sustainable managed national land-use plans (3) that landscapes and seascapes that incorporate biodiversity and integrate biodiversity ecosystem services valuation conservation BD-2 Outcome 2.2: Measures to Output 2.1. Policies and GEFTF 221,000 500,000 conserve and sustainable use regulatory frameworks (1-3) biodiversity incorporated in for production sectors policy and regulatory frameworks LD-1 Outcome 1.2 Improved Output 1.3 Sustainable SL/WM GEFTF 512,000 6,000,000 agriculture management interventions to increase (increased land area
    [Show full text]
  • Revealing Water's Secrets: Deuterium Depleted Water
    Goncharuk et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2013, 7:103 http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/7/1/103 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Revealing water’s secrets: deuterium depleted water Vladyslav V Goncharuk, Alina A Kavitskaya, Iryna Yu Romanyukina and Oleksandr A Loboda* Abstract Background: The anomalous properties of water have been of great interest for generations of scientists. However the impact of small amount of deuterium content which is always present in water has never been explored before. For the first time the fundamental properties of deuterium depleted (light) water at 4°C and 20°C are here presented. Results: The obtained results show the important role of the deuterium in the properties of bulk water. At 4°C the lowest value of the kinematic viscosity (1.46 mm2/s) has been found for 96.5 ppm D/H ratio. The significant deviation in surface tension values has been observed in deuterium depleted water samples at the both temperature regimes. The experimental data provides direct evidence that density, surface tension and viscosity anomalies of water are caused by the presence of variable concentration of deuterium which leads to the formation of water clusters of different size and quantity. Conclusions: The investigated properties of light water reveal the origin of the water anomalies. The new theoretical model of cluster formation with account of isotope effect is proposed. Keywords: Deuterium depleted water, Surface tension, Viscosity, Water clusters Introduction At zero°C the ice structure has all hydrogens in a Foroverthousandyearswaterkeptitssecrets.Atthe “bonded” state. With the gradual increase of temperature first glance water seems to be one of the most simple thenumberofbrokenwaterhydrogenbondsincreases and abundant substances, however in addition to H2Oit too.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Release Characteristics of Phosphorus in a Reservoir in Southwest China
    Article Distribution and Release Characteristics of Phosphorus in a Reservoir in Southwest China Yuanming Wang 1, Kefeng Li 1, Ruifeng Liang 1, Shiqing Han 2 and Yong Li 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (K.L.); [email protected] (R.L.) 2 China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 November 2019; Accepted: 16 January 2019; Published: 23 January 2019 Abstract: Dam construction changes the nutrient transport of a river system. Phosphorus is an important fundamental material in the global biochemical cycle and is always a limiting factor in the primary productivity of reservoirs. Extending the study of phosphorus in reservoirs is necessary given the dam construction in southwest China. Zipingpu Reservoir was chosen as the research site in this study. The form and distribution of phosphorus in the reservoir’s surface sediments and overlying water were analyzed. The results showed that overall, the total phosphorus (TP) content of surface sediments in the Zipingpu Reservoir decreased from the tail to the front of the dam. The TP content ranged from 682.39 to 1609.06 mg/kg, with an average value of 1121.08 mg/kg. The TP content at some sampling points was affected by exogenous input. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) was the main form of phosphorus in surface sediments and had a proportion of 89.38%. Among the forms of IP, the content of Ca-P was larger than that of O-P; Ex-P, Fe-P, and Al-P had the lowest contents.
    [Show full text]