Space Navigation in Russia: History of Development
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GLONASS Spacecraft
INNO V AT IO N The task of designing and developing the GLONASS GLONASS spacecraft fell to the Scientific Production Association of Applied Mechan ics (Nauchno Proizvodstvennoe Ob"edinenie Spacecraft Prikladnoi Mekaniki or NPO PM) , located near Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. This major aero Nicholas L. Johnson space industrial complex was established in 1959 as a division of Sergei Korolev 's Kaman Sciences Corporation Expe1imental Design Bureau (Opytno Kon struktorskoe Byuro or OKB). (Korolev , among other notable achievements , led the Fourteen years after the launch of the effort to develop the Soviet Union's first first test spacecraft, the Russian Global Nav launch vehicle - the A launcher - which igation Satellite System (Global 'naya Navi placed Sputnik 1 into orbit.) The founding gatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema or and current general director and chief GLONASS) program remains viable and designer is Mikhail Fyodorovich Reshetnev, essentially on schedule despite the economic one of only two still-active chief designers and political turmoil surrounding the final from Russia's fledgling 1950s-era space years of the Soviet Union and the emergence program. of the Commonwealth of Independent States A closed facility until the early 1990s, (CIS). By the summer of 1994, a total of 53 NPO PM has been responsible for all major GLONASS spacecraft had been successfully Russian operational communications, navi Despite the significant economic hardships deployed in nearly semisynchronous orbits; gation, and geodetic satellite systems to associated with the breakup of the Soviet Union of the 53 , nearly 12 had been normally oper date. Serial (or assembly-line) production of and the transition to a modern market economy, ational since the establishment of the Phase I some spacecraft, including Tsikada and Russia continues to develop its space programs, constellation in 1990. -
GNSS Performance Monitoring
GNSS PERFORMANCE Monitoring SiS AVAILABILITY PARAMETER DEfiNITION AND EVALUATION M. DE Groot Master THESIS Geoscience & Remote Sensing GNSS Performance Monitoring SiS availability parameter definition and evaluation by M. de Groot to obtain the degree of Master of Science at the Delft University of Technology, to be defended publicly on Wednesday September 27, 2017 Student number: 4089456 Project duration: May 1, 2016 – July 1, 2017 Thesis committee: Prof. dr. ir. R. F.Hanssen, TU Delft Graduation supervisor Dr. ir. H. van der Marel, TU Delft Daily supervisor Ir. A. van den Berg, CGI Daily supervisor Ir. W. J. F. Simons, TU Delft Co-reader An electronic version of this thesis is available at http://repository.tudelft.nl/. Preface This thesis forms the end of my period at the TU Delft. I enjoyed studying the bachelor of civil engineering and the master track of geoscience & remote sensing. The track contained several interesting topics in which GNSS had my attention from the start. Many people make use of GNSS on a daily basis without actually knowing how it works. Position, velocity and timing results are obtained using satellites at 20000 kilometres above the Earth. Good performance is usually taken for granted, but performance monitoring is essential for any system. Using a monitoring tool with substantiated parameters can give the system more trust and can lead to new insights. I would like to thank my daily supervisors, Axel van den Berg and Hans van der Marel, for introducing me to this topic. Both were really helpful with all their knowledge, experience and feedback. I would also like to thank the people of the space department of CGI the Netherlands with their input and for giving me a place to work on the project. -
Orbital Debris: a Chronology
NASA/TP-1999-208856 January 1999 Orbital Debris: A Chronology David S. F. Portree Houston, Texas Joseph P. Loftus, Jr Lwldon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas David S. F. Portree is a freelance writer working in Houston_ Texas Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Preface ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................ ix The Chronology ............................................................................................................. 1 1961 ......................................................................................................................... 4 1962 ......................................................................................................................... 5 963 ......................................................................................................................... 5 964 ......................................................................................................................... 6 965 ......................................................................................................................... 6 966 ........................................................................................................................ -
ABAS), Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Or Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS
Current Status and Future Navigation Requirements for Mexico City New Airport New Mexico City Airport in figures: • 120 million passengers per year; • 1.2 million tons of shipping cargo per year; • 4,430 Ha. (6 times bigger tan the current airport); • 6 runways operating simultaneously; • 1st airport outside Europe with a neutral carbon footprint; • Largest airport in Latin America; • 11.3 billion USD investment (aprox.); • Operational in 2020 (expected). “State-of-the-art navigation systems are as important –or more- than having world class civil engineering and a stunning arquitecture” Air Navigation Systems: A. In-land deployed systems - Are the most common, based on ground stations emitting radiofrequency signals received by on-board equipments to calculate flight position. B. Satellite navigation systems – First stablished by U.S. in 1959 called TRANSIT (by the time Russia developed TSIKADA); in 1967 was open to civil navigation; 1973 GPS was developed by U.S., then GLONASS, then GALILEO. C. Inertial navigation systems – Autonomous navigation systems based on inertial forces, providing constant information on the position of the flight and parameters of speed and direction (e.g. when flying above the ocean and there are no ground segments to provide support). Requirements for performance of Navigation Systems: According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) there are four main requirements: • The accuracy means the level of concordance between the estimated position of an aircraft and its real position. • The availability is the portion of time during which the system complies with the performance requirements under certain conditions. • The integrity is the function of a system that warns the users in an opportune way when the system should not be used. -
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang © 2008 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87724-068-X The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: (617) 576-5000 Fax: (617) 576-5050 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.amacad.org Contents v PREFACE vii ACRONYMS 1 CHAPTER 1 Russia and Military Uses of Space Pavel Podvig 31 CHAPTER 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons Hui Zhang 79 CONTRIBUTORS Preface In recent years, Russia and China have urged the negotiation of an interna - tional treaty to prevent an arms race in outer space. The United States has responded by insisting that existing treaties and rules governing the use of space are sufficient. The standoff has produced a six-year deadlock in Geneva at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, but the parties have not been inactive. Russia and China have much to lose if the United States were to pursue the programs laid out in its planning documents. This makes prob - able the eventual formulation of responses that are adverse to a broad range of U.S. interests in space. The Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007 was prelude to an unfolding drama in which the main act is still subject to revi - sion. -
Radio Navigation Signals
Radio Navigation Signals This series of articles about radio navigation signals appeared in the WUN-newsletters of November and December 1995 and January 1996. © Worldwide Utility News / Ary Boender 1995-1996 Systems covered in the articles: Alpha DECCA LENA Ralog-20 SYLEDIS AN/SSQ-72 Del Norte Trisponder LORAN-A RANA TACAN AN/TRQ-112 DGPS LORAN-C Raydist Timation AN/TRQ-114 Diff Omega LORAN-D RDF TORAN P100 AN/TRQ-32 GEE MARS-75 RS-10 Transit NNSS Argo DM-54 GeoLoc Maxiran RS-WT1 Tsikada Artemis-3 GLONASS Mini Ranger RS-WT1S Tsyklon Autotape GPS NDB RSBN VOR-DME Bathymetric Guardrail Omega Seafix WJ-8958 BRAS-3 HI-FIX/6 Parus / Tsikada-M SECOR Chayka Hydrotrac Pulse/8 Shoran Consol Hyper-Fix Quick-Fix SPRUT Radio Direction Finding (RDF) Radio Direction Finding (RDF) is the most widespread of radio navigation systems. Most pleasure boats, fishing vessels and larger commercial and naval vessels have RDF equipment onboard. Various countries installed radio direction-finder equipment at points ashore. These stations will take radio bearings on ships when requested, passing that info by radio to the ships. I will explain it in detail using Norddeich Radio as an example. Unfortunately the North Sea DF-net no longer exists, but it gives you a good idea how it works. There are still direction-finder stations in Norway, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Panama and Russia. The radio direction-finding control station of the North Sea direction finding network was Norddeich Radio. Bearings were taken on the freqs 410 and 500 kHz and on freqs between 1605 and 3800 kHz. -
EGU2014-9860-2, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(S) 2014
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-9860-2, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Observation and simulation of AGW in Space Vyacheslav Kunitsyn (1), Alexander Kholodov (2), Elena Andreeva (1), Ivan Nesterov (1), Artem Padokhin (1), and Artem Vorontsov (1) (1) M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ([email protected]), (2) Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, 141700, Russia Examples are presented of satellite observations and imaging of AGW and related phenomena in space travel- ling ionospheric disturbances (TID). The structure of AGW perturbations was reconstructed by satellite radio tomography (RT) based on the signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The experiments use different GNSS, both low-orbiting (Russian Tsikada and American Transit) and high-orbiting (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou). The examples of RT imaging of TIDs and AGWs from anthropogenic sources such as ground explosions, rocket launching, heating the ionosphere by high-power radio waves are presented. In the latter case, the corresponding AGWs and TIDs were generated in response to the modulation in the power of the heating wave. The natural AGW-like wave disturbances are frequently observed in the atmosphere and ionosphere in the form of variations in density and electron concentration. These phenomena are caused by the influence of the near-space environment, atmosphere, and surface phenomena including long-period vibrations of the Earth’s surface, earthquakes, explosions, temperature heating, seisches, tsunami waves, etc. Examples of experimental RT reconstructions of wave disturbances associated with the earthquakes and tsunami waves are presented, and RT images of TIDs caused by the variations in the corpuscular ionization are demonstrated. -
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Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications/[Editors], Elliott Kaplan, Christopher Hegarty.—2Nd Ed
Understanding GPS Principles and Applications Second Edition For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. Understanding GPS Principles and Applications Second Edition Elliott D. Kaplan Christopher J. Hegarty Editors a r techhouse. com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Understanding GPS: principles and applications/[editors], Elliott Kaplan, Christopher Hegarty.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-58053-894-0 (alk. paper) 1. Global Positioning System. I. Kaplan, Elliott D. II. Hegarty, C. (Christopher J.) G109.5K36 2006 623.89’3—dc22 2005056270 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Kaplan, Elliott D. Understanding GPS: principles and applications.—2nd ed. 1. Global positioning system I. Title II. Hegarty, Christopher J. 629’.045 ISBN-10: 1-58053-894-0 Cover design by Igor Valdman Tables 9.11 through 9.16 have been reprinted with permission from ETSI. 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, ETSI, CCSA, TTA, and TTC who jointly own the copyright to them. They are subject to further modifications and are therefore provided to you “as is” for informational purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited. © 2006 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. -
Performance Evaluation of Satellite Navigation and Safety Case Development
Bernd Tiemeyer PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION AND SAFETY CASE DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SATELLITE NAVIGATION AND SAFETY CASE DEVELOPMENT eingereicht von Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Tiemeyer Vollständiger Abdruck der an der Fakultät für Bauingenieur- und Vermessungswesen der Universität der Bundeswehr München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften (Dr.-Ing.) eingereichten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Eissfeller 1. Berichterstatter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. W. Hein 2. Berichterstatter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Onken Die Dissertation wurde am 17. Mai 2001 bei der Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, D-85577 Neubiberg, eingereicht. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. Januar 2002 To Katrin, Andrew and my Parents Who will never realise how much they contributed to this work. ” Together with people outside the field of aviation, we find ourselves moving in a vicious cycle, where the machine, which depend on modern man for its invention, has made modern man dependent on its constant improvement for his security - even for his live. “ Charles A. Lindbergh in “The Spirit of St. Louis”, 1953 PREFACE The present thesis was developed during my activities as Project Manager in the area of Satellite Navigation and Safety at the EUROCONTROL Experimental Centre, Brétigny-sur- Orge, France. I would like to express my gratitude to Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Günter W. Hein, Director of the Institute of Geodesy and Navigation of the University of the Federal Armed Forces Munich, who encouraged me to embark on writing this doctorate thesis, gave continuous support and advice during numerous discussions and looked after the administrative procedures which led to the successful completion of my doctorate. -
NAVIGATION from LEO Current Capability and Future Promise by David Lawrence, H
WITH RICHARD B. LANGLEY NAVIGATION FROM LEO Current Capability and Future Promise BY David Lawrence, H. Stewart Cobb, Greg Gutt, Michael O’Connor, Tyler G.R. Reid, Todd Walter and David Whelan ith the advent of smartphones, there are now more than four billion devices GPS that make use of GNSS. These satellite Wnavigation systems provide not just the blue dot representing location on our phones, but also support the critical infrastructure we rely upon. The U.S. Iridium Department of Homeland Security recognizes that all 16 sectors of U.S. critical infrastructure depend on GPS — 13 of which have critical dependence. A recent report by London Economics estimates the cost of a GNSS outage to the U.K. alone would be over 1B per day.With autonomous systems on the rise, our reliance on GNSS will only be increasing. As we become more dependent on this technology, we become vulnerable to its limitations. One major shortcoming !" is signal strength. Designed to work in an open-sky environment, GNSS is severely limited in deep attenuation FIGURE 1 The 66-satellite Iridium constellation in low Earth orbit and 31-satellite environments, with little or no service in dense cities or GPS constellation in medium Earth orbit. indoors. Furthermore, we are susceptible to jamming where a 20-watt GNSS jammer can deny service over a city block. features of these signals are also used to reliably validate The proximity of low Earth orbit (LEO) has the potential GNSS PNT solutions in real time to help mitigate potential to provide much stronger signals than the distant GNSS spoofing. -
Space Security 2010
SPACE SECURITY 2010 spacesecurity.org SPACE 2010SECURITY SPACESECURITY.ORG iii Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data Space Security 2010 ISBN : 978-1-895722-78-9 © 2010 SPACESECURITY.ORG Edited by Cesar Jaramillo Design and layout: Creative Services, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Cover image: Artist rendition of the February 2009 satellite collision between Cosmos 2251 and Iridium 33. Artwork courtesy of Phil Smith. Printed in Canada Printer: Pandora Press, Kitchener, Ontario First published August 2010 Please direct inquires to: Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada Telephone: 519-888-6541, ext. 708 Fax: 519-888-0018 Email: [email protected] iv Governance Group Cesar Jaramillo Managing Editor, Project Ploughshares Phillip Baines Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada Dr. Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University John Siebert Project Ploughshares Dr. Jennifer Simons The Simons Foundation Dr. Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation Advisory Board Hon. Philip E. Coyle III Center for Defense Information Richard DalBello Intelsat General Corporation Theresa Hitchens United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Dr. John Logsdon The George Washington University (Prof. emeritus) Dr. Lucy Stojak HEC Montréal/International Space University v Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction PAGE 11 Acknowledgements PAGE 13 Executive Summary PAGE 29 Chapter 1 – The Space Environment: -
Origins, Evolution, and Future of Satellite Navigation
16 PARKINSON Fig. 6 System con guration of GPS showing the three fundamental segments. (Drawing courtesy of U.S. Air Force.) becomes the Y (or P/Y) code. (There are provisions in the Federal Radio-Navigation Plan for users with critical national needs to gain access to the P code.) a) Selective availability. The military operators of the system have the capability to intentionally degrade the accuracy of the C/A signal by desynchronizing the satellite clock or by incorporating small errors into the broadcast ephemeris. This degradation is called selective availability (S/A). The magnitude of these ranging errors is typically 20 m, and results in rms horizontal position errors of about 50 m (one-sigma). The of cial DOD position is that SPS errors will be limited to 100 m (two-dimensional rms), which is about the 97th percentile. A technique known as differential GPS (DGPS) can overcome this limitation and potentially provide civilian receivers with accuracies suf cient for precision landing of aircraft. b) Data modulation. One additional feature of the ranging sig- nal is a 50-bps modulation, which is used as a communications link. Through this link, each satellite transmits its location and the correction that should be applied to the spaceborne clock, as well as other information. (Although the atomic clocks are extremely sta- ble, they are running in an uncorrected mode. The clock correction is an adjustment that synchronizes all clocks to GPS time.) 3. Satellite Segment a) Satellite orbital con guration. The orbital con guration ap- proved at DSARC in 1973 was a total of 24 satellites, 8 in each Fig.