Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Ecological Restoration Project Plan

JULY 2014

Project team:

Stephen Brailsford (Brailsfords Ltd) Melissa Hutchison (Wildland Consultants Ltd) Brian Patrick (Wildland Consultants Ltd)

Plan prepared for:

Christchurch City Council Capital Programme Group 53 Hereford Street Christchurch 8011

CONTENTS page

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………...3.

Location ………………………………………………………………………………………...4.

Site Selection ………………………………………………………………………………...4.

VISION STATEMENT ………………………………………………………………………...5.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………...5.

ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT ………………………………………………………………………...5.

Climate, Geology and Soils of the Port Hills Ecological District ………………………...5.

Vegetation …………………………………………………………………………………………6.

SITE INSPECTION …………………………………………………………………………7.

SITE DESCRIPTION …………………………………………………………………………7.

CURRENT VEGETATION COVER …………………………………………………………8.

PLANTING ZONES ………………………………………………………………………....8.

NATIVE PLANT COMMUITIES SUITABLE FOR RESTORATION OF THE SITE ………...11.

RESTORATION PLANT LISTS ………………………………………………………………...12. 1. Moist gullies -Kahikatea & mataī forest plant community ………………………………...13. 2. Hill faces -Tōtara and mataī forest plant community ………………………………...14. 3. Broad ridges -Tōtara and mataī forest plant community ………………………………...15.

PLANT GROUPS ………………………………………………………………………………...16.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE RESTORATION ………………………………………...17.

OPPERATIONAL ORDER ………………………………………………………………...21.

CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………………...22.

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………...23.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………...23.

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………………..24 - 33. Appendix 1: Vascular plant species recorded in the Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Restoration Project area. Appendix 2: Vascular plant species recorded in Buckleys Bay Scenic Reserve. Appendix 3: Vascular plant species recorded in Tauhinu-Korokio Scenic Reserve. Appendix 4: Vascular plant species recorded in Urumau Reserve.

INTRODUCTION

This plan details the option and processes involved in a native restoration initiative using indigenous plant species at Lyttelton in Canterbury.

Location

The proposed Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Ecological Restoration Project site is situated on Lyttelton Port Company land to the east of Lyttelton Township (Figure 1). It is bounded at the top by the Sumner Road and at the bottom by the Old Sumner-Lyttelton Road, and covers approximately 3.7 ha (Figure 2).

Figure 2: The proposed boundaries of the Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Ecological Restoration Project (dotted line) between Sumner Road (above) and the Old Sumner–Lyttelton Road (below).

Site selection

The site proposed for restoration was selected for a number of reasons:

 Access – the site has easy access from two roads, making it efficient and cost-effective to prepare plant and maintain.

 Safety – it will be a relatively safe environment to work in once the remediation/scraping of the rocks above the Sumner Road has been carried out.

 Soil stabilisation – establishing woody vegetation on this site will help stabilise the erosion-prone slopes above the Port.

 Visibility – the site is highly visible from various public vantage points, so the public can easily see the positive results of the restoration planting.

 Screening – as it grows, the woody vegetation will help to screen the industrial activities and potential land reclamation works occurring below, from Sumner Road.

 The vegetation at the site is currently dominated by introduced grasses, and natural regeneration of native vegetation is unlikely to occur without active intervention (weed control and planting), as it is difficult for native seedlings to establish in competition with a thick grass sward.

 The site provides the opportunity to restore an important vegetation type (kahikatea-mataī and totara-mataī forest) that would have originally occupied many fertile lowland areas on the Port Hills but is now almost entirely absent from the district.

 Plant growth and survival – the environmental conditions are ideal for growth and survival of native plants, as the site is moderately sloping with relatively deep fertile soils, is reasonably sheltered from wind, and is unlikely to experience severe frosts.

 Ecological connectivity – the site is adjacent to several protected reserves and existing areas of native plantings, and will provide an important link between these areas.

VISION STATEMENT

To restore and enhance the ecological values of an area adjacent to the Lyttelton-Sumner Road, through the implementation of the Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Ecological Restoration Project Plan.

GOALS and OBJECTIVES

 To restore indigenous vegetation cover using appropriate native plant species.

 To retain existing indigenous biodiversity at the site.

 To provide habitats for indigenous fauna/wildlife.

 To control pest plants and animals, and any other threats to indigenous biodiversity.

 To allow natural regeneration of indigenous flora and fauna to take place following planting.

ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT

Climate, Geology and Soils of the Port Hills Ecological District

The project site is located within the Port Hills Ecological District (ED) of the Banks Ecological Region. The ED is bounded by Lyttelton Harbour to the south and east, the Canterbury Plains to the north and west, and the Herbert ED to the south (Wilson 1992). Geologically the rocks of the ED consist of basaltic flows and pyroclastics from Miocene Lyttelton volcanics, with a fringe of deep Pleistocene loess of generally coarse texture (McEwen 1987). The topography of the ED consists of hills, which rise steeply from sea level on the Lyttelton Harbour side, and less steeply from the northern and western margins, with a maximum altitude of 573 m a.s.l. Although most hill tops are rounded, prominent tors, bluffs and rock outcrops are common along the ridges.

Soils on the lower slopes consist of loess with pale-coloured compact subsoils (yellow-grey earths), which are drought-prone in summer (McEwan 1987). On higher slopes with higher rainfall, soils are derived from basalt or loess or mixtures of these; those from basalt have dark brown, blocky-structured, stony clay loam subsoils, while those from loess have yellowish-brown, friable to firm, silty subsoils. Those from mixed loess/basalt have intermediate features. There are also some small areas of recent alluvium at the mouths of some valleys. These include gley recent soils, saline gley recent soils, yellow-brown sand, and organic soils (peaty loams).

The climate is characterised by warm summers and cool winters, with frequent frosts and occasional light snowfalls (McEwan 1987). Rainfall averages 600-700 mm p.a., and is more or less evenly spaced throughout the year, but occasional summer droughts can be harsh enough to cause severe wilting and some mortality of canopy and subcanopy trees in native forests (Wilson 1992). Rainfall increases with increasing altitude and from the north-eastern end of the ED to the south-western end. Prevailing winds are easterly, but strong, dry nor-west winds often exacerbate summer drought conditions.

Vegetation

The original vegetation cover of the Port Hills ED consisted almost entirely of podocarp/hardwood forest, with small pockets of subalpine shrubland and grassland in the most exposed sites (Wilson 1992). The main forest canopy species were lowland tōtara, mataī, kahikatea, māhoe, broadleaf, kaikomako and pigeonwood, with montane forest (thin-bark tōtara, broadleaf, horopito, soft-leaved tree fern) on higher ground. On the highest bluffs were non-forest montane species, including snow tussock and Dracophyllum acerosum. After Polynesian fires and European settlement, logging, burning, and farming, only tiny pockets of old growth forest remain, mainly in the southern end of the ED. The vegetation is now mostly dominated by grasslands, although there are substantial areas of secondary-growth hardwood forest and kānuka forest, and rock outcrops, which provide habitat for a suite of specialist plant species (Davis et al. 2014).

The proposed Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Ecological Restoration Project site is adjacent to several areas containing indigenous vegetation (Figures 3 and 4):

 Tauhinu-Korokio Scenic Reserve, managed by the Department of Conservation (119.9 ha).

 Buckleys Bay Scenic Reserve, managed by the Department of Conservation (9.4 ha).

 Urumau Reserve, managed by the Lyttelton Reserve Management Committee (Christchurch City Council). Although the majority of the reserve is covered in exotic plantation forest, a recent survey found 63 native plant species in the reserve (Jensen and Shanks 2008).

 Native plantings on Lyttelton Port Company land directly below the proposed restoration site. We do not have any information about the composition of the species planted or when the plantings were established, however, they appear to be native species which occur naturally in the area (the plantings were viewed at a distance from the proposed restoration site).

Following planting of the proposed restoration site, these adjacent areas will provide seed sources for a diverse range of native plant species that will naturally colonise the site over time.

Figure 3. Western end of the proposed restoration site, with Figure 4. Eastern end of the proposed restoration site, with Tauhinu-Korokio Scenic Reserve and Buckleys Bay Scenic Tauhinu-Korokio Scenic Reserve above and native plantings Reserves above. below.

SITE INSPECTION

A brief site visit was carried out on 1 May 2014 by the three authors. The majority of the site was traversed on foot, apart from the western and eastern ends of the site. During the visit, all vascular plant species observed at the site were recorded, and soil characteristics were investigated in several places by digging shallow soil holes. A brief visit to the north-eastern edge of Urumau Reserve and the open ridge between Urumau Reserve and Tauhinu-Korokio Scenic Reserve was also made.

SITE DESCRIPTION

The proposed restoration site is a moderately-steep south-facing hill slope that extends from 100-200 metres above sea level. The site has had a recent history of livestock grazing and as a consequence of this the site has developed a dense grass cover, with some areas now being invaded by exotic woody weeds (Figure 5). These weeds are the result of grazing being withdrawn following the 2012 earthquakes, and subsequent rock-fall danger at the site. The site has a low level of native regeneration and a low potential for passive restoration within a moderate timeframe due to the heavy grass cover.

The proposed restoration site would have originally supported a dense and diverse podocarp forest and this would have built up and developed the deep and fertile soils that the site now contains. These Evans- Kiwi soils, as they are known, comprise silt to clay loams which vary in depth across the site. The broad gullies contain the deepest soil, soils of moderate depth occur on the hill faces, while on the broad ridges soils tend to be mainly stony and shallow. These three zones contain different growing environments for plants broadly based around the soil depth, soil moisture holding capacity and wind exposure.

Figure 5. As a consequence of grazing, the site has a dominant introduced grass cover, with some areas now being invaded by exotic woody weeds. 7

CURRENT VEGETATION COVER

The vegetation cover of the restoration site is currently dominated by introduced grasses such as browntop, Yorkshire fog, cocksfoot, and sweet vernal. Scattered woody weeds are present at the site (e.g. Scotch broom, gorse, boneseed, hawthorn and sycamore), with the highest densities occurring along the upper road margin (Figure 5).Other weeds include old man’s beard, common polypody fern, and spur valerian.

Occasional native plants occur at the site, including shrubs such as matagouri, akeake, niniao, broom (Carmichaelia australis), and mikimiki (Coprosma propinqua), as well as vines, ferns, herbs, sedges, mosses, and lichens. Broad ridges with exposed rock outcrops contain the greatest variety of native species. Clumps of native rushes (Juncus edgariae) occur in moist gullies, and a few silver tussocks occur on the hill slopes. Large planted macrocarpa trees at the western end of the site provide shelter for young native trees such as māhoe and ngaio.

In total, 23 native and 28 introduced plant species were recorded in the proposed restoration area (see Appendix 1 for a list of vascular plant species recorded at the site). Three non-vascular species (mosses, liverworts and lichens) were also noted during the site visit (Hypnum cuppressiforme Pseudocyphellaria crocata and Stereocaulon ramulosum).

The only threatened species found at the site was the Banks Peninsula blue tussock (Festuca actae); one plant was seen on a grass-covered boulder in a moist gully (see photo in Appendix 1). This rock outcrop species is endemic to Banks Peninsula and has a conservation threat ranking of At Risk-Naturally Uncommon (de Lange et al. 2013).

PLANTING ZONES

The site contains three broad planting zones (Figure 6):

1. Moist gullies (Figures 7-8) 2. Hill faces (Figures 9-11) 3. Broad ridges (Figure 12)

1. The broad gullies that are typically moist and sheltered contain the most favourable growing conditions and in this zone the kahikatea and mataī forest plant community would have originally grown. This forest would have been dominated by kahikatea and mataī trees, a subcanopy of small trees and large shrubs along with an understorey of shrubs, flax, ferns, sedges, and ground covers. This zone is prone to wetness during the winter months but can be expected to retain good soil moisture levels throughout most of the summer months. For restoration purposes, the wetness defines this zone.

2. The hill faces extend out from the gullies and this zone has a moderate soil depth but is more exposed to the impacts of wind. These soils have good moisture-holding capacity, however during the summer months can be expected to dry out following periods of low rainfall. This zone would have originally supported the tōtara and mataī forest plant community. This forest was dominated by tōtara and mataī trees and contained a diverse subcanopy of small trees and large shrubs along with an understorey of smaller shrubs, ground covers and grasses. For restoration purposes, the absence of wetness and tendency to dryness defines this zone.

3. The broad often rocky ridges, which contain shallow and stony soils in combination with wind exposure, form the third zone. These areas are prone to drought during the summer months following periods of low rainfall. The more drought tolerant species of the tōtara and mataī forest plant community would have once occupied this zone. Tōtara trees in combination with smaller trees would have made up the canopy, along with the more drought-tolerant shrubs and understorey plants. For restoration purposes, the proneness to wind and drought defines this zone.

Figure 7. Moist Gully Planting Zone: a broad gully in the centre Figure 8. Moist Gully Planting Zone: a small gully near the of the site containing native rushes (Juncus edgariae) and a western end of the site containing dense patches of large- crack willow tree at the bottom of the slope. A drainage pipe is leaved pōhuehue and scattered native shrubs such as also visible in the photo. kawakawa.

Figure 9. Hill Faces Planting Zone: woody weeds (e.g. Scotch Figure 10. Hill Faces Planting Zone: occasional native shrubs broom pictured) are common along the upper road margin. such as akeake have established on the hill slopes at the site.

Figure 11. The transition between the Moist Gully (below) and Figure 12. Broad Ridge Planting Zone: ridges with shallower Hill Faces Planting Zones (above). Note the boulder recently soils and exposed rocks contain a variety of native species, deposited as a result of the earthquakes. including matagouri, Coprosma propinqua, ferns, mosses, and lichens.

NATIVE PLANT COMMUNITIES SUITABLE FOR RESTORATION OF THE SITE

The natural forest plant communities that would have once occupied this site were made up of a wide range of different species interacting together to form a forest ecosystem. Plants seeded onto the forest floor, grew where space and conditions favoured them, in turn produced their own seed and eventually made way for replacements to take their place and continue the cycle. This regeneration process was dependent on the protection provided by the mature forest to the young seedlings. In the absence of a protective forest canopy, and the dense cover of pasture grass now at the site, natural regeneration is very unlikely in the short to medium term.

In the original forest a range of hardy, fast growing, colonising species occurred, and we use these plants in the initial stages of a restoration project. Following installation, a short period of maintenance is required to get them through the establishment phase, after which time they can be expected to become self-supporting and will start to moderate the environment, making it more favourable for more sensitive species to establish (Figure 13). Additional plants of the more sensitive species can then be actively planted, however at this site wind and birds will be expected to shift seed in from the numerous local remnants. This will lead to a broader range of plants developing and contributing to the diversity of the restoring forest.

Figure 13: In the initial stages of a restoration project a range of hardy, fast growing species are planted such as Hebe salicifolia (above). After a short period of maintenance they can be expected to become self-supporting.

RESTORATION PLANT LISTS

The plant species proposed for planting have been selected using plant species lists from adjacent reserves (see Appendices 2-4), information on the plants of Banks Peninsula (Wilson 2013), the indigenous ecosystems of the Lyttelton Harbour Basin (Lucas et al. 2005) and the authors’ practical experience.

The project provides an opportunity for restoration of several rare and/or threatened plant species:

Scientific name Common name Life form Status Aristotelia fruticosa mountain wineberry shrub Rare on Banks Peninsula (Wilson 1992) Coprosma virescens mikimiki shrub At Risk-Declining 1 Coprosma wallii shrub At Risk-Declining 1 Dacrycarpus dacrydioides kahikatea tree Uncommon in Ecological District (Wilson 1992) Elaeocarpus hookerianus pokaka tree Uncommon in Ecological District (Wilson 1992) Hebe strictissima Banks Peninsula hebe shrub At Risk-Naturally Uncommon 1 Olearia bullata shrub Rare on Banks Peninsula (Wilson 1992) Olearia fragrantissima fragrant tree daisy tree At Risk-Declining 1 Pseudopanax ferox fierce lancewood tree At Risk-Naturally Uncommon 1 Teucridium parvifolium NZ verbena shrub At Risk-Declining 1 1 Conservation threat status in de Lange et al. 2013.

The following restoration plant lists have been formulated for each of the three planting zones. The percentages indicate the relative proportions of each species that might be used in the initial stages of the sites restoration.

1. Moist gullies - kahikatea and mataī forest plant community. Moist sheltered locations, with heavy soils subject to wetness.

Canopy plants - tall trees Dacrycarpus dacrydioides kahikatea 8% Elaeocarpus hookerianus pōkākā 3% Prumnopitys taxifolia mataī 4% Total canopy plants 15%

Subcanopy plants - small trees and large shrubs Carpodetus serratus Marble leaf, putaputāwētā 4% Coprosma lucida shining karamu 4% Coprosma robusta karamu 4% Cordyline australis tī kōuka, cabbage tree 9% Griselinia littoralis broadleaf 2% narrow-leaved houhere, Hoheria angustifolia lacebark 2% Leptospermum scoparium mānuka 5% Lophomyrtus obcordata NZ myrtle, rōhutu 5% Melicytus ramiflorus māhoe, whiteywood 2% Pittosporum tenuifolium kōhūhū, matipo 3% Plagianthus regius mānatu, ribbonwood 3% Pseudopanax crassifolius lancewood, horoeka 2% Total subcanopy plants 45%

Understorey plants - small shrubs and ground cover Coprosma propinqua mikimiki 8% Coprosma rubra mikimiki 3% Coprosma rotundifolia mikimiki 4% Hebe salicifolia koromiko 1% Myrsine divaricata weeping māpou 3% Austroderia richardii toetoe 5% Phormium tenax harakeke, lowland flax 12% Olearia bullata 2% Pseudowintera colorata horopito, pepper tree 2% Total understorey plants 40%

2. Hill faces -tōtara and mataī forest plant community Moderate soil depth but prone to dryness and exposure to wind.

Canopy plants - tall trees

Podocarpus tōtara tōtara 10% Prumnopitys taxifolia mataī 5% Total canopy plants 15% Subcanopy plants - small trees and large shrubs Aristotelia serrata makomako, wineberry 2% Carpodetus serratus marbleleaf, putaputāwētā 1% Coprosma lucida shining karamu 2% Coprosma robusta karamu 3% Cordyline australis tī kōuka, cabbage tree 4% Dodonaea viscosa akeake 3% Fuchsia excorticata tree fuchsia, kotukutuku 1% Griselinia littoralis broadleaf 2% Hoheria angustifolia narrow-leaved houhere, lacebark 2% Kunzea ericoides kānuka 2% Leptospermum scoparium mānuka 4% Lophomyrtus obcordata NZ myrtle, rōhutu 1% Melicytus ramiflorus māhoe, whiteywood 1% Myoporum laetum ngaio 4% Olearia paniculata akiraho, golden akeake 2% Pittosporum tenuifolium kōhūhū, matipo 2% Pittosporum eugenioides tarata, lemonwood 2% Plagianthus regius manatu, ribbonwood 2% Pseudopanax arboreus whauwhaupaku, five-finger 1% Pseudopanax crassifolius lancewood, horoeka 1% Pseudopanax ferox fierce lancewood 1% Sophora microphylla kōwhai 2% Total subcanopy plants 45%

Understorey plants - small shrubs and ground cover Carmichaelia australis native broom 4% Coprosma crassifolia thick-leaved mikimiki 2% Coprosma propinqua mikimiki 6% Coprosma rubra mikimiki 2% Coprosma virescens mikimiki 2% Corokia cotoneaster korokia 2% Austroderia richardii toetoe 3% Hebe salicifolia koromiko 5% Hebe strictissima koromiko 4% Myrsine divaricata weeping māpou 1% Olearia fragrantissima fragrant tree daisy 1%

Olearia ilicifolia hakeke, mountain holly 1% Phormium tenax harakeke, lowland flax 5% Pseudowintera colorata horopito, peppertree 1% Teucridium parvifolium NZ verbena, teucridium 1% Total understorey plants 40%

3. Broad ridges - tōtara and mataī forest plant community Shallow and stony soils subject to drought and exposure to wind. Canopy plants - tall trees Podocarpus tōtara tōtara 15% Total canopy plants 15% Subcanopy plants - Small trees and large shrubs Carpodetus serratus marbleleaf, putaputāwētā 1% Coprosma lucida karamu 1% Cordyline australis tī kōuka, cabbage tree 7% Dodonaea viscosa akeake 7% Griselinia littoralis broadleaf 2% Hoheria angustifolia narrow-leaved houhere, lacebark 2% Kunzea ericoides kānuka 7% Myoporum laetum ngaio 7% Olearia paniculata akiraho, golden akeake 2% Pittosporum tenuifolium kōhūhū, matipo 2% Plagianthus regius manatū, ribbonwood 2% Sophora microphylla kōwhai 5% Total subcanopy plants 45%

Understorey plants - small shrubs and ground covers. Aristotelia fruticosa mountain wineberry 1% Carmichaelia australis native broom 4% Coprosma propinqua mikimiki 8% Corokia cotoneaster korokia 4% Austroderia richardii toetoe 3% Hebe salicifolia koromiko 5% Hebe strictissima koromiko 4% Olearia ilicifolia hakeke, mountain holly 2% Phormium tenax harakeke, lowland flax 8% Teucridium parvifolium NZ verbena 1% Total understorey plants 40%

PLANT GROUPS

The plant lists are divided into three different plant groups. Canopy trees make up 15% of the plant list. Subcanopy plants (small trees and large shrubs) make up 45%, and understorey plants (small shrubs, ground covers and flax) make up 40%. Each of the plant groups and species that make them up should be distributed across their site to enable the different strata or levels of the forest canopy to develop (Figure 14). Seedlings should be installed at an average spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 metres apart so that each plant effectively occupies 2.25 m2 and forms a stocking rate of 4400 plants per hectare. To achieve this density the 3.7 hectare site will require approximately 16,300 seedlings to be installed. Of these 2,450 will be canopy plants, 7,350 subcanopy plants and 6,500 understorey plants.

Figure 14 & 15: At this restoration site painted pegs have been used to mark the planting positions of the three different plant groups and the species that make them up. This is a way of ensuring the even distribution of species and the development of the three strata or levels of the forest canopy.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE RESTORATION

A huge range of restoration initiatives are being undertaken throughout Canterbury and New Zealand by landowners and community groups each season. The restoration practices employed by each are resulting in quite different outcomes. The outcomes sought by installing native plants at this site are only realised when these plantings attain their natural form and start to achieve their designed function. Dead plants can not contribute to these outcomes so it is important that proven restoration practices that contribute to high survival and good plant performance be employed.

Specific restoration practices have been developed and effectively employed throughout Canterbury over the last few years. They have been proven to achieve high survival rates and rapid seedling development at relatively economic rates. The following recommendations are a guide to assist with further planning and development of the site, though different factors may be encountered that will necessitate changes. However the proposed operational order, in conjunction with the principles of effective restoration, must be broadly followed as a means of achieving the outcomes sought by restoring this site.

Implementation and management plan. It is proposed that once the format for the restoration of the site is adopted an implementation and management plan can be prepared. This will involve a detailed site evaluation so that the extent of the three zones is accurately mapped and quantified. The plant lists can then be finalised and the seedling numbers for each species calculated. The implementation of the project can then be staged based on the annual budget available, seedlings ordered, contractors’ engaged and the required maintenance scheduled. Good planning is the first principle of effective restoration

Site preparation; It is proposed that this hill slope site be spot sprayed to prepare each planting position well in advance of the plant-out. This will give time for the grasses and weeds to break down, which in turn will facilitate effective and efficient planting (Figure 15). The circular spots should be laid out at 1.5 metre centres and have a diameter of 1 metre (Figure 16). This will maintain a 0.5 m perimeter of grass between planting positions and help to stabilise the slopes while the installed seedlings are developing. A mixture of glyphosate and granstar can be used to achieve the desired weed control without residual effects.

Figure 16: Diagram showing spacing of seedlings and spot-sprayed sites.

Seedling Orders; suitable restoration-grade seedlings, which have been grown from seed collected from plants naturally growing in and around the harbour, should be ordered. This will ensure that the specific genetic attributes that have evolved in the area, as a consequence of millions of years of adapting to the local conditions, are used. Due to the extinction/absence of some species in the local environment seed from further afield may need to be used. Quality seedlings with the appropriate genetic base is the second principle of effective restoration

Seedling Establishment; this low altitude coastal site can have a planting period that might extend from the autumn, through the winter and into the spring. As long as the soil moisture levels are adequate and the seedlings are well grown and hardened off they can be installed throughout this period. However, the seedlings going into the broad ridges that are prone to drying out would get a better start if they were installed in the autumn. This would allow them time to put root growth on during the moister months before they are subjected to the summer dry period.

Each plant should be installed with two 10 gram slow release fertiliser tablets and a Combiguard (Figures 15 and 17). The fertiliser will promote early growth and the Combiguard will assist with establishment, protect plants from wind and browsing animals and facilitate the effective and efficient maintenance of the seedlings. The encouragement of good early growth will reduce the period of maintenance and its costs. The use of good installation practices is the third principle of effective restoration.

Figure 17: Seedlings should be planted into a pre-planting sprayed spot and installed with slow release fertiliser and a Combiguard.

Maintenance; the plantings will need to be maintained for at least three years or until they are self- supporting. They should be regularly release-sprayed with a mixture of glyphosate and Granstar to control all regrowth weeds. It is anticipated that the plants will require four to six release sprays each season to remove the competing vegetation within their immediate environment and this will ensure high survival rates and rapid development. Once the seedlings are self-supporting the Combiguard sleeves can be removed and the young forest left to develop. Effective, thorough and timely maintenance is the fourth principle of effective restoration.

The adherence to a good restoration system will result in high rates of seedling survival (greater than 95%) and the rapid development of the plantings to a point where they become self-supporting.

The Selwyn River spoil bank restoration project is a good example of what can be achieved when proven restoration practices are employed (Figures 18-21).

Figure 18: The Selwyn River spoil bank following its plantout in July 2010

Figure 19: Selwyn River spoil bank plantings after 17 months (Dec 2011).

Figure 20: Selwyn River spoil bank plantings after 21 months (April 2012).

Figure 21: Selwyn River spoil bank plantings after 4 years (June 2014). An example of what can be achieved.

OPERATIONAL ORDER

The following operational order is a guide to assist with further planning and development of this site. The establishment of the site could be undertaken over one planting season, however it may be more prudent to spread the planting and corresponding maintenance over a number of seasons. This will allow time for the nursery or nurseries involved to collect the seed and produce the seedlings required. It will also spread the workload of the contractors involved in the site preparation, establishment and maintenance.

1. Compile implementation/management plan and budget. A more detailed assessment of the site is required to accurately define the extent and areas involved in the three zones. The allocated annual budget will have an impact on the rate that the site can be developed. This information can then be compiled into an Implementation/Management Plan for the development and maintenance of the site. Plant orders can be placed based on the plant lists provided and suitably skilled and experienced restoration contractors engaged to carry out the work.

2. Order seedlings with nurseries, seedlings and freight. It is proposed that 16,300 seedlings are required to complete this restoration project. Seedlings grown in T7 to RX 90 sized pots would provide the most appropriate grade of plant for this site.

3. Mark out spot spraying positions. The spot spraying positions need to be marked to define the location that each seedling will be planted. This needs to be done in a systematic way so that the required spacing and stocking is achieved. Existing native plants that need to be retained at the restoration site (i.e. rare, threatened, or notable species) should be clearly marked to ensure that they will not be sprayed or damaged during site preparation and maintenance

4. Pre-plant spot spray planting positions. Each of the marked planting positions needs to be pre-plant sprayed. This is typically carried out by contractors using knapsacks and herbicides.

5. Mark out seedling placement, confirm seedling and resource requirements. The three planting zones have specific restoration plant lists and these contain between 23-33 different species. Of these 15% are canopy plants, 45% subcanopy and 40% understorey; these make up the different strata of the forest. Each of the species needs to be positioned in suitable locations within each zone to form an ecological distribution. Each restoration contractor has their own way of achieving this. A widely used technique is to allocate a paint colour to each type of plant and to mark each planting position with this colour as a means of simplifying the planting process. This also provides the opportunity to finalise the species, seedling numbers and associated resources before the plant-out.

6. Planting resources. It is proposed that each seedling be installed with 20 grams of slow-release fertiliser and a Combiguard. This can be as a single 20 gram tablet or two 10 gram tablets.

7. Layout of seedlings. On the day of planting the seedlings will need to be moved throughout the site and laid out onto each of their planting positions.

8. Install seedlings and fertiliser tablets. The labour force involved in the installation of the seedlings and fertiliser tablets needs to be well managed to ensure that good planting techniques are employed. The planting hole should be well cultivated, the seedling installed at the right depth and well firmed in. Good planting techniques contribute to good seedling survival and performance.

9. Install Combiguards. Following planting the Combiguard components are laid out and then installed around each plant. They will provide a high degree of protection and aid the effective and efficient maintenance of the site.

10. Maintenance. The maintenance of the site will require regular hand removal of weeds that develop within the Combiguard sleeve and release spraying with herbicides to control of all competing vegetation within a 1 metre diameter circle around each plant. The release spraying will involve 4-6 applications per season, mainly spread over the growing season. It is expected that fast-growing species such as toetoe and flax will fill-out the Combiguard sleeves within the first two years, therefore these will need to be strategically removed when required. After three years the plants can be expected to be well-established, and at a point where they are self-supporting. At this stage all of the remaining Combiguard sleeves can be removed and the plants left to their own devices.

CONCLUSIONS

The Ōhinehou–Lyttelton Ecological Restoration Project is an important initiative that will provide many environmental and social benefits for Christchurch and Banks Peninsula. It provides an opportunity to restore a lowland forest plant community that is locally extinct back into an environment that it once occupied. As the plants grow they will stabilise the land and provide a substantial increase in native vegetation that will add considerably to the native remnants of the area. This will provide additional habitat for indigenous fauna/wildlife (invertebrates, lizards and birds) and increase their abundance and diversity, as they take up the opportunities that the restoring environment provides. It is also likely to become an important site which supports the efforts by the Banks Peninsula Conservation Trust to restore tui back onto the Peninsula, as well as supporting other ecological, conservation, restoration and wildlife initiatives.

The project also provides the opportunity to include the local residents and the wider Canterbury community in well-organised and informative volunteer planting days. Working at the site will develop a sense of ownership, and as the plants grow a high level of pride in what their efforts have achieved. They would gain a better understanding of the fragility and importance of our natural heritage and could be expected to be appreciative of the brands associated with funding the project. By association the organisations involved in such a prominent and visual restoration initiative would be able to improve their environmental standing and/or use it as an offset against activities that might damage other ecosystems.

REFERENCES

Davis M, Lettink M and Patrick B 2014. Sumner Road Re-opening Project. Assessment of Environmental Effects – Ecology. Prepared for Christchurch City Council. 62 pp. de Lange PJ, Rolfe JR, Champion PD, Courtney SP, Heenan PB, Barkla JW, Cameron EK, Norton DA and Hitchmough RA 2013. Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington.

Howell C 2008. Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand. DOC Research and Development Series 292. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 42 pp.

Jensen C and Shanks A 2008. A Weed Survey of Urumau. Undertaken for the Lyttelton Reserve Committee. 23 pp.

Kelly GC 1972. Scenic Reserves of Canterbury: Biological Survey of Reserves, Report 2. Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Zealand.

Lucas DJ, Head J, deRidder L, Meurk CD and Lynn I 2005. Indigenous Ecosystems of the Lyttelton Harbour Basin: A Guide to Native Plants, Their Ecology and Planting. Prepared by Lucas Associates for Govenors Bay Landcare Trust and Community Association. 41 pp.

Maw R 2011. Canterbury Regional Pest Management Strategy 2011-2015. Environment Canterbury, Christchurch. R11/23. 148 pp.

McEwen M 1987. Ecological Regions and Districts of New Zealand. Third revised edition in four 1:500 000 maps. Booklet to accompany sheet 3: Descriptions of Districts in central New Zealand, from Eastern Wairarapa to Akaroa; also Chathams. New Zealand Biological Resources Centre Publication No. 5 (in four parts). Part 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 139 pp.

Wilson HD 1992. Banks Ecological Region: Port Hills, Herbert and Akaroa Ecological Districts. Protected Natural Areas Programme Survey Report No 21. Department of Conservation, Christchurch. 342 pp.

Wilson HD 2013. Plant Life on Banks Peninsula. Mānuka Press, Cromwell. 412 pp.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Tom Revell (Geotech, Aurecon) for accompanying us on the field visit and for providing information on site hazards.

APPENDIX 1

Vascular plant species recorded in the Ōhinehou/Lyttelton Restoration Project area.

Surveyor/s: Melissa Hutchison and Brian Patrick (Wildland Consultants Ltd) Survey date: 1 May 2014

Native species

Scientific name Common name Life form Threat status 1 Acaena novae-zelandiae red bidibidi dicot herb Asplenium appendiculatum ground spleenwort fern Asplenium flabellifolium necklace fern fern Carmichaelia australis native broom, common broom shrub Coprosma propinqua mingimingi, mikimiki shrub Crassula sieberiana stonecrop dicot herb Discaria toumatou matagouri, wild irishman tree Dodonaea viscosa akeake tree Festuca actae Banks Peninsula blue grass grass At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Helichrysum lanceolatum niniao shrub Juncus edgariae leafless rush, wi rush Luzula banksiana var. orina woodrush rush Melicytus ramiflorus māhoe, whiteywood tree Muehlenbeckia australis large-leaved pōhuehue vine Muehlenbeckia complexa scrub pōhuehue, wire vine vine Myoporum laetum ngaio tree Oxalis exilis yellow oxalis dicot herb Piper excelsum kawakawa tree Poa cita silver tussock grass Polystichum oculatum shield fern fern Senecio glomeratus groundsel, fireweed dicot herb Solanum laciniatum poroporo shrub

1 Conservation threat status in de Lange et al. 2013.

The Banks Peninsula blue tussock (Festuca actae) is endemic to Banks Peninsula and has a threat ranking of ‘At Risk-Naturally Uncommon’ (de Lange et al. 2013).

Introduced species

Scientific name Common name Life form Pest status (Maw 2011) 2 Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore tree Biodiversity Pest Achillea millefolium yarrow dicot herb Aeonium arboreum dicot herb Agrostis capillaris brown top grass Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal grass Arrhenatherum elatius tall oat grass grass Centranthus ruber spur valerian, red valerian dicot herb * Chamaecytisus palmensis tree lucerne tree * Chrysanthemoides monilifera boneseed shrub Containment Pest Plant Cirsium arvense Californian thistle dicot herb Clematis vitalba old man's beard vine Containment Pest Plant Crataegus monogyna hawthorn tree Restricted Pest Cupressus macrocarpa macrocarpa, Monterey cypress tree Cytisus scoparius scotch broom shrub Containment Pest Plant Dactylis glomerata cocksfoot grass Galium aparine cleavers dicot herb Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog grass Oxalis articulata sourgrass dicot herb Paraserianthes lophantha brush wattle tree * Pinus radiata radiata pine, Monterey pine tree Containment Pest Plant Polypodium vulgare common polypody fern Biodiversity Pest Quercus ilex holm oak, evergreen oak tree Ranunculus repens creeping buttercup dicot herb Salix cinerea grey willow tree * Salix fragilis crack willow tree * Solanum chenopodioides velvety nightshade dicot herb Trifolium repens white clover dicot herb Ulex europaeus gorse shrub Containment Pest Plant

2 Pest status in Canterbury Regional Pest Management Strategy 2011-2015 (Maw 2011). * Recognised conservation weed (Howell 2008).

APPENDIX 2

Vascular plant species recorded in Buckleys Bay Scenic Reserve (DOC)

References: Kelly 1972 and Wilson 1992.

Native species

Scientific name Common name Life form Threat status 1 Acaena anserinifolia bidibidi, piripiri dicot herb Aciphylla subflabellata speargrass, spaniard, kurikuri dicot herb At Risk-Declining Asplenium gracillimum fern Asplenium flabellifolium necklace fern fern Asplenium flaccidum hanging spleenwort, raukatauri fern Asplenium hookerianum Hooker's spleenwort fern Asplenium oblongifolium shining spleenwort, huruhuruwhenua fern Blechnum fluviatile kiwakiwa fern Blechnum penna-marina little hard fern fern Brachyglottis lagopus groundsel dicot herb Calystegia tuguriorum NZ bindweed vine Carex sp. cutty grass sedge Carmichaelia australis native broom, common broom shrub Carpodetus serratus marbleleaf, putaputāwētā tree Chenopodium allanii dicot herb At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Clematis afoliata leafless clematis vine Clematis sp. clematis vine Coprosma crassifolia thick-leaved coprosma, mikimiki tree Coprosma linariifolia yellow-wood tree Coprosma propinqua mingimingi, mikimiki shrub Coprosma rigida stiff coprosma shrub Coprosma robusta karamu tree Coprosma rotundifolia round-leaved coprosma, mikimiki shrub Coprosma rubra shrub Coprosma virescens mikimiki shrub At Risk-Declining Cordyline australis cabbage tree, tī kōuka tree Coriaria arborea tree tutu shrub Corokia cotoneaster korokio shrub Dichelachne crinita plume grass grass Dichondra repens Mercury Bay weed, dichondra dicot herb Discaria toumatou matagouri, wild irishman tree Earina autumnalis easter orchid, raupeka orchid Festuca actae Banks Peninsula blue tussock grass At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Festuca novae-zelandiae fescue tussock, hard tussock grass Fuchsia excorticata tree fuchsia, kotukutuku tree Fuchsia excorticata X perscandens shrubby fuchsia shrub Fuchsia perscandens climbing fuchsia vine Galium propinquum native bedstraw dicot herb Geranium microphyllum geranium dicot herb Griselinia littoralis broadleaf, kapuka tree Haloragis erecta toatoa dicot herb Hebe strictissima Banks Peninsula hebe shrub At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Helichrysum filicaule slender everlasting daisy dicot herb Helichrysum lanceolatum niniao shrub Hierochloe sp. holy grass, karetu grass Hoheria angustifolia narrow-leaved lacebark, houhere tree Hydrocotyle moschata pennywort dicot herb Ileostylus micranthus green mistletoe mistletoe Lagenifera pumila papataniwhaniwha dicot herb

Scientific name Common name Life form Threat status 1 Leptinella minor Banks Peninsula button daisy dicot herb At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Libertia ixioides mikoikoi, native iris monocot herb Linum monogynum NZ linen flax dicot herb Lophomyrtus obcordata rohutu, NZ myrtle shrub Luzula banksiana woodrush rush Melicope simplex poataniwha tree Melicytus alpinus porcupine shrub shrub Melicytus ramiflorus māhoe, whiteywood tree Microsorum pustulatum hounds tongue, kowaowao fern Muehlenbeckia australis large-leaved pōhuehue vine Muehlenbeckia complexa scrub pōhuehue, wire vine vine Myoporum laetum ngaio tree Myosotis lytteltonensis Lyttelton forget-me-not dicot herb Threatened-Nationally Critical Myrsine australis red māpou, red matipo tree Myrsine divaricata weeping matipo, weeping māpou tree Olearia fragrantissima fragrant tree daisy tree At Risk-Declining Olearia paniculata akiraho tree Oxalis exilis yellow oxalis dicot herb Parsonsia capsularis native jasmine, akakaikiore vine Parsonsia heterophylla native jasmine, akakaikiore vine Passiflora tetranda native passionfruit vine Pennantia corymbosa kaikomako, ducks foot tree Phormium tenax flax, harakeke monocot herb Piper excelsum kawakawa tree Pittosporum eugenioides lemonwood, tarata tree Pittosporum tenuifolium kōhūhū, black matipo tree Plagianthus regius lowland ribbonwood, manatū tree Poa cita silver tussock grass Poa colensoi blue tussock grass Polystichum richardii Richard's shield fern fern Polystichum vestitum prickly shield fern, puniu fern Prumnopitys taxifolia mataī, black pine tree Pseudopanax arboreus five-finger, whauwhaupaku tree Pteridium esculentum bracken fern Rubus cissoides bush lawyer, tataramoa vine Rubus squarrosus leafless bush lawyer, tataramoa vine Rytidosperma sp. danthonia grass Scandia geniculata climbing aniseed vine Sophora microphylla kōwhai, small-leaved kōwhai tree Sophora prostrata dwarf kōwhai, prostrate kōwhai shrub Stellaria decipiens chickweed dicot herb Thelymitra sp. sun orchid orchid Urtica ferox ongaonga, tree nettle shrub Wahlenbergia gracilis NZ harebell dicot herb

1 Conservation threat status in de Lange et al. 2013.

Introduced species

Scientific name Common name Life form Pest status (Maw 2011) 2 Conium maculatum hemlock dicot herb Restricted Pest Cytisus scoparius scotch broom shrub Containment Control Pest Euonymus europaeus spindle tree shrub * Rosa rubiginosa sweet briar, briar rose shrub Restricted Pest Sambucus nigra elderberry tree * Ulex europaeus gorse shrub Containment Control Pest

2 Pest status in Canterbury Regional Pest Management Strategy 2011-2015 (Maw 2011). * Recognised conservation weed (Howell 2008).

APPENDIX 3

Vascular plant species recorded in Tauhinu-Korokio Scenic Reserve (DOC)

Reference: Wilson 1992.

Native species

Scientific name Common name Life form Threat status 1 Anaphalioides bellidioides everlasting daisy, hells bells dicot herb Coprosma robusta karamu tree Coprosma wallii bloodwood shrub At Risk-Declining Dracophyllum acerosum turpentine scrub shrub Fuchsia excorticata tree fuchsia, kotukutuku tree Hebe strictissima Banks Peninsula hebe shrub At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Hoheria angustifolia narrow-leaved lacebark, houhere tree Ileostylus micranthus green mistletoe mistletoe Kunzea ericoides kānuka tree Leptinella nana pygmy button daisy dicot herb Threatened-Nationally Critical Melicytus alpinus porcupine shrub shrub Melicytus ramiflorus māhoe, whiteywood tree Myoporum laetum ngaio tree Olearia fragrantissima fragrant tree daisy tree At Risk-Declining Pittosporum tenuifolium kōhūhū, black matipo tree Plagianthus regius lowland ribbonwood, manatū tree Poa cita silver tussock grass Pseudopanax arboreus five-finger, whauwhaupaku tree Pseudopanax crassifolius lancewood, horoeka tree Rytidosperma clavatum danthonia, bristle grass grass Sophora microphylla kōwhai, small-leaved tree Sophora prostrata dwarf kōwhai, prostrate kōwhai shrub

Non-local native species 2 Hoheria x populnea hybrid North Island lacebark tree

1 Conservation threat status in de Lange et al. 2013. 2 Native species growing outside their natural range (i.e. they do not naturally occur in the survey area).

Introduced species

Scientific name Common name Life form Pest status (Maw 2011) 2 Cytisus scoparius scotch broom shrub Containment Control Pest Ulex europaeus gorse shrub Containment Control Pest Clematis vitalba old mans beard vine Containment Control Pest

2 Pest status in Canterbury Regional Pest Management Strategy 2011-2015 (Maw 2011).

APPENDIX 4

Vascular plant species recorded in Urumau Reserve (Christchurch City Council)

Reference: Jensen and Shanks 2008.

Native species

Scientific name Common name Life form Threat status 1 Acaena novae-zelandiae piripiri, bidibidi dicot herb Asplenium appendiculatum spleenwort fern Asplenium flabellifolium necklace fern fern Asplenium flaccidum hanging spleenwort fern Asplenium oblongifolium shining spleenwort fern Blechnum chambersii lance fern fern Carmichaelia australis native broom tree/shrub Celmisia gracilenta pekapeka, cotton grass dicot herb Cheilanthes sieberi rock fern fern Coprosma crassifolia mikimiki tree/shrub Coprosma lucida shining karamu tree/shrub Coprosma propinqua mikimiki tree/shrub Coprosma propinqua x robusta tree/shrub Coprosma repens taupata tree/shrub Coprosma rhamnoides tree/shrub Coprosma robusta karamu tree/shrub Coprosma virescens tree/shrub At Risk-Declining Cordyline australis cabbage tree, tī kōuka monocot herb Cortaderia richardii toetoe grass Crassula sieberiana dicot herb Dichondra repens dichondra dicot herb Discaria toumatou matagouri, tumatakuru tree/shrub Dodonaea viscosa akeake tree/shrub Einadia allanii dicot herb At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Einadia triandra pigweed dicot herb Festuca actae Banks Peninsula blue tussock grass At Risk-Naturally Uncommon Griselinia littoralis broadleaf tree/shrub Haloragis erecta dicot herb Histiopteris incisa mata, water fern fern Hypolepis ambigua pig fern fern Kunzea ericoides kānuka tree/shrub Libertia ixioides mikoikoi monocot herb Linum monogynum rauhia dicot herb Luzula banksiana var. orina coastal woodrush monocot herb Macropiper excelsum kawakawa, pepper tree tree/shrub Melicytus alpinus porcupine shrub tree/shrub Microsorum pustulatum hound's tongue fern Muehlenbeckia australis large-leaved pōhuehue vine Muehlenbeckia complexa scrub pōhuehue vine Myoporum laetum ngaio tree/shrub Myrsine australis red matipo, mapau tree/shrub Olearia paniculata akiraho tree/shrub Oxalis exilis yellow oxalis dicot herb Parsonsia capsularis NZ jasmine vine Phormium tenax harakeke, lowland flax monocot herb Pittosporum eugenioides lemonwood, tarata tree/shrub Pittosporum tenuifolium kōhūhū, black mapau tree/shrub Poa cita silver tussock, wii grass Polystichum richardii agg. common shield fern fern Polystichum vestitum prickly shield fern fern Pseudopanax crassifolius horoeka, lancewood tree/shrub 29

Scientific name Common name Life form Threat status 1 Pteridium esculentum bracken fern Rubus afoliata leafless bush lawyer vine Rubus cissioides bush lawyer vine Senecio glomeratus native fireweed dicot herb Senecio minimus native fireweed dicot herb Senecio quadridentatus weed dicot herb Solanum laciniatum poroporo tree/shrub Tetragonia implexicoma NZ spinach dicot herb Urtica ferox ongaonga, tree nettle tree/shrub Vittadinia australis white fuzzweed dicot herb Wahlenbergia gracilis slender harebell dicot herb Weinmannia racemosa kamahi tree/shrub

Non-local native species 2 Hoheria x populnea hybrid lacebark tree/shrub Melicytus aff. obovatus "coast" NZ violet shrub tree/shrub Pittosporum ralphii karo tree/shrub

1 Conservation threat status in de Lange et al. 2013. 2 Native species growing outside their natural range (i.e. they do not naturally occur in the survey area).

Introduced species

Scientific name Common name Life form Pest status (Maw 2011) 3 Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore tree/shrub Biodiversity Pest Achillea millefolium yarrow dicot herb Agrostis capillaris browntop grass Aira caryophyllea silvery hair grass grass Anagallis arvensis scarlet pimpernel dicot herb Argyranthemum frutescens marguerite dicot herb Arrhenatherum elatius tall oat grass grass Austrostipa nodosa stipa grass Betula pendula silver birch tree/shrub * Bromus diandrus ripgut brome grass Bromus hordeaceus goose grass grass Bromus mollis soft brome grass Bromus willdenowii prairie grass grass Buddleja sp. buddleja tree/shrub Calystegia sylvatica convovulus vine * Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherd's purse dicot herb Cardamine hirsuta bittercress dicot herb Cardamine sp. bittercress dicot herb Carduus pycnocephalus slender winged thistle dicot herb Carpobrotus edulis ice plant dicot herb * Centranthus ruber spur valerian dicot herb * Cerastium fontanum mouse-ear chickweed dicot herb Cerastium glomeratum annual mouse-ear chickweed dicot herb Chaemaecytsus palmensis tree lucerne tree/shrub Cheiranthus cheiri wallflower dicot herb Chrysanthemoides monilifera boneseed tree/shrub Biodiversity Pest Cirsium arvense Californian thistle dicot herb Cirsium vulgare Scotch thistle dicot herb Claytonia perfoliata miners lettuce dicot herb Clematis vitalba old mans beard vine * Conium maculatum hemlock dicot herb Restricted Pest Conyza albida broad-leaved fleabane dicot herb Cotoneaster franchetii cotoneaster tree/shrub * Cotoneaster glaucophyllus cotoneaster tree/shrub * Crataegus monogyna hawthorn tree/shrub Restricted Pest Crepis capillaris hawksbeard dicot herb 30

Scientific name Common name Life form Pest status (Maw 2011) 3 Crepis vesicaria beaked hawksbeard dicot herb Critesion murinum barley grass dicot herb Cupressus macrocarpa macrocarpa tree/shrub * Cynosurus echinatus rough dogstail grass Cytisus scoparius broom tree/shrub Containment Control Pest Dactylis glomerata cocksfoot grass Digitalis purpurea foxglove dicot herb Dryopteris filix-mas male fern fern Echium candicans Pride of Madeira dicot herb Ehrharta erecta veld grass grass * Elymus scaber blue wheat grass grass Eschscholzia californica Californian poppy dicot herb Eucalypteris sp. gum tree/shrub Euonymus europaeus spindle tree tree/shrub * Foenicum vulgare fennel dicot herb Fumaria officinalis fumitory dicot herb Galium aparine cleavers dicot herb Geranium molle geranium dicot herb Hedera helix ivy vine * Hypochoeris radicata catsear dicot herb Ilex aquifolium holly tree/shrub Biodiversity Pest Lepidium africanum peppercress dicot herb Leucanthemum maximum shasta daisy dicot herb Linaria purpurea purple linaria dicot herb Linum catharticum purging flax dicot herb Lolium perenne ryegrass grass Lycium ferocissimum boxthorn tree/shrub Restricted Pest Malva neglecta dwarf mallow dicot herb Malva sylvestris large-flowered mallow dicot herb Marrubium vulgare horehound dicot herb Medicago lupulina black medick dicot herb Papaver rhoeas field poppy dicot herb Petroselinum crispum wild parsley dicot herb Pinus radiata radiata pine tree/shrub * Plantago lanceolata narrow-leaved plantain dicot herb Poa annua annual poa grass Poa pratensis meadow grass grass Polycarpon tetraphyllum allseed dicot herb Polypodium vulgare polypodium fern Biodiversity Pest Prunus sp. plum tree/shrub Ribes sanguineum red-flowering currant tree/shrub Biodiversity Pest Rosa rubiginosa sweet brier tree/shrub Restricted Pest Rubus fruiticosus agg. blackberry vine Restricted Pest Rumex acetosella sheeps sorrel dicot herb Rumex obtusifolius broad-leaved dock dicot herb Rytidosperma sp. danthonia grass Salix cinerea grey willow tree/shrub * Sedum acre stonecrop dicot herb Silene gallica catchfly dicot herb Silybum marianum varigated thistle dicot herb Containment Control Pest Sisymbrium officinale hedge mustard dicot herb Solanum chenopodioides velvety nightshade dicot herb Sonchus oleraceus sow thistle dicot herb Spergularia media sea spurrey dicot herb Taraxacum officinale dandelion dicot herb Tragopogon porrifolius salsify dicot herb Trifolium repens white clover dicot herb Tripleurospermum inodorum scentless mayweed dicot herb Ulex europaeus gorse tree/shrub Containment Control Pest 31

Scientific name Common name Life form Pest status (Maw 2011) 3 Verbascum thapsus woolly mullein dicot herb Vicia hirsuta hairy vetch dicot herb Vicia sativa vetch dicot herb Vulpia bromoides vulpia hair grass grass

3 Pest status in Canterbury Regional Pest Management Strategy 2011-2015 (Maw 2011). * Recognised conservation weed (Howell 2008).