A Flora of Waterton Lakes National Park

Job Kuijt

The University of Lethbridge

I I The University of Alberta Press First published by The University of Alberta Press Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

ISBN 0-88864-065-X (hardcover) 0-88864-076-5 (softcover)

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Kuijt, Job. A Flora of Waterton Lakes National Park

ISBN 0-88864-065-X (bound).-ISBN 0- 88864-076-5 (pbk.) 1. Botany—Alberta—Waterton Lakes National Park. 2. Waterton Lakes National Park(Alta.) I. Title. QK203.A6K84 581.97123'4 C81-091231-7

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Printed by Hignell Printing Limited Winnipeg, Manitoba To T.M.C. (Tommy) Taylor, mentor, collaborator, father-in-law, and friend The most significant earlier plant collection in Waterton Lakes was made by August J. Breitung, cul minating in a remarkably de tailed catalogue of species (see Bibliography). Contents

Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction xv Master Keys 1 Descriptive Flora in Alphabetical Arrangement 23 Glossary 654 Bibliography 659 Index 663 Preface

This book is intended to be useful both to professional biologists and to the interested public, an intent which is expressed in sev eral ways. First of all, the technical terminology which so often lessens the usefulness of floras has been kept to an absolute mini mum. Actually, a very large percentage of the usual technical, de scriptive terms can be painlessly replaced by everyday equiva lents without appreciable loss of accuracy. Why "caespitose" if everyone knows what "tufted" means? Why a "culm" in grasses but a "stem" elsewhere? Why "rhizome" here and "rootstock" there, if glossaries show them to be synonymous? Only in some large and specialized groups such as grasses and sedges do we need to keep a very few technical terms. Secondly, virtually every species de scribed is provided with at least a simple habit drawing. Thirdly, the treatment is consistently alphabetical —initially at the family level and, within each family, at the level of the genus and finally at that of the species. While this arrangement will disturb some professional botanists who have learned to work within a phylo- genetical framework, my attitude is that neither a herbarium nor a flora are appropriate places to express such systems. The sup posed convenience of having related families grouped together is, I think, greatly overrated, and in any case is far outweighed by the advantages of the alphabetical sequence. It is altogether too easy to be overwhelmed by the labors in volved in keying out a species from the beginning. However, expe- XII rience very quickly yields profits in that for many large families the earlier keys can be by-passed (this is not to be recommended until one has a good deal of reliable intuition!). For example, the members of the Sunflower Family have such a distinctive flower- cluster and flower, that no more than a quick check of four or five facts places a plant securely in that family; the same is true for some other large groups. In fact, the practicing botanist seldom uses anything but the penultimate keys. In order to speed up the growth of this type of invaluable intuition, I have, in certain early positions in the keys, incorporated more direct channels to several large assemblages, such as Compositae, Leguminosae, and Cruci- ferae. The illustrations, with the exception of T.C. Brayshaw's ones of Salix as acknowledged under that genus, are my own, and are intended to convey mostly the habit of the plant. In specific in stances (as in the grasses and Carex) one or more features are added if useful. An effort has been made to ensure that as many drawings as possible are based on material from Waterton or vicinity. Some of the illustrations have earlier appeared in my Common Coulee Plants of Southern Alberta. The magnifications are frequently indicated by means of two different kinds of meas ures, a thin and a thick line, the former denoting a mm scale, the latter a cm scale. The actual size can thus be read off from the unit measure closest to it. Acknowledgements

A floristic treatment such as the present one is the outcome of a vast amount of accumulated work only part of which is the author's. It would not have been possible to write this Flora with out the numerous studies which preceded it. More immediately, I owe a debt of gratitude to a number of specialists who, at various tirnes, have been so kind to identify materials and/or who have contributed more directly to the treatment of their species groups: G.W. Argus (Salix), T.M. Barkley (Senecio), R.C. Barneby (Astragalus, Oxytropis), J.H. Beaman (Townsendia), A. Cronquist (Compositae), WG. Dore (Gramineae), J.M. Gillett (Lupinus), N.A. Harriman (Juncus), C.L. Hitchcock (Cruciferae), N.H. Holmgren (Castilleja), R.C. Rollins (Cruciferae), T. M.C. Taylor (Pteridophyta, Carex, Potentilla). Additionally, my thanks go to John Nagy, who helped collect much of the materials utilized for the preparation of the Flora, and to Darwyn Coxson for various assistance in the later stages of the work. The map was prepared by Stan Young, and the half tones are by C.B. Beaty. I am indebted to Ross Munro and Dawn Dickinson for assistance in proof reading. The manuscript was read and useful editorial suggestions were made by Dr. J.H. Soper of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, and by Dr. Roy L. Taylor of the Botanical Gardens at the University of British Columbia. The project was initially funded by Parks Canada and has re- XIV ceived continuing support from the National Science and Engi neering Research Council of Canada. A special vote of thanks goes to the Alberta 75 Committee of the Province of Alberta for financial support in publication, thus making the Flora more accessible to the general public. Introduction

In a province rich in scenic and biological contrasts, the south western corner of Alberta is especially well endowed. Here the prairies penetrate into the lower mountain valleys, and a combi nation of climatic, topographic, and historical factors allow num erous plant species to thrive which otherwise are either not known or are rare elsewhere in Alberta. It is no exaggeration to say that most of the rarest plants of the province are found in this region. It was therefore exceedingly fortunate that the most im portant portion of the area (presently 204 sq. miles) was set aside at an early date (1895) to become Waterton Lakes National Park, complementing the larger Glacier National Park across the inter national boundary in Montana.

Earlier Botanical Studies of Waterton Lakes

The botanical wealth of Waterton Lakes was not adequately ap preciated until the appearance in 1957 of August J. Breitung's Plants of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, primarily based on his own collections made in the Park somewhat earlier. The re sultant list was remarkably detailed, considering the resources available at the time, and complemented P.C. Standby's early Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana (1921). The depth of XVI coverage which we find for southwestern Alberta in E.H. Moss's "Flora of Alberta," published two years after Breitung's list, can to some extent be credited to the tatter's work (see p. vii). In 1969 I initiated the first of two concentrated seasons of col lecting in Waterton Lakes with a view to producing an illustrated manual of all the known higher plants of the Park. The necessary work involved, in spite of valuable assistance received from many specialists, has seen many interruptions, and has had to compete with other research. In 1973 I published a preliminary list of plant records new to Waterton. In the intervening years informa tion has been refined, corrected, and expanded to culminate in the present comprehensive treatment. A work such as this, of course, can never be final. There are almost certainly additional species in the Park which still await discovery; I have tried throughout, however, to indicate by way of extrapolation from surrounding areas what species might still be looked for. We may also expect new or repeated invasions of weedy plants. To cite an example, it was during the course of this work that the spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) became thoroughly established in the Park, and there are several other obvious weeds in the Crowsnest Pass area which seem to be similarly poised for an in vasion, such as Gypsophila paniculata, Silene cucubalus and Ver- bascum thapsus. The above-mentioned studies together emphasize dramati cally the botanical wealth of Waterton Lakes. In 1973 I could write that the species reported for the Park constituted some 55% of the number of species recorded for the entire province. While the forthcoming revision of the Flora of Alberta by J.G. Packer will undoubtedly modify this figure slightly, the final percentage will remain a strong expression of the Park's floral wealth, espe cially when we remember that the province is more than one thousand times as large as the Park.

Geographical Boundaries of this Study

What has become strongly underlined also in the course of this work is the fact that the botanical uniqueness of the area scarcely stops at the Park's northern borders. I would have liked to have XVII included the area up to the Crowsnest Pass. However, that region has been inadequately collected, and detailed statements are in most cases quite impossible. Instead, I have made a special effort to include information where species seem to be limited to south of the Crowsnest Pass. Fortunately, the number of species occur ring in that area but absent from the Park is insignificant.1 To all intents and purposes, therefore, this work applies to all of the Alberta Rocky Mountains south of Crowsnest; its usefulness fur ther north persists but, of course, gradually decreases. That a "botanical watershed" of sorts, running east-west across the Rockies at approximately 50° latitude, is much more than an ar bitrary line was first documented by R.T Ogilvie in 1962, but we do not yet have an explanation for it. When we look instead to the south it seems safe to say that the Flora will apply reasonably closely to that part of Glacier National Park which lies east of the Continental Divide. It has become clear, however, that the above-mentioned east- west "botanical watershed," even when superimposed upon the equally important Continental Divide, leaves out of account a ma jor facet of plant distribution in southern Alberta. I am referring to the rather significant number of species which have no known records in most or all of the southern Alberta Rockies, yet which do occur both to the north and south of us, and in some cases even in the Cypress Hills and/or adjacent British Columbia. The details of these species of course differ, but in all cases the ques tion must be asked as to why a distributional gap exists in our area. There are numerous other patterns of disjunction in Alber ta, but the coincidence of so many gaps in southern Alberta sug gests that there may be a general explanation common to most. Whether such an explanation will be based on glacial history, or the peculiar climatic conditions of the area—it lies within a ma-

1. At least the following additional species are known in or south of the Crowsnest Pass: Aster adscendens Lindl., Cichorium intybus L., Conimitella williamsii (Eaton) Rydb., Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers., Empetrum nigrum L., Erigeron formosissimus Greene, Galium bifolium Wats., Gnaphalium viscosum H.B.K., Gypsophila paniculata L., Juncus biglumis L., Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene, Oxytropis podocarpa Gray, Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene ssp. scouleri Pennell & Keck, Saussurea densa (Hook.) Rydb., and Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Most of these, however, have been recorded only once or twice in the area. XV111 jor storm track—or on some combination of factors is too early to tell, but the phenomenon can scarcely be ignored. The known species for which such gaps occur are listed below.2 Not so easily documented, but of parallel significance, is the great rarity of some plants more common at least to the north and south, such as Empetrum nigrum L., with only a single individual known between Glacier Park and north of the Crowsnest Pass, Tofieldia giutinosa (Michx.) Pers., and Kalmia polifolia Wang. Even Cornus canadensis L. and Linnaea borealis L. are strikingly infrequent in the area. Meanwhile, it might be suggested that many of the "Waterton- limited" species which occur at relatively low elevations, have survived more directly because of the high precipitation totals. Such species have a close ecological affinity to low-elevation vege tation in interior British Columbia. Among the clearest examples are: Adenocaulon bicolor Hook., Adiantum pedatum L., Dryop- teris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar, Fragaria vesca L., Juniperus scopulorum Sarg., Oplopanax horridum (Smith) Miq., Philadelphus lewisii Pursh, Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze, Pinus monticola D. Don, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn, Selaginella wallacei Hieron., and Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Some of these, it will be noted, are xeric in habitat preference.

The Physical Setting of the Park

Before attempting a brief vegetational description of the Park, a

2. Agrimonia striata Michx., Aralia nudicaulis L., Cassiope mertensiana (Bong.) D. Don, Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don, Draba stenoloba Ledeb., Drosera spp., Dryas integrifolia Vahl, Equisetum sylvaticum L., Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb., Heuchera richardsonii R. Br., Luetkia pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze, Lychnis apetala L., Melampyrum lineare Desr., Micro- steris gracilis (Hook.) Greene, Oplopanax horridum (Sm.) Miq., Oxytropis deflexa (Pall.) DC, Oxytropis podocarpa Gray, Papaver kluanensis D. Love, Pedicularis racemosa Dough, Penstemon fruticosus (Pursh) Greene, Phacelia franklinii (R. Br.) Gray, Phyllodoce aleutica (Spreng.) Heller, Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop., Primula incana M.E. Jones, Ribes hudsonianum Richards., Rubus acaulis Michx., Saxifraga oppositifolia L., Senecio lugens Richards., Telesonix jamesii (Torrey) Raf., Thalictrum alpinum L., Thalictrum sparsiflorum Turcz., Vaccinum scoparium Leiberg. XIX few words should be said about its physical setting. The geologi cal underpinnings are extremely complex, consisting of enormous slabs of sedimentary rock which have been tilted, and which have finally surmounted and moved over each other in an approxi mately easterly direction. Nearly the entire mountainous portion of the Park consists of exceedingly ancient deposits of Precam- brian lineage, including limestones, sandstones, and other rocks, frequently of many striking colors. The red shales in various places especially lend Waterton and its vicinity an aspect singu larly different from that of the mountains further north. The low northeasterly area, bearing much typical prairie vegetation, is made up of a thick layer of glacial debris underlain by sandstones and shales of Cretaceous age. This already complex geological substructure has been subjected to profound and extended action by glaciers and rivers. Upper Waterton Lake and the rather straight valley harboring it, for example, were shaped by a mas sive glacier which moved almost due north. The numerous deeply gouged cirques at higher elevation owe their origin to hanging glaciers long since melted. Along the Park's western and southern flanks these cirques contain some of the most beautiful small lakes in the Canadian Rockies, all of which eventually drain into the Waterton River. To the perceptive eye, numerous other features throughout the Park chronicle the geological events of the distant and recent past. XX As any experienced visitor to the Park can attest, it is subject to an extremely varied and frequently unpredictable set of climatic conditions. Superimposed on the well-known general features of the seasonal weather cycle of southern Alberta, Waterton Lakes experiences two incisive influences which shape its vegetational profile. The precipitation totals, first of all, are higher than anywhere else in the province, with a distinct peak in the early half of the growing season. Secondly, the region is extremely windy throughout the year, maximum winds being reached in January. In mountain passes and on ridges in particu lar this results in extreme differences in snow deposition over very short distances for example, with concomitant effects on vegetation which are easily observed. These "chinook" winds blow roughly in a westerly or southwesterly direction, but are some what modified by local topography. It is also of some significance that the January mean minimum temperature is consistently higher than that in Banff. Furthermore, while Waterton experi ences nearly the highest temperatures in Alberta, the actual range of temperatures is rather small. All these factors, and many more, together determine the complexities of the vegetation cover. The visitor should be reminded that all plants within the Park boundaries are protected by law, as are the plants of Glacier National Park. Indeed, this is true for all natural objects, whether alive or not, none of which may be collected or taken from the parks. The increasing pressure of-public use makes such protec tion a compelling need. However, we do not need to pick a flower in order to identify it, as records can be made in the form of notes, sketches, and photographs. Such records in most cases will be quite adequate for correct identification, even though there is no substitute for identification in the field.

The Main Vegetation Types

The complexity of vegetation in the Park makes it exceedingly dif ficult to provide a satisfactory general sketch. The most obvious and dominant pattern is that which roughly horizontally divides Waterton into three major vegetational zones, the forested zone occupying perhaps most of the Park and the treeless zones both XXI above and below it. Even this rough division is inadequate be cause of local variants and mixed types. For example, one of the distinctive features in the northern region is the frequent direct continuity between the treeless areas at high and low elevation, the intervening forest zone being breached. Topography, soil types, slope exposure, and vegetational history provide some of the many modifying features at all levels. The treeless areas at lower elevations are of various sorts. There is, first of all, the aquatic environment provided by shallow bodies of water such as Maskinonge Lake and the various beaver ponds. Here we find Utricularia and Potamogeton spp. as the main submerged forms, and along the swampy fringes species of the genera Scirpus (especially S. validus), Eleocharis, Erio- phorum, and Carex, as well as a number of grasses. On more solid but still marshy ground nearby, we can expect Betula glandulifera and various willows (Salix), Cicuta douglasii, and some stands of Triglochin maritimum. The dry prairies are indeed a strong contrast to this and are represented mainly in the lower Waterton River area. Character istic plants are Stipa spp., Phlox hoodii, Senecio canus, Artemisia frigida, Koeleria cristata, Juniperus horizontalis, and Anemone patens. This meadow vegetation becomes progressively enriched as we move upward into the protective reaches of the lower mountains, such as in the lower Blakiston Creek valley towards Red Rock Canyon. Here the obvious species include Balsamor- hiza sagittata, Phacelia sericea, Besseya wyomingensis, Erio- gonum umbellatum, Galium boreale, Geum triflorum, Heuchera cylindrica, Juniperus communis, Saxifraga occidentalis, Litho- spermum ruderale, Lomatium triternatum, Potentilla gracilis, Zig- adenus elegans, Allium cernuum, Anemone multifida, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium arvense, Erigeron caespitosus, Potentilla fruticosa, Antennaria microphylla, Lupinus spp., and a wealth of grasses belonging to Stipa, Festuca, Danthonia, and others. Fre quently encroaching upon these rich meadows are thickets made up of Amelanchier alnifolia, Prunus virginiana, and species of Rosa and Sympkoricarpos. The wooded areas of the Park fall into half a dozen major types, ignoring some groupings of limited extent such as the willow thickets at various elevations, the nearly pure Betula occidentalis stands at the lower reaches of Crooked Creek, and XXII the fringes of Populus balsamifera along various creeks and rivers. In the following, these forest types will be discussed in a sequence of increasing altitude. A rather clearly delimited type, first of all, is the aspen (Populus tremuloides) of which numerous groves are found at the lowest elevations. Many of these aspen groves show evidence of spreading into surrounding meadows and are themselves being replaced by a coniferous mixture. Typical of the understory are Geranium viscosissimum and G. richardsonii, Clematis Columbi ana, Fragaria virginiana, Lathyrus ochroleucus, Silene menziesii, Thalictrum venulosum, Viola canadensis, and Smilacina stellata. The major coniferous forest type in the Park, as elsewhere in the Rocky Mountains, is the lodgepole pine forest (Pinus contorta). It is a difficult forest type to characterize as it is known to be a transitory stage which will be superseded by one com posed of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir. Lodgepole pine is a "fire tree" in that many of its closed cones survive fires while other forest elements are destroyed. Thus an even-aged "pioneer" forest of lodgepole pine forms, which often corresponds to the reaches of the fire, and which is eventually succeeded by a forest of quite different complexion if a sufficiently long, undisturbed period follows. It is crucial to understand that lodgepole pine is a shade- intolerant tree which is unable, therefore, to compete under an existing canopy, while Engelmann spruce and alpine fir have no such problems. We can expect, therefore, that the earliest stages of such a pine forest tend to be father sterile, and that its last stages include many additional species coinciding with a pro found change in character. The Park offers a complete spectrum of this successional sequence which, when taken together, may be read as a time-lapse photographic sequence covering two cen turies or more. In a typical, more or less mature lodgepole pine forest we find, in addition to a scattering of young individuals of the above-mentioned Engelmann spruce and alpine fir, species like Fragaria virginiana, Shepherdia canadensis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aster conspicuus, Spiraea betulifolia, Antennaria racemosa, Arnica cordifolia, Lonicera utahensis, Pyrola secunda, and others. It appears that in the course of time either or both of the lodgepole pine and the aspen forest may be transformed into the next type, a deeply shaded forest dominated by Engelmann XXI11 spruce and alpine fir. This forest type is often regarded as a "climax" in the sense that it will perpetuate itself indefinitely if no further environmental changes take place. Perhaps the finest example in the Park is seen along the lower Carthew Trail east of Cameron Lake. Common associates in this forest are Menziesia ferruginea, Tiarella unifoliata, Viola orbiculata, Actaea rubra, Pyrola spp., several ferns, and in more open spots Xerophyllum tenax. In the upper regions of this forest—again exemplified by the Carthew Trail—the stature of trees diminishes and the canopy breaks. Here and there we see trees of limber or white bark pine (Pinus flexilis, P. albicaulis). Alpine fir accompanies limber pine to the highest treed passes and ridges, where the trees are depressed and weather-beaten (Krummholz). Among them here we find a sparse plant cover with the small Lomatium sandbergii, Potentilla spp., and a few other species. The only other forest type requiring special mention is the alpine larch forest of which we find unusually fine examples in the Twin Lakes and Lone Lake area. Alpine larch requires consid erable shelter at about 2100-2300 m, and is therefore frequently found on steep slopes facing a northeasterly direction. It is a very open forest. Small trees of alpine fir are common, but whether they actually succeed the larch is questionable as the latter seems to perpetuate itself in a normal fashion. The ground is frequently carpeted with Luzula glabrata, Claytonia lanceolata, Stenanthium occidentale, Erythronium grandiflorum and an occasional Castil- leja rhexifolia. Forming an interfingering pattern with the upper forests are open meadows supporting an exuberant variety of plant life, in cluding some of the most attractive wildflowers in the Park. Fre quently the most obvious is Xerophyllum tenax which in some areas dominates these meadows, here and there forming nearly pure stands. Meadows which are medium damp to dry have Aqui- legia flavescens, Calochortus apiculatus, Phleum commutatum, Alopecurus alpinus, Cirsium hookerianum, Erigeron peregrinus, Silene parryi, Arenaria capillaris, Veronica wormskjoldii, Aster engelmannii and, along some of the runnels frequently traversing such meadows, Mimulus lewisii, Parnassia fimbriata, and Trollius laxus. Where steep, protected slopes at this elevation retain snow banks well into the summer, we find thickets of Alnus viridis XXIV with Heracleum lanatum, Claytonia lanceolata, Veratrum viride, Erythronium grandiflorum, Hydrophyllum capitatum, Lomatium dissectum, Osmorhiza occidentalis, Sambucus racemosa, Senecio triangularis, Smilacina racemosa, and Stenanthium occidentale. The truly alpine, treeless areas may for our purposes be divided into stable rocky meadows and ridges, on the one hand, and unstable, shale scree slopes on the other. In the former areas, we find numerous small, almost exclusively perennial plants, in cluding Androsace lehmanniana, Anemone drummondii, Anten- naria alpina and A. umbrinella, Arenaria capillaris, Astragalus alpinus, Draba spp., Erigeron compositus, Eriogonum androsaceum and E. ovalifolium, Hedysarum sulphurescens, Oxytropis campestris, Potentilla diversifolia, P. ledebouriana, P. nivea, and P. plattensis, Sedum roseum, Poa alpina, Sibbaldia procumbens, Silene acaulis, and Smelowskia calycina. Some of these species persist or are occasional in the unstable scree slopes that are fre quently of red shale. Species that seem to be especially adapted to such conditions because of a slenderly branching crown are Pole- monium viscosum, Crepis nana, Oxyria digyna, Viola nuttallii, Epilobium latifolium, Arenaria obtusiloba, and others including the rare Aquilegia jonesii. Others instead seem to represent islands of stability in the shifting scree, such as Senecio megacephalus and S. triangularis, Phacelia lyallii and P. sericea, Anemone occidentalis, and Potentilla spp. Master Keys Plants with flowers and/or fruits (not cones) which completely enclose the seeds, lacking any III. ANGIOSPERMS spores/spore-cases associated with green leaves. (P-4) Plants lacking flowers or seed-enclosing fruits (but see fruit-like structure in Taxus, and fleshy resinous cone in Juniperus); cones present or absent, in the latter instance spores/spore-cases associated with some green leaves, and leaves often uncoiling. Plants woody, with separate male (pollen) and female (seed) cones, these sometimes (Juniperus) on separate individuals; no spores/spore-cases associated with green leaves; leaves simple, II. GYMNOSPERMS needle- or scale-like. (P-4) Plants not woody, either with cones or without, in the latter instance spores/spore-cases on some green leaves or specialized portions thereof; leaves either simple and needle/scale like, or deeply lobed to complexly divided and I. FERNS AND FERN- uncoiling when young. ALLIES (p. 3)

I. FERNS AND FERN-ALLIES Leaves small and narrow, needle-, quill-, or scale like, not divided. Aquatic, practically stemless plants, the quill like leaves attached to a very short stout stem, cones absent; known only from Summit Lake. Isoetaceae Plants not aquatic, always with obvious stems; cones present but sometimes scarcely distinguishable from other branches. Leaves obviously whorled, the internodes long and slightly ridged lengthwise; underground rootstocks often present. Equisetaceae Leaves not obviously whorled, the internodes very short, stems usually creeping, not underground. Cones cylindrical and distinct, with one type of spore only; some stems creeping, but not mat-forming. Lycopodiaceae Cones somewhat angled, often indistinctly set apart from other branches; each cone with both small and large spores; mat- forming. Selaginellaceae Leaves more than 2 cm long, in part expanded into a divided or at least deeply lobed blade. Spore-cases borne on specialized branch arising from base or stalk of expanded blade. Ophioglossaceae Spore-cases borne on backs of but slightly modified vegetative leaf. Polypodiaceae

II. GYMNOSPERMS Low spreading plants, with leaves whorled in twos or threes; male and female cones on separate plants; female cone becoming waxy- blue, round, berry-like when mature. Cupressaceae Trees to low shrubs, leaves not in twos or threes except for the fascicles of Pinus; both sexes present on the same individual; female structure or cone never at the same time blue and berry like. Dark blue seeds individually and nearly completely surrounded by juicy bright red goblet-shaped structure; low shrubs only known from Bertha Lake trail. Taxaceae Seeds not dark blue, many in a dry seed-cone; mostly trees. Pinaceae

III. ANGIOSPERMS Plants herbaceous, never woody, and never with divided or lobed leaves; leaves often narrow, the main veins more or less parallel to each other; expanded leaves never paired or all whorled along the stem; parts of flowers usually in threes or multiples thereof (included are the floating A. MONOCOTYLE- Duckweeds, Lemna). DONAE (p. 5) Plants herbaceous or woody, often with broad, divided to simple leaves, the main veins mostly divided in fan- or feather-like manner; leaves 1 or more per node; parts of flowers usually in fours B. DICOTYLEDONAE or fives. (P-7)

III. A. MONOCOTYLEDONAE Plants consisting of minute, floating, flat stems, totally lacking leaves or nodes; flowers extremely reduced but rarely formed. Lemnaceae Plants with leaves and nodes, the stems not minute and floating; flowers small or large, normally present on larger plants. Grasses: stems hollow, cylindrical, with conspicuously swollen solid nodes; leaves with basal sheaths in the shape of a split tube enveloping the stem, the sheath usually extended upwards into, a small flap (ligule); flowers inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual, lacking sepals and petals, in few-flowered, bracted spikelets, the lower 2 bracts empty, others with 1 flower each; spikelets mostly in compound clusters; seed 1 per flower, fused with ovary wall into a grain. Gramineae Not the above combination of characters. Sedges: stems mostly solid and frequently 3-sided, the leaves 3-ranked where present; flowers small, bisexual or unisexual, the latter in mixed or separate spikes or plants, each bract with one flower; petals and sepals lacking or replaced by bristles, stamens 3 per flower, the female with one pistil, the 1-seeded ovary (later dry fruit) in many surrounded by a sac-like structure. Cyperaceae Not the above combination of characters. Submerged or floating plants, at most the flower cluster emerging from water. Flowers unisexual, in round heads, the upper one(s) male, the lower ones female; ovary one; leaves ribbon-like, lacking stipules. Sparganiaceae Flowers bisexual, in elongated spikes; ovaries four; leaves with large membranous stipules, ribbon-like or with distinct petiole Potamo- and broad blade. getonaceae Plants not submerged or floating; if in water, leaves emerging from it. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical (often with distinct lower lip), the ovary below the flower and generally somewhat twisted; male and female floral parts fused into a compound structure; seeds very numerous, dust-like. Orchidaceae Flowers radially symmetrical, the ovary below or above other floral parts, never twisted; stamens separate from pistils; seeds 1 or more, not dust-like. Flowers unisexual. Flowers in dense, separate male and female clusters, the former above the latter; ovary one. Flower clusters round, at least the female often several per stalk. Sparganiaceae Flower clusters elongated, the female cigar-like in fruit, one of each kind per stalk. Typhaceae Flowers not in separate male and female clusters, the clusters open; ovaries several to many. Alismataceae Flowers bisexual. Ovary below flower; flower bluish with yellow heart; stamens 3; stem flat, sharp- edged. Iridaceae Not the above combination of characters; flowers not blue except in Camassia. Flowering stalk unbranched, many- flowered, and totally leafless, the short- stalked flowers without even small bracts; each leaf with one grass-like "ligule" at top of sheath. Juncaginaceae Flowering stalk simple or branched, if the latter always with leaves and/or small bracts near flowers; leaf at best with pair of small "ears" at top of sheath. Leaves reduced or grass-like; flowers brownish; fruit a dry pod; swamp plants or not. Juncaceae Leaves grass-like or broad; flowers colorful or not; fruit a berry or dry pod; except for Tofieldia never swamp plants. Liliaceae

III. B. DICOTYLEDONAE Flowers crowded in dense, small or large heads surrounded by a number of often greenish to white bract-like structures, each individual flower stalkless, the marginal ones only, or all, or none flat and petal-like; ovary below individual flowers; petals 5 (very rarely 4), fused partly or mostly to form a tube; style 2-forked at tip. Sunflowers, dandelions, thistles, asters, flea-banes, etc.; see illustrations in introduction to family. Compositae Not the above combination of characters. Flowers like those of (sweet) peas made up of separate keel, wings, and standard (see illustrations in family); stamens 10, most of the filaments fused below; fruit basically a pea-pod, but sometimes 1- or few-seeded, or breaking into 1-seeded segments, or covered with hooked prickles. Vetch- and pea-like plants, lupines, etc. Leguminosae Not the above combination of characters. Sepals and petals 4 each (very rarely petals absent); stamens 6; ovary simple, inserted beyond other elements; fruit a pod, rarely inflated, mostly separating into 2 halves, the seeds attached to a membranous partition. Wallflowers, cress, mustard-like plants. Cruciferae Not the above combination of characters. Branched parasitic plants sprouting from branches or trunks of lodgepole pine (rarely spruce). Viscaceae Not branched parasitic plants, and not found on pines or other trees. Rather succulent plants with unbranched stems and scale-like leaves, completely lacking in green coloration; seeds very numerous, dust-like. Flowers on long erect stalks, bilaterally symmetrical, standing sideways; stamens 4. Orobanchaceae Flowers single or short-stalked, radially symmetrical, pendulous, stamens 10. Ericaceae Plants always with green coloration but otherwise variable. Plants with submerged leaves which are strap-like and whorled, and/or divided into hair-like segments. Leaves 1 per node, sometimes bearing numerous small bladders; flowers above the water, 1 or several per stalk, white or bright yellow. Petals distinct; stamens numerous; flowers radially symmetrical, not Ranunculaceae: spurred; leaves without bladders. Ranunculus Petals fused into snapdragon-like shape but spurred, bilaterally symmetrical; stamens 2; leaf-segments with bladders. Lentibulariaceae Leaves whorled, without bladders; flowers above or below the water, numerous, inconspicuous. Haloragidaceae Plants terrestrial or, if leaves submerged, leaves neither divided nor whorled. All larger leaves in whorls of more than 3 along the stem. Small evergreen plant, the pink flowers Ericaceae: with 5 petals and 10 stamens. Chimaphila Herbaceous plant, flowers not pink; petals and stamens 4. Rubiaceae Larger leaves 1 or 2 per node, though upper ones rarely somewhat crowded. Main leaves along the stem paired. Small aquatic plants, or prostrate on muddy shores. Callitrichaceae Not small aquatic plants or prostrate on wet ground. Plants climbing by means of winding stems and/or stalks of leaflets. Stems woody; flowers showy; leaves without stipules. Leaves simple, the uppermost fused around stem; flowers tubular, yellowish-purple, Caprifoliaceae: stamens 5. Lonicera dioica Leaves distinct, divided into stalked leaflets; petals distinct, creamy white or bluish; stamens Ranunculaceae: numerous. Clematis Stems herbaceous; flowers small and greenish; leaves with large forked stipules. Known from Red Rock Canyon only. Moraceae Plants not climbing. Ascending or creeping annual weeds with deeply cleft paired leaves below and simple bract-like leaves one per node above, the bracts with 1 lavender flower each. Verbenaceae Plants otherwise. Most if not all stem leaves divided into distinct leaflets spread along midrib. Woody plants; stamens 5; fruit a Caprifoliaceae: several-seeded berry. Sambucus Perennials from a creeping rootstock; stamens 3; fruit dry, 1-seeded, topped by feathery webbing. Valerianaceae Most or all stem leaves simple though sometimes lobed. •• Main leaves about half as broad as long or broader, the large veins radiating from a common 10 point at base of tooth-margined blade. Plants woody, hairless. Much-branched; stamens about 10; fruit double, dry, winged; maple. Aceraceae Sparsely branched; stamens Caprifoliaceae: 5; fruit a red berry. Viburnum Perennials, annuals or biennials, hairy. Flowers showy; leaf-blades round in outlne, deeply cleft, the large ones often clustered at base. Geraniaceae Flowers inconspicuous; leaf- blades more or less lance- shaped, not cleft, only along stem; stinging nettle. Urticaceae Main leaves at least twice as long as broad, the large veins (if any) spread along midrib. Milky plants; fruit a long slender double pod with numerous fluffy seeds. Apocynaceae Plants not milky; fruit not a long, slender double pod, seeds only rarely fluffy (in willows and poplars). Evergreen shrubs; sepals, petals, and stamens free, 4 each, in alternating positions. Celastraceae Usually not shrubby and/or evergreen; sepals, petals, and stamens not 4 in each case, often not free. • Ovary below other floral organs. Branched shrub; stamens Saxifragaceae: numerous. Philadelphus Herbs or shrubs; stamens 4 or less. 11 Stems and lower leaf surfaces densely covered with silver or brown, star- Elaeagnaceae: shaped hairs. Shepherdia Plants without star-shaped hairs. Petals 5, fused at least halfway. Caprifoliaceae Petals 2 or 4, distinct. Flowers in branched or head-like cluster, in the latter case with 4 white leaf-like bracts; fruit a red or bluish-white berry. Cornaceae Flowers solitary or in elongated clusters; fruit dry. Onagraceae Ovary above other floral organs. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical and/or with 2 stamens; petals mostly showy and fused; sepals 4 or 5. Plants often aromatic and with 4-sided stems; ovary deeply furrowed into 4 1-seeded portions, the style attached to their bases. Labiatae Plants not especially aromatic, stem not obviously angled; ovary not furrowed, and the style attached to its tip; capsule several- to many-seeded. Scrophulariaceae Flowers radially symmetrical, with 1 or more than 3 stamens; petals and sepals various. Stamens more than twice the petals; leaf margins minutely black-dotted. Hypericaceae 12 Stamens no more than twice the petals; leaf margins not black-dotted. Small, sparsely branched shrub with evergreen leaves and reddish Ericaceae: flowers; stamens 10. Kalmia Herbaceous annuals or perennials, petals variably colored; stamens 1-8. Petals golden yellow; stamens alternating with sterile, filament-like Primulaceae: spurs; style 1. Lysimachia Petals not golden yellow; no filament-like spurs alternating with stamens; styles mostly more than one. Leaves and sepals hairy; leaves strap-like, the smaller ones 1 per node; fruit of 1-4 small, Boraginaceae: 1-seeded nutlets. Plagiobothrys Not this combination of characters. Petals fused into tube except for their tips, usually bluish; stamens inserted on inside of tube. Gentianaceae Petals not forming a tube with inserted stamens, not blue. Individual flowers without stalk or nearly so, either single and axillary or in rounded very dense axillary and/or terminal clusters. Chenopodiaceae 13 Individual flowers mostly stalked, not in dense axillary or ter minal clusters. Leaves and bracts consistently paired even in flower area; stamens not of the same number as the petals or, if so, alter nate with them. Caryophyllaceae Bracts subtending in dividual flowers single (though leaves often paired below) or paired; stamens of the same number as petals and in the same position. Portulacaceae • Main leaves 1 per node along the stem, or all leaves in a basal cluster. • Flowers clearly bilaterally symmetrical and showy. Leaf margin smooth or very shallowly scalloped. Leaves with distinct petioles and stipules. Violaceae Leaves without petioles or stipules. Plants stemless, flowers purple, individually on leafless stalks; leaf Lentibulariaceae: sticky above, pale green. Pinguicula Plants with upright leafy stems, sometimes bluish-green; flowers yellow, in elongating clusters; Scrophulariaceae: leaves not sticky. Linaria At least some leaves with sharply toothed or cleft tips or margins, sometimes deeply divided. Flower blue-purple including sepals, the upper one of which has a prominent spur; stamens more than Ranunculaceae: 6. Delphinium 14 Flowers not both blue-purple and spurred; sepals greenish or yellowish; stamens 6 or fewer. Stamens 6, free; upper petal prolonged backwards into sac-like spur; petals distinct. Fumariaceae Stamens 4, attached to inside of petal tube; spur absent. Scrophulariaceae • Flowers more or less radially symmetrical and/or inconspicuous at least as to petals and/or sepals. Leaves with (sometimes deciduous) stipules (exception: Spiraea); sepals 5 or apparently 10; petals 5 (rarely 6 or 8), distinct; stamens more than 10 (5 in Sibbaldia); pistils or stigmatic lobes mostly 3 or more; fruits variously fleshy or dry. Roses, cherries, strawberries, cinquefoil, etc. Rosaceae Not the above combination of characters. 4 Plants with at least some overwintering woody growth above ground. Coarse large-leaved plants with spines along stem and lower leaf surface. Araliaceae Plants neither coarse nor large- leaved, lacking spines on stems and lower leaf surface. Leaf and stem surfaces completely sealed by interlocking, shield-like hairs, silver and Elaeagnaceae: brown, respectively. Elaeagnus No such interlocking shield-like hairs on either leaves or stems. Flowers and fruits minute, very inconspicuous, and crowded together in dense catkins; flowers unisexual. Each plant with both male and 15 female catkins, these not enclosed in buds; fruit very small, 1-seeded, wing-margined. Birches and alders. Betulaceae Male and female catkins on separate individuals, catkins enclosed in winter buds; fruit a capsule splitting open to set free numerous fluffy seeds. Willows and poplars. Salicaceae Flowers neither minute nor crowded into catkins (though sometimes greenish), bisexual or at least with sterile organs of the opposite sex present. Leaves simple, or at least not divided into separate leaflets. Leaves marginally cleft; stems sometimes with Saxifragaceae: prickles. Ribes Leaves not cleft, margin smooth or finely toothed; stem without prickles. Stamens 5 (in some flowers aborted); petals free or absent; leaves with small stipules. Rhamnaceae Stamens 10; petals fused at least basally; leaves without stipules. Ericaceae Leaves divided into leaflets. Leaflets 3-7, leathery, spine- margined; stamens 6, surrounded by 5 alternating whorls each of 3 elements considered to be petals and sepals; fruit a blue berry. Berberidaceae Leaflets 3, neither leathery nor spine-margined; sepals, petals, and stamens 5 each; fruit a dry pale yellow-green "berry"; poison ivy. Anacardiaceae 16 f Strictly herbaceous plants, if perennials the stems dying back to the ground. Aquatics with coarse sheathing petioles and three leaflets; petal surface with thick white hairs. Menyanthaceae Not aquatic; 3-parted, sheathing leaves mostly absent, petal surface without thick hairs. Stamens more than twice the number of petals (more than 10), or petals absent. Flowers in a long dense spike; Scrophulariaceae: petals none, stamens purplish. Besseya Flowers not in dense long spike; petals present, stamens not purple. Filaments of stamens fused into a hollow cone below that covers the ovary. Malvaceae Filaments free. Flowers solitary, each stalk without any leaf-like organs; pistil massive, single, the seed capsule hairy. Papaveraceae Flowers solitary or not, but flowering stalks always with leafy organs; pistil 1-numerous and separate, fruit never a hairy or single capsule. Ranunculaceae Stamens no more than twice the number of petals (i.e., 10 or fewer). X Leaves (at least along the stem, when present) cleft at least halfway to midrib, or quite divided. Petals and stamens distinct (petals lacking in some). 17 Petals bright purple; sepals fused into hairy, 5-toothed Leguminosae: structure. Petalostemon Petals not bright purple- sepals not fused into hairy 5-toothed structure. Stamens 5 or 10; ovary (ovaries) placed beyond petals or somewhat below, several- to many-seeded; flowers solitary or in cluster types other than that described below. Saxifragaceae Stamens 5; ovary placed below petals, becoming a 2-parted fruit, each part con taining 1 seed; all flower stalks of a unit cluster at tached at a single point. Umbelliferae Petals fused in tube or funnel below on which stamens are in serted. Style single, 3-cleft; ovary 3-chambered. Polemoniaceae Styles 2 (or single and no more than 2-cleft); ovary 2-chambered. Hydrophyllaceae X Leaves simple, or toothed, lobed, or cleft less than halfway to midrib. Stamens 8, petals 4, ovary placed below petals. Onagraceae Not 8 stamens as well as 4 petals and ovary placed below petals. Anthers rather large, with 2 terminal pores or tubes; leaves evergreen; plants either small and creeping or with single, erect flowering stalk. Ericaceae 18 Not this combination of characters. Sepals lacking; stamens short, backed by tuft of hair on the petal; plants from long underground rootstocks. Santalaceae Sepals present; stamens not backed by tuft of hair; rootstocks lacking. T At least base of the (mostly colorful) petals fused into tube- or bell-shaped organ, or petals large and strongly reflexed. Ovary below the petals, these fused into large bell-shaped structure; fruit nodding, liberating the numerous seeds through pores. Campanulaceae Ovary inserted beyond petals; fruit of 4 nutlets or opening by means of longitudinal or circular slit(s). Densely hairy plant, usually unbranched, to 2 m high; flowers about 2 cm wide, bright yellow, 3 of the 5 stamens with Scrophulariaceae: hairy filaments. Verbascum Not this combination of characters. Stamens alternating with petals; fruit of up to 4 nutlets, smooth or with barbed spines; flowering stalks leafy, flowers spread along tops of stalks. Boraginaceae Stamens in the same position as petals; fruit 19 a pod, splitting length wise or transversely; erect flowering stalks essentially leafless, either 1-flowered or with individual flower stalks attached to one point. Primulaceae • Petals not forming such a tube- or bell-shaped organ, and petals not strongly reflexed though sometimes basally fused. Flowers bright blue, at least 2 cm across; styles 5, longer than stamens. Linaceae Flowers not bright blue, smaller than 2 cm; styles often fewer than 5 and shorter than stamens. Smallest flower clusters dense spherical heads of short-stalked flowers, these clusters on stalks which are attached to the same point at top of main stem, where sub tended by whorl of at least 3 bracts. Main flowering stalk(s) leafy below; styles 2; ovary placed below Umbelliferae: petals. Bupleurum Main flower stalk(s) leafless below; styles 3; ovary placed beyond Polygonaceae: petals. Eriogonum Flower clusters not so constructed. Flowers in dense spikes, the stem below leafless; style 1. Plantaginaceae 20 Not so; styles 2 or more. Base of leaf or petiole with membranous sti pule-like flaps or sheaths around stem, the latter often with pronounced, swollen nodes. Polygonaceae Stipular organs ab sent (but see Suks- dorfia); stem lacking conspicuously swol len nodes. Flowers with 4 or 5 separate ovaries each. Crassulaceae Ovaries united though sometimes cleft at top. Flowers unisexual, both sexes repre sented on the same plant; weedy an nual. Amaranthaceae Flowers bisexual; annual or peren nial. Flowers minute, greenish (rarely red), in dense round or some what elongated clusters (rarely single), in axils of leaves or leafy bracts, or also at branch tips, the stems below al ways with numer ous leaves. Chenopodiaceae 21 Petals often showy; if in dense clusters, these never axillary or on stems with more than 2 leaves. Stamens not of the same num ber as the petals or, if of the same number, alternate with them; leaves various but never paired below flowers; sepals 4-5; styles and stig mas usually 2. Saxifragaceae Stamens of the same number as the petals and in the same position; leaves simple, entire, those below a flower cluster mostly paired; sepals 2 but of ten falling early; styles and stig mas 2-8. Portulacaceae Descriptive Flora in Alphabetical Arrangement 25 Aceraceae (Maple Family) Acer A. glabrum Torrey (Rocky Mountain Maple; Douglas Maple) Fig. 1-1 Red-stemmed, hairless shrub, in our area rarely more than a few meters tall. Leaves paired, up to 15 cm long about half of which is the slender petiole; blade of "typical" maple leaf shape with 5 main lobes, sometimes 3, and rarely very deeply 3-lobed or even divided into 3 leaflets; margin coarsely, irregularly, and sharply toothed. Flowers at tip of short leafy eventually forking lateral branches, in few-flowered open clusters, male, female, or bisexual, about 8 mm broad; sepals about 5; petals of equal number, slightly smaller than sepals, or lacking; stamens 1 for each petal and sepal, below the margin of a lobed central disk on the center of which is a flat, 2-lobed ovary with 2 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a pair of fused 1-seeded nuts each with large flat, veined, often purple-tinged wing, and about 3 cm long, commonly at 45° or somewhat more with its neighbor. The Mountain Maple grows in rocky areas at lower and middle eleva tions throughout the Park, but nowhere here does it reach the tree-like size of elsewhere in its range. It is the only maple in our Rocky Moun tains. It flowers in June, when the elongated red bud-scales are very striking.

Alismataceae (Water-plantain Family) Aquatic or marsh perennials, with tufted leaves and fibrous roots; flowering stalks leafless except for some flower bracts, rigidly erect, the flowers arranged in whorls on the main and/or lateral branches. Sepals 3, green, persistent; petals 3, slightly larger, whitish, deciduous; stamens 6 or many; ovaries numerous and compressed, in globose head or in one whorl; flowers bisexual, or unisexual with both sexes on the same stalk. Fruits small, dry, compressed, 1-seeded.

KEY TO GENERA Mature leaf-blades lance-shaped or nearly grass like; stamens usually 6; flowers bisexual; pistils and fruits in ring-like arrangement. Alisma Mature leaf-blades arrow-shaped; stamens numerous; flowers mostly unisexual, the male above the female; pistils and fruits crowded (not ring-like) on a head. Sagittaria 1-1 Acer glabrum, 1-2 Alisma gramineum, 1-3 Alisma plantago-aquatica, 1-4 Sagittaria cuneata, 1-5 Amaranthus graecizans. 27 Alisma (Water Plantain) Long-petioled clustered leaves from a stout fibrous-rooted crown, leaves grass-like or with lance-shaped blades with several strong veins converging at both ends. Flowering stalks 1 to several, erect and mostly branched in whorled fashion. Flowers bisexual; sepals and petals 3 each, about equal in size, tinged with red or purple; stamens 2 (rarely 3) whorls of 3 each; pistils 10-25 in a single whorl, compressed, style very short, beak-like; fruits in ring-like clusters, flat, with curved back bearing faint grooves or ridges.

KEY TO SPECIES Mature leaf-blades broadly lance-shaped; flower ing stalk exceeding the leaves, the side branches gently curved upwards; stamens twice as long as A. plantago- ovaries. aquatica Mature leaf-blades grass-like or very narrowly lance-shaped; flowering stalk shorter than leaves, the side branches divided, often somewhat drooping; stamens no longer than ovaries. A. gramineum

A. gramineum Gmel. (Narrow-leaved Water Plantain) Fig. 1-2 Flowering stalks mostly less than 30 cm tall, the nearly ribbon-like leaves extending beyond, often with very narrowly lance-shaped blades several cm long. Flowers stalked often directly from the main axis, these stalks often down-curved somewhat; sepals and petals about 2.5 mm long or petals slightly longer. Fruits usually 10-20, about 2 mm broad, when mature with 2 shallow grooves and/or 1 median ridge on the curved back. Observed once near the east boundary, in a shallow pool; flowering about June and July. Plants of this species may flower in dried-up ponds even when no larger than 3-4 cm. The leaves of larger plants often float on the water's surface.

A. plantago-aquatica L. (Broad-leaved Water Plantain) Fig. 1-3 Stout plants, the leaves often several dm long, with broad basal sheath; blade up to 15 X 7 cm, broadly lance-shaped with squared base, the several prominent veins converging at both ends and connected with ladder-like cross-veins. Flowering stalks up to 1 m tall or more, much branched below, the individual flower stalks curved upward slightly. Petals white, often with purple tips. Fruits 10-20, about 2.5 mm long, 28 when mature usually (but not always) with shallow groove on the back. An occasional swamp plant, sometimes standing in shallow water, at low elevations; flowering about July. The plant is extremely variable in leaf size.

Sagittaria S. cuneata Sheld. (Arrowhead) Fig. 1-4 Plants with several long-petioled leaves, the immature or deeply sub merged ones grass-like or with very small blade, the mature and emergent ones having the blade arrow-shaped, the entire blade up to 12 X 6 cm but extremely variable; plants spreading by rootstocks, with small tubers. Flower stalks mostly as long as the leaves or longer, unbranched, the flowers stalked, in whorls of 3, the female below, the male above. Sepals 3, small, persistent; petals 3, white, stout-stalked, round, up to 12 mm long; stamens 15-25; carpels crowded in a round cluster 1 cm broad, not ring-like, the fruits flat and somewhat winged, 2-2.5 mm long, with small beak. Occasional in quiet ponds or slow streams, usually in shallow water; low elevations only, and flowering mostly in July.

Amaranthaceae (Amaranth Family) Amaranthus A. graecizans L. Fig. 1-5 More or less hairless annual, of branching habit, appressed to the ground or ascending, stems often reddish, several dm long. Leaves with petioles from shorter to longer than blade, 1 per node and lacking stipules; blades 1-2.5 cm long, smooth-margined, lance-shaped to elliptic but longer ones broadest above the middle with rounded tip and slowly tapering base, midrib and main lateral veins very clearly marked, whitish. Flowers very small, crowded in dense axillary clusters, with numerous needle-shaped spine-tipped bracts up to 3 mm long; sepals 4 or 5, the longest similar to bracts, petals lacking; flowers either male or female, but both on the same individual; stamens 3 or 4; styles 3; seeds round or lens-shaped, about 1.5 mm long. An inconspicuous weed of disturbed places, especially in and near the townsite. 29 Anacardiaceae (Sumach Family) Rhus R. radicans L. (Poison Ivy) Fig. 2-1 Slender, usually unbranched shrubs, up to 4 dm high, hairless or nearly so, spreading from a creeping rootstock and forming open colonies. Leaves few, mostly less than 2 dm long, more than half of which petiole, and near top of stem; blade divided into 3 ovate, stalked leaflets each with distinctive midvein running into the pointed tip and often somewhat drooping, shiny green or reddish green where fresh and mostly 3-10 cm long, with shallowly and irregularly lobed margin. Flowers in crowded but narrow clusters, usually 1 per axil. Sepals fused at base, 5; petals and stamens 5, both about 3 mm long, yellowish; ovary 1, above other floral parts, with 3 short styles or stigmas. Fruit a shiny round and shallowly grooved greenish-yellow berry, 5-6 mm wide in dense elongated cluster up to 5 cm long. It need scarcely be emphasized that this plant is poisonous to the touch. Fortunately it is rare in southern Alberta. A single early record exists in the Park from the wooded east shore of Linnet Lake, but re peated searches in later years have not been able to locate the plant again. The fruit often persists at least to flowering time of the next season, which is June and July. Western plants are often referred to var. rydbergii (Small) Rehd.

Apocynaceae (Dogbane Family) Apocynum (Dogbane) Perennial, nearly hairless plants, with milky sap, spreading by underground rootstock, erect stems sparsely forked. Leaves paired, simple and smooth-margined, lance-shaped, with short petioles and obvious median vein. Flower clusters rounded, branched, at tip of branches. Flowers pink, some what bell-shaped; sepals 5, distinct, narrow, the 5 fused petals with only tips free; stamens 5, on base of petal tube, and al ternating with 5 peg-like structures; pistil placed beyond other floral structures, with club-shaped, short style. Fruit 2 very long and narrow pointed pods per flower, releasing numerous, slender seeds with cotton-like tufts of hair. Reminiscent of and related to the milkweeds (Asclepias) which have not been reported for the Park. 2-1 Rhus radicans, 2-2 Apocynum androsaemifolium, 2-3 Apocynum cannabinum, 2-4 Oplopanax horridum. 31

KEY TO SPECIES Sepals reaching the lobes of the petals, which are erect and yellowish white; leaves erect or spreading, seeds 4-6 mm long. A. cannabinum Sepals shorter than fused portion of petals, the tatter's free lobes spreading and pink; leaves fre quently somewhat drooping; seeds 3 mm or less A. androsaemi- long. folium

A. androsaemifolium L. Fig. 2-2 Stiffly erect, single plants of forked habit, mostly less than 6 dm high. Leaves ovate to broadly lance-shaped, commonly less than 6x3 cm, often somewhat drooping. Flower clusters open, at tips of branches, often with reduced leaves. Sepals little more than half as long as the fused portion of the petals, the latter 3-4 mm; free petal lobes about 2 mm long, spreading or recurved, pink; pods 8-12 cm long; seeds less than 3 mm long. Occasional in dry, exposed places at low elevations; flowers in mid summer.

A. cannabinum L. Fig. 2-3 Much like the preceding, but leaves often narrower and more consis tently lance-shaped, up to 1 dm long, and spreading to obliquely erect. At least earliest flower-clusters considerably overtopped by branches from below. Flowers more yellowish or even greenish; sepals reaching the free petal lobes, which are erect rather than spreading, the whole flower smaller and narrower. Seeds 4-6 mm long. Recorded once in the Park, on a dry, south-facing prairie slope near the north entrance; apparently not known elsewhere south of the Crows nest Pass. The two species are known to hybridize elsewhere, and some intermediate plants near Crandell Lake may be in this category. Flowers in mid-summer.

Araliaceae (Ginseng Family) Oplopanax O. horridum (Sm.) Miq. (Devil's Club) Fig. 2-4 A coarsely-stemmed, rarely branching shrub, 1-3 m high, densely covered with stiff spines on stems, petioles, and larger leaf-veins. Leaves 1 per node, the short petiole often 2 dm long, the blade up to 2.5 dm long 32 and 3 dm broad, in the shape of a "maple leaf," with 7 large veins conver gent at the base, margin irregularly toothed. Flower cluster at stem-tips above some small leaves, elongated below with stalked globular clusters, above with individual stalked stamens, usually 5 each, ovary beyond the latter, 2-styled, maturing into a bright red, somewhat compressed, 2-seeded berry about 5 mm long. Moist, shaded slopes and creek-sides in the Park, only in the lower Bertha Creek area. Elsewhere in Alberta this dramatic species seems to occur only in the Swan Hills and surrounding territory; it is often common west of the Divide, and is also believed to occur between Francis Lake and the head of Waterton Lake in Glacier Park. It flowers early in the summer. Very different in appearance, with a divided leaf, small flower cluster, and low, creeping stature is the wild sarsaparilla which is common in shaded woods elsewhere in Alberta and west of the Divide both in B.C. and Montana; however, it seems to avoid the east slopes south of the Crowsnest Pass.

Berberidaceae (Barberry Family) Berberis B. repens Lindl. (Creeping Mahonia; Oregon Grape) Fig. 3-1 [Mahonia repens (Lindl.) G. Don] Simple-stemmed woody plants, from creeping and sparsely branching rootstocks, the erect stem commonly 1 dm or less high. Leaves several, shiny, evergreen, hairless, up to 18 X 10 cm, petiole about 4 cm long, the blade divided into 3-7 ovate, spine-margined leaflets, the lateral ones lacking stalks. Flower cluster 1 to several, mostly at tip of stem. Flowers long-stalked along scaly axis, floral elements in 5 whorls of 3, becoming larger and brighter yellow to the center, the last 2 whorls again smaller and notched; stamens 6, bending inward when base is touched, pollen re leased by 2 uplifting flaps. Fruit a juicy, tart, few-seeded, waxy-blue berry, edible. Southwestern Alberta; all through the Park, at lower elevations, commonly in open or somewhat shaded forest. An unmistakable plant, flowering in late May and June, after which the young leaves emerge; the berries are ripe by late July. 33 Betulaceae (Birch Family) Shrubs or trees; leaves 1 per node, simple and petiolate, strongly veined, deciduous, margin sharply toothed, venation prominent, feather-like. Flowers minute and crowded in dense unisexual catkins, male and female catkins on same plant, surviving winter, and receptive or shedding pollen before leaves expand. Male catkins drooping in flower, made up of numerous bracts each with 1-3 minute, stalkless flow ers with 1-10 stamens each, with no (or 2-4) membranous sepals, 2-4 cleft; female catkins shorter and mostly erect, sepals (if present) fused with ovary which has 2 styles. Fruit dry, small, with membranous wings.

KEY TO GENERA Bracts of female catkin persistent, stout and woody; stamens 4; leaves 3-10 cm long, scarcely with tail-like tip, and never rounded. Alnus Bracts of female catkin deciduous, remaining thin; stamens 2; leaves mostly 0.5-7 cm long, the larger ones with tail-like tip, the smallest ones broadly elliptical or even round. Betula

Alnus (Alder) Small trees or many-stemmed shrubs, hairless when mature or nearly so. Leaves 1 per node, simple, sharply toothed, with petiole. Male and female catkins on the same plant; male cat kins in small clusters at tips of branches, often becoming 1 dm long, with short-stalked shield-like bracts each bearing 3 flowers and several brownish bractlets, flowers 4-parted and with 4 stamens; female catkins also clustered but usually on side branches below the male, slender and erect, the bracts fleshy and each obscuring 2 much-reduced flowers except for the worm-like stigmas, 2 for each flower. Female catkin scarcely elongating in fruit, more or less erect, becoming nearly 1 cm thick, the bracts wedge-like and woody, persis tent, lobed at the tip; fruit dry and small, 1-seeded and rather flat, with membranous border.

KEY TO SPECIES Small tree or tali shrub up to 8 m high; leaves dull and often brownish, especially below; bud- scales more or less equal; flowers before leaves expand. A. incana 34 Shrubs with ascending stems up to 3 m high; leaves shiny; bud-scales very unequal; flowers when leaves expanding or later A. viridis

A. incana (L.) Moench (River Alder) Fig. 3-3 [A. tenuifolia Nutt.] Tree or erect shrub, to 8 m high, the young twigs usually with light brown hair. Leaves dull and often brownish below, 4-10 cm long, more or less ovate, with rather coarse marginal teeth or lobes, these again with sharply toothed margin. Fruiting catkins 1-2 cm long. More common further north in the province, this tree is rather rare in the Park, being known only from along the Belly River and Blakiston Creek. As the records and the common name indicate, the tree prefers the banks of rivers and creeks at low elevations. It flowers before the leaves are expanded, sometime in late May, and in our area may be referred to subsp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung.

A. viridis (Villars) Lam. & DC. (Green Alder) Fig. 3-2 [A. crispa (Ait.) Pursh; A. sinuata (Regel) Rydb.] Frequently sprawling shrub, to 3 m high, the numerous stems ascending, young parts somewhat sticky. Leaves shiny, very broadly lance-shaped to ovate, to 10 X 5.5 cm, margins sharply and often finely toothed usually on larger shallow teeth. Fruiting catkins elliptical, to 1.5 cm long. A common shrub sometimes covering large areas on protected and damp slopes at middle elevations throughout the Park, perhaps not below 1500 m. Flowers late May and early June. The plants of our area may be called subsp. sinuata {Regel) Love & Love.

Betula (Birch) Trees or shrubs, young twigs and often leaf veins with globu lar resinous glands, variously hairy; leaves 1 per node, simple and sharply toothed, petiolate. Catkins of both sexes on the same plant. Male catkins in clusters of 1-4 at branch tips, the bracts somewhat shield-like and bearing probably 3 flowers each which consist mostly of 2 stamens. Female catkin single or paired along the stem below the male, erect, the bracts thin, with 2 smaller lateral lobes below, hiding 2 or 3 much re duced flowers, only the reddish worm-like stigmas protrud ing. Female catkins becoming pendulous and elongated in fruit, the 3-Iobed bracts papery and deciduous, fruits small, dry, 1-seeded, with prominent wing-like margins. 3-1 Berberis repens, 3-2 Alnus viridis, 3-3 Alnus incana, 3-4 Betula glandulosa, 3-5 Betula occidentalis, 3-6 Betula papyrifera. 36

KEY TO SPECIES Single-stemmed tree with predominantly white peeling bark and transverse lenticels at least on mature trunk; leaves up to 7 cm long, often with slender tapering tail. B. papyrifera Shrubs with few to many stems, bark a dark bronze or blackish even on thickest stems, not peeling; leaves 0.5-5 cm long, rather blunt-tipped or rounded. Leaves up to 2.5 cm long, the blade with rounded tip and often tapering base, margin usually bluntly toothed; low shrubs. B. glandulosa Leaves more than 2.5 cm long, the blade with blunt but not rounded tip, the base abruptly contracted, not tapering, margin sharply toothed; taller shrubs. B. occidentalis

B. glandulosa Michx. (Dwarf Birch) Fig. 3-4 Eincl. B. pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel] Low shrubs, the twigs with numerous resinous glands, blackish, mostly less than 1.5 m high. Leaves commonly less than 2.5 cm long, the blade with rounded tip and usually tapering base, margin blunt-toothed. Fruit ing catkins 1-2.5 cm long, the fruit with narrow wings. Boggy places at low and middle elevations in the Sofa Mtn. and Belly River region; flowers probably in late May.

B. occidentalis Hook. (Water Birch) Fig. 3-5 Shrub with many ascending dark brown shiny stems typically up to about 6 m high, twigs with numerous glands. Leaves ovate, 2-5 cm long, mostly rather blunt-tipped but sometimes more or less sharp, base of blade contracted abruptly into petiole, margin sharply toothed. Fruiting catkins 2-3 cm long; fruit with very broad wings. Along streams and in seepage places at low elevations, sometimes in nearly pure stands, as near the east entrance. Flowers in late May. The species hybridizes with B. papyrifera, and various intermediates may be seen in the Park.

B. papyrifera Marsh. (White or Paper Birch) Fig. 3-6 Tree in our area up to about 15 m tall, twigs dark brown but older stems with white peeling bark and long transverse lenticels, basal bark of old trees coarsely cracked and blackish. Leaves with slender petioles, blade mostly less than 6 cm long, ovate, often with slenderly tapering tip, 37 margin sharply and often irregularly toothed. Fruiting catkins 3-5 cm long, fruits broadly winged. A well-known but infrequent tree at low elevations in the Park except on the western edge of the townsite. Flowers in late May. The variability of this species is made more difficult by the occurrence of hybrids with B. occidentalis.

Boraginaceae (Borage Family) Frequently hairy herbaceous plants, the leaves simple, 1 per node, rarely paired below. Flowers bisexual, in 1 to numerous series, each series uncoiling like the fiddleheads of ferns, sepals 5; petals 5, fused into a cylindrical tube with free petal lobes, the latter in most cases perpendicular to the tube and with protuberances at the tube's mouth; stamens 5, attached to the petals just below the mouth but alternating with them. Style and stigma simple, but the ovary divided into 4 raised portions, one or more of which may each form a 1-seeded fruit (nutlet), leaving a ventral (inner) scar when separating. Nut lets frequently with various protuberances or barbed prick les, especially along margins or on back. A family with many roadside weeds but also with some showy plants such as Forget-me-not and Mertensia. To be expected in the Park is a second species of Lappula already established elsewhere in southwestern Alberta, Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene. It is very similar to L. echinata (for differences, see under the latter species). As this book went to press it was discovered that yet another roadside weed of this family has become established in the Park, Echium vulgare L. (Blueweed, Blue Devil, Viper's Bugloss). When in flower it is a strikingly tall and handsome plant with numerous funnel-shaped flowers to 2 cm long, bright blue to purple. It is a biennial, forming a flat rosette of elongated leaves the first year, and flowering and fruiting the second. All green parts are covered with stiff bristly hairs, those on the stem swollen and dark at base giving a spotted appearance to the stem. The nutlets are stout, pointed, with a ridge on one side and with a flat base. The species has long been abundant in the Crowsnest Pass and reached the Park in about 1980, being well established near the government com pound, from which it is likely to spread to similar habitats at low elevations. See Plate 8. 38

KEY TO GENERA Nutlets lacking prickles; flowers white or yellow; leaves and stems always hairy. Flowers yellow; nutlets smooth and shiny, with a collar-like base. Lithospermum Flowers white; nutlets with fine ridges and/or tubercles at least on back, lacking a collar-like base. Slender annual, the lower leaves paired; flowers 3 mm wide or less. Plagiobothrys Dense biennial or perennial, the leaves never paired; flowers 4 mm wide or more. Cryptantha Nutlets with or without prickles; flowers reddish-purple or pink to blue (in Lappula nearly white, then nutlets with prickles); leaves and stems smooth or hairy. Leaves and stems smooth and hairless, flowers nodding, at least 1 cm long, more or less tubular. Mertensia Leaves and stems hairy, flowers erect, less than 1 cm long, tubular only at base, the petal lobes expanded sideways (but see Echium in family description, above). Nutlets smooth and shiny. Myosotis Nutlets with prickles, not shiny. Flowers reddish-purple; nutlets 5 mm or longer. Cynoglossum Flowers blue to pink, rarely white or nearly so; nutlets (not counting prickles) 4 mm long or less. All but lowest flowers on each branch without bracts; stalk of each fruit pointing downward; nutlet scar in middle or nearly so, flowers 4 mm wide or more, plants annual or perennial Hackelia Nearly all flowers on each branch with green bract; stalk of each fruit more or less erect; nutlet scar below middle; flowers 3 mm wide or less, plants never perennial. Lappula 39 Cryptantha Short-lived perennials or biennials, leaves crowded, especi ally at the base, all green parts densely covered with rather stiff white hairs. Stem simple or somewhat branched at base, the flowering stalks crowded, with small flower groups in ax ils of upper leaves. Flowers showy white with yellow center, usually with some yellow around the throat, 7 mm or more in width, the calyx very bristly. Nutlets lacking prickles. Both species have sweetly perfumed flowers.

KEY TO SPECIES Lowest leaves usually somewhat spoon-shaped, the tip abruptly blunt; nutlets with tubercular ridges on both sides; petal lobes mostly 8-12 mm wide. C. celosioides Lowest leaves narrower, with rounded or sharp, but not blunt tip; nutlets with tubercular ridges on back, smooth or nearly so on the ventral side; petal lobes mostly 4-8 mm wide. C. nubigena

C. celosioides (Eastw.) Payson Fig. 4-1 [C. bradburiana Payson] Plants up to 30 cm high, single-stemmed or with a few smaller basal branches, flowers up to 8 mm in diameter; other characters as in key and generic description. Perhaps not clearly distinct from the following in our area. Sporadically in exposed dry places adjacent to the Prairies, up to 2000 m or more.

C. nubigena (Greene) Payson (not illustrated) Differing from the above as shown in the key.

Cynoglossum C. officinale L. (Hound's Tongue) Fig. 4-2 Coarse leafy biennial, sometimes reaching a meter in height, springing from a many-leaved rosette. Stem and leaves light velvet-hairy, hairs on stem conspicuously longer. Basal leaves 15-25 cm long about half of which is petiole, the blade lance-shaped, up to 4 cm wide, petioles diminishing upward along the stem until disappearing in flowering region. Flowers on stalks of 1 cm or less, on elongating unbranched side branches which are more or less leafless except in lower portion. Flowers 40 reddish purple, nearly 1 cm wide, the sepals becoming leafy (6 mm long) in fruit. Nutlets 5-7 mm long, flattened, broadly ovate, evenly covered on both sides with barbed prickles of approximately equal length; style extending 4 or 5 mm beyond nutlets. A European roadside weed once reported near the Waterton River bridge. As it is a common weed especially in the Crowsnest Pass area it will undoubtedly be reintroduced from time to time and will probably eventually become established.

Hackelia (Stickseed) Perennial or biennial plants, at least 3 dm tall when fruiting, with soft hairs on all green parts, the longest hairs on the stems. Flowers blue, rather showy in series along unbranched side branches, leafless except below the flowers, all flowers well above the stem leaves. Nutlets with conspicuously barbed and flattened prickles (especially or only marginally), the long est of which is 3 mm long. Either of the two species may be confused with Lappula, a smaller, annual or biennial weed with flowers less than 3 mm wide.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants biennial or short-lived perennial, single- stemmed; nutlets lacking prickles on back, those on margins usually fused at base. H. floribunda Plants perennial, several-stemmed; nutlets with some smaller prickles on back, the marginal prickles not obviously fused at base. H. micrantha

H. floribunda (Lehm.) Johnston Fig. 4-3 Single-stemmed plants, usually perennial, up to 1 m in height; leaves up to 15 cm long and 1 cm wide, sharply pointed, the lower ones with long petioles, the upper ones without. Back of nutlets with short hairs but lacking barbed prickles; margins with large barbed prickles, sometimes nearly free at base but more commonly confluent with adjacent ones. A rare plant in the Park, known only from somewhat disturbed places at the entrance and the lowest eastern slope of Mt. Crandell. Its flowers tend to be paler blue than the following species.

H. micrantha (Eastw.) Gentry Fig. 4-4 [H. jessicae (McGreg.) Brand] Similar to the above in foliage and height, but with several to many stems 4-1 Cryptantha celosioides, 4-2 Cynoglossum officinale, 4-3 Hackelia floribunda, 4-4 Hackelia micrantha, 4-5 Lappula echinata, 4-6 Lithospermum ruderale. 42 from a leafy branched base, and clearly perennial. Nutlets with some small barbed prickles on back, the large, marginal ones usually separate or only very slightly fused at base. A very common plant, from moist meadows and aspen groves at the lowest elevations to sometimes above 2300 m, normally in somewhat protected but not densely shaded habitats. A handsome species, pro fusely flowering from June to late August, depending on elevation. It is frequently mistaken for the true Forget-me-not, a much smaller plant limited to open alpine ridges, with smooth and shiny nutlets.

Lappula L. echinata Gilib. (Beggar Ticks, Stickseed) Fig. 4-5 Annual, weedy plant, with narrow leaves up to 6 cm long, only the lowest ones with broad green petiole-like base, short-hairy throughout; single- stemmed to profusely branched from the base. Flowers in long series on unbranched side branches, each flower with a green bract; flowers 3 mm or less in width, bright or pale blue. Nutlet with an irregular double or triple marginal row of barbed prickles clearly separate at base; back of nutlet with short pointed tubercles but not barbed prickles. An introduced weed of roadsides and other disturbed places at low elevations. The closely related native L. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene, has not yet been reported from the Park; its flowers tend to be paler or even white, and the nutlets have only a single marginal row of frequently fused barbed prickles.

Lithospermum L. ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm. (Puccoon, Stoneseed) Fig. 4-6 Coarse, leafy plants, soft-hairy throughout, with many stems arising from a woody branched base, the stems up to 5 dm high. Leaves numer ous, without petioles, narrow and sharply pointed, up to 5 cm long, with conspicuous midrib. Flowers at first crowded among leaves at top of stem but later becoming separated in a loose arrangement; petals a pale or dull yellow, the flowers 6-8 mm wide, with a tube of the same length. Nutlets smooth and shiny, light greyish-yellow or white, somewhat conical, frequently only 1 or 2 per flower. A common and obvious plant of foothills and lower mountains of southwestern Alberta. In the Park is it abundant especially in prairie areas and the region around Red Rock Canyon.

Mertensia M. longiflora Greene (Lungwort) Fig. 5-1 Smooth and hairless, often blue-green perennial plants, 1 to several stems from a stout, sometimes tuberous root, plants from very small (3 43 cm) to about 20 cm tall, unbranched. Leaves up to 10 cm long with 5 cm long petiole when in basal tufts, but these not always present; stem leaves nearly or quite without petioles, up to 6 X 2.5 cm but more commonly narrower and shorter, hairless except for white spur-like marginal hairs. Flowers crowded at the top of the stem, often with small flowering branches in the axils of nearby leaves. Petals a bright blue, nodding, forming a tube at least half the length of the flower beyond which a funnel-shaped portion is crowned by the petal lobes. Style persistent, nearly as long as the flower which is 10-20 mm long. Nutlets somewhat tubercular-ridged. One of our most attractive wildflowers, so far known only from the area north of Blakiston Creek, from Twin Lakes to Lakeview Ridge, growing on fairly moist open slopes from 1700 to 2300 m; north to the Gladstone Valley. A white-flowered form may occasionally be seen. The species is extremely variable, much of the variability being unrelated to habitat. Leaves may range from bright to blue-green; in some areas plants are small, with one stem that breaks off easily from the short tuberous root, while elsewhere plants are larger, with many stems from a very long and stout root. The latter form would seem to have been called M. lanceolata (Pursh) DC. in the past. The flower is also variable in size and shape, and with respect to features within the tube. In the Horseshoe Basin area individuals have been found which technically correspond to M. perplexa Rydb., but it seems better to refer all plants to M. longiflora for the present, in the expectation of future changes.

Myosotis (Forget-me-not) Rather small plants, hairy, either annual or perennial, the flowering branches leafless except below the flowers. Petals blue, with short tube; calyx and nearby stalks densely covered with white or white and brown hairs. Nutlets smooth and shiny, standing erect, the scar very nearly at the base.

KEY TO SPECIES Slender weedy annuals generally at lower elevations, the large plants branching from near the base; flowers very small. M. micrantha Rather leafy perennials at high elevation, branching sparsely in the upper parts only, flowers showy. M. sylvatica

M. micrantha Pall, ex Lehm. Fig. 5-2 Inconspicuous annuals, small and slender, single-stemmed or with sev eral long branches from near the base, plants up to 14 cm high; leaves 5-1 Mertensia longiflora, 5-2 Myosotis micrantha, 5-3 Myosotis sylvatica, 5-4 Plagiobothrys scouleri, 5-5 Callitriche hermaphroditica, 5-6 Callitriche verna, 5-7 Campanula rotundifolia. 45 lance-shaped, lacking petioles, up to 15 mm long. Flowers pale blue, about 2 mm wide; nutlets pale brown. A small weedy plant introduced perhaps only quite recently. It is fully established along roadsides and parking lots in the townsite area.

M. sylvatica Hoffm. (Forget-me-not) Fig. 5-3 [M. alpestris Schmidt] Fibrous-rooted perennial, up to 20 cm tall, usually with several to many stems associated with leaf-tufts. Leaves on the latter with petioles up to 5 cm long, the leaf blade somewhat longer, pointed at both ends. Stem- leaves lacking petioles, 2-5 cm long and less than 1 cm wide. Flowers at first crowded at the top, separating in fruit, bright blue with white or yellow eye, 5-7 mm wide. Nutlets black or nearly so. A famous wild flower, found throughout the Park on stable, open alpine slopes between 2000 and 2800 m. It can be confused only with small individuals of Hackelia micrantha, which is generally much larger and has strikingly prickled nutlets. The true Forget-me-not is much more specifically alpine and rarely if ever overlaps with Hackelia floribunda which is limited somewhat to the lower slopes and meadows.

Plagiobothrys P. scouleri (H. & A.) Johnston Fig. 5-4 [P. scopulorum (Greene) Johnston] Low and slender annuals, the larger ones branching from just above the base, covered with straight white or white and brown hairs, especially in the flower regions. Leaves strap-shaped, up to 6 cm long and about 4 mm wide, the lowest ones paired but the upper ones single, small leaves also being present among the flowers. Petals white, together forming a short funnel and the lower tube, the flower 2-3 mm wide and long. Nutlets with tubercular ridges and sharp keel along the full length, very light brown. An inconspicuous weed inhabiting roadsides and especially muddy areas which dry up in summer. More common in prairie regions in Alberta, it has been reported along the beaver ponds in the Sofa Mtn. vicinity. It is a plant which may flower when only 1 cm high and is there fore easily missed.

Callitrichaceae Callitriche Delicate, inconspicuous annuals or perennials, in standing 46 water or resting on mud; leaves paired; flowers minute, green, unisexual, 1-3 in leaf axils; sepals and petals lacking; male flower consisting of 1 stamen only, female flower of a single pistil, the ovary somewhat broadly elliptical, with 2 very slender styles which fall early. Fruit small and flat, splitting into four 1-seeded sections. Neither of the two species is common in the Park, and both are inconspicuous.

KEY TO SPECIES All leaves broadly strap-shaped; flowers lacking bracts. C. hermaphroditica Lower leaves narrowly strap-shaped, upper (frequently floating) ones spoon-shaped; flowers flanked by small bracts. C. verna

C. hermaphroditica L. Fig. 5-5 Stems 1-4 dm long, often branched and somewhat tufted; leaves 5-15 mm long, uniformly strap-shaped, with a single vein running into the apex. Flower bracts absent; styles 1-2 mm long, longer than ovary; fruit less than 2 mm in diameter, round in outline except for a small notch at the tip. Occasional in quiet pools at lower elevations; flowering in the second half of the summer.

C. verna L. Fig. 5-6 [C. palustris L. var. verna Jepson] As the preceding, but usually more delicate and more sparsely branched. Leaves 5-20 mm long below, and about 0.5 mm wide, the single midvein joined by 2 marginal ones distally; upper (frequently floating) leaves shorter, spoon-shaped, the blade up to 3 mm wide, 3-veined, as long as the petiole. Ovary elliptical in outline, about 1 mm long, styles commonly as long or somewhat longer; fruit elliptical, about 1 mm wide and slightly longer, notched at tip. Occurrence and flowering time as C. hermaphroditica.

Campanulaceae (Bluebell Family) Campanula C. rotundifolia L. (Bluebell; Harebell) Fig. 5-7 Slender, hairless, often tufted perennial, up to 4 dm high, with branching. 47 thin rootstocks. Basal leaves small, often with slender petiole and broad short blade but usually withering early; stem-leaves numerous, grass-like or (below) lance-shaped with petiole. Flowers in diffuse arrangement well above leaves on slender stalks, bright blue; sepals 5, narrowly strap- shaped, pointed, about 4 mm long; petals 5, forming an expanding 5-lobed bell 15 mm long; stamens 5, with long, slender anthers; ovary more or less conical, situated below other parts, style as long as petal-tube, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a nodding capsule with pores near the base. A well-known wildflower sometimes called the "Bluebell of Scotland" but in reality a native of many countries around the Northern Hemis phere, including our area. It grows in a great variety of open and some what shaded habitats all through the Park, excluding the truly alpine zones. A dwarf plant possibly referable to var. arctica Lange is known from a cirque on the north face of Sofa Mtn. and retains its small size under cultivation. Flowering from June into fall, occasional flowers can be found as late as the first week of October.

Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family) Erect or twining shrubs (Linnaea a trailing herb), with paired leaves lacking stipules, blades simple or divided into leaflets. Flowers bisexual, in terminal clusters or in lateral pairs with a common stalk. Sepals 5, in some reduced to a small collar crowning the ovary; petals 5, partly fused, the free lobes sometimes equal, sometimes not; stamens 4 or 5, implanted on inside of fused portion of petals where alternating with petal lobes; style rather long, with simple stigma. Fruit dry and 1-seeded, or a juicy berry.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves divided into 5-7 leaflets. Sambucus Leaves not divided. Low, trailing plant with evergreen leaves, only the flowering stalks erect. Linnaea Woody shrubs, erect or twining, leaves deciduous. Leaves distinctly 3-lobed, with toothed margin. Viburnum Leaves not 3-lobed, margin not toothed. Plants twining or not; flowers paired or otherwise clustered, each with small basal 48 pouch; flower cluster or pair often but not always above fused, bract-like leaves; berry black or red, juicy. Lonicera Plants not twining, flowers not paired, and lacking basal pouch, in terminal clusters without modified or fused bracts; berry white, fluffy inside. Symphoricarpos

Linnaea L. borealis L. (Twinflower) Fig. 6-1 Slender trailing plants, flowering from current and previous growth, with sparse long hairs on lower leaf margins and twigs. Leaves paired, very broadly elliptical but sometimes widest above the middle and tapering into short petiole, blade mostly up to 2 X 1.5 cm, often with several very shallow lobes near tip. Flowering stalks erect, with several pairs of leaves, with single leafless stalk 3-7 cm long, forking, each slender branch with 1 nodding pink flower. Sepals 5, needle-like, crowning the small glandular-hairy ovary; petals 5, forming a narrow lobed funnel mostly up to 1 cm long, hairy inside; stamens 4, on inside of funnel of 2 different lengths; style slender, exserted; fruit dry, 1-seeded, enclosed by 2 small glandular-hairy bracts. One of the most attractive of small wild flowers, but not as common in the Park as elsewhere in the province. It has been noted at low eleva tions as far west as Red Rock Canyon, and is fairly abundant locally in the Belly River area, always in shaded coniferous forest. Our plants are said to belong to subsp. americana (Forbes) Hult., and they flower in late June and July.

Lonicera (Honeysuckle) Erect or twining shrubs with paired, simple, smooth- margined leaves; flowers paired on common stalk in lateral axillary positions, or clustered at end of stem. Sepals fused into a scarcely lobed rim on top of ovary; petals 5, fused at least halfway, with lobes equal or the lower one longer and hanging down; base of flower with small lateral pouch; stamens 5, on inside of petal tube; style long, with button-like stigma. Fruit a juicy black or red several-seeded berry.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants twining; flower cluster at tip of stem, last leaf-pair fused in bowl-like fashion. L. dioica 49 Plants erect, not twining; flowers not at branch tips and lacking fused green leaves. Flowers hairless, ovaries not obscured by bracts; leaf-blade elliptical, berries red. L. utahensis Flowers hairy, ovaries obscured by bracts which become red, the berries black; leaf-blade lance-shaped. L. involucrata

L. dioica L. (Twining Honeysuckle) Fig. 6-2 Twining woody plant; leaves elliptical about 7X4 cm, lowest ones scarcely petiolate but separate, higher pairs fusing around the stalk, the pair below flowers fused into a single broadly spindle-shaped cup; upper leaf surface bright green and smooth, lower surface blue-green and short-hairy. Petals 2-2.5 cm long, yellowish with purple, the lower free lobe longest and hanging down, the other 4 forming an erect upper lip, especially the inside of the flower with long white hairs; pouch at base of flower purple. Berry few-seeded, red. An infrequent plant clambering in shrubs here and there in the lowest part of the Park; flowering in June and early July. Alberta material belongs to var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters.

L. involucrata (Richards.) Spreng. (Twinberry; Bracted Honeysuckle) Fig. 6-3 A rather coarse, erect shrub, somewhat hairy on young growth. Leaves commonly up to 10 X 4 cm, with short petioles, blades somewhat elliptical below to more lance-shaped above. Flowers 1 pair per leaf axil, each pair on a single stalk up to several cm long, and with 2 purplish green bracts 1—2 cm long, and each flower with a pair of smaller purplish bracts obscuring the ovary and densely covered with long white and stalked glandular hairs; petals yellowish, at least 1 cm long, rather densely short-hairy. Fruit a shiny black berry about 1 cm long, not quite spherical, the bracts having become thick, brilliantly red, and curved back. A very common shrub at elevations up to 2300 m all through the Park. The berry is said to be poisonous, and certainly is very repulsive to the taste. The species prefers, but is not limited to, rather damp and protected places, and flowers from late May to early July.

L. utahensis Wats. (Red Twinberry) Fig. 6-4 Small shrubs, occasionally reaching 2 m in height, hairless or nearly so. Leaves with short petiole, blade elliptical, mostly less than 6 X 3.5 cm, 6-1 Linnaea borealis, 6-2 Lonicera dioica, 6-3 Lonicera involucrata, 6-4 Lonicera utahensis, 6-5 Sambucus racemosa. 51 sparsely long-hairy on lower surface. Flowers paired on slender common stalk 1-2 cm long, one pair per leaf axil. Ovary narrow, about 3 mm long; petals creamy yellow, about 1.5 cm long, equally lobed for about VA of their length, and markedly pouched at the base. Berry bright red, the pair slightly united at the base, each somewhat less than 1 cm in diameter. Southwestern Alberta, and rather common as an undershrub in light shade at middle elevations, especially in the southwestern quarter of the Park. Flowers late May to mid-July.

Sambucus S. racemosa L. (Elderberry) Fig. 6-5 [S. pubens Michx.] Coarsely branched shrubs, stems with wide pith and often dying after one or more flowering seasons to be replaced by long new shoots flower ing in the second season. Leaves very thinly hairy below at least when young, long-petioled, blade divided into 5 or 7, lance-shaped, short- stalked, up to 10 X 5 cm, the margins sharply toothed. Flowers small and numerous, in crowded branched arrangement at tip of stem, the entire cluster creamy-yellow, strongly and sweetly scented. Petals 5, about 2 mm long, they and the 5 stamens fused below and spreading; style short and stout, the stigma shallowly 3-lobed. Fruit a bright red few-seeded berry 5-6 mm thick, with wrinkled, brown, somewhat bean-shaped seeds. Occasional to common at middle elevations up to 2000 m, usually in moist places, flowering from late May to early July depending on altitude. Our plants appear to all have red or slightly yellowish fruit, with thinly hairy lower leaf surface, and thus are referable to var. pubens (Michx.) Koehne.

Symphoricarpos (Snowberry) Low, branched, erect shrubs, forming large colonies from underground rootstocks, at most sparsely hairy. Leaves with short petioles, elliptic, broadly lance-shaped or ovate, with smooth margin or largest ones somewhat lobed, and in pairs. Flowers in rather dense small clusters at branch-tips and sometimes singly in lower leaf-axils. Sepals 5 crowning the ovary and basally fused; petals 5, fused about halfway in bell- shaped manner, with long hairs where the 5 stamens are attached, just below the free lobes and alternating with them. Fruit a spherical soft white 2-seeded berry, puffy rather than juicy, long persisting. The two species in the Park are very similar, and not . always easily distinguished. 52

KEY TO SPECIES Free petal-lobes much shorter than fused portion; stamens not exserted, style 2-3 mm long, hairless. S. albus Free petal-lobes as long as fused portion; stamens exserted; style 3-8 mm long, hairy in mid-section. S. occidentalis

S. albus (L.) Blake Fig. 7-1 Shrubs up to 1 m high; leaves elliptical to ovate, typically up to 3 X 4 cm and smooth-margined but occasionally much larger and lobed on vigor ous shoots. Petals forming a bell 4-7 mm long, lined with white hair, the free lobes mostly shorter than the fused portion; anthers mostly 1-1.5 mm long; style hairless, 2-3 mm long. Berry commonly 1 cm in diameter or slightly longer. A common shrub at elevations to nearly 2000 m in a variety of habitats but often exposed, flowering from June into August.

S. occidentalis Hook. Fig. 7-2 Similar to S. albus in size of shrubs and leaves, the latter somewhat thicker. Fused portion of petals more funnel-form than bell-shaped, densely hairy inside; anthers mostly 1.5-2 mm long, exserted and slightly surpassed by 3-8 mm long style which has white hairs in its mid-section. Berry up to 1 cm long. A prairie species occasionally found in such areas of the Park, in gullies or along edges of woods. Flowers in the second half of the summer.

Viburnum V. edule (Michx.) Raf. (Low-bush Cranberry) Fig. 7-3 Low, sparsely branched shrubs, hairless except along leaf margin, up to 2 m tall. Leaves paired, petioles at least 1 cm long, the blade circular to elliptical in outline but deeply 3-lobed above the middle, with shallowly toothed margin, largest veins converging at the base; tip of branch with new growth which does not flower, usually with 2 reduced lance-shaped leaves at the end. Flower clusters at tip of 2-leaved lateral branches on year-old growth, branched, rounded, several cm across, the branches with short brown glandular hairs. Sepals 5, forming a white shallowly lobed rim on top of the rather narrow ovary; petals 5, fused halfway and spreading, flower about 6 mm across; stamens 5, short, alternating with free lobes and implanted just below them; style very short and stout. Fruit a bright red 1-seeded, acid berry. 53 A common woodland plant elsewhere in the province but surpris ingly rare in our area, being known with certainty only from shaded woods in the Belly River area. Flowers in late May and June. The leaves turn a brilliant red in the fall.

Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family) Annuals or perennials, with paired simple leaves, the nodes frequently swollen; leaf bases of a pair often fused around the stem, lacking stipules (except in Paronychia). Flowers ter minating individual branches, but 1-several axils below often producing additional flowers or branches which overtop the first flower, and this repeatedly; if only one overtopping branch at each node, the "terminal" flower appears axillary in each case. Sepals commonly 5, distinct or fused most of the way, often ribbed or veined, persistent; petals mostly 5 but sometimes lacking, distinct, simple or with cleft or lobed tip, in some divided into long stalk and broader tip; stamens typically twice as many as sepals; ovary placed beyond sta mens and 1-chambered; styles 1-5; flowers bisexual in most, flowers and plants unisexual in some, where aborted organs of opposite sex present. Fruit many-seeded opening by as many lobes or teeth as styles, or twice as many (1-seeded and not opening in Paronychia). The large and finely branched Gypsophila paniculata L. is abundant in the Crowsnest Pass and Fort McLeod area, and seems to be spreading; it may well become established along the roads of the Park. Another weed, the creeping, pink- flowered Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl is known from roadsides in the upper Castle River drainage, and should also be looked for in the Park.

KEY TO GENERA Fruit 1-seeded, small, with somewhat inflated thin walls, enclosed by the distinct sepals; petals absent; plants forming dense cushions, the flowers not or scarcely emerging from it. Paronychia Fruit with several to many seeds, not as above; petals mostly present; only some cushion-like but even then flowers well above leaves. 54 Sepals distinct; petals without narrow stalk; ovary without stalk. Petals entire or only shallowly notched; rarely petals none (Arenaria rossit). Styles normally 5, alternating with sepals. Sagina Styles normally 3, if 4 or 5 then opposite the sepals. Arenaria Petals deeply notched or 2-cleft, rarely none. Mature seed pod more or less ovate, not cylindrical, splitting nearly or quite to the base; plants with glandular hairs only in S. ame ricana. Stellaria Mature seed pod cylindrical, opening by means of a terminal pore lined with spreading teeth; plants with glandular hairs. Cerastium Sepals united most of their length; petals with narrow stalk; ovary on short stalk. Styles 2. Leaves narrowly strap-shaped; flower bracts partly enclosing flower base, obviously ribbed, the flowers rigidly erect; annual or biennial. Dianthus Leaves lance-shaped, flower bracts neither enclosing flower base nor obviously ribbed; flowers spreading. Saponaria Styles 3-5 Styles 3, occasionally 4; capsule mostly 6-toothed at apex; petals far exserted beyond sepals. Silene Styles 5, occasionally 4; capsule mostly 5- or 10-toothed at apex; petals included in, or only very slightly exserted beyond sepals. Lychnis

Arenaria (Sand Wort) Plants hairless or with glandular or other hairs, annuals or perennials, forming cushions or mats, or solitary and erect. Leaves paired, in all but one species needle-like, lacking stipules, but members of a pair often connected around the stem with membranous basal margin. Flowers rather small, solitary, or in open forking groups. Sepals 5, distinct; petals 5 55 (rarely none), distinct and entire, more or less white; stamens normally 10, distinct; styles typically 3. Fruit more or less ovate, splitting deeply by means of 3 (sometimes 2-cleft) spreading lobes.

KEY TO SPECIES Larger leaves at least 2 mm wide, lance-shaped to narrowly elliptical. Slender annual, leaves sharp-tipped, up to 5 mm long and about half as wide. A. serpyllifolia Perennial from slender rootstock, leaves elliptical or at least not sharp-tipped, leaves up to 3 X 1 cm, at least 3 X as long as wide. A. lateriflora Larger leaves 1 mm wide or less, needle-shaped. Leaves mostly 1.5-5 cm long; plants usually more than 1 dm, occasionally up to 3 dm high. A. capillaris Leaves less than 1 cm long; plants usually much less than 1 dm high. Stems hairless even below flowers; leaves 1-ribbed. A. rossii Stems glandular-hairy especially below the flowers; leaves 1- or 3-ribbed. Sepals with blunt and/or hooded tips, these often with purple tinge. A. obtusiloba Sepals with sharp, not hooded tips, these green or with purplish tinge. Plants cushion-like, lacking trailing stems; petals blunt-tipped. A. rubella Plants with trailing leafy stems, only occasionally forming small cushions (at high elevations); petals sharp-tipped. A. nuttallii

A. capillaris Poir. Fig. 7-4 Somewhat tufted or matted plant, hairless at least on leaves and lower stems, reaching 1-2 dm in height. Leaves finely needle-like, up to 5 cm long, with yellowish margin beset with minute spines, on bases of flowering stalks and on short, leafy shoots. Flowers few and long-stalked, the stalk immediately below glandular-hairy; sepals about 3.5 mm long, broadly lance-shaped and often purple-tinged; petals 1.5-2.5 X as long as sepals, blunt. Fruit about twice as long as sepals, the lobes 2-cleft. 7-1 Symphoricarpos albus, 7-2 Symphoricarpos occidentalis, 7-3 Viburnum edule, 7-4 Arenaria capillaris, 7-5 Arenaria lateriflora, 7-6 Arenaria nutlallii, 7-7 Arenaria obtusiloba, 7-8 Arenaria rossii. 57 A very common plant of dry exposed meadows and rocky slopes from nearly the lowest elevations to at least 2700 m and flowering from the middle of May to the end of July. The plant is uncommon or perhaps even lacking in the eastern portion of Waterton. In our area we have subsp. americana Maguire.

A. lateriflora L. Fig. 7-5 [Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl] Delicate leafy perennials, from slender rootstocks, mostly less than 1.5 dm high, with short curved hairs on lower stems, margins, and lower midribs of leaves, but otherwise smooth. Leaves narrowly elliptical, with rounded tip, at least VS as wide as long, up to 3 cm long, abruptly decreas ing in size below flowers, petiole very short. Flowers one or very few, on long slender stalks. Sepals 2-3 mm long, broadly ovate, green with white margin, petals about 5 mm long, with rounded tip. Fruit up to 6 mm long, 3-lobed; fruit slightly more than 1 mm long, shiny black, with small yel lowish-white food body, which is eaten by ants. At lower elevations along the entire northeastern flank of the Park, along damp edges of forest or in half-shade especially of deciduous trees. Flowers from the end of May to late July.

A. nuttallii Pax Fig 7-6 Creeping, mat-forming perennials, all green parts glandular-hairy, stems reaching less than 1 dm in height, leaves long-persistent even when dead, less than 1 cm long, needle-shaped, with 3 ribs, the midrib usually very prominent, axillary tufts of small leaves frequent. Flowers few, on rather brittle slender branches; sepals sharply pointed, white-margined, 3-5 mm long, 1-3 veined; petals lance-shaped, often slightly shorter, but sometimes somewhat longer than sepals. Fruit shorter than sepals, ovate, with brown flattened roughened seeds 1.5 mm long. Dry, rocky alpine slopes, rarely as low as 1700 m. The plant is very similar to A. obtusiloba, and may grow intermixed with it. The latter is clearly set apart, however, by its blunt and usually hooded sepals, by its rounded petals, and by its much smaller seeds. Our A. nuttallii belongs to the var. nuttallii, and is apparently not found north of the Crowsnest Pass.

A. obtusiloba (Rydb.) Fern. Fig. 7-7 [A. sajanensis Schlecht.?; Minuartia obtusiloba (Rydb.) House] Perennials, glandular-hairy throughout, with creeping stems forming mats (sometimes small cushions at high elevation); leaves less than 1 cm long, needle-shaped, I- or 3-ribbed, the dead ones persisting for years. 58 Flowers erect, mostly 1 per stalk which is usually less than 7 cm above leaf-mat; sepals rounded, mostly with hooded and usually purple-tinged tip, 3-ribbed, 4-5 mm long; petals blunt-tipped, from slightly longer than to nearly 2 X as long as sepals. Fruit up to 10 mm long when mature, with 3 rather slender lobes; seeds similar to those of A. nuttallii but less than 1 mm long. A very common plant from about 2000 m to the highest elevations, in fully exposed rocky places, flowering from late June sometimes into the middle of August. See also comments under A. nuttallii, which resembles the present species.

A. rossii R. Br. Fig. 7-8 [Minuartia rossii (R.Br.) Graebn.] Dense, hairless perennials, forming small cushions, dead leaves remain ing on the plant. Leaves rather thin, needle-like, less than 1 cm long, strongly 1-ribbed, rather blunt-tipped. Flowering stems 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, no more than 3 cm above leaf-mat, very slender, the flowers erect. Sepals clearly 3-ribbed, very sharply pointed, about 3 mm long; petals very small or lacking. Fruit somewhat shorter than sepals, with 3 lobes, the seeds reddish brown, less than 1 mm long, roughened. A common alpine plant on exposed rocky slopes and ridges above 2200 m, flowering from late June into early August. The plant is decep tively like Sagina saginoides which has longer flower stalks and fruits, rounded sepals, and commonly 5 styles, the fruit splitting into as many lobes. Our plants belong to var. apetala Maguire.

A. rubella (Wahl.) Smith Fig. 8-1 [Minuartia rubella (Wahl.) Graebn.] Tufted, branched, glandular-hairy perennials, the delicate branching flowering stalks rarely as much as 1 dm high, each with several long- stalked flowers. Leaves less than 1 cm long, persistent when dead, needle- shaped, clearly 3-ribbed sharply pointed. Sepals 3 mm long, narrowly lance-shaped and sharp-pointed, 3-ribbed; petals blunt-tipped, about as long as or slightly shorter than sepals. Fruit somewhat longer than sepals, seeds 0.5 mm long, brown roughened. Mostly an alpine plant growing at least up to 2700 m, but occasion ally on valley floors and adjacent prairie, always in sunny rocky or some what grassy spots.

A. serpyllifolia L. Fig. 8-2 Erect, sparsely branched or unbranched annuals, the stems with short down-curved hairs, mostly less than 2 dm high. Leaves broadly lance- 59 shaped but very small, 2 to 5 mm long and about half as wide, sharp- tipped, all along stem. Flowers few to numerous, rather long-stalked, in open branching arrangement. Sepals lance-shaped, with sharp tip and prominent short hairs on ribs, about 3 mm long; petals about Vs as long. Fruit somewhat pear-shaped, about as long as sepals, with 6 lobes; seed 0.5 mm long, roughened, greyish-purple. A weed of gravelly places which is well established near the main road north of Blakiston Creek, flowering in June and July. It has been erroneously reported as Stellaria nitens Nutt., a plant of similar appear ance not known for Alberta.

Cerastium Hairy annuals or perennials, branching from the base or from a slender rootstock. Flowers several or numerous on each stem, the earlier ones terminal and often overtopped by new branches or flowers from leaf-axils below. Sepals 5, separate; petals 5, with narrow stalk and broadened 2-cleft tip, very rarely absent; stamens usually 10; styles mostly 5 but sometimes 3 or 4. Mature fruit a cylindrical pod, often slightly curved and with oblique terminal opening lined with spread ing teeth twice the styles in number; seeds with roughened surface, brownish, numerous. Frequently confused with Stellaria, the fully mature fruits providing a clear-cut distinction.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants with tufts of small leaves in axils of at least larger leaves; leaves narrow and pointed; flowers more or less erect. C. arvense Plants usually lacking tufts of leaves in leaf axils; leaves rather broad, often blunt-tipped; flowers often somewhat nodding, especially when aging. Annual weeds at low elevation, stems up to several dm long, flowers several to numerous. C. nutans Perennial, native of alpine areas, stems often less than 1 dm long, usually with fewer than 5 flowers per stem. C. beeringianum

C. arvense L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed) Fig. 8-3 Hairy perennials, from creeping branching delicate stems, at least the 60 largest leaves with axillary tufts or short shoots with small leaves, erect stems usually less than 2.5 dm high. Leaves mostly narrow and sharply pointed, typically less than 2 cm long and 3 mm wide, lowest leaves withering early. Flowering stalk elongated and glandular hairy, with several erect flowers. Sepals 4-6 mm long, also glandular-hairy, green with translucent margins; petals about twice as long as sepals, deeply 2-cleft, white. Fruit when fully mature cylindrical, 1-1.5 X as long as sepals, the opening slightly oblique. An extremely variable species, elsewhere intergrading with the following, but in our area seemingly remaining distinct. It grows in a great variety of habitats, from exposed and rather dry grassy places to protected damp semi-shaded spots, very commonly at low and middle elevations and occasionally as high as 2500 m. Flowers in early June and July, and at higher levels into August.

C. beeringianum Cham. & Schlecht. Fig. 8-4 Glandular-hairy, creeping and often somewhat matted perennials, only exceptionally higher than 1 dm. Leaves typically less than 1.5 cm long and often wider than 3 mm, moderately pointed to rounded at the tip. Flowers few per stem, usually not erect, or distinctly nodding, much like those of C. arvense. Fruit as C. arvense. Exposed alpine ridges about 2100 m, flowering from July into August. See comments under C. arvense.

C. nutans Raf. Fig. 8-5 [inch C. brachypodum Britton] Hairy annuals, with several to numerous rather weak stems with inter nodes up to 10 cm long, becoming glandular-hairy among flowers; stems up to 4 dm long. Leaves up to 1.5 X 1 cm, spreading, lance-shaped, or somewhat blunt-tipped. Flowers often numerous, in open forking arrangement. Sepals about 5 mm long, translucent borders enclosing green mid-area which usually is purple-tipped; petals from slightly shorter than sepals to 1.5 times as long, rarely lacking; fruit approxi mating that of C. arvense. An occasional weed in damp spots at low elevations, it flowers in June and July.

Dianthus D. armeria L. (Grass Pink) Fig. 8-6 Mostly 1-stemmed annuals or biennials, mostly up to 5 dm high, rigidly erect, short-hairy especially in upper parts but not glandular. Leaves nearly grass-like, erect, the members of each pair fused basally around 8-1 Arenaria rubella, 8-2 Arenaria serpy Hi folia, 8-3 Cerastium arvense, 8-4 Cerastium beeringianum, 8-5 Cerastium nutans, 8-6 Dianthus armeria, 8-7 Lychnis apetala, 8-8 Lychnis drummondii, 8-9 Paronychia sessiliflora, 8-10 Sagina saginoides, 8-11 Saponaria officinalis. 62 the stem, even the smallest ones below flowers obviously ribbed, longest ones up to 6 cm long. Flowers stiffly erect at stem-tips, sepals more than 1 cm long, the base of the narrow green-striped fused portion sheathed in the uppermost bracts, free lobes sharp-pointed, about 3 mm long; petals pink to red, with long narrow stalk and broad shallowly toothed tip 3 mm beyond sepals; styles 2. Fruit slightly shorter than the sepals, 4-parted at the tip. Not known elsewhere from the province, this European weed re cently has become established around the stables. The species flowers from late June to early August, its flowers opening mostly during the middle of the day. Compare Lychnis drummondii.

Lychnis (Campion) Plants perennial, smooth or very short-hairy; leaves narrow, those on flowering stalks lacking petioles, flowers one or several per stalk. Sepals 5, united except at the tip, sometimes becoming inflated in fruit; petals 5 but very short and incon spicuous, notched at tip. Styles 5. Fruit a capsule opening at the tip by means of 5 teeth.

KEY TO SPECIES Stems and flower stalks stiffly erect, more than 2 dm high; flowers several per stem; dry sites at low elevations. L. drummondii Plants not rigidly erect, flower mostly solitary, usually nodding when opening; protected slopes at high elevations. L. apetala

Lychnis apetala L. Fig. 8-7 [Melandrium apetalum (L.) Fenzl] Small plants, less than 2 dm high, with several stems reclining at the base and bearing mostly one flower each, rather densely short-hairy above. Leaves narrow, nearly hairless, paired and with distinct midvein, basal leaves to 3 X 0.5 cm including a long petiole. Flowers nodding in bud and when opening; sepals 5, with conspicuous dark stripes, fused except for the 2-3 mm long, blunt tips and inflating in fruit, short-hairy; petals 5, white to purplish, no longer or only very slightly longer than sepals. I am obliged to Dr. John G. Packer for pointing out this species to me, one not previously known from Waterton Lakes. The record is based on a plant growing on a stable meadow above a scree slope on the southeast side of Crypt Lake, placing it almost precisely at the international border. Our plant may belong to var. montana (Wats.) Hitchc, but the smaller plants further north in Alberta are referred to var. attenuata (Farr.) 63 Hitchc. It is easily confused with dwarf individuals of Silene parryi sometimes found at similar sites.

Lychnis drummondii (Hook.) Wats. Fig. 8-8 [Melandrium drummondii (Hook.) Porsild] Erect, short-hairy perennials, with 1 or few unbranched stems to 5 dm high, becoming glandular-hairy near flowers. Leaves paired, the basal ones narrowly lance-shaped with conspicuous petiole, to 8 X 1 cm with distinct mid-vein, the upper leaves narrower, shorter, and losing the petiole. Flowers few, long-stalked, erect; sepals 5, green-striped, about 1 cm long but lengthening in fruit, thickly glandular, fused except for free lobes 2 mm long; petals 5, white or pinkish, not or scarcely exceeding sepals, their broadened tips shallowly lobed; styles commonly 5, rarely 4. Fruit about 1.5 cm long, opening at the tip with 5 or 4 spreading lobes. A rare plant, known only from a meadow in the Belly River valley and the lower Bertha Lake trail, probably flowering in June and July. Reminiscent of Silene parryi, and also of Dianthus armeria but the flowers long-stalked and lacking the crowded ribbed bracts which invest the tatter's flowers.

Paronychia P. sessiliflora Nutt. (Low Whitlow-wort) Fig. 8-9 Dense low cushion plant, with much-branched woody base, rarely more than 3 cm above ground. Leaves hairless, spine-tipped and needle-like, about 5 mm long, paired, interspersed with white membranous stipules nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers single at tips of very short branches, not or scarcely raised above the rest of the plant, with membranous bracts. Sepals 5, greenish-yellow, narrow, about 4 mm long, hooded on in side and with a prominent terminal spine on the back; petals none; stamens 5, opposite the sepals; style 1, forked at the tip and arising from small globular hairy ovary. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, small, with somewhat inflated thin walls, the sepals enclosing it by becoming erect. An inconspicuous, almost moss-like plant of fully exposed prairie habitats, flowering in an almost unnoticeable fashion in spring. Without flowers it is of the same appearance as Phlox hoodii, and often grows among it. The general brownish color of Paronychia in winter, and especially the white stipules, leave no doubt as to its identity.

Sagina S. saginoides (L.) Karst. (Pearlwort) Fig. 8-10 Small biennial or perennial, hairless and matted, the extremely slender stems ascending mostly to less than 4 cm. Leaves paired, needle-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, spine-tipped, leaf bases of a pair with membranous 64 cup-like connection around the stem. Flowers few per stem, individually on very slender stalks up to 3 cm long, young flowers often nodding; sepals 5, about 2 mm long, not strikingly veined, rather blunt-tipped, some with white membranous margin, or purple-tinged, somewhat hooded tip; petals 5, white, rounded about half as long as sepals; stamens usually 10, slightly shorter than sepals; fruit up to twice as long as sepals, ovate, the 5 spreading lobes splitting nearly to the base, releasing numerous brown roughened seeds. Trail-sides and open damp meadows and slopes at alpine elevations. Neither abundant nor very conspicuous, it flowers mostly in July. It should be noted than an earlier report of S. procumbens L. for the Park was in error.

Saponaria S. officinalis L. (Soapwort; Bouncing Bet) Fig. 8-11 Stout, nearly hairless, tufted perennial, from branching rootstocks, mostly up to 8 dm high, stems often purplish. Leaves paired, typically up to 8 X 2 cm, lance-shaped, connected by narrow flange around the stem, with 3 large veins converging at the base; lower leaves often with small axillary clusters of leaves. Flowers very short-stalked, in open terminal cluster, pink; sepals forming a narrow tube about 2 cm long, the narrow- stalked wedge-tipped petals extending about 12 mm beyond, their tip shallowly lobed; styles 2. An attractive weed now established along the Cameron Lake road near the townsite and likely to spread. Flowers in July and August.

Silene (Catchfly; Campion) Perennial plants, with paired simple leaves, more or less hairy. Flowers solitary or in open loose clusters; sepals 5, fused most of their length, with 10 or more prominent veins; petals 5, distinct, with narrow long stalk and 2- or 4-lobed blade, and often 2 small protuberances where the two join; stamens 10; styles 3 (rarely 4). Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually 6-toothed at the tip, and on short stipe, seeds more or less bean-shaped, brown with roughened surface. A tall forking and mostly hairless perennial weed, S. cucubalus Wibel, characterized by inflated sepal tubes, is very common in the Crowsnest Pass area, and is likely to enter the Park in the future.

KEY TO SPECIES Compact, cushion-like plants on alpine ridges, flowers bright purplish, rarely more than 2 cm above leaves. S. acaulis 65 Plants not compact and cushion-like though occasionally matted, usually not alpine; flowers not bright purplish, and at least several cm above basal leaves. Sepal tube 8 mm long or less, not obviously veined, leaves up to 2 cm wide. S. menziesii Sepal tube at least 1 cm long, as a rule strikingly veined in purple or dark green; leaves rarely as wide as 8 mm. S. parryi

S. acaulis L. (Moss Campion) Fig. 9-1 Cushion-like, very compact, bright green plants, often several dm across; leaves needle-like, up to 1 cm long, only fringed with some hairs, the old leaves long persisting. Flowers solitary on slender leafless erect stems only occasionally longer than 2 cm. Sepals about 7 mm long, the free lobes purple-edged; petals bright purplish, extending 2-3 mm beyond sepals, rather narrow but notched. Fruit 3-chambered, scarcely protrud ing from the sepals. Exposed alpine ridges from 1700 to 2700 m. Flowers in June and July and is one of our most attractive alpine flowers. Our plants have usually been assigned to var. exscapa (All.) DC. Flowers may be bisexual or uni sexual and separated on male and female plants.

S. menziesii Hook. Fig. 9-2 Rather weak-stemmed perennials, soft-hairy throughout, from a slender rootstock, mostly less than 2 dm high. Leaves lance-shaped, up to 5 X 2 cm, decreasing upward. Flowers few, rather long-stalked, in open termi nal arrangements, flowers (and plants) functionally unisexual but aborted organs of opposite sex present. Sepals about 7 mm long, pale green with pink-rimmed lobes; petals white, extending about 4 mm beyond sepals, deeply cleft into 2 lobes; stamens of two different lengths; styles 3. A rather infrequent and inconspicuous woodland plant, which pre fers the shade of deciduous trees at low elevations, it flowers in June and July. Waterton plants seem to belong to var. viscosa (Greene) Hitchc. & Maguire.

S. parryi (Wats.) Hitchc. & Maguire Fig. 9-3 A rigidly erect, often tufted glandular-hairy plant, occasionally up to 4 dm high, from a branching rootstock. Leaves at most 8 cm long, very narrowly lance-shaped with long petiole to nearly strap-shaped leaf bases connected around the stem. Flowers few, slender-stalked, erect. Sepals 1 66 cm or more, the short free lobes often with purple tinge, the fused portion somewhat inflated and most strikingly marked with purple or green veins; petals extending about 1 cm beyond sepals, deeply 4-cleft, creamy white and often purple-tinged; styles mostly 3 or 4, extending slightly beyond sepals. An attractive common plant of meadows and trail-sides of middle elevations at least up to 2600 m, flowering in July and August. One- flowered plants from Crypt Lake were at one time reported as S. douglasii Hook., but have now been identified as Lychnis apetala.

Stellaria (Chickweed) Annual or perennial plants, the latter often from slender branching rootstocks; leaves simple, paired, sometimes with but mostly without petioles. Flowers long-stalked, in most terminating internodes and overtopped by two or only one branch from the leaf axils immediately below; if overtopped by only one, at each node, flowers appearing to be axillary. Flower cluster diffuse, abruptly separated from leafy shoot by small bracts or not. Sepals 5, distinct, mostly sharp-tipped; petals 5, variously 2-cleft or reduced to lacking; stamens 10 or fewer; styles normally 3, crowning the ovate ovary which is placed beyond the stamens. Fruit a many-seeded pod nor mally opening most or all of the way with twice as many lobes as styles, the seeds with roughened surface, brownish. A difficult genus, represented by at least 9 species in the Park, one of them (S. americana) known from a single popula tion in Waterton and not found elsewhere in Canada.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants glandular-hairy on all green parts. S. americana Leaves lacking glandular hairs, though sometimes with others. Annuals; at least some of the lower leaves with distinct petioles 3-15 mm long. S. media Perennials; petioles 1 mm long or less. Dwarf, tufted alpines, up to 5 cm high, from slender spreading rootstock, stiffly erect and blue-green with terminal flower often followed by a single (rarely 2) axillary one with one pair of leaves; petals longer than sepals. S. monantha 67 Mostly not alpine (if so, petals shorter than sepals); plants not with erect tufts of stems, and not blue-green; flowers more than 2 per stem, either seemingly 1 per axil or in terminal groups. Flowers not grouped at stem tips but spread along leafy stems, seemingly 1 per leaf axil; plants creeping, often matted and appressed to ground; largest leaves rarely more than 1 cm long. S. crispa Flowers grouped at stem tips, each branch clearly terminated by one flower; plants not matted, often erect; largest leaves typically more than 1 cm long. Petals shorter than sepals or even absent. Bracts sharply delimited from leaves below, mostly papery white, lacking green; flowers often nodding; known only from Rowe Lakes. S. umbellata Bracts intergrading with leaves below, green; flowers mostly spreading or erect; middle and lower elevations. S. calycantha Petals at least as long as sepals. Sepals 2-3 mm long, not clearly 3-veined; petals cleft nearly to the base; lowest flowers seemingly in leaf axils; stem not 4-angled. S. crassifolia Sepals 3-4 mm long, 3- (5-) veined; petals cleft no more than halfway; lowest flowers terminating branches; stem 4-angled. Leaf margin very finely beaded as seen under strong (X30) magnification; capsule greenish-yellow when ripe. S. longifolia Leaf margin smooth; capsule purplish- green. S. longipes

S. americana (Porter) Standi. Fig. 9-4 Perennial, from slender branching rootstock, densely glandular-hairy in all green upper parts, sometimes hairless below, stems rather weak, mostly less than 1 dm long. Leaves lacking petiole, bract-like below, 68 larger ones up to 3 X 1.5 cm. Flowers few, at tips of branches; sepals 3.5-5 mm long; petals 1.5 times to twice as long as sepals, cleft less than a quarter of their length. Fruit ovate or longer, but shorter than sepals, the seeds 2-3 mm long. One of the rarest of Waterton plants, known in Canada only from a single record, from a south-facing scree slope near the top of Sofa Mountain. It is unmistakably a Stellaria because of its dense, glandular hairs.

S. calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong. Fig. 9-5 Slender-stemmed perennial, hairless or nearly so, its weak stems often ascending, mostly 1-4 dm long. Leaves lance-shaped, sometimes very narrowly so, up to 4 X 1 cm, lacking petiole, lowest margin often with some white hairs, otherwise margin smooth. Lower branches overtop ping single terminal flowers repeatedly, the latter on long slender stalks 1-4 cm long, usually erect or spreading; leaves gradually diminishing upward, remaining shorter than sepals or lacking. Fruit about twice as long as sepals, rather dark. Mossy places in semi-shade at middle elevations; not common, and flowering mostly in July. The species often resembles S. longipes but its short petals are different from the latter. On the other hand, some plants seem intermediate in general habit to S. crispa, but have internodes several times as long as the leaves, and flowers not consistently along the stem as in the latter species.

S. crassifolia Ehrh. Fig. 9-6 Hairless plants, with very slender, often matted or ascending stems, up to 1.5 dm high. Leaves without petiole, rather narrowly lance-shaped, thin, mostly up to 10 X 4 mm. Flowers terminating branches but often over topped by only one lower branch and thus appearing axillary; on slender stalks up to 2 cm long. Sepals lance-shaped, 2-3 mm long; petals cleft nearly to the base, at least as long as sepals. Fruit 1-2 mm longer than sepals. Moist places. Known in the Park only from the margin of a beaver pond north of Sofa Mtn.

S. crispa Cham. & Schlecht. Fig. 9-7 Low, creeping, hairless perennial, much-branched and somewhat matted. Leaves broadly lance-shaped, rarely more than 1 cm long or as long as the internodes; margins often somewhat waxy, on stems rarely as much as 3 dm long. Flowers seemingly in axils all along stem, solitary, on slender stalks up to 2 cm long. Sepals about 4 mm long, clearly 3-veined; petals minute or lacking. Fruit slightly exceeding sepals. 9-1 Silene acaulis, 9-2 Silene menziesii, 9-3 Silene parryi, 9-4 Stellaria americana, 9-5 Stellaria calycantha, 9-6 Stellaria crassifolia, 9-7 Stellaria crispa, 9-8 Stellaria longifolia, 9-9 Stellaria longipes, 9-10 Stellaria media. 70 Usually a clearly distinct species (but see comments under S. calycantha), preferring moist spots, often along roads or trails at middle elevations at least up to 2100 m. It flowers from late June to early August. A very similar species, S. obtusa Engelm., has also been reported from our area but needs confirmation.

S. longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Fig. 9-8 Rather delicate plant, with weak ascending 4-angled stems, up to 5 dm long, hairless. Leaves without petiole, very narrowly strap-shaped or lance-shaped, 2-5 cm long, with characteristic beaded margin visible only under high (X30) magnification. Flowers in forking arrangement, each flower on 5-20 mm stalk, terminating an internode, the bracts grading into leaves below, at least with membranous margin. Sepals 3-4 mm long, 3-veined; petals at least as long. Fruit much longer than sepals, greenish-yellow. An occasional plant of partial shade at lower elevations, mostly in damp spots. Flowers in June and July. The leaf-margin characteristic is a difficult one to establish in the field but seems quite dependable as a means to separate S. longifolia from similar species like S. calycantha, S. longipes, and S. umbellatd,

S. longipes Goldie Fig. 9-9 [incl. S. laeta Richards.] A very slender weak-stemmed perennial, hairless, up to 3 dm tall, from a very thin rootstock. Leaves without petiole, strap-shaped with sharp tip or very narrowly lance-shaped, mostly up to 3 cm long and 3 mm wide, the margin smooth even under high (X30) magnification. Flowers in irregularly forked group, on slender stalks up to 8 cm long. Sepals about 4 mm long, 3-veined; petals slightly longer than sepals. Fruit longer than sepals, purplish-green. Middle elevations, usually in open and rather damp forest or mead ows, flowering from late May to the end of July. See the comments under S. longifolia. The var. altocaulis (Hult.) Hitchc. is here treated as S. monantha, as its appearance and ecological preferences seem to be consistently distinct-.

S. media (L.) Vill. (Common Chickweed) Fig. 9-10 Annual plants, with lodged stems often rooting at the nodes, hairs only on petioles and some stems, where in longitudinal strips; stems up to 5 dm long. Some (or most) of lowest leaves with distinct, broad petioles 3-15 mm long, blade broadly lance-shaped to ovate with sharp tip, up to 3 X 1.5 cm. Flowers terminating branches, soon overtopped by branches 71 from below, on stalks up to 3 cm long. Sepals hairy, about 4 mm long, mostly green, broadly lance-shaped; petals shorter than sepals, 2-cleft to near the base. Fruit ovate, somewhat longer than sepals. A weedy plant of moist disturbed ground at low elevations, so far known only from beaver ponds in Blakiston Creek but probably occur ring elsewhere. Flowers from early June into late August in other Alberta localities.

S. monantha Hult. Fig. 10-1 [S. longipes Goldie var. altocaulis (Hult.) Hitchc] Blue-green, hairless, tufted perennials, stems, flowers.and leaves rigidly erect, usually less than 5 cm high, from diffuse and slender rootstocks. Leves typically up to 15 X 3 mm, narrowly lance-shaped with rather wide base, 1-ribbed. Flowers on straight stalks up to 1.5 cm long, terminating stem, sometimes followed by 1 or 2 from the nearest axils below, these flowers with 1 pair of green leaves each. Sepals 4 mm long, sharply pointed; petals somewhat longer. Fruit rather dark-colored, longer than sepals. Fully exposed rocky alpine slopes and ridges at least up to 2700 m. Flowers from late May to the end of July. In our area it is apparently quite distinct from S. longipes, with which it is often united.

S. umbellata Turcz. Fig. 10-2 [incl. S. gonomischa Boivin] Ascending, rather delicate plants, from slender rootstocks, hairless, mostly less than 2 dm high. Leaves lance-shaped, lacking petioles, up to 20 X 6 mm, smooth-margined, the flower bracts abruptly reduced, membranous, sometimes with purple midvein. Flowers on 1-2 cm long slender stalks which often droop, each flower terminating an internode, the flower group forking. Sepals 2-3 mm long; petals minute or lacking. Fruit up to twice as long as sepals, with rather narrow lobes. Damp open spots at high elevations; in the Park known only from a single locality just above Upper Rowe Lake, and elsewhere in Alberta only from two localities in Banff. Flowers probably in July and August.

Celastraceae (Bittersweet or Staff-tree Family) Pachystima P. myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (Mountain Box; Mountain Lover) Fig. 10-3 Evergreen, hairless shrub, much branched, rarely reaching 1 m in height. * *#:

10-1 Stellaria monantha, 10-2 Stellaria umbellata, 10-3 Pachystima myrsinites, 10-4 Chenopodium album, 10-5 Chenopodium capitatum, 10-6 Chenopodium rubrum, 10-7 Monolepis nuttalliana, 10-8 Salsola kali. 73 Leaves paired, elliptical, with very short petiole, leathery, mostly less than 3x1 cm, with rather few very small marginal teeth. Flowers 3-4 cm broad, axillary, singly or on very few-flowered slender branches; sepals and petals 4 each, the former green the latter maroon, twice as long as the sepals, forming a square flat flower around a central disk, stamens 4, alternating with petals and attached to rim of disk; style and stigma prominent in center of disk, ovary sunken below it, forming a 3-4 mm long pod. Middle and low elevations, usually in coniferous woods. Not com mon in the Park, but well represented at Crandell Lake, the lower Bertha Creek area, and near the townsite. Reaches north to the Crowsnest Pass. Flowers in May and June.

Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family) All our plants annual, branching, sparsely hairy or hairless sometimes with mealy surface. Leaves simple but often mar ginally lobed or toothed, lacking stipules. Flowers lacking individual stalks or nearly so, single in leaf axils or in dense clusters; flower usually with 1-5 separate green lobes here in terpreted as sepals; stamens 1-5, opposite sepals and distinct; ovary placed beyond stamen(s), with mostly 2 styles some times basally fused. Fruit dry, thin-walled, 1-seeded, some what lens-shaped.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves needle- or scale-like prominently spine- tipped; flowers mostly single in leaf-axils. Salsola Leaf-blades arrow-shaped, not spine-tipped; flowers in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Sepal and stamen 1 each per flower; fruit exposed. Monolepis Sepals and stamens 3-5, the former enclosing the fruit. Chenopodium

Chenopodium (Goosefoot) Annual and weedy branched plants, with petiolate leaves 1 per node except at base where sometimes paired, blade arrow-shaped, with distinct petiole, hairless but often with 74 mealy surface. Flowers in dense axillary and terminal clus ters, green and often lacking individual stalks, bisexual, with 3-5 sepal-like persistent and distinct lobes which eventually enclose the fruit; stamens 5 or fewer, opposite these lobes; styles 2 or 3, short. Fruit small and thin-walled, the single seed somewhat flattened and lens-shaped.

KEY TO SPECIES Sepals becoming fleshy and bright red; flower clusters 5-15 mm in diameter, these in unbranched series along tip of stem. C. capitatum Sepals neither fleshy nor red; flower clusters 2-4 mm in diameter but often elongated, in branched, terminal arrangement. Leaves (or bracts) exceeding flower clusters at stem-tips; stamens 1 or 2 per flower. C. rubrum Leaves (bracts) shorter than flower clusters at stem-tips; stamens 5 per flower. C. album

C. album L. (Lamb's Quarters; White Goosefoot) Fig. 10-4 Erect plants, up to a meter or more high, branched mostly in upper parts. Leaves with mealy under-surface, 3-10 cm long and up to 4 cm wide, more or less arrow-shaped but with base tapering into petiole often as long as blade, irregularly toothed to very shallowly lobed. Often with 2 prominent lateral lobes and 3 convergent basal veins. Flower clusters usually less than 4 mm in diameter, often elongated, in branching ar rangements; sepals with mealy back; fruit black, finely and regularly pitted, a little more than 1 mm in diameter. A common roadside weed from low elevations,' which may be ex pected in disturbed places from time to time.

C. capitatum (L.) Asch. (Strawberry Blite) Fig. 10-5 Plants up to 4 or 5 dm high, simple or somewhat branching from the base, stems and lower leaf surfaces often red. Leaf blade arrow-shaped, scarcely tapering into the equally long and somewhat shorter petiole, together up to 8 X 3 cm, margin irregularly toothed, or shallowly lobed to nearly smooth, tip sharp. Flowers in round clusters 5-15 mm in diam eter these in spike-like and mostly leafless arrangement along stem tips; sepals bright red, fleshy, somewhat resembling berries, seeds black and nearly smooth, about 1 mm long and slightly less wide. An occasional and unmistakable weed along roadsides at low eleva tions, usually in rather damp spots. 75 C. rubrum L. (Red Goosefoot) Fig. 10-6 [C. humile Hook.] Plants much like C. album, but generally much smaller, and more commonly with reddish stems; even the uppermost reduced leaves extend well beyond the flower clusters, the latter being much smaller than those of C. album, usually short, axillary; stamens 1 or 2 per flower. Fruit dark brown. An inconspicuous, leafy weed preferring somewhat alkaline soil; known from a pond near Lookout Butte. Our plants belong to a small phase called var. humile (Hook.) Wats., and are reminiscent of Monolepis nuttalliana, which has different flowers.

Monolepis M. nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene Fig. 10-7 Annual, densely branched, leafy plants, hairless but often with slightly mealy surface, up to 3 dm high. Leaves 1 per node, up to 5 X 1 cm, the blade arrow-shaped with base long-tapering into petiole up to 2.5 cm long, terminal lobe up to 2 cm long, leaves gradually reduced upwardly. Flowers lacking individual stalks, densely clustered in upper leaf axils; sepal 1, green, lance-shaped, about 1.5 mm long, stamen 1; ovary with 2-forked style reaching beyond stamen producing a single disk-like seed about 1 mm in diameter, with marginal rim. An inconspicuous weed of disturbed places which may be expected generally in such sites at low elevations. See also Chenopodium rubrum.

Salsola S. kali L. (Tumbleweed; Russian Thistle) Fig. 10-8 Plants hairless or nearly so, spiny, annual, with weak root system, from very small and scarcely branched to bushy with long basal branches, and up to 8 dm high. All leaves spine-tipped, the earliest thread-like, up to 6 cm long and paired, others shorter and 1 per node, eventually scale-like, green striped with finely spiny margin and stout terminal, yellow spine at least 1 mm long. Flowers single and stalkless in axils of these scale- leaves each flanked by 2 smaller but similar bracts; sepals 5 free almost to the base, with transverse wing or keel on back, the small tip curving over maturing fruit; petals lacking; stamens mostly 5; styles 2 or 3, ovary minute, beyond sepals, producing a small 1-seeded fruit, the sepal wings much enlarged and often reddish. This is the best known of the tumbleweeds, known from roadsides in the prairie region of the Park, and to be expected sporadically in similar places elsewhere at lowest elevations. 76 Compositae [Asteraceae] (Sunflower Family) Plants extremely diverse in leaves and habit, herbaceous except for one rare shrubby species (Artemisia tridentata). Flowers individually stemless, crowded into small or large heads enveloped in involucral bracts. Flowers of two types (see below), sepals absent or modified into pappus, petals 5, (very rarely 4) forming a tube at least at the very base, in disk flowers the petal tips free, in ligulate flowers the petals united in a strap-like structure for most of their length; flowers bi sexual or unisexual, in the latter case the opposite sex repre sented by aborted organs; stamens as many as the petals, filaments thin and attached to petal tube, alternating with the petals; anthers elongated and usually adhering to each other; ovary below petals, style elongating and with two stigmatic lobes. Fruit a 1-seeded, small nut (achene) variously crowned with white bristles, hairs, scales, etc. (pappus; see below). An extremely large, complex, and variable family, yet clearly set apart by the combination of flower, inflorescence (head) and fruit characters. There are well over a hundred species in the Park (the largest family) in the most variable habitats imaginable. Identification of Compositae is often made difficult by a specialized terminology which must be fully understood before the keys are used. The crucial concept is the capitulum or head, a dense cluster of individually stemless flowers which may all be of the same type or of two very different types, and which are attached to a flat or curved receptacle. Around this group of flowers which often looks deceptively like a single large flower, a series of modified leaves are placed (involucral bracts) which mimic sepals. It is absolutely necessary that both the flowers and heads of a specimen be separately studied and identified before the keys are used. The basic terminology is briefly specified below. Involucral bracts: usually leaf-like but much reduced organs which envelop the base of a head, often obscuring part of the flowers. They are variable both in number and shape. All involucral bracts may be identical (Tragopogon) or nearly so, or form two distinct series. More commonly, they vary somewhat from the lower to the upper ones. Some have re curved hooks or spiny tips, others may adhere marginally, together forming a cylindrical structure (Senecio). They are frequently reminiscent of sepals but, unlike them, are placed below a group of flowers. 77

Involucral bracts of Compositae: from left to right, Bidens, Senecio, Aster, Erigeron, Centaurea, Cirsium, and Antennaria.

Ligulate flowers (ray flowers): flowers which have the petals united in a flat strap-like portion for most of their length. Somewhat above the attachment to the ovary, there is a tubular portion of varying length; the tip of the ligulate flower may be lobed or toothed. In many species, ligulate flowers are sharply distinct from disk flowers; in such cases the former are usually sterile, showing only aborted sex organs, while the disk flowers are commonly sexually com plete. In other plants (Taraxacum, Tragopogon), long ligulate flowers are on the margin of the head, the more central ones becoming progressively shorter. Ligulate flowers may be very small, especially when dry (Lactuca). Confusion is possible in species where no ligulate flowers exist and the marginal disk flowers are very large as in Centaurea, or even in Liatris where both the free petals and stigmatic lobes are very prominent. Ligulate flowers are always bilaterally symmetrical; they may be fertile or sterile. Disk flowers: tubular flowers, the petals in most cases free only at the very tip. In heads where both types of flowers occur, the disk flowers form the "heart." Especially in larger heads the disk flowers can be seen to mature toward the center, the central ones, for example, still being in bud and the peripheral ones already in full flower. Disk flowers are often bisexual, one exception being found in Antennaria where plants are unisexual, and an even more complex sex distribu tion of Anaphalis forming a second exception. Disk flowers are always radially symmetrical. Disk (receptacle): the expanded end of the supporting stalk to which the flowers are attached. The disk may be flat or slightly concave, or convex to hemispherical, or conical as in Matricaria. The individual flowers on the disk may be sub- 78

Diagrams of the three types of heads in Compositae: from left to right, disk flowers only; disk flowers and ligulate flowers; ligulate flowers only.

tended by a papery bract or a tuft of hair; if not, the disk is called naked. Achene: the dry, 1-seeded, nut-like fruit characteristic of all Compositae in the Park, frequently (but erroneously) referred to as a seed, as in the sunflower "seed." Achenes may be smooth or ribbed, studded with tubercles, or hairy. They are often crowned by the pappus, which may be thought of as a much modified set of sepals. The pappus rarely consists of a few barbed spines. In a few species the pappus is absent, the achenes having a smooth or tubercular top. In most species there is a bristly pappus, of smooth (capillary) or feathery (plumose) bristles, these sometimes with scaly base (Micro- seris) or in a double series (Chrysopsis).

Fruit and pappus forms of Compositae: from left to right, Bidens, Tragopogon, Helianthus, Cirsium, Microseris, and Adenocaulon.

KEY TO GENERA OF COMPOSITAE • At least lowest leaves paired (if too crowded, go on to alternative statement). • Ligulate flowers present, bright yellow; leaves ranging from strap-shaped to heart-shaped. Involucral bracts of two very different types, the outer long and leafy, the inner half as long and very broad, striped brown; fruit with about 4 barbed spines. Bidens Involucral bracts of one type only, green; fruit without barbed spines. 79 Pappus lacking or breaking off, never of white-hairs; upper-most leaves not paired. Leaves and heads less than 5 mm wide, the latter in small clusters; rays about 2 mm long or lacking. Madia Leaves more than 5 mm wide; heads much larger, widely spaced or single; rays more than 1 cm long. Helianthus Pappus of prominent white hairs; upper green leaves always paired. Arnica • Ligulate flowers absent; leaves broadly heart- shaped or arrow-shaped. Coarse roadside annuals with numerous small stemless heads; involucral bracts in two distinct series, the outer ones forming a cup like envelope; pappus lacking. Iva More slender perennial of rocky places, with few large, stalked heads; involucral bracts of various lengths, not forming a cup-like structure; pappus of numerous bristles. Brickellia • Leaves never paired, always single at the nodes and/or crowded at base of flowering stalk. Z Heads bearing ligulate flowers. •• Ligulate flowers sharply distinct from disk flowers, no transitions occurring in form, or often in color; plants lacking milky juice. Leaves divided into separate smaller leaflets, the latter often further lobed or subdivided. Ligulate flowers white or pink. Many heads on upright stem, all arranged in a flat-topped cluster. Achillea Each upright stem with one or very few heads. One head per upright stem, the divided Erigeron leaves all basal. compositus Several heads per upright stem, the Matricaria divided leaves all on the stem. maritima Ligulate flowers bright yellow. Anthemis Leaves entire to deeply lobed, but not completely divided into separate leaflets. 80 Ligulate flowers bright yellow or orange. Leaves large and basal only, the smooth- margined arrow-shaped blade up to 30 cm long and 15 cm wide Balsamorhiza Leaves much smaller, not often smooth- margined, and never arrow-shaped. Involucral bracts hairless, stiffly recurved, and covered with gummy exudate. Grindelia Involucral bracts with or without hairs neither stiffly recurved nor gummy. Ligulate flowers deeply 3-cleft, the disk flowers brownish purple. Gaillardia Ligulate flowers not cleft, disk flowers yellow. Involucral bracts mostly of equal length, forming a tubular structure through marginal adherence. Senecio Involucral bracts of variable length, not marginally coherent. Flowering stem leafless. Agoseris Flowering stem leafy. Heads relatively few and large, the disk usually 1 cm or more in diameter, rays usually at least 10 mm long; several spreading stems from common taproot; pappus of long bristles with inconspicuous series of short ones below. Chrysopsis Heads usually numerous and small, the disk 5 mm wide or less; upright stems from creeping rootstock; pappus bristles in one series only. Solidago Ligulate flowers not bright yellow or orange. Flowering stems very short, developing in spring only; with simple sheathing leaves, regular leaves later, with broad discrete blades arrow-shaped or circular in outline with palmate venation. Petasites 81 No such sheathing leaves; leaves simultaneous with or before flowers, lacking broad blades which are abruptly distinct from petioles; leaf outline never arrow-like or circular, not with palmate venation. Leaves deeply toothed, the lowest leaves with long slender petiole tapering into blade; pappus none; ligulate flowers white. Chrysanthemum Leaves never deeply toothed, the lowest ones with or without tapering petiole; pappus present; ligulate flowers blue, pink or white. Densely leafy plants no taller than 4 or 5 cm, with 1 to several rather large heads among the leaves. Townsendia Plants taller, the heads 1 to many, always well above leaves. Biennial or short-lived perennials; base of plant crowded with leaves; disk 25-30 mm wide, ligulate flowers 10-15 mm long and 3 mm wide, blue to purple. Townsendia parryi Heads nearly always smaller, if as large, not combined with the above characters. Involucral bracts broad, green and leaf-like at least at the tip, frequently with a distinct contrast between upper and basal portions (see fig. p. 77); species at lower elevations flowering after mid summer. Aster Involucral bracts narrow and evenly tapered, and all more or less the same type, usually lacking the contrast mentioned above; species at lower elevations flowering before mid-summer. Erigeron Outer ligulate flowers grading into central flowers, transitions occurring; all flowers on a 82 head of the same color; plants frequently with milky juice when fresh. Upright stalks unbranched and lacking even small leaves below, bearing a single head each. Achene ribs smooth, the achene tapering smoothly into beak; involucral bracts of several lengths. Agoseris Achene ribs (at upper end) with rounded or pointed tubercles; achenes abruptly ending at base of beak; involucral bracts clearly of two distinct lengths. Taraxacum Upright stalks branched or at least with leaves sometimes merely at the base, mostly with more than one head each. Pappus bristles plumose; heads one to several, but solitary on long stalks. Leaves clasping stem; involucral bracts all of the same length, more than 2 cm long, and surpassing the flowers; pappus plumose to base. Tragopogon Leaves not clasping stem; some involucral bracts much shorter than others, none more than 2 cm long or surpassing flowers; pappus bristles scale-like below, plumose above. Microseris Pappus of capillary bristles; heads several to numerous, not solitary on long stalks. Largest leaves often arrow-shaped; heads arranged along unbranched stem; fruit narrowly cylindrical, without beak. Prenanthes Leaves various, but never arrow-shaped; heads usually on loosely branched stem; achene mostly with prominent beak or at least distinctly tapered below pappus. Dwarf alpine of rocky slopes, glabrous, heads among leaves. Crepis nana Glabrous to hairy, but not dwarf alpine plants, and heads well above leaves. Leaves crowded at the base, simple, scarcely lobed, with distinct petiole 83 equal to or longer than blade; flowering stalk nearly leafless. Involucral bracts with black glandular hairs; achene beakless. Hieracium gracile Involucral bracts hairless; achene with slender beak. Crepis elegans Leaves variously lobed or divided to simple, in the latter case at least upper stem leaves lacking petioles. Fruits not obviously tapered to pappus, but rather blunt; largest leaves mostly not or only slightly toothed, not lobed or divided. Hieracium Fruits obviously narrowed to pappus, or beaked; largest leaves commonly deeply lobed or divided, rarely prominently toothed, but not smooth- margined. Achenes more or less strongly flattened, about half as wide as long; leaves glabrous at least above; petiole lacking or with broad green flanges. Lactuca Achenes not strongly flattened, at least 4 times as long as wide; leaves with prominent narrow petiole, deeply lobed or divided into narrow segments. Crepis X Heads lacking ligulate flowers (see also under Senecio pauperculus). Leaf lobes and tips with many stiff needle-like spines. Cirsium Leaves smooth-margined to divided but never with marginal spines. Leaves with numerous obvious parallel veins, sheathing the stout flowering stem; large green leaves from rootstock in summer. Petasites Leaves not sheathing, lacking numerous parallel veins, often on rather slender flowering or creeping stems. 84 ^ Largest leaves with broad blades often at least half as wide as long, or at least with the blade abruptly distinct from the petiole; blade at most lobed, never fully divided. Involucral bracts stiff, spine-like, radiating out in all directions, with a rigid hooked tip. Arctium Involucral bracts not so. Leaf blade elliptical, smooth-margined; plants with creeping above-ground leafy Antennaria stems. racemosa Leaf blade never elliptical, at least some what lobed or toothed; creeping above- ground stems either absent or leafless. Largest leaves attached directly to rootstock, following separate spring- flowering stem. Petasites Largest leaves attached directly to upright flowering stem. Upper part of flowering stem abruptly leafless except for very small bracts; heads individually on long slender stalks with dark-tipped glandular hairs; pappus absent. Adenocaulon Flowering stem leafy throughout; heads in small clusters, not on unusually long leafless stalks; gland- tipped, stalked hairs absent; pappus prominent. Involucral bracts strikingly yellow- ribbed, the long ones hyaline- margined, smooth-backed and hair- fringed; pappus bristles in one series, with very short stiff hairs. Brickellia Longest involucral bracts at most faintly ribbed, with long hairs on back and margins; pappus bristles in two series, the inner ones more feather-like and persistent, the outer ones with short hair and shedding early. Saussurea 85 Y Largest leaves narrower, or divided into very narrow segments, the blades not abruptly distinct from petioles except in some divided leaves. Flowers bright purple; leaves with sharp small-spined margins, or involucral bracts fringed (see also note under Saussurea americana). Heads stemless individually, arranged along a common stalk; involucral bracts not spine-fringed; leaves with spiny margin. Liatris Heads with individual stems, loosely arranged on branching stalks; most involucral bracts dark-tipped and fringed with spines; leaves deeply divided, and lacking spiny margin. Centaurea Flowers not bright purple; leaves never with spines along margins; involucral bracts not fringed. Upright stems 1-headed, the tufted, basal leaves deeply dissected, but those on Erigeron flowering stems simple, strap-shaped. compositus Upright stems several- to many-headed; tufted leaves (if any) mostly simple (exceptions in Artemisia only). Receptacle strongly conical; upright stem branched, each branch terminating in a single head; annual Matricaria weeds. maritima Receptacle not conical; upright stem branched or unbranched, but branches mostly terminating in clusters of heads; mostly perennial natives. Leaves deeply divided, lobed, or toothed. Artemisia Leaves simple. Heads numerous, in a diffusely branching system with numerous leafy bracts; plants usually glabrous, Artemisia rarely with short silver hairs. dracunculus 86 Heads in elongated, rounded, or flat- topped groups, numerous and crowded or rather few and loose; plants always hairy, often woolly in part. Entire involucral bracts green and/or densely hairy, except for Artemisia margins. ludoviciana At least distal half of involucral bract hairless, papery, white to dirty yellow. Upper leaf surface glabrous or nearly so, at least strongly contrasting sharply with the hairy lower surface. Flowering stems from underground rootstock, and bearing the largest leaves, the lowest of which wither early. Anaphalis Flowering stems with reduced leaves, the largest leaves on above-ground creeping stems. Antennaria Leaves equally hairy on both surfaces or nearly so. Leaf margin continuing down along the stem; pappus very easily detached from fruit; usually taprooted, lacking above- ground creeping stems. Gnaphalium Leaf margin not running down along stem; pappus remaining attached to fruit; plants usually with creeping leafy stems, often mat-forming. Antennaria

Achillea A. millefolium L. (Yarrow; Milfoil) Fig. 11-1 One or few-stemmed, more or less white hairy perennials, 2-7 dm tall, the leaves feather-like, up to 10 cm long, the basal ones with conspicuous petiole, stem leaves without, the leaf very finely divided into almost hair like divisions, the overall shape of the leaf narrowly elliptical or strap- shaped, sharply pointed at least at the tip; basal leaves often withering early; leaves 1 per node. Heads numerous, in a rather flat-topped arrange- 11-1 Achillea milifolium, 11-2 Adenocaulon bicolor, 11-3 Agoseris aurantiaca, 11-4 Agoseris glauca. 88 ment up to 12 cm wide; flowers white, the ligulate ones about 5, the expanded portion often nearly as wide as long, slightly lobed at tip. Achenes smooth, somewhat compressed, lacking pappus. A common plant all through the Park, from the lowest prairie areas to protected stable slopes up to nearly 2500 m. There is no other composite in the Park with finely divided leaves and white ligulate flowers except Erigeron compositus, which has only 1 head per stalk and leaves of a different overall shape, mostly basal. Yarrow, especially when fresh, is characterized by a rather pungent aroma.

Adenocaulon A. bicolor Hook. (Trail Plant) Fig. 11-2 Perennials, up to nearly 1 m in height, single-stemmed from short horizontal rootstock, the leaves spread along the lowest part of the stem, 1 per node, up to 20 cm long, more than half of which is slender, somewhat winged petiole; blade thin, broadly arrow-shaped but lobed or coarsely toothed. Lower blade surface and adjacent petiole and stem with conspicuous white felt-like hair, upper blade surface dark green and hairless. Stem sparsely branched near the top, where covered with dark gland-tipped hairs. Heads" 1 at the tip of each slender stalk, with half a dozen or less dark green involucral bracts and 10 or less yellowish-white disk flowers. Fruit club-shaped 6 mm long, lacking a pappus but crowned with glandular hairs. A plant of moist shaded forests, in Alberta known only from the area between Bertha Bay and the townsite and across the lake at Crypt Land ing. Elsewhere, it ranges from southern British Columbia to California. It is unmistakable because of its leaf shape and white undersurface, its ex tremely slender flower arrangement, and especially its glandular achenes not found on any other Alberta member of the family.

Agoseris (False Dandelion) Plants resembling dandelions, but leaves more slender and less toothed, crowded at the top of a stout taproot; heads soli tary on leafless stalks, but sometimes more than 1 per plant. Involucral bracts long, green at least at tip or midrib, ligulate flowers yellow or orange. Fruit extending into long slender beak to which the numerous white pappus bristles are attached. The dried flowers of both species often turn a dull purple or pink.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers orange when fresh, leaves not blue- green; beak of fruit at least as long as fruit itself, the transition abrupt. A. aurantiaca 89 Flowers yellow when fresh, leaves often blue- green; beak of fruit gradually tapered, not as long as fruit itself. A. glauca

A. aurantiaca (Hook.) Greene Fig. 11-3 Leaves up to 30 cm long, ranging from lance-shaped to very narrow and sharply pointed, in the latter case often with a few teeth in the mid area. Flowering stalks somewhat longer than leaves, heads of rather variable size. Flowers and fruits as described in key. An attractive plant, rather common in the western half of the Park, but inconspicuous when not in flower. It may be found on open slopes to about 2300 m elevation. Confusion with Microseris nutans is possible, the latter's fruit and often somewhat branched stem and nodding heads providing useful differences.

A. glauca (Pursh) Raf. Fig. 11-4 A larger or coarser plant than A. aurantiaca, the leaves usually blue-green when fresh. Plants very variable in size, leaves from 5 cm (alpine ridges) to 35 cm (moist, low elevation) in length, white-hairy or nearly hairless. Flower stalks much longer than leaves, heads rather large; flowers and fruits as described in key. A common species of open and frequently dry habitats, from prairie- like areas to at least 2500 m, where dwarf plants may be found on rocky ridges.

Anaphalis A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. (Pearly Everlasting) Fig. 12-1 Plants with unbranched, leafy stems arising singly from sparsely branched, rather superficial rhizomes, reaching 6-7 dm in height. Leaves without petioles, sharply pointed or rather blunt, up to 1 X 10 cm, the midvein straight and running into apex, margins smooth, lower surface (and stems) white-hairy, upper surface dark green, slightly hairy; lowest leaves often withering at flowering time. Heads numerous, crowded in a dense globular branched arrangement directly above leaves. Involucral bracts pearly white; disk-flowers only, these yellow; pappus of dirty white bristles, the fruit with minute papillae. A fairly common species at middle and lower altitudes all through the Park, which flowers from early July into the fall. The individuals usually have either male or female flowers only, but female heads may have a few male flowers in the middle. There are two other genera which may cause confusion. Gnaphalium microcephalum is similar in appearance, but has leaves which are almost equally hairy on both sides, the margins sometimes running down the 90 stem somewhat; it springs from an almost woody base rather than from a subterranean rootstock. Furthermore, it has been collected only once, near Pass Creek campgrounds, possibly the only place in the province where it grows. Similar species in Antennaria are more likely to cause difficulties, especially the tall narrow-leaved species A. anaphaloides. In that species, however, the basal leaves are clearly the largest ones and do not normally wither early; furthermore, the leaves are equally hairy (or nearly so) on both surfaces. Underground rootstocks such as those of Anaphalis do not occur in Antennaria.

Antennaria (Pussy-toes; Everlasting) Perennial plants, often rather small, conspicuously hairy on stems and at least the lower leaf surface; upright stems un branched except directly below heads. Short creeping bran ches leafy, sometimes densely matted. Leaves simple, often rather narrow, 1 per node. Plants unisexual, heads with disk flowers only, several to many in branched terminal cluster; involucral bracts thin and papery at least at the tip. Pappus bristles usually white or dirty white, those of the male some times with narrowly lance-shaped tooth-margined tip. Several of the species in Antennaria are distinguished on the basis of rather difficult characteristics, and some are quite variable in both color and stature. Sex differences may also be striking, setting whole colonies clearly apart from adjacent ones. Much of the material below is adapted from A. Cron- quist's treatment of Antennaria in Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest.

KEY TO SPECIES Upper leaf surface of larger leaves at maturity distinctly greener and less hairy than lower surface, eventually nearly hairless. Leaves large and broad, up to 6 X 2.5 cm, plants with few, elongated creeping stems; heads in clusters of 1-4, the clusters long- stalked along upper part of stem. A. racemosa Leaves much smaller (though sometimes rather broad); plants in densely crowded colonies; heads all crowded at top of stem. Basal leaves up to 3 X 1 cm; female involucres mostly 6-9 mm high, the bract-tips not striped even under high magnification. A. neglecta 91 Basal leaves mostly less than 1.5 X 0.5 cm; female involucres 4-7 mm high, the bract-tips finely striped (under high magnification) because of brownish-green cell walls. A. alpina Upper and lower surfaces of mature, larger leaves scarcely different in color and hairiness (but see A. neglecta). Basal leaves long and slender; plants not mat- forming, creeping stems few. Involucral bracts chaffy to the base, hairless or nearly so except sometimes the-outer ones. A. luzuloides Even the inner involucral bracts with densely hairy, not chaffy lower portion. Plants mostly 0.5-2 dm tall; rare, perhaps only above 2300 m. A. lanata Plants mostly 2-5 dm tall; mostly lower and middle elevations. Involucral bracts blackish but sometimes white at tip; intermediate between A. lanata and A. anaphaloides% A. pulcherrima Involucral bracts white or whitish in aspect, sometimes with small dark basal spot; common especially at lower elevations. A. anaphaloides Basal leaves shorter, often blunt-tipped; plants mat-forming from many creeping stems. Chaffy tip of involucral bract (at least middle and outer ones) discolored and brownish to dirty blackish-green; mostly middle and higher elevations. Chaffy tip of involucral bract dirty blackish- green throughout (very finely dark-striped), generally sharp-pointed; alpine. A. alpina Chaffy tip of inner involucral bract mostly discolored and brownish, not finely striped, and often blunt; mostly middle elevations, sometimes alpine. A. umbrinella Chaffy tip of involucral bract white or pink, sometimes with dark basal spot; middle and lower elevations mostly. Heads relatively large, the involucre 7-11 mm high; prairie species. A. parvifolia 92 Heads relatively small, the involucre 4-7 mm high; habitat variable. A. microphylla

A. alpina (L.) Gaertn. Fig. 12-2 Mat-forming plants, mostly less than 1 dm high, with numerous creeping stems. Basal leaves broadest above middle, tending to lance- or spoon- shaped in form, mostly less than 25 X 7 mm, both surfaces densely to loosely hairy, rarely becoming nearly hairless. Heads several, in rather compact cluster. Female involucres 4-7 mm high, woolly below, the chaffy tips of dirty blackish-green (rarely brownish) appearance (very finely striped under high magnification because of dark cell walls), at least the innermost slender and pointed; male involucres similarly pigmented but often more whitish at tip. Exposed usually stable open alpine slopes mostly above 2200 m; see comments under A. umbrinella.

A. anaphaloides Rydb. Fig. 12-3 A rather tall and robust plant, 2-5 dm high, usually lacking obvious creeping stems. Basal leaves erect, up to 15 X 2 cm, the blade narrowly lance-shaped, all green parts felty-hairy, base of plant often purplish. Heads numerous, in branched rounded cluster which may be up to 5 cm wide; chaffy portion of involucral bracts wholly white (rarely faintly pink), commonly with small dark spot at the base. A very common plant at lower and middle elevations, reminiscent of Anaphalis margaritacea (see comments under that species).

A. lanata (Hook.) Greene Fig. 12-4 Commonly 0.5-2 dm high, with a compact sparsely branched rootcrown, all green parts densely felty-hairy. Basal leaves erect, about 3-10 mm wide and 3-10 cm long (incl. the broad petiole); stem-leaves becoming strap-like, the upper ones reduced and often with brown nail-like tip; base of plant greenish. Heads several, in compact rounded cluster; fe male involucres 5-8 mm high, woolly towards the usually dark greenish base, chaffy portion of similar dark color; male involucres similar but somewhat smaller. A striking rare alpine species, so far recorded in the Park only from Goat Lake and Mt. Rowe, but extending to the north; exposed stable alpine ridges above 2300 m.

A. luzuloides T. & G. Fig. 12-5 Plants 1.5-7 dm tall, with stems single or clustered on branched rootstock; all green parts thinly hairy. Basal leaves erect, strap-like or nearly 12-1 Anaphalis margaritacea, 12-2 Antennaria alpina, 12-3 Antennaria anaphaloides, 12-4 Antennaria lanata, 12-5 Antennaria luzuloides, 12-6 Antennaria microphylla, 12-7 Antennaria neglecta. 94 so, commonly 4-8 cm long, 2-8 mm wide; stem-leaves progressively reduced upwards. Heads at least several in compact or somewhat ex panded cluster; male and female involucres similar, 4-5 dm high, hairless to the base, the lower portion of the bracts pale greenish brown, upper portion more whitish; male pappus bristles with flat tips as de scribed under generic diagnosis. A very rare species recorded only once for the Park, high on the south slope of Mt. Carthew, and at least extremely rare elsewhere in Alberta.

A. microphylla Rydb. Fig. 12-6 [A. rosea Greene, A. nitida Greene] Mat-forming plants, with numerous creeping stems, the upright stems 0.5-4 dm high; all green parts densely grey-hairy. Basal leaves broadest above middle, the tips tending to be blunt, the broadest part spoon- shaped or somewhat lance-shaped, commonly 8-30 mm long and 2-7 mm wide. Heads several in compact to rather open cluster. Female involucres 4-7 mm high, the chaffy portion of bracts dull or bright white to deep pink; male involucres similar but only rarely pink, usually bright white. An extremely variable, nearly ubiquitous species at low and middle elevations. Open, usually rather dry slopes.

A. neglecta Greene Fig. 12-7 Plants with few rather elongated creeping stems, the upright stems 1.5-4 dm high; all green parts closely grey-hairy, but upper surface of large leaves becoming green and nearly hairless; largest leaves up to 3 X 1 cm, spoon-shaped, tip small and sharp on rounded end, base long-tapering into broad petiole. Heads several in a dense cluster; female involucres mostly 6-9 mm high, bracts narrow and long-pointed, chaffy part dirty white; male plants very rare. Open grassy slopes at rather low elevations. The most common and more robust form, var. howellii (Greene) Cronq., seems to prefer lower elevations, while var. attenuata (Fern.) Cronq., characterized by young leaves which are hairy on both sides, is reported from both lower and middle elevations.

A. parvifolia Nutt. Fig. 13-1 Resembling A. microphylla but leaves somewhat larger, the basal ones 1-3.5 X 2.5-10 mm, the plants rarely more than 15 cm high, and the heads larger and in more compact cluster. Female involucres 7-11 mm high, the bracts mostly blunt and the chaffy part white, sometimes dull white, rarely with a tinge of pink. A species found mostly on dry prairie slopes along the northwestern flanks of the Park. dllt I , ft

13-1 Antennaria parvifolia, 13-2 Antennaria pulcherrima, 13-3 Antennaria racemosa, 13-4 Antennaria umbrinella, 13-5 Anthemis tinctoria. 96 A. pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene Fig. 13-2 A species in all important ways intermediate between A. lanata and A. anaphaloides, the involucre being like that of the former, and overall appearance and size approaching those of the latter. In fact, A. pulcherri ma and A. anaphaloides are at times difficult to distinguish from each other. Occasional in the lower parts of the Park; elsewhere in southern Alberta, and perhaps also in Waterton, occasionally up to 2200 m or higher.

A. racemosa Hook. Fig. 13-3 Plants with few creeping elongated stems, the erect stems up to 5 dm high. All green parts persistently cottony-white except upper leaf surface which is bright green and hairless or nearly so. Largest leaves up to 6 X 2.5 cm or more, the blade lance-shaped but tapering into rather short petiole; stem-leaves very narrow and lacking petioles. Heads on slender stalks, individually or in clusters of 2-3, along upper portion of flowering stem, in very open arrangement. Involucres scarcely hairy, the male and female ones 4-5 and 6-8 mm high, respectively. The only one of our species which can be said to be unmistakable, in a variety of habitats ranging from damp places up to 2300 m to dry open lodgepole pine forests at low elevations.

A. umbrinella Rydb. Fig. 13-4 Frequently very similar to A. microphylla, and intermediate between it and A. alpina as to structural details and altitudinal preferences. Stems up to 2 dm high; involucral bracts blunter than those of A. alpina, typically lacking the tatter's minutely striped chaffy tips which rather are discolored or dirty brown; at least the inner bracts with whitish tip. A common species, especially at middle and higher altitudes, but often intergrading with the other two species mentioned.

Anthemis A. tinctoria L. (Yellow Chamomile) Fig. 13-5 A showy branched perennial, half a meter or more in height, from a somewhat woody base. Leaves 1 per node, about 2.5 X 1.5 cm, broadest part above the middle, petiole lacking, blade divided into narrow leaflets themselves with sharply toothed margin, the leaflets becoming smaller and narrower toward the leaf base; both leaves and stem with fine white hairs. Heads solitary at ends of long branches, about 3 cm in diameter; in volucral bracts narrow, with woolly white hairs and bright green midrib; ligulate flowers bright yellow, about 1.5 cm long; disk flowers of a similar color, with long chaffy bracts. Fruit ridged, without pappus except for a short collar-like crown. 97 An aromatic, attractive European roadside weed first established near the main entrance gate, but more recently also flourishing at the Cameron Lakes road junction. It may have been introduced from the Crowsnest Pass area where it long has been present, or it may have escaped from cultivation in the garden of a resident.

Arctium A. minus (Hill) Bernh. (Burdock) Fig. 14-1 Very coarse biennial, forming a dense cluster of petiolate, broadly arrow- shaped or heart-shaped leaves at least 2 dm long, bolting the second year to form a branched leafy stem a meter or more in height, the single leaves becoming smaller upward but retaining petioles; at least lower leaf surface and purple stems and petioles with thin, felty hair covering. Heads in small clusters at the tips of all branches, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, with numerous stiff needle-like involucral bracts, each tipped by a rigid sharp hook. Heads spherical with purplish slender disk flowers only, with receptacular bristles. Fruit smooth, pappus of many short easily de tached bristles. A well-known Eurasian weed, in our area unmistakable, established in various disturbed areas at low elevations. The heads, either singly or in small clusters, detach easily and are carried on clothes or by larger animals.

Arnica (Arnica) Smooth or hairy perennials, single-stemmed from slender rootstocks, the larger leaves always paired, smaller ones usually. The creeping rootstock with a cluster of leaves one year, a flowering stalk the next. Leaves varying from narrowly lance-shaped, with palmate veins, to arrow- or heart-shaped, with palmate veins; leaf margins smooth to coarsely toothed. Heads 1 to several, often rather large; involucral bracts green, equal, surrounding both ligulate and disk flowers, the former female (rarely lacking,) the latter bisexual, both yellow; achenes rather slender, with whitish or straw-colored, bristly or feathery pappus. Identification of Arnica species is often difficult because of the occurrence of intergrading forms.

KEY TO SPECIES Stem leaves usually 5-12 pairs. Involucral bracts with long white hairs at the tip. A. chamissonis 98 Involucral bracts not more hairy at the tip than elsewhere. Leaves entire or nearly so; rootstock short and crowded, 2 or more flowering stalks arising together. A. longifolia Leaves more or less toothed; rootstock more elongate, spacing flowering stalks further apart. A. amplexicaulis Stem leaves usually fewer than 4 pairs. Heads with disk flowers only. A. parryi Heads with both disk and ligulate flowers. Pappus straw-colored, the hairs on bristles rather long, not stiff. Heads rather narrow or conical, usually several. A. diversifolia Heads nearly hemispherical, one to few. A. mollis Pappus white, the bristle hairs short and stiff. Basal leaves broadly arrow- or heart-shaped, less than 3 times as long as wide, usually with long petioles. Lowest stem-leaves the largest, with long petioles, fruit hairy nearly or quite to the base. A. cordifolia Middle stem-leaves the largest or as large as lowest ones, both usually without obvious petioles; fruit hairless below or throughout. A. latifolia Basal leaves narrow to lance-shaped, more than three times as long as wide. Lower stem-leaves with very short or no petioles; plants of higher elevations. Ligulate flowers with teeth less than 0.5 mm long; involucral bracts 9-12 mm long, the tips greenish. A. rydbergii Ligulate flowers with teeth longer than 0.5 mm, involucral bracts 10-15 mm long; the tips often purple. Involucral bracts white hairy to the tip; achenes densely hairy; leaves sharply pointed. A. alpina 14-1 Arctium minus, 14-2 Arnica alpina, 14-3 Arnica amplexicaulis, 14-4 Arnica chamissonis, 14-5 Arnica cordifolia. o.

100 Involucral bracts hairless at least above middle; achenes hairless below; leaves abruptly pointed to rather blunt. A. louiseana Lower stem-leaves with long petioles; plants of lower elevations. Old leaf bases covering dense long brown wool; petal tips of disk flowers with a few white hairs. A. fulgens Old leaf bases not so, though often with sparse white hairs; petal tips of disk flowers lacking white hairs. A. sororia

A. alpina (L.) Olin Fig. 14-2 A small plant, less than 2 dm tall, white-hairy, from a short and rather stout rootstock; leaves narrowly lance-shaped, the longest up to 8 cm and tapering into a short broad petiole below, sharply pointed above; stem- leaves 3 pairs or fewer. Heads 1, rarely with a second; involucral bracts densely white-woolly, especially at the base; ligulate flowers 2-2.5 cm long, bright yellow, with teeth, pappus pure white. Rocky ridges and other exposed sites at high elevations. Known in the Park from only the Carthew Lakes and Vimy areas, but probably occurs elsewhere in similar habitats. Our material belongs to var. tomen- tosa (Macoun) Cronq., which was originally described from Sheep Mtn. (Vimy Peak) in the Park.

A. amplexicaulis Nutt. Fig. 14-3 Plants up to 8 dm tall, hairless or slightly hairy, stem-leaves up to 10 pairs, all but the upper ones about the same size, up to 12 cm long and 6 cm wide but more commonly about half this size, often lacking petioles, the blade narrowly elliptic or lance-shaped, margin smooth or with small even teeth. Heads usually 2 or 3, hemispherical; bracts 9-15 mm long; ligulate flowers pale yellow, 15-25 mm long; pappus straw-colored. Rather protected places at middle elevations, often on stream banks.

A. chamissonis Less. Fig. 14-4 Somewhat hairy plants, from long rootstocks, the stems solitary, up to 8 dm high; stem-leaves in 5 or more pairs, the lowest ones at least 10 cm long, narrowly lance-shaped with petiole about 1 cm, other leaves gradually becoming smaller and losing the petiole upward, usually with smooth margins. Heads several, rather broad and flat, bracts with a tuft of white hairs at or near the tip; ligulate flowers pale yellow, about 2 cm long; pappus light, straw-colored. 101 A species growing at low elevations in protected prairie-like habitats and aspen groves; known from the area northwest of Sofa Mtn.

A. cordifolia Hook. Fig. 14-5 Plants somewhat hairy, especially on petioles and young stems, springing from a creeping rootstock to a height of up to 5 or 6 dm; rootstock terminating in a cluster of leaves one year, a leafy flowering stalk the next. Largest leaves up to 18 cm long (sterile rootstocks), the slender petiole then at least half as long; stem-leaves 2 or 3 pairs with petioles below, the upper ones commonly without; leaf blade broadly heart- or arrow-shaped, with coarse teeth or margin nearly smooth; venation clearly palmate at base of blade. Heads commonly 1, occasionally 3 or even more; bracts about 15 mm long, with some or rather dense white wool below; ligulate flowers often (3 cm long or longer) bright yellow; pappus pure white or nearly so. The most common Arnica in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. It grows in a variety of woodland habitats at low and middle elevations occasion ally to timberline, where plants may be very small. It. is rather easily confused with the second most common Arnica, A. latifolia. The stem- leaves in the latter species commonly lack petioles, the blades being more broadly elliptic or ovate than heart-shaped; in those cases where stem- leaves have petioles, the latter tend to have green flanges which grade into the blade. If several pairs of stem-leaves are present, the largest ones are usually in the middle in A. latifolia, always at the base in A. cordifolia.

A. diversifolia Greene (not illustrated) Stems up to 4 dm high, more or less hairless; stem-leaves mostly 3-4 pairs, the petiole lacking or with green flanges, ovate to narrowly elliptic, with irregular teeth, the middle of the stem bearing the largest leaves, these 4-8 X 2-6 cm. Heads several, rather narrow; ligulate flowers up to 2 cm long; pappus straw-colored, the bristles with fairly long hairs. A. diversifolia is a variable and difficult species which may be no more than a collection of hybrids involving A. mollis or A. amplexicaulis as one parent and A. cordifolia or A. latifolia as the other. Plants keying out to A. diversifolia have been found in the Twin Lakes area, but may be expected elsewhere.

A. fulgens Pursh Fig. 15-1 Plants 2-6 dm tall, from a stout, short rootstock, above-ground parts short-hairy throughout; leaves narrowly lance-shaped, the longest (basal) ones with petioles, and up to 12 cm long, covering a tuft of brown hairs at the very base; stem-leaves 2 or 3 pairs becoming smaller above, the upper ones without petioles. Heads rather flat, usually only one large one (up to 15-1 Arnica fulgens, 15,-2 Arnica gracilis, 15-3 Arnica latifolia, 15-4 Arnica longifolia, 15-5 Arnica louiseana, 15-6 Arnica mollis. 103 4 or 5 cm in diameter), bracts short-hairy, ligulate flowers 2-2.5 cm long; achenes densely hairy; pappus very light straw-colored or off-white. Generally a low elevation species occurring on open grassy slopes. The usually single large head and the often hidden brown hairs in the lower leaf axils are quite characteristic, the latter being a reliable difference from the otherwise similar A. sororia.

A. latifolia Bong. Fig. 15-2, 3 A variable species, ranging from 1-6 dm in height, hairy or nearly hairless, the creeping rootstock producing a few long-stalked, heart- or arrow-shaped leaves one year and a flowering stalk the next; stem-leaves 2-4 pairs, commonly ovate and with short or no petioles, margins usually toothed, the leaves in middle usually at least as large as the lowest ones. Heads 1 or 3, rarely more, rather narrow, ligulate flowers 2-2.5 cm long; achenes hairless at least below, pappus white. A common but variable species at all but the highest elevations, preferring protected sites. It is easily confused with A. cordifolia (see under that species). A small and slender form of A. latifolia which seem ingly prefers more open and rocky, often alpine slopes, has been treated as a separate species in the past (A. gracilis Rydb.) (Fig. 15-2), but has more recently been referred to the present species as var. gracilis (Rydb.) Cronq.

A. longifolia (D.C.) Eaton Fig. 15-4 Flowering stalks usually several, from a rather short branched rootstock, up to 6 dm high, leaves and stems very thinly short-hairy, small flowerless stalk often with flowering ones. Leaves 5-7 pairs, spread evenly along stalk, lowest ones with short broad petioles, others without, be coming gradually somewhat smaller upward, the largest leaves narrowly lance-shaped with slender sharp tip and smooth or nearly smooth margin, 5-12 cm long and up to 2 cm broad. Heads at least several, sometimes rather narrow, bracts up to 10 mm long, ligulate flowers 1.5-2 cm long; fruits variable in hair-cover, pappus light straw-colored. A very distinct but rare species of rather high elevations, in the Park known from the vicinity of several alpine lakes (Crypt, Bertha, Goat, and Twin Lakes), and perhaps not occurring elsewhere in the province.

A. louiseana Farr Fig. 15-5 A small alpine plant, up to 2.5 dm high, sparsely hairy; stem leaves 1-3 pairs or all at the base, only the lowest ones with short, flanged petioles, broadly lance-shaped and somewhat bluntly pointed, margins rather 104 coarsely toothed. Heads usually 1, slightly nodding; bracts nearly hair less at least above, ligulate flowers 1-2 cm long, bright yellow; fruit hairless at least in lower half. An extremely rare, alpine Arnica, perhaps closely related to A. rydbergii, originally known only from the Lake Louise area, Banff National Park, but reported also from above timberline near the summit of Mt. Richards.

A. mollis Hook. Fig. 15-6 Rather tall plants, up to 6 dm high, with sparse soft hairs; leaves 3-5 pairs, the largest ones near the middle or below, up to 9 X 3 cm, lacking petioles, narrowly ovate or lance-shaped, with widely spaced small marginal teeth. Heads about 3, hemispherical, on rather slender stalks, these and the 10 mm long bracts with long thin hairs many of which darkly gland-tipped; ligulate flowers at least 2 cm long, rather pale yellow; pappus straw-colored. A rare species in the Park, known only from the Cameron Lake area; not known from other Alberta localities.

A. parryi Gray Fig. 16-1 Plants up to 5 dm high, singly from slender rootstock, somewhat woolly below, with glandular hairs above. Lower leaves the largest by far, petiolate, upper ones lacking petioles, leaves up to 20 X 6 cm, lance- shaped to ovate, margins smooth or with some small teeth. Heads sev eral, rather narrow, bracts slightly hairy, ligulate flowers absent; fruits hairy to smooth; pappus straw-colored. Although other species very rarely have heads without ligulate flowers, A. parryi is characterized by such heads. It is a rare species in the Park, having been noted at the edges of woods in the lower prairie-like region only; also in Banff.

A. rydbergii Greene Fig. 16-2 Flowering stalks in small groups, mixed with short flowerless ones, and from short branched rootstocks, the plants up to 3 dm high, very short- hairy except below the head; leaf-pairs 2-4, along most of the stalk, the larger ones on the lowest half, usually lacking petioles or nearly so, lance-shaped to ovate, with smooth or toothed margin. Heads 1 or 3, narrow bracts about 10 mm long, woolly especially below, and white- hairy along margin; ligulate flowers 2-2.5 cm long, bright yellow; fruit sparsely hairy, pappus white. A rare alpine Arnica known in the Park only from steep rocky slopes in the Twin Lakes area. 105 A. sororia Greene Fig. 16-3 Plants very similar to A. fulgens in general appearance, but usually more slender and lacking the axillary brown wool characteristic of the latter species, though often with sparse white hairs there. Perhaps only on the lowest prairie sites in the Park, on open grassy slopes.

Artemisia (Sagebrush; Wormwood) Mostly aromatic shrubs or herbs, the latter perennial, except for one (A. biennis) which is annual or biennial; leaves 1 per node, simple and elongate, sometimes with toothed margin, or finely divided, usually hairy, sometimes hairless or nearly so. Heads very small, arranged in frequently branched, elon gated, or compact clusters; involucral bracts few and incon spicuous, partly green and/or hairy, overlapping, ligulate flowers absent, disk flowers greenish or pale yellow, some times only with bisexual flowers, sometimes outer ones fe male and central ones sterile; receptacle smooth or with long hairs; fruits usually smooth, pappus absent. Although some other Compositae are also strongly scented, the fragrance in Artemisia, when fresh, is often un mistakable. Not all species are always scented: in A. dracunculus, for example, a great deal of variation exists in this regard.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants obviously shrubby, woody well above ground; most leaves strap-shaped with 3 small lobes at the tip. A. tridentata Stems and leaves not as above. Central flowers sterile as shown by abortive ovary; receptacle naked. Leaves usually entire, largest ones occasionally deeply 3-5 cleft in upper part of leaf; perennial; heads in very diffuse arrangement. A. dracunculus Largest leaves always dissected to the base, biennial or perennial; heads in rather dense elongated arrangement. A. campestris Central flowers fertile as shown by normal ovary, receptacle hairy or not. 16-1 Arnica parryi, 16-2 Arnica rydbergii, 16-3 Arnica sororia, 16-4 Artemisia biennis. 107 Small plants often somewhat mat-forming; receptacle with many long hairs between flowers; leaves dissected into filaments less than 1 mm wide. A. frigida Plants often larger, never mat-forming; receptacle not hairy; leaves simple or dissected, when most lobes wider than 1 mm. Hairless annual or biennial with taproot, leaves divided into leaflets with sharply toothed margins. A. biennis Hairy perennials, sometimes short-lived, with elongated rootstock; leaves simple or divided but lobes or leaflets not with sharply toothed margin. Leaves divided into narrow leaflets, these ones again divided, lower surfaces silver- hairy, upper surfaces dark green, leaves rarely more than 4 cm long; not in colonies. A. michauxiana Leaves commonly simple, occasionally cleft in upper half, usually felty-white on both surfaces, leaves up to 8 cm long; often in extended colonies. A. ludoviciana

A. biennis Willd. Fig. 16-4 Taprooted annual or biennial, up to 10 dm high or more, hairless, the single stem purplish-green; leaves up to 10 cm long, divided into narrow leaflets with sharply toothed margin. Heads in crowded clusters on short branches in upper leaf axils, and along the top of the main stalk. Flowers all fertile but outer ones only female; receptacle and fruits smooth. This species has been collected only once in the Park, along a road side in the lowest part. It behaves as a weed, growing in rather moist disturbed places even though it is a native plant.

A. campestris L. Fig. 17-1 Short-lived perennial, from a conspicuous branched leafy and somewhat woody crown, up to 6 dm, 1 or several stems per plant, soft-hairy to near ly hairless; basal leaves up to 10 cm long including the long petiole, the blade divided into narrow strap-like segments, stems usually purplish- green, heads numerous, in an elongated narrow arrangement; bracts hairless or nearly so; receptacle hairless; outer flowers female, central ones sterile; fruits smooth. A rather common plant in the lower northeastern part of the Park 108 and adjacent ridges to nearly 2000 m, but not known from other places in the Park. A. campestris almost completely lacks the strong fragrance of other species.

A. dracunculus L. Fig. 17-2 Perennial, from a strong rootstock, in most plants hairless or nearly so, rather slender, but reaching 1 m in height. Leaves narrow and sharply pointed, up to 8 cm long, simple but the largest not infrequently with 2 or more long and narrow pointed lobes. Heads in a very diffuse and branched arrangement, each on a very slender stalk; outer flowers fertile, central ones sterile. This easily recognized species is rather common in the drier prairie like areas of Knight's Lake, apparently its only population in the Park. Some individuals are strongly aromatic, others not at all. An occasional plant is clothed in soft short silky hairs.

A. frigida Willd. Fig. 17-3 Soft, silvery hairy plants, often somewhat mat-forming, and usually no more than 3 dm high, with several up-curving stems. Largest leaves up to 2 cm long, divided into filament-like divisions, stems and leaves often becoming yellowish when old. Heads yellowish, in a slender narrow cluster, bracts hairy, receptacle densely so; fruits hairless. A common prairie species, found on open and dry slopes, but not in the more mountainous parts. A strongly fragrant species.

A. ludoviciana Nutt. Fig. 17-4 Colony-forming perennial, with creeping rootstock, usually felty-white, up to 6 dm high. Leaves simple, or toothed or cleft in upper part of blade, more or less lance-shaped in outline. Heads silvery white, central flowers fertile, the heads yellowish and in a rather narrow arrangement. Fairly common and obvious in grassy, somewhat protected habitats in the lowest portions of the Park. A. ludoviciana is an extremely variable species, and many other species names such as A. herriotii Rydb. have been applied to it. In our area, most plants have entire leaves, the teeth or clefts rarely being very prominent. One form, var. incompta (Nutt.) Cronq., has leaves very similar to A. michauxiana, but lacks the latters long petiole; it is known in adjacent Montana and should be looked for in the Park.

A. michauxiana Bess. Fig. 17-5 Elongated rootstocks forming a rather dense woody network here and 17-1 Artemisia campestris, 17-2 Artemisia dracunculus, 17-3 Artemisia frigida, IT'-4 Artemisia ludoviciana, 17-5 Artemisia michauxiana, 17-6 Artemisia tridentata. 110 there, from which small groups of sterile and flowering stalks grow up, to 4 dm high. Young (and usually older) leaves silvery-hairy beneath, darker green above, leaves rarely longer than 4 cm, with broad and flat petiole about 1 cm long, the blade twice divided into narrow sharply pointed leaflets. Heads in long narrow group, bracts hairless or nearly so. Rocky slopes and meadows all through the Park, from 1300-2300 m or higher. An easily recognized species because of the contrast between upper and lower leaf surfaces.

A. tridentata Nutt. (Sagebrush) Fig. 17-6 Woody, often somewhat gnarled shrub, strongly aromatic, a meter high or more, bark shreddy; young shoots very short grey-hairy, leaves up to 4 cm long, strap-shaped but gradually widening to the tip, where the largest leaves have 3 rounded terminal lobes. Heads in a loose elongated arrangement well above the largest leaves. This sagebrush is a very common plant west of the Rocky Mountains, and further south, usually in low, open and arid habitats. In the Park, it is known from two small populations, one on the lower south slopes of Mt. Galwey, the other from the headwaters of Galwey Creek. It is also known from a large populaton on the west slopes of Whistler Mtn. (Castle River drainage) but not or only rarely elsewhere in the province.

Aster (Aster) Perennials with entire or toothed leaves, 1 per node, heads 1 or more per stalk, with both ligulate and disk flowers. Involucral bracts overlapping, rather broad, green or some what leaf-like at least at the tip, contrasting with the lower portion (see figure in Family description); ligulate flowers female, ranging from pure white through pink to blue or purple; disk flowers bisexual, variously colored; receptacle naked, fruit with numerous pappus bristles. A very large and difficult genus, with a dozen species in the Park. One of the difficulties is the great variability that some species exhibit. Perhaps a more serious and recurrent problem, however, is the initial difficulties encountered in dis tinguishing the genus Aster from the closely related Erigeron. The most consistent distinction between these two genera is based on the involucral bracts, as indicated in the key to the genera (p. 81) and illustrated in Fig. 77. It should be borne in mind, however, that these bracts vary considerably within a single head, the above distinctions applying mainly to the out ermost ones. The flowering times in the same key are of sup plementary help when dealing with low-elevation material, but are quite unreliable at higher stations. Ill

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves essentially strap-shaped, though often gradually tapered to the tip; ligulate flowers mostly white, rarely light blue or pink. Tips of most leaves (and of outer involucral bracts) provided with a conspicuous stiff short spine. Rootstock very short, stems clustered and often growing outward rather than upward; branches with numerous heads; outer involucral bracts much shorter than others; ligulate flowers 3-5 mm long. A. pansus Rootstock elongate, stems not clustered, and growing more upward than outward; branches with one or very few heads; outer involucral bracts scarcely shorter than others; ligulate flowers 4-8 mm long. A. falcatus Leaves or bracts not conspicuously spine- tipped. Outer involucral bracts at least as long as others, leafy and largely green. A. eatonii Outer involucral bracts generally shorter than others, usually only the tip green, the base with wide whitish margin. Side branches (if any) usually with only one head; leaves up to 6 mm wide; mature fruit purplish, without ribs. A. junciformis Side branches several-headed; leaves up to 20 mm wide; mature fruit nearly white, with several yellow ribs. A. hesperius Leaves lance-shaped or broader, never strap- shaped; ligulate flowers mostly blue-purple or nearly so (often very pale in A. engelmannii). Several of the lowest stem-leaves with long narrow petioles and abruptly broadening leaf blade. A. ciliolatus Stem-leaves mostly lacking petioles unless broadly winged and grading into blade. Margin of involucral bracts purple with white hairs. Plants usually much less than 30 cm in height, alpine in preference; heads 1 to several; leaves without obvious basal veins. A. sibiricus 112 Plants usually more than 40 cm in height, not alpine; larger leaves with 2 obvious basal veins flanking the midvein. A. engelmannii Margin of involucral bracts mostly not purple, with or without white hairs. Stalks directly below heads (especially expanded portion) with numerous short, glandular hairs. Each side of leaf base with 1 large straight vein much larger than other side veins; this vein often attached directly to stem (see Fig. 18-4). A. engelmannii Leaves never so. Leaves sharply and coarsely toothed, rather thick, up to 18 X 8 cm. A. conspicuous Leaves smooth-margined or with fine teeth only along far part of margin, rather thin, up to 8 X 4 cm. A. modestus Stalks directly below heads with or without hairs, but these never glandular. Outer involucral bracts completely green, leafy, at least as long as inner bracts. A. foliaceus Outer involucral bracts green only at tip, rather narrow, about half as long as inner ones. A. laevis

A. ciliolatus Lindl. Fig. 18-1 Plants up to 1 m in height, hairless or nearly so; lowest leaves with long petioles with very narrow or no green flanges, the blade above it abruptly expanding to an ovate or lance-shaped outline, margin somewhat toothed; heads rather few, in a rather widely branching group; involucral bracts hairless on back, slender and sharply pointed, outer ones some what shorter than inner ones, green only at the tip; ligulate flowers blue, 8-15 mm long; fruits hairless or nearly so. Occasionally found in open woodlands at low elevations.

A. conspicuous Lindl. (Showy Aster) Fig. 18-2 A rather coarse plant, up to 1 m tall, often from a slightly woody rootstock, somewhat rough to the touch, the upper flowering stalks often zig-zag and sticky; leaves up to 18 X 8 cm, firm, coarsely toothed, with broadly flanged or no petioles, ovate to broadly lance-shaped; heads in a flat-topped group, involucral bracts and adjacent stalk with short glandu- 18-1 Aster ciliolatus, 18-2 Aster conspicuus, 18-3 Aster eatonii, ISA Aster engelmannii, 18-5 Aster falcatus, 18-6 Aster foliaceus. 114 lar hairs, only the far half of outer bracts green; ligulate flowers blue- violet, 10-15 mm long; fruits white-hairy. A common aster of more or less open sites in the lower parts of the Park. It is one of the easier species to identify because of its coarse leafy features.

A. eatonii (Gray) Howell Fig. 18-3 Plants from creeping rhizomes, up to nearly a meter tall, the stems often slightly pink, with very short soft hairs above. Leaves strap-shaped but tapering to tip, smooth-margined and lacking petioles, up to 15 cm long but no wider than 2 cm, the lowest leaves dead or fallen at flowering time. Heads in an elongated pointed group, involucral bracts usually spreading or even curved back somewhat, at least the outer ones completely green; ligulate flowers white or pink, 5-12 mm long; fruits hairy. A species growing in moist habitats at middle and lower elevations, but by no means common.

A. engelmannii (Eaton) Gray Fig. 184 Plants from thick rootstocks, often reaching more than a meter in height, hairless or nearly so; leaves numerous and mostly of the same size and form, broadly lance-shaped, pointed, smooth-margined, up to 10 cm long and about a third as wide, the larger leaves with 2 large side-veins at the very base, often connecting directly to stem, petiole lacking. Heads 1 to rather few, in a loose group, the outer ones on elongated unbranched stalks; involucral bracts commonly with purple margin and white fringe- hairs, their base and/or adjacent, swollen stalk with short glandular hairs, only the tips of bracts green; ligulate flowers, up to 25 mm long, widely spaced, pink or nearly white; fruit mostly hairy. Growing usually in patches, and very characteristic of open fairly moist meadows at middle elevations throughout the Park; in Alberta restricted to the southwestern mountains.

A. falcatus Lindl. (Creeping White Prairie Aster) Fig. 18-5 Very much like A. pansus, and differing in being generally somewhat smaller and growing from creeping rhizomes, having heads frequently solitary and more upright on side branches, and occurring more as single plants rather than clustered. See also the distinction in the key, page 111. Known from prairie near the east entrance to the Park only.

A. foliaceus Lindl. Fig. 18-6 Plants usually less than 5 dm high, hairless or nearly so, from a creeping 115 rootstock. Leaves 5-12 cm long and up to 4 cm wide, the lowest ones with broadly tapering petioles, the upper ones often clasping the stem, lance- shaped to ovate in outline, smooth-margined or nearly so. Heads few or even one, in a loose cluster; outer involucral bracts broad and leafy, sometimes grading into upper leaves, at least as long as inner bracts; ligulate flowers 1-2 cm long, blue or purplish; fruit with white hairs. A common aster in rather dry rocky habitats from middle elevations to near timberline. The species varies much in stature, number of heads, and other features, several varieties having been recognized. Much (possibly all) of our material belongs to var. parryi (Eaton) Gray.

A. hesperius Gray (Western Willow Aster) Fig. 19-1 Plants up to 12 dm high, very leafy, leaves hairless or nearly so, stems with distinctive longitudinal lines of white hair running down from leaf margins; leaves lacking petioles, nearly strap-shaped but slowly tapering into sharp tip, sometimes lance-shaped, usually smooth-margined, up to 15 cm long but less than 2.5 cm wide. Heads numerous, in a loose elongated group; involucral bracts green-tipped but sometimes outer ones completely green, the back hairless or nearly so, outer ones gener ally shorter than inner ones; ligulate flowers white or pink, 6-15 mm long; mature fruit hairy, nearly white, with yellow ribs. Moist open grassy areas at low elevations; known from the Maski- nonge area only.

A. junciformis Rydb. Fig. 19-2 A very slender, nearly hairless plant, except for white hairs on the upper stalks, usually no more than 5 or 6 dm high, from a slender creeping rootstock; leaves strap-shaped but gradually pointed, up to 12 cm long but rarely more than 5 mm wide. Heads 1 or few, mostly on long, bracted but unbranched side-branches; outer involucral bracts nearly completely green, some bracts with purple margin; ligulate flowers white or light pink or pale blue, about 12 mm long; mature fruit light purple, without ribs. A northern aster preferring margins of swamps or boggy areas. In the Park known only from the beaver ponds north of Sofa Mtn.

A. laevis L. Fig. 19-3 Plants up to 1 m tall, from a short rootstock, hairless and often blueish- green, the leaves rather thick, lance-shaped or longer, with few or no marginal teeth, the lowest leaves with flanged petioles, upper ones without, often clasping. Heads usually numerous in a rather broad group; involucral bracts no more than half green, outer ones about half as long as inner ones; ligulate flowers blue to purple, 6-15 mm long; fruit nearly or quite hairless. 19-1 Aster hesperius, 19-2 Aster junciformis, 19-3 Aster laevis, 19-4 Aster modestus, 19-5 Aster pansus, 19-6 Aster sibiricus. 117 Open meadows at lower elevations in the more easterly portions of the Park. Alberta material belongs to the var. geyeri Gray. It can be easily confused with A. ciliolatus which differs in its abruptly broadening leaf blade and more obvious petioles, even on the lower stem-leaves.

A. modestus Lindl. Fig. 19-4 Plants 4-8 dm high, from creeping rootstocks, its upper portions densely covered with short glandular hairs, especially below the heads; leaves up to 8 X 4 cm, of rather even size, lance-shaped, smooth-margined or nearly so, lacking petioles, no large side veins visible, lower leaves dying early; heads rather few, in a flat group; involucral bracts densely covered with glandular hairs, outer ones completely green, inner ones purple, all about equally long; ligulate flowers purple to violet, 8-15 mm long and rather narrow; fruit sparsely hairy. A rare species in the Park, known only along streams at low eleva tions. It resembles Erigeron speciosus somewhat but the latter species never has the glandular hairs, even though it ranges from hairless to white-hairy. A. engelmannii is also similar in general appearance but has light flowers and shows differences in leaf venation and involucral bracts.

A. pansus (Blake) Cronq. (Tufted White Prairie Aster) Fig. 19-5 Stems several from a short rootstock, up to 8 dm long but often lodging on the ground; both stems and leaves covered with stiff white hairs, each leaf with a short white spine at the tip; leaves strap-shaped, up to 7 cm X 5 mm, without petioles. Heads numerous in a rather long and pointed arrangement, the side branches with numerous, short-stalked and usually crowded heads. At least the outer involucral bracts spine-tipped and hairy like the leaves, never completely green, much shorter than inner ones; ligulate flowers white, 3-6 mm long. Dry prairie grasslands in the northeastern region of the Park. See also the comments under A. falcatus.

A. sibiricus L. Fig. 19-6 Plants in the Park mostly less than 30 cm high, from slender creeping rootstocks, with very short soft hairs or nearly hairless, the stems often purple. Leaves with short flanged petioles or without, 2-7 cm long, smooth-margined or nearly so, elongated lance-shaped heads, 1 or very few, involucral bracts mostly green, with white hairs and purple margin, all about of equal length, ligulate flowers blue to purple, 8-12 mm long. In southern Alberta this aster is basically an alpine plant of rocky areas, but it is occasionally found in similar sites at lower elevations. Larger plants may be confused with small individuals of A. foliaceus, but the involucral bracts of the two species are quite different. 118 Balsamorhiza B. sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. (Balsamroot) Fig. 20-1 Perennial, from a massive taproot, from which sprout several very short crown-branches. Leaves all from the base, up to 4 dm long and 15 cm wide, the petiole slightly more than half as long; leaf blade broadly arrow-shaped, the basal lobes much rounded and with very strong veins, the tip often somewhat drawn out; leaf densely covered with woolly white hairs especially on lower surface and petiole. Flowering stalks similarly hairy, 1-headed, with 1 or 2 small narrowly lance-shaped leaves, the large heads reaching slightly above the leaves. Involucral bracts densely white- woolly especially below, often grading into reduced upper leaves, 1 cm or more long; ligulate flowers bright yellow, up to 4 X 1 cm; disk flowers each with an elongated white-hairy persistent bract, these flowers light yellow, almost 1 cm long inclusive of stigmas; fruit to 8 mm long, hairless; pappus lacking. A strikingly beautiful plant when in flower, mostly from mid-May to the end of June. The Balsamroot in Alberta is restricted to the south western foothills and lower valleys, where it prefers fully exposed slopes and hilltops.

Bidens B. cernua L. (Nodding Beggar-ticks) Fig. 20-2 Fibrous-rooted annual, occasionally reaching 1 m in height, completely hairless except for some short stiff hairs here and there on the larger stems. Leaves paired, without petioles, up to 20 X 4.5 cm, with rather broad nearly clasping base and sharp tip, narrowly lance-shaped in out line, with regular marginal teeth. Involucral bracts of two very distinct types: the 6-8 widely spaced, outer strap or lance-shaped ones, green, and at least 1 cm long; and the somewhat more numerous inner ones broadly ovate, yellow-brown and less than 1 cm long. Ligulate flowers yellow, 6-8, midway in size and shape between the two bract types; disk flowers yellow, each with a slightly longer thin and red-veined bract. Fruit quad rangular, narrow at base but expanding to the top, where there are 4 stiff erect spines; small downward pointing barbs on spines and other parts. A plant characteristic of low wet places throughout the northern hemisphere, but in the Park so far noted only around the beaver ponds north of Sofa Mtn. Its paired leaves and especially the peculiar involucral bracts make it quite unmistakable.

Brickellia B. grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Fig. 20-3 Perennial, leafy, very short-hairy plant, usually no more than 5 dm high, from rather woody base, the stems branching mostly in upper parts. Leaves 1 per node (sometimes paired only at base of plant), up to 8 X 3 20-1 Balsamorhiza sagittata, 20-2 Bidens cemua, 20-3 Brickellia grandiflora, 20-4 Centaurea maculosa, 20-5 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. 120 cm, inclusive of slender petiole up to 2 cm long; blade arrow-shaped to long-triangular, margins coarsely toothed below, tip of leaf sharp and smooth-margined; basal side-veins conspicuous. Heads at tips of slender branches, in small groups or solitary; involucral bracts overlapping, green-striped, the outer ones very narrow above, the inner ones rather broad, with translucent margin, all about 6-9 mm long, the inner ones tending to be longer, ligulate flowers lacking; disk flowers numerous, yellowish-white, fruits very narrow, 4 mm long, dark brown with stiff short white hairs, grooved; pappus of white bristles attached to a com mon yellow rim. An interesting plant, in Alberta not known outside the Park, where five localities are known, all at middle elevations in the west-central parts. It seems to prefer fully exposed rocky slopes. It is possible to confuse this species with Prenanthes sagittata which, however, has milky juice, narrowly winged petioles, rather smooth leaf margins, and heads in a narrow elongate arrangement; additionally, its involucral bracts and fruits are hairless (the former lacking stripes), and the plant grows in moist, often shaded habitats.

Centaurea C maculosa Lam. (Spotted Knapweed) Fig. 20-4 Taprooted biennial or perennial, diffusely branching from above, reaching a meter or more in height, thinly hairy on young stems and leaves. Leaves 1 per node, the basal ones often 12 cm long or more, more than half of it petiole, the blade divided into 7-11 narrow leaflets; lower stem leaves similar but smaller and nearly without petiole, upper leaves becoming progressively reduced to simple narrow strap-like organs. Heads numerous and solitary on the ends of elongated side branches. Involucral bracts numerous and overlapping, the inner ones about twice as long (8 mm) as the outer ones, and narrower, especially the tips of the middle bracts with a short dark-brown comb of heavy marginal bristles. Flowers all disk flowers, usually dark purple but sometimes much lighter, the marginal ones with free petals up to 8 mm long, central flowers much smaller. Fruit stout, 3 mm long and half as wide, lined, light brown and slightly hairy, pappus bristles white and stiff, of varying lengths but no more than half as long as the fruit, rarely lacking. An introduced roadside weed first seen in the Park in 1968, but since then it has spread, especially along the main road north of Linnet Lake. It probably arrived in the Park from the Crowsnest Past area, where it has been established much longer, and where the plant almost certainly invaded the province from British Columbia. Spotted Knapweed has been a troublesome roadside weed in the interior of that Province for a couple of decades, and has already been seen in other Alberta localities. It often behaves as a biennial, forming nothing but a dense cluster of leaves the first year. 121 Chrysanthemum C. leucanthemum L. (Oxeye Daisy) Fig. 20-5 Perennial, from a short branched rootstock, growing in colonies, and usually 4-6 dm in height. Flowering stalks unbranched or sparsely branched; it and the leaves hairless or very sparsely hairy. Leaves 1 per node, the basal ones often 8 cm or more long, only a third of which is the elliptical marginally lobed blade; lower stem-leaves about as long but narrower, more deeply lobed or cleft, the petiole disappearing; upper leaves strap-shaped with marginal teeth. Heads on long stalks, 3-5 cm wide; involucral bracts numerous and overlapping, all about 5 mm long and green, but especially the inner ones with a broad brownish-trans lucent margin. Ligulate flowers white, 1-2 cm long; disk flowers yellow, lacking bracts. Fruit brown, ribbed, hairless, 1.5 mm, cylindrical, without pappus. An attractive, but elsewhere sometimes bothersome introduction found along roadsides and other disturbed places throughout North America, usually in rather moist sites. It is seldom abundant, however, in Alberta, and in the Park is so far known only from a meadow near the Chief Mountain customs post and near the main gate.

Chrysopsis C. villosa (Pursh) Nutt. ex DC. (Golden Aster) Fig. 21-1 Perennial, with several spreading stems from a rather woody base, stems several dm long and branching above, all green parts covered with white hairs. Leaves 1 per node, narrowly or broadly lance-shaped, narrowing to the base but only rarely with a short petiole, usually about 3 cm long, with smooth margin, the lowest ones dying early. Heads few to rather numerous, in a loose flat or rounded group, each on a separate stalk. Involucral bracts overlapping but very narrow and of variable length, the longest (inner) ones up to 8 mm, the shortest (outer) ones one-third as long. Ligulate flowers golden yellow, 10-15 mm long, very narrow; disk flowers yellow. Fruit brown, flat, and hairy, pappus of numerous white bristles slightly longer than the fruit, usually with some very short outer ones. Open dry habitats throughout the lower parts of the Park. The Golden Aster may also behave as a weed in disturbed gravelly or sandy places.

Cirsium (Thistle) Mostly perennial, rather coarse plants, leaves 1 per node, they, the involucral bracts, and sometimes the stems with numerous rigid needle-like spines; leaves and stems densely felty to very thin-hairy. Heads large and very few, or rather small and many, in open and dense groups. Involucral bracts 122 very numerous, overlapping, the spiny tip angling outward. Ligulate flowers absent, the disk flowers long and slender, with long narrow free petal-lobes. Fruits rather stout, hair less, with numerous long whitish pappus bristles attached to a basal ring and breaking off as a unit, each bristle with many fine hairs. The thistles are well-known plants of meadows, fields, and disturbed places. Five species occur in the Park, two of which are introduced weeds (C. arvense, C. vulgare), and two others which are exceedingly difficult to distinguish (C flodmanii, C. undulatum).

KEY TO SPECIES Mature flowering heads (at involucral bracts) no more than 1.5 cm thick; heads many, in open arrangements. C. arvense Mature flowering heads (at involucral bracts) more than 1.5 cm thick; heads very few, or in dense, leafy cluster. Flowers whitish to light purple-pink; heads in dense cluster, especially the far ones without individual stalks, the leaves extending beyond the heads. C. hookerianum Flowers purple, sometimes rather pale; heads not in dense clusters, always individually stalked; leaves never extending beyond heads. Leaf margins running down stalks in green prickly flanges. C. vulgare Stalks without such flanges. Larger heads (at involucral bracts) about 2 cm wide; plants sometimes with creeping roots. C. flodmanii Larger heads about 3 cm wide; plants usually lacking creeping roots. C. undulatum

C. arvense (L.) Scop. (Creeping or Canada Thistle) Fig. 21-2 Nearly hairless perennial plants, from deep creeping roots, commonly growing in colonies, and up to 1 m in height. Largest leaves up to 12 cm long, lacking petioles or nearly so, of variable width, often rather deeply lobed, marginal spines numerous, lowest part of leaf often with two clasping spiny lobes but not running down the stem. Heads numerous in an open branching arrangement, mostly 1 cm thick at involucral bracts, 21-1 Chrysopsis villosa, 21-2 Cirsium arvense, 21-3 Cirsium hookerianum, 21-4 Cirsium undulatum. 124 all heads individually stalked; involucral bracts with free spine about 1 mm long; fruit about 4 mm long, elliptical, light brown. A common and extremely persistent weed in many agricultural areas, this thistle (notwithstanding one of its common names) is an in troduction from Eurasia. In the Park it may be encountered along roads at the lowest elevations, but it may also invade some undisturbed areas such as open aspen groves.

C. flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur (not illustrated) Rather slender big-headed thistles, greyish-white through dense hair on all green parts, mostly up to 6 dm high, with a tendency to spread by creeping roots; leaves often deeply lobed, these lobes mostly less than 7 mm wide, spiny-margined, stems without leafy flanges. Heads few, about 2 cm wide at involucral bracts or somewhat smaller, the free spines of the latter 2-4 mm long. Disk flowers mostly rose-purple, rarely lighter. Fruit 3-4 mm long. This species and C. undulatum are extremely difficult to distinguish even for the experienced botanist, and may eventually have to be merged into a single species. Both have been reported in the lowest prairie-like areas of the Park. The most useful differences are found in the key, but they do not always seem to be reliable.

C. hookerianum Nutt. (Elk or White Thistle) Fig. 21-3 Short-lived perennial, forming a large rosette of leaves from a taproot the first year, reaching a meter or more in height when flowering, white- woolly in patches in leaf angles and similar places. Leaves up to 20 cm long, generally strap-like in outline to rather deeply lobed, very spiny, leaf margins not running down the stem; upper leaves extending out well beyond the flowering heads. Heads densely clustered around the obviously larger (earliest) terminal one, mostly lacking individual stalks. Involucral bracts covered or lightly fringed with white, cobwebby hairs, the bract tips with 5 mm long erect to somewhat spreading spines. Disk flowers usually creamy white, often tinged with purple. Fruit dark brown, 5-6 mm long, pappus up to 2 cm long, brownish white. A stately plant characteristic of damp meadows at low and middle elevations. It is unmistakable because of its densely clustered heads at the top of the stem from which often white-veined leaves radiate out in all directions. In addition to the typical var. hookerianum as described above, var. scariosum (Nutt.) Boivin (C scariosum Nutt., a name perhaps replaceable with C foliosum (Hook.) DC.) is said to occur south of Crows nest. It is said to differ in having involucral bracts less hairy and more straight-tipped, but would seem to be of dubious status. 125 C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Fig. 21-4 Very similar to C. flodmanii (see discussion under that species).

C. vulgare (Savi) Airy-Shaw (Bull Thistle) Fig. 22-1 A large freely branching biennial, up to a meter or more high, with cob webby white hairs on all green parts. Leaves very deeply lobed and long- spined, the margins running far down the stem as green spiny flanges. Heads large, usually about 3 cm at the involucral bracts, these with spreading yellow spine-tips about 5 mm long. Disk flowers purple. Fruit about 3 mm long, brown, pappus bristles up to nearly 3 cm long, white. The Bull Thistle is easily recognized by its flanged stems and large heads. A common introduced weed of disturbed places it occurs in the area of Knight's Lake and probably elsewhere.

Crepis (Hawksbeard) Perennials with milky juice, short-hairy to hairless, leaves 1 per node but often clustered at the base. Heads several to numerous, on individual or branched stalks; involucral bracts of two types, the main ones long and narrow, marginally ad hering but often in 2 whorls, and a few very short ones at the base of the head. Flowers all ligulate, yellow, lacking individ ual bracts. Fruits narrowly cylindrical, ribbed, sometimes into a very narrow neck (beak) below the numerous white pap pus bristles. Of the five species reported in the Park, the first three in the key are clear-cut entities, but the last two are extremely difficult to distinguish from each other. A weedy sixth species, C. tectorum L. should be looked for in disturbed places, as it has been established in central Alberta for some time. It reaches a meter in height and has narrowly pointed strap-like leaves on the upper stem, and is an annual, though frequently forming only a leafy cluster the fall before flowering.

KEY TO SPECIES Alpine plants of rocky scree, in rounded tufts less than 8 cm high, the heads not or scarcely emerging above the leaves. C. nana Not usually alpine in habitat, and not in tufts, usually much taller than 10 cm, the heads far above the leaves. 22-1 Cirsium vulgare, 22-2 Crepis atrabarba, 22-3 Crepis elegans, 22-4 Crepis intermedia, 22-5 Crepis nana, 22-6 Crepis runcinata, 127 Profusely branched plants with many heads, involucral bracts hairless, leaves less than 10 cm long, never deeply lobed or toothed. C. elegans Plants at most sparsely branched, often few- headed, involucral bracts short-hairy; leaves mostly longer than 10 cm, entire to toothed or lobed. Stems and leaves hairless or nearly so; expanded leaves all basal, entire or with teeth reaching less than halfway to midrib. C runcinata Stems and leaves sparsely short-hairy; some expanded leaves on stem; leaf toothed more than halfway to midrib. Heads 10-60, flowers generally 7-12 per head, each with 7-8 involucral bracts. C intermedia Heads 2-30, flowers generally 10-40 per head, each with 8-14 involucral bracts. C. atrabarba

C. atrabarba Heller Fig. 22-2 Plants short-hairy, with 1 or 2 flowering stalks from a basal leaf cluster, up to 7 dm tall, the stalks with some expanded but reduced leaves; basal leaves 1-3.5 dm long, deeply divided into narrow lobes. Heads up to 30, outer involucral bracts less than half as long as inner ones, often with short grey hairs. Fruits greenish, tapering slightly toward pappus. Known from the grassy south slopes of Mt. Glendowan. This species is not always sharply separate from C. intermedia. Some of the clearest differences are indicated in the key. Additionally, leaf lobes of the present species tend to be narrower, and its fruits greenish rather than yellowish brown.

C. elegans Hook. Fig. 22-3 Plants up to 2.5 dm high, the stiffly erect hairless stems carrying numer ous slender branches even below, carrying numerous slender heads; basal leaves numerous, less than 10 cm long, smooth-margined or some what toothed, the blade lance-shaped or rounder, much less long than the petiole. Heads 2 mm wide or less at involucral bracts, the longest of which are some 6-8 mm long. Fruits golden brown, narrowing to a very narrow beak attached to an expanded ring bearing the numerous white pappus bristles. An unmistakable species found at gravelly sites at low elevations, especially along creeks and rivers, but very rare in the Park. 128 C. intermedia Gray Fig. 22-4 Very similar to C. atrabarba from which it is distinguished as described under that species.

C. nana Rich. Fig. 22-5 Small plants, growing in tufts of less than 10 cm in height, hairless and often bluish-purple when fresh, with one or several stems often scarcely emerging from between rocks. Leaves long-petioled, the blade spoon- shaped to ovate, mostly smooth-margined or nearly so. Heads numerous, singly or in small branched groups in the axils of leaves, on slender stalks but not emerging above leaves; about 2 mm wide at involucral bracts, the longer of which at least 8-12 mm long and in a single series, the outer ones no more than one-third as long. Fruit golden brown, somewhat narrowed to the white pappus bristles. A curious alpine plant of scree slopes, which cannot be confused with any other plants. In the Park it has been noted at half a dozen such exposed sites.

C runcinata (James) Torrey & Gray Fig. 22-6 Plants up to 7 dm tall, with one to several nearly leafless stems from a basal tuft of leaves, hairless or nearly so; leaves smooth-margined or with shallow backward-pointing teeth. Heads 3 or more, about 7 mm wide at involucral bracts, the longer of which are 7-8 mm long, and in one series, the smaller ones one-quarter as long, often hairy sometimes with glandu lar hairs. Fruits brown, distinctly tapering above. This species stands out from C. intermedia and C. atrabarba in that it has only very small, narrow leafy organs on the stem, the expanded leaves all forming a basal cluster. Marginal teeth, when present, are characteristically backward-pointing, especially in the lower part of the leaf. In the Park it occurs in damp grassy areas at middle and low elevations but is nowhere frequent.

Erigeron (Fleabane, Daisy) Annual, biennial, or perennial plants, frequently hairy, leaves entire or divided, 1 per node but often crowded at the base. Heads 1 to numerous; involucral bracts narrow, overlapping, all more or less the same; ligulate flowers present (rarely absent or much reduced), variously colored; disk flowers numerous, lacking individual bracts and usually yellow; pappus of white bristles, sometimes with some very short ones around base of longer ones, the short ones rarely flattened. Fruit with 2 or more yellowish ribs, usually hairy. 129 A large and difficult genus; for differences from the closely related genus Aster, see the comments under that genus. An important feature in some Erigeron (and Aster) species is the occurrence of short or longer hairs which terminate in a single globular cell (glandular hairs).

KEY TO SPECIES All but the smallest leaves deeply divided into narrow strap-like segments. E. compositus Leaves never deeply divided, though sometimes lobed. Ligulate flowers absent. E. strigosus Ligulate flowers present. Outermost fruits (from ligulate flowers) without pappus bristles, or with extremely short ones. E. strigosus All fruits with well developed pappus bristles. Annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial, lacking rootstocks. Plants with slender leafy above-ground runners; stem-leaves very few, much reduced, never clasping; heads usually one. E. flagellaris Plants lacking runners; stem-leaves many, in some the upper ones clasping; heads one to several. Basal leaves often 2-3 cm wide, coarsely and shallowly toothed; at least upper stem-leaves clasping; pappus of bristles only. E. philadelphicus Basal leaves mostly less than 1 cm wide, smooth-margined; stem-leaves never clasping; pappus of long bristles and some short flat pointed scales. E. divergens Perennial, often with short woody or branching rootstocks. At least some leaves 3-lobed at the tip, the lobes at least 1 mm long; small unbranched alpine plant. Heads relatively large, the disks 13-23 mm wide, ligulate flowers 8-11 mm long and 1.4-2 mm wide, involucral bracts 9-13 mm long, their tips tending to be 130 slender and purple, contrasting with rest of bract; involucre usually thickly white- woolly below. E. lanatus Heads rather small, the disks 9-13 mm wide, ligulate flowers up to 5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, involucral bracts 6-8 mm high, greenish, the tip not usually strongly contrasting with remainder; involucre hairy but not thickly white- woolly. E. pallens Leaves never 3-lobed (but rarely with 3 teeth less than 1 mm long); small and unbranched to tall and unbranched plants of various habitats. ' Glandular hairs predominantly or exclusively on backs of involucral bracts. Ligulate flowers 2-4 mm wide; fruits 4-7 ribbed. E. peregrinus Ligulate flowers less than 2 mm wide; fruits 2-4 ribbed. Ligulate flowers less than 1 cm long, almost hair-like and inconspicuous, pale pink; plants generally less than 2 dm high. E. acris Ligulate flowers more than 1 cm long, conspicuously blue or blue-purple; plants generally 2.5 dm or more high. E. speciosus Non-glandular hairs predominantly or exclusively on back of involucral bracts. Involucral bracts predominantly blackish-purple. Plants with some reduced leaves on flowering stalks; hairs on involucral bracts with many blackish-purple cross-walls. E. humilis Plants lacking leaves on flowering stalks; cross-walls on involucral hairs white or only very lightly tinged with purple. E. lanatus Involucral bracts predominantly green. 131 Short glandular hairs present among (sometimes nearly to exclusion of) longer white hairs on back of involucral bracts. Largest leaves strap-like. E. ochroleucus Largest leaves broader. Leaves and stems densely short- hairy; stems clustered and somewhat lodged at base, rather short, leafy, not stiffly erect. E. caespitosus Leaves and stems at most sparsely hairy; stems solitary or in a small erect cluster; lateral flowering stalks (if any) usually leafless, stiffly oblique. E. acris No glandular hairs present on backs of involucral bracts. Lower side-branches none, or shorter than the associated leaf; ligulate flowers rather inconspicuous, less than 8 mm long. Weak-rooted biennials or perennials, stems up to 6 dm high; leaves narrowly lance-shaped below, several on the stem, up to 15 cm long; ligulate flowers 2-3 mm long. E. lonchophyllus Tufted perennial from stout branched crown, stems up to 5 cm high; leaves nearly all basal, very narrow, up to 2 cm long; ligulate flowers 5-8 mm long. E. radicatus Lower side branches (if any) much longer than the associated leaf; ligulate flowers more conspicuous, 8 mm or longer. Basal leaves strap-like or nearly so, less than 5 mm wide; heads solitary or few; ray flowers less than 100. E. ochroleucus Basal leaves broader, the distal portion lance-shaped or nearly so, more than 5 mm wide; heads 1-15; ray flowers more than 100. E. glabellus 132 E. acris L. Fig. 23-1 Perennial plants, the stems single or in small clusters, mostly less than 20 cm in height, stems and leaves very sparsely short-hairy to nearly hair less, with short glandular hairs below stems; leaves up to 6 X 1.5 cm, the basal ones with slender petiole 2 cm or more long, the blade elliptical to lance-shaped; upper stem-leaves lacking petioles, nearly clasping the stem. Heads 1 or few, each on a rather long slender rigid and leafless stalk; involucral bracts with short glandular and sometimes other hairs, some bracts purple-tipped; ligulate flowers numerous but inconspicuous, white or pink, up to 1 cm long. Fruit 2-ribbed, somewhat hairy, pappus dirty white, sometimes with a few very short outer bristles. Our material belongs to the var. debilis Gray, and may be found at elevations from 1700 to 2700 m. Plants are never found in abundance but may grow in quite a wide variety of habitats, such as scree slopes, rock faces, and mossy stream banks.

E. caespitosus Nutt. Fig. 23-2 Perennial plants, with several stems from a stout rootcrown, somewhat lodged at the base, mostly less than 20 cm high, densely short-hairy on all leaves and stems. Basal leaves up to 8 cm long and 1 cm wide, the blade narrowly lance-shaped tapering into a long petiole; stem-leaves up to 6 cm long below, shortening upward and lacking petioles. Heads 1 to several, on rather long stalks with several reduced leaves, involucral bracts grey-green with dense, rather long white hairs nearly obscuring very short glandular ones, the bracts about 5 mm long; ligulate flowers light pink to creamy white, 10-15 mm long. Fruit with white pappus bristles, the additional series of short ones somewhat obscured by the dense white hairs on the fruit itself. A common and easily recognized plant of all open prairie-like areas at lower elevations.

E. compositus Pursh Fig. 23-3 Small tufted perennial, from a well-developed taproot, rarely more than 20 cm high, sparsely hairy with some very short glandular hairs. Expanded leaves on base of stalks or in small separate tufts, up to 6 cm long, about two-thirds of it usually the petiole; blade deeply divided into several groups of 3 narrow, elongated segments. Flowering stalks several to many per plant, often reaching 1 dm or more above foliage, with several very narrow and mostly undivided leaves. Heads 1 per flowering stalk; involucral bracts up to 8 mm long, rather long-hairy, with additional glandular hairs, some purplish at the tip; ligulate flowers up to 12 mm long but often much shorter or even absent, white to pink. Fruit yellow-brown with white pappus bristles of only one length, the fruit itself with white hairs. 23-1 Erigeron acris, 23-2 Erigeron caespitosus, 23-3 Erigeron compositus, 23-4 Erigeron divergens, 23-5 Erigeron flagellaris, 23-6 Erigeron glabellus, 23-7 Erigeron humilis. 134 This is by far the most common fleabane in the Park, being found in a great variety of habitats at nearly all elevations. It is an extremely variable species, but, notwithstanding, it is easy to identify because of its leaves; there is no other species of Erigeron (or Aster) with leaves so completely divided in ultimately triple strap-shaped lobes.

E. divergens T. & G. Fig. 23-4 Biennial or perennial, with taproot, branching above the middle, 1-5 dm tall, green parts with spreading white hairs. Basal leaves with petiole, the blade more or less lance-shaped and up to 2.5 cm long; stem-leaves numerous, much narrower or even strap-shaped. Heads 1 to numerous; involucral bracts slightly hairy. Ligulate flowers very slender, 5-10 mm long, blue, pink, or white. Fruit brownish, sparsely hairy, pappus of white bristles and some short flat irregular pointed scales. A very rare plant, in the province known only from the Castle River Falls and from Waterton (Lone Lake). Flowers in late summer.

E. flagellaris Gray Fig. 23-5 Small tufted plants, short grey-hairy, biennials or short-lived perennials, from a rather stout taproot, with some stems curving down to become leafy runners sometimes rooting at tips. Leaves up to 5 cm long, the blade lance-shaped, up to 8 mm wide, and often about half the total length of the leaf. Flowering stalks 1 or few, with 1 to several much-reduced leaves below, reaching up to 2 or more dm in height; involucral bracts with light flanges, white-hairy, with very short glandular hairs; ligulate flowers numerous and narrow, white to pink, less than 10 mm long. Fruit with rather few long white pappus bristles, surrounded by some very short ones, very sparsely hairy. An extremely rare species; in the Park (and in Alberta) known only from the shores of Lonesome Lake. No other fleabane has leafy runners. This species seems to flower in the second half of the summer.

E. glabellus Nutt. Fig. 23-6 A showy large-headed fleabane, usually perennial, growing to a height of 5 dm, from a short rather stout rootcrown; stems 1 to several, un branched or nearly so; all green parts with sparse cover of long white hairs and very short glandular ones. Leaves to 9 cm long, narrowly lance- shaped, tapering into 1-3 cm long petiole, up to 1 cm wide. Stem-leaves reduced upward, the petiole disappearing, the leaf sometimes nearly clasping the stem. Heads 1 to several, on long stalks; involucral bracts rather densely hairy, up to 6 mm long; ligulate flowers slender, usually pink or purplish, up to 15 mm long. Fruit not obviously ribbed, yellow- 135 brown, somewhat hairy, crowned with dull white pappus bristles, fre quently with a short outer series. A handsome plant known from fairly moist open grassy places along Knight's Lake and on the way to Cardston.

E. humilis Graham Fig. 23-7 A small perennial, in our area rarely taller than 15 cm, from a small taproot, long-hairy on all green parts. Basal leaves 2-5 cm long, the blade about 1 cm long, elliptical or spoon-shaped, tapering into rather long petiole; stem leaves tending to be strap-shaped, becoming reduced and sharp-tipped above. Heads solitary, involucral bracts and adjacent stem dark purple partly through blackish purple pigment in cross walls of hairs, glandular hairs absent; ligulate flowers narrow, nearly 1 cm long, pink of light purple. Fruits sparsely hairy, yellow-ribbed, with dull white pappus bristles some outer ones of which are very short. An interesting small alpine plant growing in moist, frequently mossy places as low as 1700 m, but never in large numbers. Its peculiarly pigmented involucral hairs provide a reliable feature, although some other species may have a much lighter pink pigmentation of cross-walls (for example, E. lanatus, E. ochroleucus).

E. lanatus Hook. Fig. 24-1 Perennial, up to 5 cm high, from a branching rootstock, with dense woolly covering especially above; leaves up to 30 X 5 mm, somewhat lance-shaped, sometimes with 3 apical teeth 1-3 mm long, all leaves basal, the flowering stalk leafless or nearly so. Heads solitary, rather large, the disks 13-23 mm wide; involucral bracts 9-13 mm long, dark purple especially at the tip, elsewhere thickly white-woolly, hairs with white or pinkish cross-walls; ligulate flowers 8-11 mm long and 1.4-2 mm wide, normally white but rarelypinkish. Fruit with white pappus bristles which tend to be somewhat twisted. A minute but relatively large-headed alpine species known only from Avion Ridge and Mt. Carthew. It may be confused with E. humilis which, however, lacks a rootstock, has more rounded elliptical leaf-blades, relatively smaller heads, and distinctive black or purple cross-walls on the hairs of involucral bracts. See also the comment under E. pallens.

E. lonchophyllus Hook. Fig. 24-2 Perennial or near-perennial plants, up to 6 dm high, mostly 1-stemmed, with loose hairy cover, the leaves often nearly hairless; basal leaves up to 15 X 1.2 cm, narrowly lance-shaped with conspicuous petiole, the stem leaves narrowing and becoming smaller and reduced upward. Heads 24-1 Erigeron lanatus, 24-2 Erigeron lonchophyllus, 24-3 Erigeron ochroleucus, 24-4 Erigeron pallens, 24-5 Erigeron peregrinus, 24-6 Erigeron pHladelphicus. 137 solitary or few, at least the lowest side branches shorter than the leaves at that node; involucral bracts hairy but lacking glandular hairs, often purple-tipped, about 7 mm long; ligulate flowers white or pink, less than 4 mm long, very inconspicuous. Fruit with whitish pappus sometimes including a few small outer bristles. A rare species known only from moist meadows near beaver ponds on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn. It is distinguishable from the other species by the combination of non-glandular involucral bracts, the very small ligulate flowers, and the relative length of lower branches and leaves. This species appears to flower in late summer.

E. ochroleucus Nutt. Fig. 24-3 A small perennial, tufted from a branched rootcrown and strong taproot, rather densely white-hairy, and rarely reaching more than 10 cm in height. Leaves 1.5-10 cm long, very narrowly lance-shaped in the upper half; stem-leaves several, rapidly reduced upward. Heads solitary, invo lucral bracts green, 5-10 mm long, densely white-woolly, cross-walls of hairs often brown or pinkish, ligulate flowers whitish to mauve, about 1 cm long. Fruits light brown, with white hair, pappus bristles white, with additonal short flat elongated scale-like bristles. A rare species known only from rocky meadows in the Vimy-Sofa area, at 2000-2300 m. Outside the Park it apparently also grows at lower elevations.

E. pallens Cronq. Fig. 24-4 Plants 10 cm high or less, loosely matted from slender branching rootstocks, rather long-hairy on all green parts; leaves mostly in a basal cluster, up to 3 cm long and 8 mm wide, with long broadly flanged petiole expanding into a lance-shaped or wedge-shaped blade, in the last case with 3 terminal teeth 1-3 mm long; flowering stalks and heads solitary, with 1 or 2 much reduced leaves at the base of the stalk; heads rather small, disks 9-13 mm wide; ligulate flowers up to 5 mm long and 0.8 mm wide, white to blue or pink. Involucral bracts 6-8 mm long, densely white-hairy but not woolly, the hairs with white cross-walls, with few short glandular hairs. Pappus of about 30 slender, white, often twisted bristles, sometimes with a few shorter outer ones. An exceedingly rare alpine species known with certainty from Loaf Mtn. a couple of km north of the Park boundaries, and also reported from the Carthew Mtn. area, at elevations between 2500 and 2900 m. The only other fleabane with 3 terminal leaf-teeth is the very similar E. lanatus, which shows signs of intergrading with E. pallens in our area; see differ ences in the key. 138 E. peregrinus (Pursh) Greene Fig. 24-5 Stout plants, usually 2-5 dm, from a short rootstock, leaves and stems mostly hairless or nearly so. Leaves basal and on the stem, gradually de creasing in size upward; largest leaves up to 17 X 3 cm, about half petiole, the blade broadly lance-shaped; stem-leaves losing petiole above, often becoming clasping. Heads 1 to several, conspicuous, secondary ones usually lacking leafy bracts; involucral bracts up to 10 mm long, densely covered with short glandular hairs, sometimes with a few other hairs, and frequently contrasting with the hairy stem immediately below; ligulate flowers deep blue to purple, 1.5-2.5 cm long and up to 4 mm wide; disk flowers yellow. Fruit with several ribs, sparsely hairy, and with numerous white pappus bristles. This common and attractive species is frequently mistaken for an aster, but its involucral bracts in particular indicate its place in Erigeron. It is frequently seen in damp meadows and along open trails at middle and higher elevations, up to about 2700 m. Our material belongs to subsp. callianthemus (Greene) Cronq.

E. philadelphicus L. Fig. 24-6 Short-lived perennial (more rarely biennial or even annual), with weakly developed root system, with 1 or a few stems up to 7 dm, usually sparsely long-hairy, especially on stems and large veins. Leaves up to 15 X 3 cm, the basal ones largest with broadly flanged petiole tapering into lanceoloate blade, the petiole and leaf size reduced gradually upward, the upper leaves often clasping; leaf margin smooth to shallowly and coarsely toothed. Heads 1 to many in an open cluster; involucral bracts very narrow and pale, with greenish-brown midrib and yellow margins, and sparse white and minute glandular hairs; ligulate flowers extremely fine and numerous, up to 10 mm long, light purple through pink to white; disk flowers yellow. Fruit faintly 2-ribbed, sparsely Hairy, pappus white. A variable species in size, leaf shape, and color of ligulate flowers. Although it is a native it may also behave in a somewhat weedy manner. In the Park, it is known from low moist meadows near the east entrance.

E. radicatus Hook. Fig. 25-1 Perennial, with stout taproot and branched crown, finely hairy on all green parts. Leaves very narrow, up to 2 cm long and 2.5 mm wide, mostly basal, the dead leaves persisting. Flowering stalks up to 7 cm long, with several extremely narrow leaves, and terminating in a single head; involucral bracts green, finely white-hairy, glandular hairs absent. Ligulate flowers 20-50, white or slightly pink, 5-8 mm long. Pappus bristles fragile, white, with some inconspicuous short outer ones. An exceedingly rare species, with certainty known only from an early Jasper observation, a locality in the Saskatchewan portion of the Cypress 25-1 Erigeron radicatus, 25-2 Erigeron speciosus, 25-3 Erigeron strigosus, 25-4 Gaillardia aristata, 25-5 Gnaphalium microcephalum. 140 Hills, and from a single record on the north side of Sofa Mtn., where it fllowers about the end of July.

E. speciosus (Lindl.) DC. Fig. 25-2 [incl. E. subtrinervis Rydb.] A sparsely hairy to hairless plant, mostly 2-4 dm high, frequently clustered from a branched rootstock; basal leaves up to 10 cm long, very narrowly lance-shaped tapering into long broad petiole, dying early; stem-leaves gradually losing petiole, becoming shorter and broader (up to 2 cm), then clasping. Heads few, on long stalks lacking leafy bracts or nearly so; involucral bracts slender,, with numerous short glandular hairs and sometimes with sparse white hairs, about 8 mm long; ligulate flowers numerous and fine, 1-2 cm long, usually blue. Fruit sparsely white-hairy, mostly with 2 yellow-brown ribs, pappus bristles dull white. A common plant of rather open woods and damp slopes at low and middle elevations. Often mistaken for an aster, it is especially close in appearance to A. modestus, which has more leafy involucral bracts and a densely glandular stem, but lacks the narrow, elongated and ribbed fruits of E. speciosus. In Erigeron itself, E. glabellus is perhaps most closely related but has completely different stem-leaves.

E. strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Fig. 25-3 Annual or biennial, with 1 or more stems, reaching a height of 4 dm or more; leaves and stems evenly and finely hairy. Leaves narrowly lance- shaped, up to 12 cm long including a long petiole below, gradually becoming shorter and nearly strap-shaped but pointed, and losing petioles above; leaf margin usually smooth. Heads rather numerous and small, on long slender bracted stalks, and in an open cluster; involucral bracts 3-4 mm long, light green, with some white hairs and inconspicu ous glandular ones; ligulate flowers 7-8 mm long, rather narrow, white or tinged with pink or blue. Fruit very light brown, often yellow-ribbed with white hairs; those from ligulate flowers only with a crown of very short flat bristles, those of disk flowers additionally with long white bristles. A weedy plant found in pastures, along roads, and sometimes in un disturbed areas. It does not like a very dry habitat. Although this fleabane is somewhat similar to several others, its peculiar outer fruits provide a secure criterion.

Gaillardia G. aristata Pursh (Brown-eyed Susan; Blanket Flower) Fig. 25-4 Taprooted perennial, rough-hairy to the touch, and often long-hairy on the stem, commonly up to 5 dm tall, no more than sparingly branched. 141 Leaves 1 per node, lance-shaped or even strap-shaped in outline, the larger ones very coarsely toothed, smaller ones often smooth-margined and sharply pointed; basal ones up to 15 X 3 cm, about half of it a stout, often flanged and tapering petiole. Heads very large, up to 6.5 cm in diameter, on long stalks; involucral bracts green but densely white-hairy, often purple-margined, up to 1.5 cm long, with shiny globular gland structures below the hairs, ligulate flowers up to 2 cm long, with similar glands and some white hairs on the back, widening to about 1 cm or more and terminating in 3 large teeth, yellow with purplish veins and base; disk flowers densely hairy and purple above, each with a smooth pale yellow narrow bract. Fruit nearly obscured by dense and rigid silver- tipped hairs; pappus of up to 10 silvery broad membranous scales, tapering into long tail. An unmistakable and very attractive plant of roadsides and open dry meadows of all lower elevations.

Gnaphalium G. microcephalum Nutt. (Cudweed) Fig. 25-5 Short-lived perennial, from somewhat woody taproot, 2-7 dm tall, stems and leaves with felt-like white hair cover. Leaves numerous, upright and mostly along stem, strap-shaped and sharply pointed, up to 10 cm long and 10 mm wide, margins running down the stem somewhat, 1 per node. Heads small and numerous, in dense clusters forming an open branched arrangement; involucral bracts whitish and membranous, 2-3 mm long, numerous, the inner ones narrower and longer; ligulate flowers absent; fruit elliptical, smooth, light brown, less than 1 mm long, easily breaking off from the white pappus bristles. This species has been reported only once in the Park, along Blakiston Creek on the way to Red Rock Canyon. Apparently it has not been reported elsewhere in Alberta. It may be confused with Anaphalis margaritacea which, however, has leaves with a dark green upper surface and leaf-margins which do not run down the stem; furthermore, it spreads by means of underground rootstocks, and its pappus bristles remain attached to the fruit. More difficult to separate are some species of Antennaria where plants are unisexual, while in Gnaphalium flowers of both sexes and bisexual flowers occur on the same head; again the extended leaf margins of Gnaphalium do not occur in Antennaria. Our material belongs to var. thermale (Nelson) Cronq. A second species, G. viscosum H.B.K., has been reported from the Carbondale area; it is an annual, usually has a single stem, and its upper leaf-surfaces are glandular-hairy.

Grindelia G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal (Gumweed) Fig. 26-1 Usually perennial, and purple-stemmed, from a woody taproot, hairless 142 but with minute glandular dots on leaves and especially on involucral bracts, making the latter very sticky and resinous; plants up to 5 dm high, branching at the base and above. Leaves 1 per node, forming a flat cluster only in the first year, dark shiny green and up to 6 cm long and 2 cm wide, stem-leaves smaller, all lower leaves tapering into broadly flanged petiole, the blade with toothed, lobed, or smooth margin; upper stem- leaves simpler and smaller, often clasping. Heads numerous, on separate, rather rigid leafy stalks in open arrangement; involucral bracts very resinous, sharply pointed and curled back; ligulate flowers golden yellow about 10 mm long and 1-2 mm wide; disk flowers yellow, lacking individ ual bracts. Fruit 4-angled, brown, hairless, papus of a few flat, somewhat twisted, whitish, smooth, deciduous spines. A coarse and very distinctive weed of dry disturbed sunny places; basically a prairie element, in the Park known only from the shores of Indian Springs Pond, but probably growing elsewhere at the lowest elevation.

Helianthus (Sunflower) Coarse erect plants, annual or perennial, some with creeping rootstock; largest leaves mostly paired, smaller sometimes not; leaf and stem surface variously stiff-hairy, often rough to the touch; leaves smooth-margined to toothed. Heads few or even solitary, large; involucral bracts leafy and numerous; ligulate flowers golden yellow, large; disk flowers yellow- brown, numerous, each clasped by a flat rigid persistent bract. Fruit stout, very short-hairy, pappus of two flat stiff pointed scales sometimes accompanied by several very small ones, all breaking off easily. Three species of sunflower have been reported in the Park, but none is common. Other plants sometimes thought to be sunflowers are the balsam root and cone-flower, but these can be distinguished with little effort.

KEY TO SPECIES Involucral bracts broadly lance-shaped, with conspicuous fringing white hairs and smooth back, H. laetiflorus Involucral bracts lance-shaped and/or slender- tipped, lacking conspicuous fringe-hairs, the back hairy or not. Involucral bracts lance-shaped (some slender- tipped), evenly hairy on back; disk-bracts with white-hairy tip; annual. H. petiolaris 26-1 Grindelia squarrosa, 26-2 Helianthus laetiflorus, 26-3 Helianthus nuttallii, 26-4 Helianthus petiolaris, 26-5 Hieracium albertinum, 2b-b Hieracium albiflorum. 144 Involucral bracts, narrow and slender-tipped, with no more than some inconspicuous marginal hairs below; disk-bracts not conspicuously hairy-tipped; perennial. H. nuttallii

H. laetiflorus Pers. Fig. 26-2 Rather rigidly erect perennials, from a strong creeping rootstock, pro ducing thin colonies of plants mostly up to 5 dm in height; stems and es pecially leaves rough to touch because of stiff shorUhairs. Largest leaves paired, somewhat broadly lance-shaped, tapering at the tip, and at base into a stout petiole about 1 cm long, with shallowly toothed margin, com monly up to 9 X 3 cm. Heads solitary or nearly so, on long straight stalks with 1 or 2 very small leaves which are not paired; involucral bracts closely overlapping, broadly lance-shaped lacking slender tip, conspicu ously fringed with white hairs but otherwise hairless, ligulate flowers 2-3 cm long; disk flowers purplish brown, their bracts with white hairs on the back and margin but without conspicuously hairy tip. Fruit very sparsely short-hairy. An unmistakable sunflower, identified by its often narrowly diamond- shaped leaves and fringed involucral bracts. More common on the true prairie and sometimes weedy, it is present on the north-east side of the Park. Our plants belong to var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fern.

H. nuttallii T. & G. Fig. 26-3 A tall and slender sunflower, reaching well over a meter in height from frequently tuberous creeping rootstocks. Largest leaves paired, up to 15 cm long and less than 3 cm wide, with distinct petiole and narrowly lance-shaped, sharply pointed blade; leaves and stems mostly hairless or nearly so, the former smooth-margined or with small teeth. Heads 1 to several; involucral bracts narrow and slender-tipped, hairless except sometimes with a few marginal hairs below; ligulate flowers 2-3 cm long; disk bracts without obvious hairy tips. Recorded once in the Park, along Crooked Creek. The distinctive leaves, involucral bracts, and fleshy rootstock serve to separate it from both of the other sunflowers in the Park.

H. petiolaris Nutt.? Fig. 26-4 A smaller annual sunflower, rarely more than 6 or 7 dm in height, rather rough to the touch. Large leaves paired, up to 10 X 3 cm, more than half of it often petiole, the blade arrow-shaped with rounded base, somewhat more hairy below than above, especially on veins, with smooth or shallowly lobed margin. Heads I to rather numerous, often rather short- 145 stalked; involucral bracts evenly hairy, broad but often sharply pointed; bracts of disk-flowers with conspicuously long-hairy tips. The disk bracts and involucral bracts of this species alone can dis tinguish if from the other two sunflowers; additionally, it is the only annual sunflower in the Park. Dr. John Packer has kindly pointed out that this plant may be a dwarf Common Annual Sunflower (H. annuus L.), a common weed in the prairie area but not yet known from the Park.

Hieracium (Hawkweed) Perennial plants, from short or elongated rootstocks, with milky juice, and variably hairy; leaves entire to somewhat toothed or lobed, basal or mostly along stem, 1 per node. Heads generally few; involucral bracts ranging from short to long on each head, fairly closely overlapping, with various types of hairs; flowers all ligulate, yellow to white, grading from long outer ones to short inner ones. Fruit cylindrical, grooved, abruptly contracted just below the dull white or brownish pappus bristles. Elsewhere a difficult genus, but the four species in the Park are easily distinguished.

KEY TO SPECIES Involucral bracts (at least larger ones) lacking glandular and other hairs or nearly so; stems very leafy; ligulate flowers often up to 1.5 cm long, bright yellow. H. umbellatum Involucral bracts with glandular or other hairs, or both; stems not or only somewhat leafy; ligulate flowers less than 1 cm long, white to yellow. Involucral bracts with abundant long black hairs mixed with numerous whitish star-shaped hairs. H. gracile Hairs on involucral bracts white, or black only at base, star-shaped hairs lacking. Ligulate flowers yellow; involucral bracts densely white-hairy (hairs often black-based) mixed with numerous short yellow-tipped glandular hairs. H. albertinum Ligulate flowers white; involucral bracts with very sparse short glandular hairs and occasional long white black-based hairs. H. albiflorum 146 H. albertinum Farr Fig. 26-5 Stems usually single, only occasionally more than 5 dm high, mostly long-hairy especially below the heads; leaves up to 15 X 2 cm below, including long tapering petiole, the blade narrowly lance-shaped; upper leaves gradually reduced in petiole and size. Heads rather many, in open terminal cluster; involucral bracts up to 1 cm long, variable in hair-cover but generally with abundant long white (often black-based) hairs and short, yellow-tipped glandular hairs; ligulate flowers up to about 1 cm long, bright yellow. A common plant of rather dry open grassy places from low elevations to about 2000 m. Another species, H. cynoglossoides Arv.-Touv., is some times separated from H. albertinum on the basis of hair characteristics (fewer long hairs, and more glandular ones); at any rate, the two entities merge completely.

H. albiflorum Hook. Fig. 26-6 Rather slender plants, mostly up to 5 dm in height, loosely long-hairy on lower stem and leaves, becoming nearly hairless above. Leaves mostly at the base, up to 12 X 3 cm, narrowly elliptical or lance-shaped, the lowest tapering into 1-3 cm of flanged petiole, the upper ones without. Heads rather few and small, in a loose group and on delicate sparsely branched stalks well above the foliage; involucral bracts very slender, up to 7 or 8 mm long, with sparse long black, hairs and very short yellowish glandular ones; ligulate flowers about 8 mm long, white or nearly so. Fruit hairless, chocolate brown when ripe, 4 mm long. Found in coniferous woods from lower elevations to about 2000 m throughout much of the Park.

H. gracile Hook. Fig. 27-1 A rather delicate plant, mostly less than 4 dm high, larger leaves hairless or nearly so, all basal, up to 10 X 2 cm, lance-shaped and tapering into 3-4 cm long narrow petiole; stems with fine star-shaped white hairs which, in upper parts of the plant, are elevated on stalks with black cross- walls. Heads 1 or few; involucral bracts about 8 mm long, slender, covered with long black, short star-shaped white, and rather long dark glandular hairs; ligulate flowers up to 1 cm long, creamy white to pale yellow. Fruit chestnut brown when ripe, about 2 mm long. Usually grows in somewhat protected but rather dry sites at high elevations, frequently in open and sparse coniferous growth on rocky slopes. Neither a common nor an obvious plant.

H. umbellatum L. Fig. 27-2 Rather stout and coarse leafy plants, up to 1 m tall, hairless or nearly so 27-1 Hieracium gracile, 27-2 Hieracium umbellatum, 27-3 Iva xanthifolia, 27-4 Lactuca biennis, 27-5 Lactuca pulchella. 148 at least in lower parts. Leaves all on the stem, the lower ones often shrivelled at flowering time and small; largest ones up to 12 X 2 cm, lacking petioles, narrowly lance-shaped, margin smooth except for sparse prominent teeth; leaves slowly diminishing in size to just below flowers. Heads few, often in a somewhat flat-topped open cluster, lateral heads sometimes above terminal one, usually on unbranched leafless stalks with numerous short conical hairs and some branched white ones. Involucral bracts hairless or nearly so (sometimes with white branched and yellow glandular hairs), up to 1 cm long; ligulate flowers about 1.5 cm long, golden yellow. Fruit chocolate brown when ripe, about 3 mm long. A common and easily distinguished species at lower elevations all through the Park. It prefers woodland sites but may occasionally also be found in open meadows.

Iva /. xanthifolia Nutt. (False Ragweed) Fig. 27-3 A stout and coarse, leafy annual, often reaching a meter or more in height, stems reddish green, mostly smooth, much branched. Leaves of a sandpaper-like texture through stiff short hairs, the large ones paired, the blade up to 20 cm long and often nearly as wide, strongly veined from the base, heart-shaped with coarsely toothed margin, on stout petiole often about as long as the blade and purplish-green; smaller leaves above, 1 per node, narrow and reduced. Heads small, green, in long dense clus ters which often branch and are leafless, at the end of all branches. Invol ucral bracts of two series of 5 each, all about 2-3 mm long, broad, with glandular and short pointed hairs, the outer series rather thick and green, the inner series pale green and membranous. Disk flowers only, the marginal ones only producing fruit, which is pear-shaped, brown, about 2 mm long, without pappus. A very coarse weed of disturbed and rather damp places at low elevations, noted once near the east boundary but possibly introduced on a recurrent basis. At first sight it is somewhat reminiscent of a coarse species of Chenopodium, Atriplex, or Amaranthus from which the detail of the small heads immediately sets it apart.

Lactuca (Lettuce) Annual to perennial plants, with milky juice, mostly hairless at least on stem and upper leaf surface, leaves 1 per node, simple or toothed to deeply lobed. Heads several to numer ous; involucral bracts numerous, closely overlapping, hair less, from very short outer ones to long inner ones; flowers all ligulate; fruits somewhat flattened, pointed at both ends, grooved, sometimes narrowed into beak below, with capillary bristles which detach easily. 149

KEY TO SPECIES Annual or biennial; heads numerous, in a large elongated cluster, flowers pale blue or white; leaves up to 40 cm long. L. biennis Perennial plant from deep spreading roots; heads rather few; flowers rather deep blue; leaves up to 20 cm long. L. pulchella

L. biennis (Moench) Fern. Fig. 27-4 Annual or perennial, sometimes reaching 2 m in height, with smooth stems, single-stemmed from the base. Leaves up to 4 dm long, smooth except sometimes on the lower main veins, deeply lobed, the lobes with shallowly toothed margins and sharp tips; petiole with leafy flanges. Heads numerous and rather small, in an open elongating cluster around the main axis; involucral bracts up to about 1 cm long; flowers bluish to white or cream-colored; fruit 4-5 mm long, with several ribs, lacking conspicuous beak; pappus light brown. A weedy plant of moist places recorded from poplar woods along the Waterton River.

L. pulchella (Pursh) DC. (Common Blue Lettuce) Fig. 27-5 Hairless plant, up to 5 dm in height, from deep spreading roots. Leaves up to 20 cm long and 2.5 cm wide, ranging from smooth-margined to coarsely and deeply toothed, especially in lower parts, leaf tip remaining simple, sharply pointed, petiole lacking. Heads rather few in open branching cluster; involucral bracts up to 10 mm long; flowers about 15 mm long, blue to purple; fruit ribbed, 4-7 mm long, with stout beak below the white pappus bristles. A common and often weedy plant throughout much of Alberta, known from dry river banks at low elevations but rare in the Park.

Liatris L. punctata Hook. (Blazing Star) Fig. 28-1 Rigidly upright, hairless plants, from an upcurved base, with several stems from a single very heavy and woody root-crown, the stems up to 3 dm tall. Leaves numerous, gland-dotted, strap-shaped with finely spiny or stiff-hairy margin, often somewhat twisted, 1 per node, the largest ones on short, sterile stems or below on flowering stems, up to 9 cm long and 5 mm wide, gradually shortening upward into the flowering region, pet ioles lacking. Heads individually stemless, arranged along the un branched main stalk, the upper ones maturing first. Involucral bracts hairless except for conspicuous white marginal fringe, closely overlap- 150 ping, all about 1 cm long, gland-dotted and with spine-like tip; flowers all disk flowers, brilliant purple and gland-dotted, the free petal parts 3 mm long, beyond which at least 6 mm of purple, double stigmatic lobes. Fruit densely white-hairy, about 6 mm long, with strong, white, feather-like pappus bristles. One of the most unmistakable and attractive wild flowers of southern Alberta, flowering in late July and August. In the Park it is known only from the lower Lakeview Ridge and the north gate areas.

Madia M. glomerata Hook. (Tarweed) Fig. 28-2 Strongly scented annual, up to 5 dm, with a single erect stem, all green parts with abundant long white and shorter glandular hairs; leaves 1 per node, lacking petioles, strap-shaped and sharply pointed, up to 70 X 5 mm, lower ones often with short side branches eventually flowering, the stems leafy to the top. Heads rather numerous, in small compact leafy and very glandular clusters; involucral bracts boat-shaped, all the same length (ca. 6 mm long), together forming a spindle-shaped group, with numerous hairs of both types; ligulate flowers very few and only slightly longer than bracts, yellowish, often with red tinge; disk flowers several, yellowish-red, enclosed by a series of flat greenish smooth scale-like bracts. Fruit very dark brown, smooth and shiny, somewhat banana- shaped and angular, at least 5 nam long; pappus none. An inconspicuous, somewhat weedy plant found along roadsides, but also in some undisturbed grassy areas. In the Park it has been noted at Lone Lake and just north of the townsite.

Matricaria (Chamomile)

Annual or perennial plants, hairless or nearly so, leaves dissected into filamentous divisions, 1 leaf per node. Heads rather few, single at the end of numerous branches; involu cral bracts numerous and loosely overlapping, grading from rather narrowly pointed lower ones to broad and blunt ones, frequently with green midrib but otherwise membranous and sometimes brown-edged; ligulate flowers sometimes absent, or white and conspicuous; disk flowers yellow, numerous, in hemispherical or conical group. Fruit ribbed, sometimes with crown, hairless, pappus none.

KEY TO SPECIES Heads with white ligulate flowers; disk flowers 5-Iobed. M. maritima Ligulate flowers absent; disk flowers 4-lobed. M. matricarioides 151 M. maritima L. (Scentless Chamomile) Fig. 28-3 Plants annual or biennial, mostly up to 5 dm high, loosely branched above. Leaves up to 5 X 2 cm in outline, very finely divided into filaments. Heads terminating in rather long ascending branches; involucral bracts up to 5 mm long, usually with brownish margin; ligulate flowers white up to 16 mm long. Fruit 2 mm long, yellowish brown, strongly 3-ribbed, and extending into a short collar or crown. A weedy but attractive plant of roadsides and other disturbed places, now apparently established in the Lakeview Ridge area. As its common name indicates, it is nearly scentless. Our plants belong to var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott.

M. matricarioides (Less.) Porter (Pineapple Weed) Fig. 28-4 A rather densely branching, strongly pineapple-scented plant, usually less than 3 dm high. Leaves several cm long and less than half as wide, finely divided into filament-like portions. Heads on short stalks, involu cral bracts brownish to green with membranous margins, about 4 mm long; ligulate flowers lacking, the disk flowers 4-lobed, in a strongly coni cal group, greenish yellow. Fruit less than 2 mm long, brownish, ribbed, extending into short light-colored crown. A very inconspicuous weedy annual of disturbed places at low elevations, but not very common in the Park. Its common name refers to the smell of crushed fresh leaves.

Microseris M. nutans (Geyer) Schultz-Bip. Fig. 28-5 Slender perennial plants, less than 5 dm high, stems and leaves essen tially hairless, from a fleshy taproot; stems simple or sparsely branching below. Leaves usually less than 15 cm long and 5 mm wide, very sharply pointed, simple or with some slender marginal teeth up to 3 cm long, 1 per node. Heads solitary on long unbranched leafless stalks, nodding in bud, becoming erect when flowering; outer involucral bracts overlapping, very short and with white-granular surface, grading into inner ones which are 15 mm long, black-hairy, extending into slender tips. Ligulate flowers 1-2 cm long, pale yellow, often veined with purple, outer ones much longer than inner ones; disk flowers absent. Fruit slender, cylindri cal, grooved, light brown, 4 mm long; pappus bristles silvery-white, feathery, but with flat membrane-like base. A rather common plant of dry open, often rocky meadows at middle elevations, rarely up to 2300 m, and only known west of the main lakes so far. It is an extremely variable species in leaf shape and size, but its nodding buds, peculiar pappus bristles and hairs on involucral bracts leave no room for confusion. The species extends only slightly north of the Crowsnest Pass, and flowers in June and July. 28-1 Liatris punctata, 28-2 Madia glomerata, 28-3 Matricaria maritima, 28-4 Matricaria matricarioides, 28-5 Microseris nutans. 153 Petasites (Coltsfoot) Herbaceous, moisture-loving plants, from stout creeping rootstocks, the stems, petioles, and (usually only) lower leaf surface with white felty haircover. Flowering stems early in spring commonly up to 5 dm high, elongating somewhat in fruit, stout and slightly green, with numerous parallel-veined simple bract-like leaves ensheathing the stem below and clasping it above. Heads rather numerous, each on a separate unbranching stalk, in rather dense terminal cluster, involu cral bracts up to 8 mm long, parallel-veined, of equal size, sparsely hairy and often purple-margined; ligulate flowers creamy-white, about 1 cm long, or lacking; disk flowers whitish. Fruit very narrow, ribbed, with elongating white pap pus bristles. Leaves large, following flowers from the rootstock only, circular or triangular to heart-shaped in outline, variously toothed or lobed. The flowering stalks alone are difficult or impossible to ascribe to either species, although the fruits differ somewhat in size. Elsewhere in Alberta both species are often common.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves more or less circular in outline, deeply lobed, the large veins from midrib's base. P. frigidus Leaves arrow-shaped or heart-shaped, often toothed but not deeply lobed; usually no more than 2 large veins from midrib's base. P. sagittatus

P. frigidus (L.) Fries Fig. 29-1 A somewhat more slender plant, different from P. sagittatus as shown in the key; fruit about 2 mm long. Known from the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn., and the northeast corner of the Park east of the Belly River, the former said to be var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq. from the wooded lower slopes of the north side of Sofa Mountain. The species has also been known as P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray.

P. sagittatus (Pursh) Gray Fig. 29-2 Plants tending to be stouter than the above; see differences in the key. Fruits 3-3.5 mm long. Known from wet areas east of Oil Basin. ~ s^ixfsrPe,asi,es saiitw^ 2» *•«»*« ^-. 155 Prenanthes P. sagittata (Gray) Nelson (White Lettuce) Fig. 29-3 Single-stemmed, usually unbranching, erect, hairless plants mostly less than 4 dm tall, from fleshy roots, and with milky juice. Leaves 1 per node, all on the stem, the largest up to 12 X 3 cm below, others gradually de creasing in size upwards; petiole up to one-half of leaf length, rather broad, sometimes green-flanged; leaf blade lance-shaped to arrow- shaped, often with irregularly toothed margin, or grading into petiole; leaf tip sharply pointed. Heads narrow, up to 20, in a loose elongated leafless cluster, nodding on slender stalks; involucral bracts narrow, about 1 cm long, with a few very short ones below. Ligulate flowers only, creamy white, about 15 mm long. Fruit yellowish-brown, 4 mm long, slender, finely ribbed; pappus of light brown bristles. A plant of moist and often shaded sites, in Alberta in Waterton only, being known from Cameron Lake, Crypt Lake, Sofa Mtn. and the Lake- shore trail. It is possible to confuse this plant with Brickellia grandiflora; see the comments under that species.

Saussurea S. americana Eaton Fig. 29-4 Rather coarse perennial, up to 1 m or more high, the several stems from a short stout superficial rootstock; green parts cobwebby-hairy at least when young, upper leaf surface soon nearly hairless, bright green. Leaves numerous, 1 per node, all along the stem and gradually diminishing above, especially lower ones with petioles up to 3 cm long; blades up to 15 cm long, mostly less than half as wide, lowest ones narrowly triangular with abruptly constricted base, upper ones lance-shaped, margins sharply toothed. Heads rather few, in crowded erect cluster, individual heads rather short-stalked; involucral bracts numerous, overlapping, hairy, green with dark margin and tip, very broad and short below, the inner ones 7 or 8 mm long and narrowly lance-shaped. Ligulate flowers absent, the disk flowers about a dozen or more, usually violet-purple; fruit hairless, with 2 series of pappus bristles, the outer ones very short- hairy and shedding, the inner ones stouter, more feather-like, persistent. A single record exists of this species in the Park, and indeed in Alberta, from a lush meadow at 1675 m just east of South Kootenay Pass. The species is also extremely rare in Montana and British Columbia. A second species, S. densa (Hook.) Rydb., approaches the Park from the north at least as close as Southfork Lakes. It is a dense leafy short plant of rocky slopes at high elevations, with flowers also bluish-purple. In the key it would lead to Centaurea or Liatris, but not fit either one com fortably. 156 Senecio (Groundsel) Perennial plants, densely or loosely white-hairy to hairless, leaves 1 per node, entire or variously lobed, cleft, toothed and petioled, stems 1 to several. Heads 1 to numerous, in the latter case in a frequently loose group at the top of the stem. In volucral bracts green, mostly equal and marginally coherent, often with a few very small bracts below; ray flowers yellow, rarely lacking; disk flowers yellow. Fruit slender, with 5-10 ribs; pappus bristles numerous, soft. A large and difficult genus, represented by at least 10 species.

KEY TO SPECIES At least lower leaves arrow-shaped or triangular. S. triangularis Lower leaves never so. Heads usually 1, very large (ligulate flowers 2 cm or longer), plants at least 3 dm tall when flowering. S. megacephalus Heads 1 to several but smaller (ligulate flowers less than 1.5 cm long), 1 headed plants less than 2 dm tall. Heads 1, rarely 2 per stem; stem unbranched even below. Stout short plants with relatively large heads, involucral bracts dark purplish-green, 7-8 mm long; most plants white-woolly at least in lower leaf axils, commonly also along stem and below head; dry exposed alpine habitats. S. cymbalaria Slender plants with relatively small heads, involucral bracts usually light green, 5-6 mm long; plants without white hair even in lower axils; moist protected sub-alpine habitats. S. cymbalarioides Heads mostly several to numerous per stem; stem simple or branched. Stems several to numerous, weak, lodged at base; heads mostly several per stem. S. fremontii Stems 1 or few, erect, never lodged at base; heads numerous on each stem. Plants more or less hairy when flowering. 157 Hairs loose and rather long, sometimes sparse by flowering time. S. integerrimus Hairs very fine, matted, or somewhat tufted. S. canus Plants hairless even when young, or somewhat matted-hairy when young but becoming smooth later except sometimes in leaf axils. Leaves entire, with small or rather coarse sharp teeth, margin not at all cleft, lobed or scalloped. S. foetidus At least some leaf margins cleft, lobed or scalloped, these along the stem. At least some basal leaves with blunt or heart-shaped base, with large sharp teeth. S. pseudaureus Basal leaves not so, rather all tapering into petiole, marginal teeth rather small. S. pauperculus

S. canus Hook. (Prairie Groundsel) Fig. 30-1 Plants densely matted-hairy on all green parts, especially lower leaf surface, up to 4 dm tall. Basal leaves clustered, up to 8 cm long of which 1-3 cm petiole, the blade usually entire and more or less elliptical tapering into petiole; stem leaves variable, at least upper ones lacking petioles and with deeply cleft widened base, the tip long-tapering. Heads several, rarely up to 20. This is a typical prairie species, preferring dry and exposed sites, but small individuals may be found up to 2500 m. The species flowers in June and July.

S. cymbalaria Pursh Fig. 30-2 [S. resedifolius Less., S. conterminus Greenm., "S. hyperborealis auctt."] Short and stout plants, mostly white-woolly at least in lower leaf axils if not all along stem and below the heads, 5-15 cm tall from a thick rootstock. Basal leaves with petioles up to 5 cm long, the blade usually 2-3 cm long, broadly elliptical to spoon-shaped in outline, entire or toothed; stem leaves few and reduced, entire to deeply lobed or cleft, lacking petioles. Heads 1, rarely 2, rather large, the involucral bracts 7-8 mm long, often purple-green, and often somewhat hairy at base. An alpine species found in many places in the Park, always above 30-1 Senecio canus, 30-2 Senecio cymbalaria, 30-3 Senecio cymbalarioides, 30-4 Senecio foetidus, 30-5 Senecio fremontii, 30-6 Senecio integerrimus. 159 2000 m. It prefers fully exposed ridges and alpine meadows or scree slopes, and flowers from July to early August. See also comments under S. cymbalarioides. Earlier references to S. hyperborealis in our region were inaccurate.

S. cymbalarioides Nutt. Fig. 30-3 [S. subnudus DC] A slender hairless plant, 7-20 cm tall, from a rather thin branching rootstock. Basal leaves up to 5 cm long at least half of which is the slender petiole, the blade broadly elliptical to ovate, about 1 X 1.5 cm, with entire, toothed, or somewhat scalloped margin. Stem leaves few, rapidly reduced upward, sometimes deeply toothed above but grading into basal leaves below. Heads 1, not usually large, the involucral bracts 5-6 mm long and nearly always bright green, never hairy below. A subalpine plant of moist protected meadows and forest clearings, mostly between 2000 and 2300 m. It is easy to confuse with S. cymbalaria, which is shorter and less gregarious, has larger heads with more consistently purple bracts, and is more hairy. The two species are also ecologically very distinct, S. cymbalaria being a plant of dry rocky slopes which are fully exposed. S. cymbalarioides in Canada is known only from Waterton Lakes, but its range extends to Yellowstone Park and the three Pacific States. Flowers in July and August.

S. foetidus Howell Fig. 30-4 [S. hydrophiloides Rydb.] A tall plant, reaching a meter or more in height, at maturity hairless or nearly so, single-stemmed. Basal leaves up to 30 cm long about half of which is petiole, blade up to 6 cm wide, lance-shaped, with irregularly toothed to nearly smooth margin; stem leaves several, gradually reduced upward becoming small and narrow above and lacking petioles. Heads numerous in crowded rounded cluster which opens up to a rather flat arrangement through elongation of lower stalks. Involucral bracts 6-7 mm long, commonly with small black tip; ray flowers sometimes absent. Found in southwestern Alberta, north to the Carbondale River drainage, and especially obvious in Waterton where it grows in swampy places at elevations up to 1700 m. The species may be mistaken for S. integerrimus which, however, is obviously hairy when flowering. Flowers from early June to the end of July.

S. fremontii T. & G. Fig. 30-5 Plants hairless, often in loose sprawling colonies, with simple or sparsely branched stems up to 20 cm long. Leaves all along stem, the lower ones 160 often withering early, up to 4 X 1.5 cm, lance-shaped or somewhat wedge-shaped in outline, rather coarsely and shallowly toothed, petiole lacking. Heads 1 to several, on long individual stalks; involucral bracts 8-10 mm long, not black-tipped. A fairly common and distinct species, usually growing above 2000 m but occasionally in disturbed places at lower elevations. In natural areas it prefers open scree slopes. Flowers from July to late August.

S. integerrimus Nutt. Fig. 30-6 A stout 1-stemmed plant, reaching 7 dm in height, loosely white-hairy at least up to flowering time, especially on lower stems and petioles. Basal leaves up to 20 X 7 cm, about half of which is petiole, the blade lance- shaped and slowly tapering into petiole, more or less entire to toothed; lowest stem leaves similar but sometimes with flanged petiole, gradually reduced upwards and losing the petiole. Heads numerous, the terminal one on short stout stalk, other stalks elongating to form, at first, a dense rounded cluster, becoming flat-topped or even concave. Involucral bracts 5-7 mm long, often with conspicuous black tip. A rather common and obvious plant of open, often rather dry meadows at middle and lower elevations. Its hairiness helps to distin guish it from the similar S. foetidus. Some plants are somewhat sugges tive of Hieracium umbellatum, but the overlapping involucral bracts of that genus make the distinction clear. Our material belongs to var. exalta- tus (Nutt.) Cronq., and flowers from late May into July.

S. megacephalus Nutt. Fig. 31-1 One or a few stems from a stout rootstock, reaching about 5 dm in height, usually conspicuously white-woolly in upper parts when young. Basal leaves about 2 dm long or less, the petioles at least jialf as long, blade 1.5-2.5 cm wide, narrowly lance-shaped, margin smooth or finely and sparsely toothed. Stem leaves similar but reduced upwards, the upper ones lacking petiole. Head single, rarely several, and well above leaves, very large, the cobwebby involucral bracts at least 1 cm long, not black- tipped, with several long very slender bracts below. Known from several localities in the Park, on rocky exposed ridges and scree slopes above about 2000 m, and elsewhere in adjacent Alberta mountains and further south and west. The large and usually single hairy heads allow for no confusion.

S. pauperculus Michx. Fig. 31-2 Rather slender-stemmed plant, but sometimes reaching up to 5 dm in height, lightly hairy when young but usually smooth when mature except *#~%i^ sSs^

31-1 Senecio megacephalus, 31-2 Senecio pauperculus, 31-3 Senecio pseudaureus, 31-4 Senecio triangularis, 31-5 Solidago canadensis. 162 for white tufts in leaf axils. Leaves mostly basal, sometimes up to 20 cm, half or more of which is petiole, the blade up to 3 cm wide, lance-shaped, margin smooth to rather coarsely and sharply toothed. Stem leaves variously incised, upper ones without petioles and sometimes elabor ately cleft "ears" clasping stem; transitional leaves often with large lance- shaped terminal lobe, below which are long sharp teeth. Heads few to about 15, all except central one on much elongated stalks; involucral bracts 6-7 mm long, often with small dark tip. A very common species all through the Park, at elevations up to nearly 2000 m. It prefers open spaces but may occur also in somewhat shaded places, sometimes in moist, at other times in dry sites, and flowers in the second half of the summer. Another species, S. indecorus Greene, is said to occur in the area but seems to differ only (or mainly?) in lacking ray flowers. For the distinction between S.pauperculus and the very similar S. pseudaureus, see the comments under that species.

S. pseudaureus Rydb. Fig. 31-3 Very similar to S. pauperculus, but the fluffy or woolly white hair persists to beyond flowering time at least on the lower stem and lower leaf surface, and on the involucral bracts. The blade of basal leaves (and often the large terminal lobe of lower stem leaves) is typically not tapered below but rather bluntly contracted, even to having a heart- shaped base, and its margin is more coarsely toothed.

S. triangularis Hook. Fig. 31-4 A clustered erect plant, hairless or nearly so, very leafy, up to 15 dm in height. Basal leaves lacking; stem leaves arrow-shaped becoming lance- shaped above, all except the smallest ones with petiole 2-8 cm long; margin sharply and rather evenly toothed. Heads narrow, usually rather few, in a flat-topped cluster; involucral bracts 7-8 mm long, sometimes dark-tipped. A common and unmistakable plant in moist places all through the Park, at middle elevations. Flowers in July and August. Our plants are referable to var. triangularis.

Solidago (Goldenrod) Perennial, leafy plants, unbranched except below the heads, variably hairy, from short or elongated rootstock, growing in colonial or solitary fashion. Leaves smooth-margined or toothed, mostly lance-shaped with strong midrib, 1 per node along the stem, often also in small sterile basal clusters. Heads small and numerous in a terminal often branched arrangement; involucral bracts tightly overlapping to some- 163 what spreading, of variable lengths on each head, with a green midrib or tip; ligulate flowers bright yellow, less than 8 mm long and 15 in number; disk flowers yellow. Fruit more or less cylindrical, with or without hairs, with several inconspicuous ribs, pappus bristles white or nearly so. Flowers mostly in late summer and fall. A large and exceedingly complex group, with half a dozen species represented in the Park. It is doubtful that a truly reliable key to Solidago has ever been written. The genus is full of baffling complexities and intergradations which make the precise definition of species very difficult. At any rate, the key below cannot be wholly relied on, and careful checking with species descriptions is necessary.

KEY TO SPECIES Stem leaves only gradually decreasing in size upward (sometimes more abruptly in S. missouriensis); plants with well developed creeping rootstocks. Leaves very long and narrow, only rarely up to 10 mm wide, hairless and usually smooth- margined, with 3 parallel veins, often rather obscurely gland-dotted; heads mostly in flat- topped cluster. S. graminifolia Leaves not usually so slender, at least the main ones broader than 12 mm, often short-hairy and with toothed margin, venation more net-like, never gland-dotted; heads usually in elongated or pointed arrangement. Stems hairless or nearly so below the branching portion; leaf surfaces nearly always hairless. Branching stems below heads short-hairy; plants 5-20 dm tall; ligulate flowers mostly about 13. S. gigantea Branching stems below heads hairless or nearly so; plants mostly less than 5 dm tall; ligulate flowers mostly about 8. S. missouriensis Stems white-hairy below branching portion; leaves sometime sparsely short-hairy. S. canadensis Stem leaves rather abruptly decreasing in size upward; plants mostly with short and stout rootstocks. 32-1 Solidago gigantea, 32-2 Solidago graminifolia, 32-3 Solidago missouriensis, 32-4 Solidago multiradiata, 32-5 Solidago spathulata. 165 Lowermost petioles with fringe of white hairs; ligulate flowers about 13 or more per head; frequently small plants of alpine slopes. S. multiradiata Leaves mostly lacking hair-fringed petioles; ligulate flowers mostly about 8 per head; mostly middle and lower altitudes. S. spathulata

S. canadensis L. Fig. 31-5 Plants with creeping rootstocks, up to 1 m high or occasionally even taller, densely to sparsely short-hairy at least in upper half of stem, often smooth below. Leaves sparsely hairy or hairless, numerous and crowded, the lowest ones lacking or withering, most leaves about the same size, up to 15 X 2.5 cm, lance-shaped, margins smooth to sharply toothed, lacking petiole, often with 2 conspicuous lateral veins. Heads in rather open, usually pyramid-shaped arrangement; ligulate flowers mostly 10-17 (commonly about 13), about 4 mm long. One of the more variable goldenrods, in size, hairiness, and leaves. It is known from the lower Waterton River area, and prefers rather damp and protected habitats. In the past, this species has also been called S. lepida DC, among others. It has been subdivided in numerous ways, the Waterton plants probably belonging to var. salebrosa (Piper) Jones.

S. gigantea Ait. Fig. 32-1 Robust plants similar to the preceding, but short-hairy only in the branching portion, below which the stem is hairless and even waxy- green; leaves hairless. The main branches tend to curve downward, the heads often being along one side only. The species tends to grow in similarly protected and moist areas, being known in the Park from the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn.

S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Fig. 32-2 Plants hairless or nearly so, from creeping rootstocks, reaching nearly 1 m in height. Leaves often faintly gland-dotted, numerous, very narrowly lance-shaped to nearly strap-shaped, both ends sharply pointed, up to 13 cm long, and 10 mm wide, petioles lacking, usually with 2 veins parallel to the midrib, leaves only slightly reduced to the heads, the lower ones withering. Heads in a usually compact and flat-topped arrangement of small clusters. A rather distinct species which has been reported from along Crooked Creek near the east boundary, and along a pond near the east entrance. 166 S. missouriensis Nutt. Fig. 32-3 Plants usually solitary, from a rather stout rootstock, usually no more than 5 dm high, stems hairless below branching portion, the branches themselves hairless or nearly so. Leaves essentially smooth except for some marginal hairs, decreasing gradually or rather abruptly in size upwards, the basal ones somewhat lance-shaped with long tapering petiole, mostly up to 15 X 1.5 cm, margins smooth or nearly so. Heads in a rounded or rather narrowly flat-topped cluster; ligulate flowers 7-13. A common species of prairie grasslands and other rather dry and open places at lower elevations.

S. multiradiata Ait. Fig. 32-4 Plants up to 4 dm tall, but usually smaller at higher elevations, somewhat tufted or solitary from a rather stout rootstock, stems somewhat hairy at least in branched portion. Leaves up to 10 X 1.5 cm, lance-shaped to nearly spoon-shaped, at least the lowest ones with obvious though often flanged petioles, margins smooth or irregularly toothed, the lower peti oles with white-hairy fringes. Heads quite large, in rather compact rounded cluster; ligulate flowers about 13, about 6 mm long. A mostly alpine species, found throughout the Park, and rather distinct because of its relatively large heads and small stature, at least at higher elevations. No other goldenrod is common on alpine slopes. The only other species which may resemble it is S. spathulata (see key). Our plants belong to var. scopulorum Gray.

S. spathulata DC. Fig. 32-5 Plants from short and stout rootstocks, solitary or tufted, rarely more than 4 dm high, stems no more than sparsely short-hairy in branching portion, hairless below, often purplish. Basal leaves'long-petioled, often 12 X 1.5 cm, blade lance-shaped and tapering into petiole, margin smooth or somewhat toothed; leaves rapidly decreasing in size upwardly. Heads in rather dense and narrow, cylindrical arrangement, the short lateral branches few-headed. Ligulate flowers 5-10, mostly 8. A common species in rather open habitats, mostly at lower elevations, which has'often been called S. decumbens Greene. Although it rarely reaches higher elevations it may be confused with S. multiradiata (see key). At least material from lower elevations in the Park may be assigned to var. neomexicana (Gray) Cronq.

Taraxacum (Dandelion) Perennials, without leafy stems, from a fleshy taproot, with milky juice; leaves hairless or nearly so, from nearly entire to deeply toothed or lobed, in a cluster on the ground. Heads 1 167 on each leafless stalk, the latter elongating in fruit, involucral bracts in 1 outer short series, and 1 inner elongated series; flowers all ligulate and without individual bracts, the mar ginal ones longest. Fruit more or less spindle shaped, often with rows of tubercles, and sometimes quadrangular, taper ing into a slender long beak terminating into a spreading whorl of feathery pappus bristles together forming an um brella-like structure, all fruits together forming a delicate ball-like structure easily blown apart by wind. An exceedingly difficult group with five species reported in the Park. Not to be confused with Agoseris or Microseris.

KEY TO SPECIES Introduced, weedy plants of disturbed places mostly at lower elevations; outer involucral bracts reflexed or not. Fruit becoming reddish; terminal leaf-lobe no larger than others; outer involucral bracts not or only slightly reflexed. T. laevigatum Fruit becoming brownish; terminal leaf-lobe much larger than others; outer involucral bracts strongly reflexed. T. officinale Plants of undisturbed habitats at high elevations, outer involucral bracts not reflexed. Fruit straw-colored to dark brown, sometimes slightly red only at tip, not or only very slightly quadrangular. Fruit light brown, inner involucral bract often with hooded tip. T. ceratophorum Fruit dark brown or blackish, the tip rarely reddish; inner involucral bracts only with hooded tips. T. lyratum Fruit reddish or reddish brown, mostly sharply quadrangular. T. eriophorum

T. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) DC. Fig. 33-1 Similar to T. officinale in appearance; petioles broadly flanged, usually rather shallowly lobed, hairless or nearly so. Outer involucral bracts appressed or somewhat spreading, rather wide and short; inner bracts tending to have hooded tips. Fruit (body) 3-4 mm long, straw-colored to brown. Alpine slopes and exposed summits. 33-1 Taraxacum ceratophorum, 33-2 Taraxacum eriophorum, 33-3 Taraxacum laevigatum, 33-4 Taraxucum lyratum, 33-5 Taraxacum officinale. 169 T. eriophorum Rydb. Fig. 33-2 Similar to the preceding, but fruits more reddish all over and more clearly quadrangular; involucral bracts somewhat more slender, and only very rarely with hooded tip. Known from shale slides at Crypt Lake and the summit of Avion Ridge.

T. laevigatum (Willd.) DC. Fig. 33-3 Very similar to T. officinale, but often more slender; leaf-lobes equal all along length of leaf including the terminal lobe; outer involucral bracts appressed to reflexed, the inner ones usually with somewhat hooded tip; body of fruit becoming red to reddish purple at maturity. Disturbed places at lower elevations. There is only one authentic report of this species from the Park (Red Rock Canyon area), but it is likely to be present elsewhere.

T. lyratum (Ledeb.) DC. Fig. 33-4 Dwarf plants, hairless, rarely taller than 10 cm, the leaves often half as long or less, slender and deeply toothed, with long flanged petiole; heads small, involucral bracts dark green, closely overlapping and lacking hooded tips. Fruit brownish becoming very dark at maturity, sometimes with reddish tip. A rather rare species of high exposed alpine slopes.

T. officinale Weber Fig. 33-5 Weedy plants of variable size, leaves hairless except for sparse hairs on lower midrib; leaves variously lobed or toothed, generally lance-shaped in outline; lobing or toothing becoming coarser to the tip, the terminal lobes being obviously larger than others. Heads rather large; outer bracts reflexed, inner ones no more than slightly hooded at tip. Fruit body 3-4 mm long, greyish to olive-brown. A common weed in lawns and other disturbed, usually rather damp places at lower elevations.

Townsendia Plants perennial, sometimes rather short-lived, hairy. Leaves with long flanged petioles, the blade lance- or spoon-shaped, mostly crowded at base, and spread along stem, 1 per node, if elongating. Heads 1 or few, nearly stemless or on stout, 1-headed stems. Involucral bracts rather narrow and sharply pointed, overlapping, numerous, usually with white-hairy 170 fringe; ligulate flowers white, pink, or blue to purple; disk flowers yellow, lacking individual bracts. Fruit hairy, usually compressed, with numerous white pappus bristles. An attractive genus with three species represented in the Park. It is closely related to Erigeron from which our three species are very different, especially in the nature of the in volucral bracts, size of heads, and stature.

KEY TO SPECIES Tufted prairie plants, flowering very early in spring; disk about 1 cm in diameter. Ligulate flowers about 1 cm long and 0.5 mm wide. T. hookeri Dwarf or elongated plants of lower to alpine preference, flowering from late May to mid summer, disks 1.5-4 cm in diameter, ligulate flowers about 2 cm long and 2 mm wide. Head(s) (at least the first) not or scarcely emerging from leaf cluster; ligulate flowers pink. T. condensata Head(s) well above leaves; ligulate flowers blue to purple. T. parryi

T. condensata Parry ex Gray Fig. 34-1 Dwarf plants, short-lived perennials, with weak taproot and dense cluster of rather erect leaves. Leaves about 3 cm long, the blade 3-5 X 4-6 mm, smooth-margined and blunt, with long broad often purplish- green petiole, both blade and petiole with long white hairs. Head 1 and nearly stemless, mostly among leaves, sometimes with 1 or more stalked additonal heads, the disk 1.5-4 cm in diameter, yellow; ligulate flowers about 2 cm long and 2 mm wide, pink to lavender, with short glandular hairs on back; involucral bracts numerous ranging from very narrow and sharply pointed to lance-shaped, white-hairy, purple especially at the tip. Fruit somewhat compressed and tapering at the ends, with 2 or 3 ribs, white-hairy, 3-4.5 mm long, pappus bristles white, attached to a ring. The first Canadian individuals of this curious alpine plant were found in 1969. It is now known from Avion Ridge, Ruby Ridge, and the Horseshoe Basin area, and from several similar sites in the Castle River drainage, but not elsewhere in Canada. It prefers open wind-swept shale ridges at high elevations, and flowers from early June to early August.

T. hookeri Beaman Fig. 34-2 A perennial, tufted dwarf plant, from a stout densely branched stem, 171 forming a cushion in more mature plants. Leaves very narrowly strap- shaped, sharply pointed, silver-hairy, 1-2 cm long and 1-2 mm wide. Heads several, stemless, the disk about 1 cm wide, ligulate flowers about 1 cm long and 0.5 mm wide, pink or whitish, lacking glandular hairs or nearly so; involucral bracts with at least a green midrib, mostly with white, membranous margin, hairy. Fruit loosely hairy. A common though inconspicuous coulee plant in southern Alberta which just reaches the Park where the Waterton River crosses the boundary. The species has also been known as T. exscapa (Rich.) Porter or T. sericea Hook. It flowers early in May, the only time it is easily found.

T. parryi Eaton Fig. 34-3 Perennials, usually short-lived, with stout stems and large heads, green parts densely covered with stiff white hairs, plants mostly 0.5-2.5 dm tall, with 1 or several flowering stems from a common cluster of basal leaves; stems usually 1-headed. Leaves slenderly spoon- or lance-shaped with long petiole, up to 40 X 5 mm, the stem leaves becoming smaller above. Involucral bracts ranging from greenish to purple-tipped, white- flanged, with white hairs especially along margin, about 7-9 mm long; ligulate flowers blue to purple, about 20 X 2 mm; disk yellow, 1.5-4 cm in diameter. Fruit white-hairy, about 4 mm long, compressed, pappus bristles white. One of the most attractive members of the family, found sporadically in dry exposed, frequently rocky or grassy places. It is basically an alpine plant in the Park, being found occasionally as high as 2700 m, but here and there it becomes established in gravelly areas near major creeks at lower levels, for example near the main road junction to Red Rock Can yon. At higher elevations the ligulate flowers tend to be bright blue, becoming more lavender below. An unmistakable plant, reminiscent of a very large-headed fleabane.

Tragopogon T. dubius Scop. (Goatsbeard) Fig. 34-4 Stout, stiffly erect, smooth and bluish-green milky plants, usually bien nial. Leaves 1 per node, grass-like below and commonly up to 20 cm long, the basal portion becoming broader and ensheathing the stem higher up, with several parallel veins. Stem terminating in the first head often followed by several others in axils of lower leaves; all heads on long stout leafless stalks. Involucral bracts long-tapering, all of one length, over lapping at the base, hairless, 2.5-4 cm long. Flowers all ligulate, yellow, the outer ones longest but shorter than involucral bracts. Fruit very slender and elongated about 14 mm long, straw-colored in the center to brown at the margin, beset with rows of stiff short scales; beak about as 34-1 Townsendia condensata, 34-2 Townsendia hookeri, 34-3 Townsendia parryi, 34-4 Tragopogon dubius, 34-5 Cornus canadensis, 34-6 Corpus stolonifera. 173 long as fruit, very slender and smooth; pappus a terminal whorl of feath ery bristles together forming an umbrella 4-5 cm wide; the fruiting head globular and easily broken apart by wind. An easily recognized weed of roadsides and other disturbed, usually moist places which may be expected almost anywhere at low elevations.

Cornaceae (Dogwood Family) Cornus Woody shrubs or creeping perennial plants, nearly hairless, with paired short-petioled entire smooth-margined leaves with prominent veins. Flowers creamy white in a terminal head or densely branched cluster, in 1 species flanked by 4 white bracts; sepals, petals, and stamens 4, the sepals very in conspicuous and crowning the white-hairy ovary, stamens alternating with petals; style straight and stout, its base ringed by a glandular cushion, stigma small and simple. Fruit a brightly colored berry with rather large single stone.

KEY TO SPECIES Low creeping perennials, with few leaves; flower cluster 1 per erect stem, surrounded by 4 white bracts; fruits bright red. C. canadensis Much branched shrubs with red stems and numerous flower clusters lacking white bracts; berries white to pale blue. C. stolonifera

C. canadensis L. (Bunchberry) Fig. 34-5 Low plants, at least some leaves persisting through winter, forming extensive colonies by wiry rootstocks. Upright stems mostly less than 1.5 dm high, scaly at the base above which 1 or 2 pairs of small leaves; top of plant with 4 or 6 crowded leaves up to 6 X 3 cm, these broadly lance- shaped, smooth-margined, with short petiole. Flower head stalked, sur rounded by 4 creamy white bracts up to 2 cm long; flowers short-stalked; sepals 4, very small, crowning the hairy, elongated ovary; petals 4, about 1 mm long; stamens 4 alternating with petals and twice as long; style stout, surrounded by cushion-like base, both blackish purple. Fruit a 1-seeded bright red berry 6-8 mm long, several per head. A well-known wild flower of forests at lower and middle elevations, but surprisingly infrequent in the Park. It is known at least from the west and north slopes of Vimy Peak and Mokowan Ridge east of the Belly River. Flowers mostly in June and early July. 174 C. stolonifera Michx. (Red Osier) Fig. 34-6 Long-branched, red-stemmed shrubs, up to 3 m high, lower branches often prostrate. Leaves paired, petiole up to 1.5 cm long, leaf blade mostly less than 9X4 cm, broadly lance-shaped. Flower clusters branched, but crowded, rounded, often 5 or 6 cm wide. Flowers creamy white; sepals no more than an irregular rim crowning the hairy ovary; petals 4, lance-shaped, 3 mm long; stamens 4, slightly longer; style short and straight, 2 mm long, its base surrounded by a glandular cushion. Fruit a 1-seeded white berry, often with bluish cast, about 5 mm in diameter. A rather common and obvious shrub of damp and somewhat sheltered places, at elevations below 1900 m. Flowering from May well into July, the shrub turns an attractive dark red in fall.

Crassulaceae (Stonecrop Family) Sedum (Stonecrop) Perennial, hairless succulents, with upright flowering stems from creeping stems or underground rootstocks; leaves 1 per node, in some species needle-like and pointed. Flower cluster terminal, branching but rather dense. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, sepals fused below; stamens twice as many as petals; pistils 4 or 5, united below, tapering into slender style; fruit of 4 or 5 small several-seeded pods fused at the base.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers and fruits dark red or purple; leaves rather thin, flat, the larger ones at least 3 mm wide. S. roseum Flowers and fruits yellow; leaves fleshy, needle- shaped, the larger ones rarely thicker than 2 mm. Mature fruit of 5 widely spreading portions; upper part of stem usually with deciduous axillary buds; leaves often persistent, the lower midrib often prominent. S. stenopetalum Mature fruit of 5 erect portions; deciduous axillary buds absent; leaves often fallen by flowering time, lower midrib not prominent. S. lanceolatum 175 S. lanceolatum Torrey Fig. 35-1 Stems clustered from a branched creeping stem, mostly less than 15 cm high, many stems remaining short and sterile. Leaves fleshy, needle-like, mostly less than 1 cm long, without prominent lower midrib, those of flowering stalks usually falling early; deciduous axillary buds absent. Sepals and petals 5, the former less than half as long as the golden- yellow, 6-7 mm long petals; stamens 10, shorter than petals. Fruit of 5 erect, flat pods 5-6 mm long. There has been much confusion in names here, this name usually (but incorrectly) having been applied to what is called S. stenopetalum below. The two species are similar but the above key should give clear- cut identifications. S. lanceolatum is a common plant of dry open rocky or sandy places up to 2500 m, flowering in June and July.

S. roseum (L.) Scop. Fig. 35-2 Plants usually less than 1 dm tall, but taller in shaded moist sites, from a very fleshy underground rootstock, often clustered, lacking sterile stems. Leaves commonly 3-5 mm wide and up to 2 cm long, flat and rather thinly lance-shaped. Flower cluster dense, deep purple-red. Flower parts mostly 4 each except for the 8 stamens, sepals up to 2 mm long, petals twice as long; stamens exceeding petals; pistils about 4-5 mm long; flowers (and plants) mostly unisexual. Pods erect, mostly distinct, about 4 mm long. A rather common plant of rocky slopes and crevices, especially at alpine levels up to at least 2800 m, but occasionally in lower places, as in the Bosporus area. Flowers in June and July.

S. stenopetalum Pursh Fig. 35-3 [S. douglasii Hook.] Generally similar to S. lanceolatum, but leaves with prominent lower midrib, in some plants staying on stem, in others falling early; upper leaf axils usually with deciduous large axillary buds. Flower similar to that of S. lanceolatum; fruit of 5 spreading, flat pods about 3 mm long. Middle elevations up to 2000 m, where it is occasional on south- facing exposed rocky places. It flowers mostly in June. Easily confused and sometimes growing together with S. lanceolatum; see comments under that species. 35-1 Sedum lanceolatum, 35-2 Sedum roseum, 35-3 Sedum stenopetalum, 35-4 Alyssum alyssoides, 35-5 Arabis divaricarpa, 35-6 Arabis drummondii. 177 Cruciferae [Brassicaceae] (Mustard Family) Herbaceous plants with leaves 1 per node lacking stipules, often in basal clusters, hairless or with various simple, forked and/or branched hairs (see illustrations under Draba). Flower cluster elongate, flowers individually stalked but lacking bracts, radially symmetrical and bisexual; sepals 4, distinct and mostly shorter than the 4 distinct petals, these rarely absent, commonly with narrow base and broad tip; stamens 6, the outer two being shorter than the inner four; ovary 1, beyond other flower elements, consisting of 2 "valves" which (in most) fall off from the pod-like fruit, releasing several to numerous seeds from each of the two cavities, these mostly separated from each other by thin membranous partition; style simple or lacking, stigma at most faintly 2-lobed; seeds sometimes with thin marginal wing. A very large and often difficult family, both flowers and especially ripe pods being needed for reliable identification. The family is represented in Waterton by numerous natives and weedy plants. Flower and fruit structure is generally as set out above, but in Lepidium only 2 or 4 stamens exist, and the pod does not open in Neslia and typically contains only a single seed. The number of seeds on each side of the pod may be 1 (Lepidium), 2 (Alyssum), 4 (Physaria), 2-7 (Lesquerella), or numerous (Arabis, Sisymbrium, and others). The words "mustard," "cress," and "rocket" are rather indiscriminately applied to various members of the family.

KEY TO GENERA Pod more or less round in outline, compressed or not. Perennials, the leaves in a basal cluster; flowering stalks not terminal but axillary to leaves, center of plant remaining leafy. Pod deeply notched or bilobed, much inflated, at least 1 cm wide; leaves mostly blunt-tipped. Physaria Pod more or less spherical, not bilobed or inflated, 5 mm or less thick; leaves sharp- tipped. Lesquerella Annuals, the leaves along erect flowering stalk which terminates plant. Middle and upper leaves with ear-like basal lobes clasping stem. 178 Pod deeply notched, many-seeded, surrounded by flat margin; style none; petals white. Thlaspi Pod not notched, with net-like surface, nearly spherical, 1- or 2-seeded; style prominent; petals yellow. Neslia No leaves with basal "ears." Style none or at least not extending beyond pod; pod hairless, 2-seeded, sepals falling soon after flowering. Lepidium Style short but extending slightly beyond mature pod; pod hairless, 4-seeded; sepals persistent until fruit nearly ripe. Alyssum Pod elongate, spindle-shaped, lance-shaped or otherwise, but not round in outline. • At least some stem leaves (usually middle or upper ones) with basal ear-like lobes clasping stem. Pod more or less triangular, its upper corners rounded and top somewhat notched. Capsella Pod otherwise. Pod 4 times as long as broad or less. Rorippa Pod more than 5 times as long as broad. Larger leaves with terminal lobe much larger than lateral ones. Barbarea Leaves not so, or not at all lobed. Arabis • Stem leaves absent or without basal clasping "ears." Leaves cleft more than halfway to the midrib, or divided into leaflets. Leaves and stems densely white-woolly. Smelowskia Neither leaves nor stems densely white- woolly. Lower leaves with stalked leaflets round to irregularly ovate in outline. Cardamine No stalked leaflets of such outline. All or nearly all leaves along the single (often branched) erect flowering stem. 179 Seeds in 1 row on each side of the pod, which may be up to 9 cm long; coarse plant with very long, usually undivided and unlobed leaflets in upper leaves. Sisymbrium Seeds in 2 rows on each side of pod, which is 3 cm long or less; finer plants, most leaflets deeply lobed or again divided. Descurainia All or nearly all leaves in basal cluster, the several, ascending flowering stems essentially leafless. Diplotaxis Leaves entire or lobed less than halfway to midrib. Petals yellow. Seeds in 1 row on each side of pod. Erysimum Seeds in 2 rows on each side of pod. Mature pod obviously flattened and/or less than 2 cm long. Draba Mature pod not flattened, more than 2 cm long. Diplotaxis Petals white to purple. At least some stem leaves with basal "ears" clasping stem. Arabis No leaves with clasping "ears." Mature pods obviously compressed, less than 20 mm long but at least 1.5 mm wide. Draba Mature pods narrowly cylindrical or slightly angled, not obviously compressed, commonly more than 15 mm long but no more than 1.5 mm wide; seeds in 1 or 2 series. Upper stem leaves lance-shaped, lacking petiole; petals at least 15 mm long; disturbed places. Hesperis Upper stem leaves not lance-shaped, petioles usually lacking; petals 10 mm long or less; native plants, usually in undisturbed places. Arabis 180 Alyssum A. alyssoides L. Fig. 35-4 Stiffly erect annuals, simple to sparsely branched at the base, covered with appressed branched star-like hairs, lowest leaves falling early, the stem there being purplish-green; plants up to 3 dm high. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped with long-tapered base, mostly less than 2 cm long and 3 mm wide, smooth margined. Sepals 1-2 mm long, persistent nearly until the fruit is mature, petals about 3 mm long, white, very narrow; flower stalks very short, later about equalling the fruit in length. Pod round in outline, about 3 mm long, thick but with compressed wide margin, with slight notch at the tip from which the minute style is exserted, 2-seeded, thinly hairy with appressed star-like hairs. A sparse and inconspicuous introduced weed on dry gravelly flats and along roadsides in various places north of the townsite. It flowers mostly from early June into July. It behaves like a "winter annual" in that germination and formation of a few rosette leaves take place in the fall.

Arabis (Rock Cress) Biennial or perennial plants, with a variety of simple forked and branched star-like hairs, sometimes hairless. Basal leaves in a tuft and with petiole, stem leaves lacking petioles at least above, and often with ear-like lobes more or less clasping the stem. Flowers individually stalked, along a stem which does not branch among flowers but sometimes below, the flower cluster elongating in fruit and lacking bracts. Petals white (sometimes cream-colored) to pink or deep purple; ovary slender, with short or no style and blunt stigma, becoming a flat or nearly cylindrical, long pod, the flat and often winged seeds in 1 or 2 rows on each side. A very difficult genus because of the variability of many species. More or less mature pods are in most cases needed for identification, as they supply the most stable features as incorporated in the keys. Plants with flowers only usually are virtually impossible to identify.

KEY TO SPECIES Pod-stalks and pods perpendicular to main stem, or bent down. Stems several to many, from a branched crown, 1.5 dm or less high; pods more or less horizontal or somewhat nodding. A. lemmonii Stems typically 1 (rarely few), more than 1.5 dm tall; pods pointing downward. A. holboellii 181 Pod-stalks and pods erect or ascending but not perpendicular to stem. Pod cylindrical or nearly so, about 1 mm wide; plants hairless and bluish-green above; petals yellowish white. A. glabra Pod flat; petals white, pink or purple. Pod 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Stem leaves with ear-like basal lobes. A. hirsuta Stem leaves not so. Basal leaves smooth-margined; lower stem leaves without petiole. A. nuttallii Basal leaves lobed or toothed; lower leaves usually with petiole. A. lyrata Pod 1.5 mm wide or more. Seeds in 2 series on each side; basal leaves hairless or with marginal 2-forked hairs; flowers white or purple. A. drummondii Seeds in 1 series at least in part of the pod; basal leaves hairless or with 2-4-forked hairs; flowers pink to purple. Plants less than 3 dm high, often several from a branching crown. A. lyallii Plants 2-8 dm high, typically simple. A. divaricarpa

A. divaricarpa Nelson Fig. 35-5 Biennial or short-lived perennial, 1-stemmed or few-stemmed from a branched crown, up to 8 dm high, lower stem with some appressed 3-armed or simple hairs, hairless above. Leaves numerous, stem leaves usually overlapping and lacking petiole, with clasping ears at base, 1.5-6 cm long and generally less than 5 mm wide, upper ones hairless or nearly so. Flowers numerous, the stem often much elongating in front; flower stalks 7-15 mm long, becoming ascending or spreading in fruit; sepals 3-5 mm long, petals pink to purplish-red, 6-9 mm long. Pod 3-8 cm long, 1.5 X 2.5 mm broad, flat; seeds in 1 or partly in 2 series on each side, 2 mm long, surrounded by conspicuous wing. A rather common plant from middle elevations up to about 2300 m, preferring rather damp grassy places, and flowering in June and July. The irregularly spreading fruits make it one of the more easily identified species. Hybrids with A. drummondii, however, are said to occur. 182 A. drummondii Gray Fig. 35-6 Short-lived perennials, typically with a single stem up to 8 dm high, hairless throughout or with sparse hairs (simple or 2-forked) at base. Stem leaves mostly overlapping, 1.5-5 cm long and up to 1.5 cm wide, the upper and middle ones with basal ears. Flower stalks 7-20 mm long, becoming rigidly erect in fruit; sepals 3-4.5 mm long, petals white or pale pink, 7-12 mm long. Pod 3-9 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, strongly flattened; seeds in two rows on each side, surrounded by prominent wing especially at the end. From about 1300-2300 m all through the Park, on rather dry open slopes and meadows, flowering from late May to the end of July. Seems to hybridize occasionally with A. divaricarpa.

A. glabra (L.) Bernh. (Tower Mustard) Fig. 36-1 Biennial, usually single-stemmed plants, often unbranched and erect, up to 1 m high, with simple hairs below but usually hairless above. Leaves mostly along the stem, these strongly overlapping, lance-shaped or somewhat ovate long-tapering to the tip, up to 15 X 4 cm, with large clasping basal ears. Flowers numerous, the stalks becoming about 1 cm long in fruit; sepals about 3 mm long; petals 5-6 mm long, cream-colored sometimes with tinge of purple at the tip. Pods narrow (1-1.5 mm), 6-10 cm long, rigidly erect in bundle-like fashion, more cylindrical than flat; seeds in 2 rows on each side at least in lower part of pod, with very narrow or no wing. A rather coarse species of open, often damp grassy places and forest edges in the lower parts of the Park. Flowers in June and early July.

A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Fig. 36-2 Annual or biennial, usually 1-stemmed and rigidly erect, up to 7 dm high, with flat long hairs common on lower parts and nearly to the flower area. Leaves mainly along stem, these somewhat or not overlapping, with basal ears, narrowly lance-shaped or nearly so, mostly less than 5x1 cm, margin smooth or shallowly toothed. Sepals 3-5 mm long; petals 4-9 mm long, whitish, sometimes with a little pink. Pod 3-5 cm long and 1-2 mm wide, flat, erect, the seeds on each side in 1 row, with narrow wing. An occasional plant in light shade or open meadows at low eleva tions, flowering from late May at least until the end of June. Plants from our region would appear to belong to subsp. pycnocarpa (Hopk.) Hulten.

A. holboellii Hornem. Fig. 36-3 Biennial or short-lived perennial, most commonly 1-stemmed but sometimes with additional stems, erect, up to 7 dm high; lower parts 36-1 Arabis glabra, 36-2 Arabis hirsuta, 36-3 Arabis holboellii, 36-4 Arabis lemmonii, 36-5 Arabis lyallii. 184 densely covered with appressed branched star-like hairs, these becoming simpler and less dense above where sometimes hairless or nearly so. Leaves densely clustered at base; those on stem usually overlapping and smooth-margined, narrowly lance-shaped to nearly strap-shaped, 1-5 cm long and less than 7 mm wide. Flower stalks often down-curved or drooping from the base; sepals 2.5-5 mm long, with or without star-hairs; petals 5-10 mm long, white, pink, or (commonly) purple. Pods 3-7 cm long and 1-2 mm wide, hanging down, flat; seeds in one (frequently rather irregular) row, with narrow wing. One of the most common species, in a great variety of open, rather dry habitats sometimes as high as 2300 m, and in flower from early May to the end of June. An exceedingly variable species, several varieties of which have been noted for Alberta, our most common one being var. retrofracta (Graham) Rydb.

A. lemmonii Wats. Fig. 36-4 Rather small perennial, with branched crown, the several stems reaching as high as 2.5 dm, typically densely covered with branched star-like hairs below, often becoming sparse above. Leaves often long-petiolate below, those on the stem slightly or not overlapping, narrowly lance-shaped with basal ears, up to 2 x 0.5 cm. Flowers few, sepals 2.5-3.5 mm long; petals 4.5-7 mm long, rather deep purple. Pods extending more or less horizon tally outwards, often mostly to one side, 2-5 cm long and 2-3.5 mm wide, the seeds in a single row on each side with narrow wing. An occasional plant on bare and exposed ridges above 2200 m, flowering mostly in June. A distinctive species in its position of the pod, it can nevertheless be easily confused wih A. lyallii, the lower leaves of which are never as densely star-like hairy, and the hairs of which are pre dominately 2- or 3-armed rather than with several branched arms. The name var. drepanoloba (Greene) Rollins may be applied to our plants.

A. lyallii Wats. Fig. 36-5 Tufted perennial, with branched or somewhat matted crown when older, the several stems, up to 2.5 dm high, hairless except for some branched hairs or simple marginal hairs below. Basal leaves up to 4 cm long and 5 mm wide, the lance-shaped blade and petiole of more or less the same length. Stem leaves several, usually not overlapping, with basal ears. Flowers few; sepals 3-4 mm long; petals deep purple, 6-10 mm long. Pods 2-6 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, very flat, erect or slightly spreading; seeds in single row, surrounded by broad wing. Exposed rocky ridges and talus slopes at alpine elevations, flowering mostly in June and July. See also the comments under A. lemmonii. 185 A. lyrata Fig. 37-1 Short-lived perennial or biennial, with 1-several stems up to 2.5 dm high, hairless except for some sparse, simple hairs at the base. Leaves mostly basal, up to 5 X 1.5 cm, with long petiole; blade bluntly lance-shaped in outline, lower part deeply lobed or toothed; stem leaves simple and narrow, long-tapering at base. Flowers rather few, on slender stalks becoming 1 cm long; sepals 3 mm long; petals 5-8 mm long, white to pink. Pod ascending to erect, 2-4 cm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, flat, the seeds in a single row, scarcely winged. A rare, very distinctive species known from the Bertha Creek and Rowe Lakes areas, flowering from late May to the end of July. Our plants belong to subsp. kamchatica (Fisch.) Hulten.

A. nuttallii Robins. Fig. 37-2 Small perennial, with one or a few slender stems eventually reaching up to 3 dm in height commonly, with sparse long hairs especially prominent along leaf-margins. Basal leaves broadly lance-shaped or somewhat spoon-shaped, with petiole, 1-4 cm long and less than 1 cm wide; stem leaves few and without basal ears, lance-shaped or narrower. Flowers 5-30 per stem, on slender stalks; sepals 3-4 mm long; petals white, 5-8 mm long. Pods ascending to erect, somewhat flattened, up to 2 cm long and 1-1.5 mm wide, with prominent style, the seeds in 1 row on each side, lacking wings. A very common early flower throughout the Park, flowering as early as late April and continuing until about the end of June. It prefers rather dry and fully exposed sites at low and middle elevations but occasionally reaches 2500 m.

Barbarea (Winter Cress) Biennial, erect plants, mostly hairless, the largest leaves clustered at base and petiolate, stem leaves 1 per node, mostly lacking petioles, the blade divided into leaflets or nearly so along midrib, terminal lobe very large, base of leaf with two ear-like lobes clasping stem. Flowers yellow. Pod stalked, cylindrical or slightly 4-angled, each half with conspicuous midvein and a single row of seeds.

KEY TO SPECIES Pod and its stalk rather stout, the beak about 1 mm or less long; petals 3-5 mm long; uppermost leaves with somewhat angularly toothed, scarcely fan-shaped terminal lobe, more often divided than lobed. B. orthoceras 37-1 Arabis lyrata, 37-2 Arabis nuttallii, 37-3 Barbarea orthoceras, 37-4 Barbarea vulgaris, 37-5 Capsella bursa-pastoris. 187 Pod and its stalk slender, the beak 1.5-3 mm long; petals 6-8 mm long; terminal lobe of uppermost leaves somewhat fan-shaped. B. vulgaris

B. orthoceras Ledeb. Fig. 37-3 Erect biennials, hairless or nearly so, the lower stem and leaves often purple-tinged, reaching 5 dm in height. Leaves largest at the base, up to 12X4 cm, petiole half the length of the leaf or more, the blade with 2 or more small leaflets below and large, broadly elliptical lobe at the tip, the number of leaflets highest in upper leaves where terminal lobe smallest and often angularly lobed; stem leaves mostly without petioles but with 2 green basal ears clasping the stem; petals 3-5 mm long, yellow; fruit and stalk robust, beak about 1 mm or less long. A weedy plant of disturbed sites at low elevations, flowering in June and July; not common. See also B. vulgaris.

B. vulgaris R. Br. (Yellow Rocket) Fig. 37-4 Very similar to B. orthoceras; terminal lobe of upper leaves rather fan- shaped, with lobed margin; petals 6-8 mm long, yellow; fruit and stalk rather slender, the beak 1.5-3 mm long. A weed of similar sites as B. orthoceras, reported from the Cardston entrance area.

Capsella C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. (Shepherd's Purse) Fig. 37-5 Annuals, from a basal, cluster of leaves, up to 5 dm high, sparsely star like hairs on lower parts, especially leaves, and sparsely branching. Leaves mostly basal, up to 15 X 3 cm, with flanged petiole when basal, or basai ears when on the stem, blade nearly entire to coarsely and deeply toothed. Individual flower stalks 3-4 mm long, very slender, rapidly elongating to up to 2 cm in fruit. Flowers small, white. Pod flat, nearly tri angular, with rounded upper corners, and notched at tip with very short style; partition dividing the fruit perpendicular to its flat surface, the mature fruit about 8x5 mm. A well-known European weed of disturbed places usually where somewhat protected or damp, at low elevations. Flowers from late May to early August.

Cardamine C. oligosperma Nutt. (Bitter Cress) Fig. 38-1 [C. umbellata Greene] Extremely variable annual or biennial plants, mostly hairless, with 1-to- several stems up to 4 dm high. Basal leaves divided, with ovate, round, or 188 heart-shaped stalked leaflets along the midrib, the terminal lobe largest; these leaves up to 10 cm, terminal lobe up to 2 cm long; stem leaves with shorter petiole and leaflets which become fewer and more narrowly elliptical or lance-shaped upwards, terminal lobe up to 5 cm long. Petals white, 3-5 mm long. Pod erect, above the ca. 7 mm long stalk 1.5-2.5 cm long and about 1.5 mm thick, each half with 1 row of seeds and lacking obvious midvein; beak 1-2 mm long. A fairly common plant of damp places along trails and creeks at middle elevations, flowering mostly in July. Probably the same as the C. pensylvanica Muhl. earlier reported for the Park, a species reaching from our area east, and not easily differentiated from C. oligosperma. Our plants appear to belong to C. oligosperma Nutt. var. kamtschatica (Regel) Detl.

Descurainia (Tansy Mustard) Annual or biennial plants, lightly hairy, some also with glan dular hairs. Leaves 1 per node, more or less finely dissected, often doubly so, along the midrib, the basal leaves withering at flowering time. Flowers in elongating clusters, pale, yellow ish, 2-4 mm wide; petals little longer than sepals. Pod more or less cylindrical to club-shaped, sometimes obviously con stricted between seeds, which are in 1 or 2 rows on each side; fruit-stalk slender and long.

KEY TO SPECIES At least larger leaves doubly or triply divided into leaflets; pod very slender, mostly less than 1 mm thick and longer than 15 mm; seeds yellow- brown, in 1 series on each side; glandular hairs absent. D. sophia Especially upper leaves much simpler; pod narrow to club-shaped, thicker than 1 mm, mostly shorter than 15 mm, seeds dark to chestnut brown, often at least partly in 2 series on each side; upper stems often glandular-hairy. Pod club-shaped, its tip much more abruptly narrowed and rounded than its base, the style barely perceptible; seeds mostly in 2 series in each fruit-half. D. pinnata Pod not club-shaped, often narrow, its tip and base equally and sharply pointed, style 0.1-0.7 mm long; seeds in 1 series in each fruit-half. D. richardsonii 38-1 Cardamine oligosperma, 38-2 Descurainia pinnata, 38-3 Descurainia richardsonii, 38-4 Descurainia sophia, 38-5 Diplotaxis muralis. 190 D. pinnata (Walt.) Britt. (Green Tansy Mustard) Fig. 38-2 Greenish plants, with fine star-hairs on green parts, and sometimes glandular-hairy above, mostly up to 5 dm high, sparsely branched. Leaves below up to 1 dm long, usually twice divided into leaflets which become longer above. Pod 4-20 mm long, 1.5-2 mm broad, club-shaped with abruptly rounded or narrowed tip, style very short or absent, the seeds mostly in 2 series on each side, rather dark brown. An extremely variable plant, in which many varieties have been described. Our plants probably all belonging to var. brachycarpa (Rich ards.) Fern. In the Park it is commonly encountered in rather moist pro tected but open places along stream-beds, roads, and trails up to 2000 m, flowering in mid-summer.

D. richardsonii (Sweet) Schulz (Grey Tansy Mustard) Fig. 38-3 Similar and often difficult to distinguish from D. pinnata, but frequently somewhat taller and more grey-hairy, especially on leaves. Pods not club- shaped but narrow, sharply and more or less equally pointed at both ends, the style distinct, 0.1-0.7 mm long; seeds in 1 series on each side. Same habitats, elevations, and flowering time as D. pinnata, the two species sometimes growing intermixed.

D. sophia (L.) PrantI (Tansy Mustard; Flixweed) Fig. 38-4 Stems up to 1 m high, often much branched, greyish-green with star-like and other non-glandular hairs. Leaves up to 1 dm long, only the lowest ones with obvious petiole, the blade doubly or triply finely dissected. Pod very slender, typically less than 1 mm thick and more than 15 mm long, the seeds in 1 series on each side, yellowish-brown. A rather common roadside weed at low elevations, flowering mostly in June and July.

Diplotaxis D. muralis (L.) DC. (Sand Rocket) Fig. 38-5 Annual or biennial, with several ascending practically leafless flowering stalks from a basal cluster of leaves, with flattened hairs on leaf-margins and lower stems, hairless above, up to 5 dm high. Leaves mostly up to 8 X 1.5 cm, the blade narrowly lance-shaped, coarsely and irregularly toothed, and tapering into a broad petiole. Petals yellowish. Pod 2-3.5 cm long, on stout stalk up to 2 cm long, with prominent beak about 3 mm long. Fruit 2-3-5 cm X 2 mm, spreading on stout stalk up to 2 cm long, the prominent beak about 3 mm long; seeds in 2 series on each side, light yellowish-brown. A weed of disturbed places once reported north of Maskinonge Lake. 191 Flowers in mid- and late-summer. Since it is fully established in nearby places like Cardston it is likely to reappear in the Park from time to time.

Draba Annual, biennial, or perennial, the last often mat-forming or cushion-forming dwarf alpine plants, from branching crown. Leaves simple, entire, 1 per node, spread along lower stem, or basal only, or both. Hair-cover various, frequently with bran ched hairs (see below) as well as simple hairs. Flowers individ ually stalked and spread along stem; petals white or yellow (when often fading to white when dry), longer than sepals, rounded at tip or (D. verna only) deeply 2-lobed. Pod mostly flat, ovate to very narrow and elongated, sometimes twisted, with several seeds on each side; style usually short or even absent. A large and very difficult group, where the microscopic features of hair-types as well as mature fruits need to be studied. In addition to the species listed, D. stenoloba may also be expected, as it occurs in all adjacent mountainous areas. It is a leafy, yellow-flowered biennial or annual, with long mostly hairless pod and fruit-stalk, the hairs below being predominantly simple.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowering stems mostly leafless, rarely with one small leaf. Petals cleft about halfway down; annuals at low elevation. D. verna Petals entire or very slightly notched; perennials, rarely annual or biennial at high elevation. Style 0.1 mm or less long; pod narrowly elliptical, not twisted. D. crassifolia Style 0.2 mm long or more; pods either ovate or parallel-sided most of their length (then often twisted). Pods mostly 7-15 mm long, mostly parallel- sided, and often twisted; petals white. D. lonchocarpa Pods 3-10 mm long, ovate, not twisted; petals yellowish. Leaf margin fringed with abundant prominent simple or sparsely branched 192 hairs 0.5-1 mm long; upper leaf surface hairless or sparsely hairy; lower leaf surface hairless or with elongated stalked branched (but not star- or comb-like) hairs. Both leaf surfaces with simple and forked hairs; pod inflated below. D. paysonii Upper leaf surface usually hairless; lower surface sometimes with a few coarse forked hairs; pod not inflated below. D. densifolia Leaf margin not so fringed, or with mostly (or only) short branched hairs, these sometimes comb-like; at least lower side of leaf usually densely hairy, many hairs star- or comb-like. Leaves 1.5-3.5 mm wide, hairs not closely appressed to surface, more often star-like than comb-like; pods 5-10 mm long. D. incerta Leaves 0.7-1.7 mm wide, hairs closely appressed to surface, often clearly comb like; pods 3-7 mm long. D. oligosperma Flowering stem with at least 2 leaves. Stalk of mature pod distinctly longer than pod, hairless; plants annual, weedy at low elevations; style lacking or nearly so. D. nemorosa Stalk of mature pod not obviously longer than pod, hairy or hairless; plants perennial (rarely biennial), not usually weedy; middle and alpine elevations; style various. Style none or less than 0.2 mm long; pod not twisted. D. praealta Style 0.2-1.5 mm long; pod often twisted. Petals yellow, 4-6 mm long; pods 8-16 mm long; style up to 1.5 mm long. D. aurea Petals white, 3-5 mm long; pods 4-12 mm long; style 0.2-0.6 mm long. D. cana

D. aurea Vahl Fig. 39-1 Perennial, with 1 to numerous flowering stalks up to 5 dm high, some times from a branching crown, with many leaves along erect stems. Leaves and stems densely covered with mixed simple forked and stai like hairs; size of leaves mostly less than 3x1 cm, lance-shaped, sometimes 193 narrowly so, and occasionally with small marginal teeth. Petals golden yellow to cream-colored when fresh, 4.5-6 mm long. Pod lance-shaped, 7-20 mm long and 2-4 mm wide, frequently twisted and mostly short- hairy, the stalk somewhat shorter than the pod; style 0.3-1.5 mm long. Rather common, but never abundant, in open meadows, rocky places, and even along roads and trails, mostly at lower and middle eleva tions, rarely up to 2600 m. May be found in flower even in early May, and as late as the beginning of August.

D. cana Rydb. Fig. 39-2 [£>. lanceolata Royle] Perennial, up to 2.5 dm high, with 1 to several stems, these sometimes sparsely branched, with many leaves along stems. Leaves and stems densely covered with long simple and shorter star-like hairs, giving plants a grey appearance. Basal leaves up to 3 X 0.5 cm, often with prom inent marginal teeth, narrowly lance-shaped. Petals white, 3-5 mm long. Pod narrowly lance-shaped, not usually twisted, up to 12 X 3 mm, short- hairy, the stalk shorter than the mature pod; style 0.2-0.5 mm long. A fairly common plant at lower and middle elevations, but never in great numbers, found in open meadows, on river banks, and along trails. Flowers from early May to the end of July.

D. crassifolia Grah. Fig. 39-3 Perennial or biennial, mostly less than 1 dm high, at most sparsely branched from the crown, the flowering stalks 1 or few, leafless or with 1 small leaf below. Leaves very narrowly lance-shaped, up to 25 x 4 mm, upper surface usually hairless, margin with simple hairs, lower surface with simple forked and/or star-hairs. Petals yellowish-white fading to white often with a touch of purple, 2-3 mm long. Pod narrowly lance- shaped, up to 12 X 3 mm, typically hairless, not twisted, the stalk shorter than the pod; style 0.1 mm or less long. An occasional plant on rocky slopes above 2200 m, often found below late snowbanks. Flowers from early June to the first days of August. Found only in southern Alberta and areas to the south and west.

D. densifolia Nutt. Fig. 39-4 Mat- or cushion-forming perennial, the numerous stems commonly no taller than 1 dm. Leaves all basal, strap-shaped but pointed, midrib prom inent, the margins with abundant simple hairs 0.5-1 mm long; upper surface typically hairless, lower surface hairless or with sparse forked or star-like hairs. Stems few-flowered; petals yellow, 2-6 mm long. Pod rather broadly lance-shaped, coarsely hairy with simple and star-like 39-1 Draba aurea, 39-2 Draba cana, 39-3 Draba crassifolia, 394 Draba densifolia, 39-5 Draba incerta, 39-6 Draba lonchocarpa, 39-7 Draba nemorosa, 39-8 Draba oligosperma, 39-9 Draba paysonii, 39-10 Draba praealta, 39-11 Draba verna. 195 hairs (rarely hairless), up to 7 X 3.5 mm, slightly exceeding its stalk, the style 0.5-1 mm long. Open rocky ridges and slopes at alpine elevations, flowering mostly in June and July. In Alberta, known from Waterton to Banff.

D. incerta Payson Fig. 39-5 Perennial, from a branched crown, often forming mats or small cushions, stems up to 2 dm high (commonly much shorter). Leaves all basal, narrowly lance-shaped, typically up to 13 X 3.5 mm, margin with simple and branched hairs less than 0.5 mm long, the latter also at least on lower surface and nowhere appressed to surface, more star-like than comb-like. Petals golden yellow when fresh, 4-5 mm long. Pod more or less ovate to sharply lance-shaped, up to 1 cm long, hairless or (commonly) with short stiff simple or branched hairs, somewhat exceeding its stalks, the style 0.4-1 mm long. Perhaps the commonest Draba in the Park, at elevations from the lowest levels at least up to 2800 m. It prefers open ridges and slopes and flowers in May and June, somewhat later at high elevations. Often very difficult to distinguish from D. oligosperma.

D. lonchocarpa Rydb. Fig. 39-6 [D. nivalis Liljebl. var. elongata Watson] Small perennial, greyish-green, often from a somewhat branched crown, its several stems up to 1 dm high. Leaves basal (sometimes one on lower stem), lance-shaped, up to 15 X5 mm, covered with fine branched star like hairs. Flowers few; petals white, 2.5-5 mm long. Pod typically 7-15 mm long and 1-2 mm wide, the sides parallel most of their length, frequently twisted and much exceeding its stalk, hairless or star-hairy. An occasional plant on open alpine slopes above 2000 m, rarely established on rocky outcroppings at lower elevations. Flowers from late May to the end of July.

D. nemorosa L. Fig. 39-7 Slender annual, typically less than 2.5 dm tall, lower one-third of plant leafy, covered with branched hairs, and sometimes sparsely branched. Leaves ovate, 1-3 cm long, often with small marginal teeth. Flowers rather numerous, in fruit often spread along two-thirds or more of the stem; petals pale yellow, about 4 mm long. Pod narrowly elliptic to lance- shaped, up to 11 X 3 mm; hairless to slightly hairy, and considerably shorter than its spreading stalk; style lacking. An introduced weed at lower elevations, along roadsides on trails and other disturbed places. Flowers from mid-May to the beginning of July. 196 D. oligosperma Hook. Fig. 39-8 Very similar to, and often difficult to separate from D. incerta, differing as shown in the key. Scree slopes and other open rocky places, at middle and high eleva tions, rarely descending to low elevations. It flowers mostly from late May to the end of June. Not as common as D. incerta.

D. paysonii Macbr. Fig. 39-9 Perennials, forming dense cushions or small mats, the numerous flower ing stems typically less than 5 cm high. Leaves all basal, up to 14 X 1.5 mm, strap-like to somewhat spoon-shaped, with prominent midrib; margins with prominent simple (or slightly branched) hairs 0.5-1 mm long, upper and lower surface with simple and/or forked (but not comb like) hairs, or partly hairless. Flowers few per stem; petals yellow, 2-4.5 mm long. Pod more or less ovate, up to 8 mm long, thickly covered with simple and branched hairs, the base conspicuously inflated or pouched, the stalk shorter than the pod; style 0.5-1 mm long. A very common and attractive alpine plant of open fully exposed summits and ridges, nearly exclusively above 2200 m, where it flowers from early June to late July. Plants in our region belong to var. treleasii (Schulz) Hitchc. which reaches the northern limits of its range in southern Alberta.

D. praealta Greene Fig. 39-10 Perennial (sometimes biennial), often with several stems, or branched stem, from somewhat branched crown, up to 3 dm high. Leaves in basal cluster and along stem, up to 30 X 7 mm, lance-shaped, often with sparse and shallow marginal teeth, rather evenly hairy all along stem and on leaves with simple and stalked, mostly 3- or 4-armed hairs. Flowers rather numerous; petals 2-3.5 mm long, white. Pod narrowly lance- shaped, not twisted, up to 14 X 2.5 mm, exceeding the stalk, hairy with somewhat shorter star-like hairs, rather flat, the style less than 0.2 mm long. A rather rare species so far only known from damp subalpine mead ows on Bertha Peak' and the Rowe Lakes area. Flowers in mid-summer. The species closely resembles D. cana which, however, has a longer style and often a twisted pod, petals which may be considerably longer, and a much denser hair-cover.

D. verna L. Fig. 39-11 Delicate annual, with 1 to several leafless flowering stems, mostly up to 2 dm tall. Leaves all in basal cluster, 1-2.5 cm long, lance-shaped to 197 somewhat spoon-shaped, petiole flat; both leaves and lower stem with rather sparse stalked branched hairs. Flowers few; petals 2-lobed for about half their length, about 2.5 mm long, white. Pod hairless, elliptical, up to 10 X 4 mm, much exceeded by stalk at maturity; style 0.1 mm long or less. A small weedy plant not elsewhere known in Alberta, fully estab lished on grassy banks along Cameron Bay. Our plants, having rather long pods, belong to var. verna which flowers in May and early June.

Erysimum (Wallflower) Annual or perennial plants, leaves and stems covered with appressed 2- and/or 3-armed hairs; leaves not divided, and lacking clasping basal "ears." Flowers yellow. Pods straight and narrow, somewhat 4-angled, each half with strong rib, the style rather short and stout, with broad stigma; seeds in 1 row on each side.

KEY TO SPECIES Petals less than 5 mm long, pod mostly less than 3 cm long, its stigma less than 0.5 mm wide; leaves rather thin and green. E. cheiranthoides Petals more than 7 mm long, pod 2-10 cm long, its stigma at least 1 mm wide; leaves rather stiff and grey. Petals 7-10 mm long, pods 2-5 cm long. E. inconspicuum Petals 15-25 mm long, pods up to 10 cm long. E. asperum

E. asperum (Nutt.) DC. Fig. 40-1 Greyish-green biennials, usually single-stemmed but large plants with a few rather ascending branches from below, mostly 2-4 dm high. Leaves variable in size but often narrow and occasionally with sparse sharp teeth. Flowers as in E. inconspicuum but petals deeper yellow (some times red-tinged), 15-25 mm long. Pod 1-1.5 mm broad and 3-10 cm long, ascending to erect. A single early record exists from a Waterton campground, but the species may well grow elsewhere, as it is known from various other exposed and dry localities in southern Alberta.

E. cheiranthoides L. Fig. 40-2 One or several stems reaching mostly less than 7 dm in height, green parts with 2- and 3-armed appressed hairs, the latter frequently predomi- 40-1 Erysimum asperum, 40-2 Erysimum cheiranthoides, 40-3 Erysimum inconspicuum, 40-4 Hesperis matronalis, 40-5 Lepidium densiflorum, 40-6 Les querella ludoviciana. 199 nantly on leaves. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, up to 8 X 1.5 cm, margin smooth or nearly so. Petals pale yellow, 3.5-5 mm long. Pod more or less erect, 3 cm long or less, on rather slender stalks 5-15 mm long, the stigma then less than 0.5 mm wide. Rather moist places, often on shores of ponds or creek-banks, some times behaving as a weed, always at rather low elevations. Our plants may further be referred to subsp. altum Ahti. Flowers from late June to early August.

E. inconspicuum (Wats.) McMill. Fig. 40-3 Plants usually rigidly erect, mostly with 1 stem occasionally up to 6 dm high, sometimes branching, usually greyish-green with 2- and 3-armed appressed hairs, the former predominating on stems, the latter on fruits and leaves. Leaves very narrowly lance-shaped, less than 7 X 1 cm, the lower ones with conspicuous petioles. Petals yellow, 7-11 mm long. Pod erect, 2-5 cm long, on short stalks commonly less than 5 mm long, stigma on fruit at least 1 mm wide. Mostly found in exposed and dry, often grassy places below 2000 m. Flowers from late May at least until the middle of July.

Hesperis H. matronalis L. (Dame's Violet; Sweet Rocket) Fig. 40-4 Tall leafy perennial, with loose simple and forked hairs on all green parts and sepals, reaching 1 m in height or less, usually single-stemmed but sparsely branched above. Leaves 1 per node, all along the stem, only the lowest ones with short petioles, blade lance-shaped, not clasping stem, mostly less than 15 X 3 cm, margin regularly shallowly toothed. Sepals purplish, 5-8 mm long; petals deep purple, 15 mm long or more. Pod stalk slender, 1 cm long or more, the fruit itself scarcely thicker, 4-10 cm long, seeds in 1 row on each side, often set apart from each other by constric tions. A garden escape along roadsides north of the main gate and else where near the townsite, sufficiently established to be included here. It is an unmistakable, striking plant which flowers mostly in July and early August.

Lepidium L. densiflorum Schrad. (Peppergrass) Fig. 40-5 Annual plants, often germinating in the fall, single-stemmed but much- branched above, branches and leaves with minute club-shaped hairs, plants up to 5 dm tall. Lower leaves with petioles, upper ones without but not clasping stem; blade shallowly or rather deeply toothed, lance-shaped 200 or narrower. Sepals greenish, with or without white hairs, about 1 mm long; petals commonly absent, rarely as long as sepals and very narrow; stamens commonly 2, sometimes 4. Pods numerous and spreading, rather densely grouped in long and narrow arrangement, on stalks about as long as the fruit itself which is rounded or broadly ovate in outline, with a deep notch at the tip, the style lacking or at least not exserted from the notch, each fruit about 3 mm long and 2 mm wide, the narrow partition perpendicular to the flat surface and separating the 2 boat-shaped fruit- halves, each with a single large brown seed hanging from the tip. A common roadside weed at low elevations, flowering from mid-June sometimes into early August.

Lesquerella L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Wats. Fig. 40-6 (incl. L. arenosa (Richards.) Rydb.) Rather small perennials, greyish-green, all green parts with appressed many-armed hairs; center of plant remaining leafy, flowering stalks several, ascending, axillary, rarely branched, up to 2 dm long. Clustered leaves up to 6 cm long, mostly less than 5 mm wide, the blade lance- shaped, smooth-margined, often somewhat shorter than petiole; stem- leaves rather few, narrower. Petals bright yellow sometimes tinged with purple, 6-9 mm long. Pod stalk about 1 cm long, conspicuously down- curved; pod-hairy, about 4 mm in diameter and nearly spherical, the 2-5 mm long style remaining attached; seeds 2-7 on each side, 1.5 X 1 mm, brown. A small prairie plant which is present on dry slopes near the north east Park boundary. It flowers from early May into June. The frequently smaller L. alpina (Nutt.) Wats., distinguished by its pointed and flattened fruit-tip, should also be looked for in the Park in similar spots.

Neslia N. paniculata (L.) Desv. (Ball Mustard) Fig. 41-1 Annual plants, often becoming established in the fall, single-stemmed, erect, somewhat branched above, sometimes up to 8 dm tall, with branched and star-like hairs. Leaves 1 per node, along stem, elongated to lance-shaped, with broad base clasping stem with ear-like lobes, margin smooth, gradually diminishing upwards. Petals light yellow, about 2 mm long; individual flower stalks slender, ascending but scarcely curved, up to 1 cm long. Pod more or less round in outline, slightly wider than long (2 mm), very slightly compressed, the hard walls with net-like thickenings, the pod with 1 or 2 seeds; style nearly 1 mm long, persistent. An introduced roadside weed with very distinctive pod, reported once in the townsite and likely to re-appear sporadically. 41-1 Neslia paniculata, 41-2 Physaria didymocarpa, 41-3 Rorippa islandica, 41-4 Sisymbrium altissimum, 41-5 Smelowskia calycina, 41-6 Thlaspi arvense. 202 Physaria P. didymocarpa (Hook.) Gray (Bladder Pod) Fig. 41-2 Low perennial, from a long fleshy taproot, all green parts densely covered with silvery many-armed appressed star-like hairs, the center of the plant with prominent cluster of grey-green leaves, flowering stalks several to numerous, in axils of older leaves, ascending or somewhat lodged, mostly no more than 1 dm long each. Basal leaves mostly 2-4 cm long and less than 1.5 cm wide, half or more of the length a flat petiole, from which the blade rapidly expands in fan-like fashion; tip of blade blunt, usually with 3 very shallow teeth. Stem-leaves rather few, much reduced, very narrow. Petals bright yellow, 8-12 mm long. Pod much inflated, 1-1.5 cm long and slightly wider, purplish green, the deeply notched tip with slender style about 3 mm long; seeds 2-3 on each side. One of our most beautiful alpine plants, growing in fully exposed places occasionally as low as 1500 m, and flowering from late May to the end of June.

Rorippa R. islandica (Oeder) Borbas (Yellow Cress) Fig. 41-3 Sparsely hairy, bright green annual or perennial, with 1 to several often branching stems per plant up to 6 dm high. Leaves in basal cluster and along stem, the former up to 15 cm long and with petiole, others without petiole but with ear-like clasping basal lobes; blade narrowly lance- shaped, irregularly and variably toothed or lobed, the lobes again marginally toothed. Sepals falling early; petals yellow, about 2 mm long. Pod often slightly curved, 3-8 mm long and 2-3 mm thick, on spreading stalk 4-8 mm long, rather blunt at both ends; style less than 1 mm long. Seeds in 2 rather irregular rows on eaph side of the fruit. Wet places at low elevations, such as around Knight's Lake; not com mon. Flowers in June and July.

Sisymbrium S. altissimum L. (Tumbling Mustard) Fig. 41-4 A leafy, much-branched, broad annual, sometimes 1 m high or more; variably hairy below but nearly hairless above. Leaves 1 per node, along stem, lowest ones occasionally up to 3 X 1 dm, divided into rather long marginally toothed leaflets, each with prominent lobe pointing toward the petiole; upper leaves smaller but similarly divided, the leaflets even tually less than 1 mm wide. Petals pale yellow, 6-8 mm long. Pods spreading widely, straight and slender, 5-10 cm long, on stalks about 6 mm long and nearly as thick as the pod; seeds in 1 row in each fruit-half, greenish-brown. A rather coarse weed of disturbed places occasionally found at low elevations. Flowers from June to early August. 203 Smelowskia S. calycina (Steph.) Meyer Fig. 41-5 Densely grey-hairy, tufted perennials, from a branched crown and thick taproot. Leaves 1 per node but mostly clustered at base, in these half or more of their length petiole, the blade occasionally up to 5 X 1.5 cm, lance-shaped to deeply cleft into several lobes 2-4 mm wide. Stem leaves few and similarly cleft, but smaller and with short petioles. Flowering stalks 1 to several, unbranched, erect, 1-2 dm long. Petals creamy-white, 5-6 mm long. Pods 5-9 mm long, slender and pointed at both ends, darkly colored and usually hairless, each half with a rib and several seeds in a single series; style less than 1 mm long, with broad stigma. An attractive common plant all through the Park, on scree slopes and rocky alpine crests in full exposure, from 1900 m to the highest eleva tions. Plants from our area are referred to var. americana (Rydb.) Drury & Rollins, and flower from late May to the end of July.

Thlaspi T. arvense L. (Stinkweed; Penny Cress) Fig. 41-6 Hairless annual, sparsely branching above, up to 5 dm high. Leaves 1 per node, only the lowest ones with petioles and withering early, stem leaves mostly broadly strap-shaped or lance-shaped, the middle and upper ones with clasping ear-like lobes; margin smooth or very shallowly toothed; leaf up to 6 cm long and about 1 cm wide. Petals white. Pod more or less round with deep notch, lacking style, up to 17 mm long and nearly as wide, surrounded by broad flat wing-like margin, the partition perpendi cular to flat surface; seeds several on each side, blackish-brown with con centric ridges. A common introduced weed found in a great variety of disturbed places at low elevations. Flowers from early summer (if germinated the previous fall) to the first frost in the fall.

Cupressaceae (Cypress Family) Juniperus (Juniper) Low hairless evergreen shrubs, with pungent smell, the sharply pointed leaves needle-like or scale-like, paired or in whorls of 3. Male and female cones very small, on separate plants; female cone-scales coalescing to form a resinous waxy blue "berry" with several seeds. Pollen shed in spring and early summer. 204

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves flat and awl-shaped, mostly up to 1 cm long, in whorls of 3, often spreading, with white median line on upper surface. J. communis Leaves usually overlapping, paired scales about 2 mm long, with rounded gland on back, rarely with needles up to 5 mm long lacking gland. 7. horizontalis

J. communis L. (Common Juniper) Fig. 42-1 Dense blue-green spreading shrub, mostly less than 5 dm high, the older branches lodged; leaves awl-shaped, the upper surface flat with white median line, about 1 cm long, in whorls of 3; cones about 5 mm long, in leaf axils; "berry" pale waxy blue, more or less round, 6-9 mm in diam eter, maturing in the second season. A fairly common and unmistakable shrub, in open and protected dry places up to at least 2600 m.

J. horizontalis Moench (Creeping Juniper) Fig. 42-2 Creeping to somewhat erect, spreading shrub, densely and finely bran ched, the long branches lodged or closely appressed to the ground when forming extensive mats. Leaves (adult) paired, scale-like and mostly over lapping, about 2 mm long, or (shaded or juvenile) sharply needle-shaped, up to 5 mm long, often with brownish rounded gland on back. Cones about 5 mm long or less, at tips of branches; "berry" waxy blue, 5-8 mm in size, apparently maturing in one year. A wide-ranging species of open slopes from prairie areas to at least 2700 m. While most plants are of the very low creeping kind, shaded indi viduals may have more erect branches. More interesting is the fact that in several areas (as along Blakiston Creek, the lower Crypt Lake trail, and elsewhere) fully exposed plants occur which stand 5 or 6 dm high. In all probability these are intermediates with J. scopulorum Sargent which is not known from the Park in its pure form, but pollen of which may easily blow in from adjacent British Columbia.

Cyperaceae (Sedge Family) Perennial, grass-like plants, mostly with short to long rootstocks. Stems mostly solid, 3-sided or cylindrical. Leaves with open or closed sheaths, sometimes blades much reduced or 42-1 Juniperus communis, 42-2 Juniperus horizontalis. 206 even absent. Flowers minute, unisexual or bisexual, individ ually stalkless, one per axil of scale-like structures, these arranged in spikes sometimes with sterile lower scales. Petals and sepals lacking, or replaced by short to very long bristles; stamens mostly 3, distinct; pistil 1, inserted beyond stamens, the style mostly with 2 or 3 stigmas, the ovary 1-seeded, developing into a minute nut-like flattened or 3-sided fruit, in Carex only completely surrounded by a sac-like structure (perigynium). An exceedingly large family mainly because of the numer ous species belonging to the difficult but distinct genus Carex. The similarity in general habit to two other families (Junca- ceae and Gramineae) is such that a few simple pointers might help the unwary. In Juncaceae, the essentially lily-like flower with 3 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 stamens, plus the splitting pod with at least 3 seeds, sharply differentiates plants from those of the other two families. A clearly triangular solid stem dis tinguishes many Cyperaceae from all members of the other two families; additionally, the perigynium is diagnostic for its largest genus, Carex. In the great majority of our Gramineae, plants have hollow stems except at the notably swollen nodes, and the ultimate unit of the flower cluster has a characteristic organization of two glumes plus one or more flowers, each of these with lemma and palea. In addition to the species here treated, C. mertensii Pres. may occur in the Park, as it is known from the Carbondale River drainage.

KEY TO GENERA Fruit (or ovary) enclosed or wrapped in sac-like envelope (perigynium); flowers unisexual. Perigynium open on one side where margins unsealed, merely wrapped around fruit, the several small lateral spikes narrow and stalkless. Kobresia Perigynium closed except for pore at tip through which stigmas emerge; spikes various. Carex Fruit not so; flowers bisexual. Style thickened toward base, the thickened part persistent as tubercle on, and usually sharply distinct from fruit; leaves reduced to tubular sheaths lacking even small remnant of blade. Eleocharis 207 Style not so thickened, even though fruit may have small terminal tooth; leaf-blades recognizable even though sometimes small, or sheaths not tubular. Flower bristles more than 10, becoming long and silky at maturity. Eriophorum Flower bristles 0-6, not surpassing the scales. Scirpus

Carex (Sedge) Perennial, mostly hairless, grass-like plants, often tufted and/or with rootstocks, the stems usually triangular and unbranched below, solid. Leaves long and narrow, in 3 ranks, base sheath-like and often closed around stem, blade flat, channeled, or somewhat folded, that of the lowest leaves in many species much reduced. Flowers arranged in spikes, one of which always terminal and in many species associated with a number of lateral ones below, these 1 per node, stalked or not, in the axil of a long or inconspicuous bract; spikes uni sexual (in one or two species, sexes on separate plants) or bi sexual, in the latter case male flowers at the tip (here referred to as "spikes male above") or at the base ("spikes female above"). Flowers single in axils of simple small scale-like leaves (scales), unisexual, lacking both petals and sepals, male flower consisting of 3 elongated stamens; female flower a single pistil, the ovary completely surrounded by a sac (peri gynium) with small apical aperture for the style, the stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit small, 1-seeded, 3-sided or lens-shaped, the peri gynium forming a permanent often beaked and finely nerved envelope, the fruit-bearing portion flattened or not, plano convex, or rarely biconvex. An extraordinarily large and difficult genus represented by some 70 species in the Park, many of wet habitats at low elevations, but others of drier places from the prairies to alpine ridges. No serious attempts at identification should be made until mature fruits are available. Even then, such efforts require a special kind of courage and devotion; it should be said, however, that experience quickly accumulates as one becomes familiar with the important variables as described above. The basic structure of the key below is de rived from F.J. Hermann's Manual of the Carices of the Rocky Mountains and Colorado Basin (1970), as adapted by T.M.C. Taylor. 208

KEY TO SPECIES

Spike solitary. Stigmas 2; fruits lens-shaped. Stems densely tufted, not bearing runners; perigynia erect or ascending; plants of dry alpine habitats. C. nardina Stems single or few together, with runners; perigynia spreading or bent back at maturity; plants of wet mossy habitats at middle or higher elevations. C. gynocrates Stigmas 3; fruits 3-sided. Female scales deciduous; perigynia stalked, at least the lower reflexed at maturity. C. nigricans Female scales persistent; perigynia not reflexed at maturity. Perigynia rounded, beakless at the tip, many- nerved. C. leptalea Perigynia not rounded at the apex, beaked or beakless. Spike male above. Perigynia leathery, shining. C. obtusata Perigynia not both leathery and shining. Perigynia with short soft hair at least at the base of the beak, 2.5-3.5 mm long. C. fdifolia Perigynia hairless, 3.0-6.0 mm long. Perigynia 3.0-4.9 mm long. C. rupestris Perigynia 6.0 mm long. C. geyeri Spike entirely, or very nearly, either male or female; perigynia short-hairy. C. scirpoidea Spikes more than 1. • Stigmas mostly 2; fruits lens-shaped. *- Lateral spikes short, stalkless; terminal spike either male or female above. f Perigynia not minutely white-dotted (under a lens). • Stems arising singly or few together from long-creeping underground rootstocks. Perigynia not wing-margined, the beak obliquely cut on the back, developing 2 minute teeth. 209 Upper sheath translucent ventrally; perigynia not thin-margined. Leaves narrowly inrolled, at least above; stems bluntly angled, usually smooth. C. stenophylla Leaves flat or channeled; stems sharply triangular, usually rough above. C. simulata Upper sheath green-striped ventrally, except near the mouth; perigynia with the body thin-margined above. C. sartwellii Perigynia wing-margined, the beak deeply 2-toothed. C. foenea Stems tufted, or the rootstock short- prolonged and with short internodes, but not long-creeping. Spikes male above. Spikes few (generally 10 or less), often greenish; sheaths not red-dotted ventrally. C. hoodii Spikes numerous, usually brownish or yellowish; leaf-sheaths often red-dotted at the mouth ventrally. C. diandra Spikes female above. Perigynia without wing-margins, at most thin-edged. Perigynia ascending or spreading at maturity. C. interior Perigynia appressed. C. deweyana Perigynia with winged margins. Bracts conspicuously exceeding the leaf. C. athrostachya Bracts not conspicuously exceeding the head (except rarely in C. brevior). X Beak of the perigynium slender and cylindrical, sometimes scarcely margined at the tip, the upper 0.25-2.0 mm of its length little, if at all, finely sharp-toothed. •< Perigynia 2.5-6.0 mm long, if longer the scales very dark-colored, or the spikes separated from each other in zigzag or beaded fashion. 210 A Scales shorter and narrower than the perigynia; perigynia conspicuous in the spike. Perigynia much flattened, thin and scale-like except where distended by the fruit. Scales and perigynia not copper- colored. Perigynia lightly few-nerved at least at the base ventrally. C. microptera Perigynia nerveless ventrally. C haydeniana Scales brownish copper-colored; perigynia copper-brown. C macloviana Perigynia flat on one side and bulging on the other, not very thin and scale-like. Perigynia small, 2.5-3.5 (4) mm long. C illota Perigynia (3) 3.5-5.0 mm long. Scales with conspicuous white translucent margins; perigynia conspicuously nerved dorsally. C. macloviana Translucent margins of scales very narrow or absent; perigynia faintly nerved or few- nerved dorsally. C. pachystachya • Scales about the same length as the perigynia, concealing them above or nearly so. Stems and head stiff, stems low, usually 1-3 dm high. Perigynia long-ovate, conspicuously margined, 4-6 mm long; spikes usually 3 or 4. C. phaeocephala Perigynia very narrowly lance- shaped and very narrowly margined, 3.5-4.0 mm long; spikes usually 6-8. C. leporinella Stems slender, taller, usually 2-8 dm tall, the head not stiff. 211 Stems in small clumps, not leafy, the leaves mostly clustered near the base, their blades ascending; perigynia 4.5-6.5 mm long. C. praticola Stems in large clumps, leafy, the leaves covering the lower third of the stems, their blades spreading; perigynia 4.0-4.5 mm long. C. platylepis •< Perigynia 6-8 mm long, scales light reddish-brown; spikes more or less aggregated into an erect head. C petasata X. Beak of perigynium flat and margined at the tip, fine-toothed to the apex. — Scales shorter than the perigynia, noticeably narrower above and largely exposing them. Perigynia awl-shaped to narrowly ovate to lance-shaped, 3-4 times as long as wide. Perigynia 3-4 mm long, margins nearly lacking at the base. C. crawfordii Perigynia 4-7 mm long, lance-shaped or nearly ovate, noticeably wing- margined to the base. C. scoparia Perigynia ovate to lance-shaped or broader, at most twice as long as wide. Perigynia 3.0-4.5 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide. Perigynia brownish at maturity; spikes closely aggregated, rounded or abruptly narrowed at the base. C. bebbii Perigynia straw-colored at maturity; spikes usually in a beaded arrangement, often abruptly club-shaped at the base. C. tenera Perigynia 3.5-5.5 mm long, 2.0-3.5 mm wide. 212 Scales little, if at all, reddish- brown-tinged. C. brevior Scales reddish-brown- or chestnut-brown-tinged. C. multicostata — Scales almost equalling the perigynia, nearly the same width above and nearly concealing them. Flower cluster stiff, the spikes aggregated or close together. C. xerantica Flower cluster zigzag or in beaded arrangement, not stiff, C. aenea y Perigynia minutely white-dotted (under a lens) not wing-margined. Spikes male above; perigynia unequally bulging on both sides. C. disperma Spikes (at least the uppermost) female above; perigynia flat on one side, bulging on the other. Perigynia distinctly beaked (the beak 0.5 mm long or more), 2-toothed at tip, margin finely toothed, loosely spreading; spikes few (5-10)-flowered; leaves green. C. brunnescens Perigynia with short point or beak (the beak usually 0.25 mm long or less), appressed-ascending; spikes many (9-20)-flowered; leaves with bluish-green bloom. C canescens *- Lateral spikes stalked or, if not, elongated; terminal spikes male, rarely female or male above. T Fruits jointed with the style; perigynia not shiny. Lowest bract long-sheathing; perigynia whitish-powdery or golden-yellow at maturity. C. aurea Lowest bract usually sheathless, occasionally short-sheathing; perigynia not finely dusty nor golden-yellow at maturity. Perigynia conspicuously nerved or ribbed ventrally, the nerves raised. C. lenticularis 213 Perigynia nerveless ventrally or with obscure impressed nerves. Perigynia swollen; scales widely spreading. C. aperta Perigynia not swollen; scales appressed (see also C. scopulorum). C. aquatilis • Fruits continuous with the style; perigynia shiny. Stigmas mostly 2 and fruits lens-shaped; perigynia little, if at all, inflated, obscurely few-nerved, the beak shallowly notched or 2-toothed. C. saxatilis Stigmas mostly 3 and fruits 3-sided; perigynia strongly inflated, prominently several-nerved, the beak conspicuously 2-toothed. Leaves lacking conspicuous cross- partitions; stems rarely spongy-based, sharply triangular and rough below the spikes; teeth of the perigynia long or the perigynia gradually long-beaked; rootstocks without horizontal runners. C. vesicaria Dry leaves with conspicuous cross- partitions; stems mostly thick and spongy at the base, bluntly triangular below the spikes, smooth; teeth of the perigynia short or the perigynia abruptly short- beaked; rootstock with long, horizontal runners. C. rostrata * Stigmas 3 (4 in C. concinnoides); fruits 3-sided. '—' Perigynia with short soft or rather stiff hairs on surface or margins. Bracts reduced to bladeless sheaths. Male spike 3-6 mm long; female scales blunt-tipped, with hairy margins, one-half as long as the perigynia; stigma very short. C concinna Staminate spike 8-25 mm long; female scales more or less sharp-tipped, from shorter than to exceeding the perigynia; stigma long, slender. C. richardsonii 214 Bracts sheathing or sheathless, blades well developed. Perigynia closely enveloping the fruit, strongly tapering at the base. Fertile stems all alike, elongated, bearing both male and female spikes; basal spikes absent. C. pensylvanica Fertile stems of two types, some short, partly hidden among the densely tufted leaf-bases and bearing only female spikes, others elongated and bearing both male and female spikes. C rossii Perigynia not as above. Leaf-blades fiat, 1.5-5.0 mm wide, margins rolled, long-tapering; lowest bract moderately exceeding the stems; stems sharply triangular; fruits with straight sharp tip. C lanuginosa Leaf-blades strongly inrolled except towards the base, 2 mm wide or less, very long-tapered; lowest bract strongly exceeding the stem; stems bluntly triangular; fruits with bent sharp tip. C. lasiocarpa Perigynia hairless. • Style jointed to the fruit, not hardened, at length withering, falling. Scales (except sometimes the uppermost) leaf-like, concealing and partly enveloping the perigynia; fruit strongly constricted at the base, rounded at the tip. C. backii Scales not leaf-like; fruits not strongly constricted at their base, sharp-tipped. • • Lower bracts long-sheathing. Beak of perigynium not 2-toothed. Female spike short, erect. C. livida Female spikes elongate, slender, on hair-like drooping stalks. C. capillaris Beak of the perigynium 2-toothed. Spikes 10-35 mm long; perigynia at length deeply 2-toothed. C. sprengelii 215 Spikes 5-10 mm long; perigynia minutely 2-toothed. Perigynia 2-3 mm long, with slight or no downward bend, the beak about one third as long as the body, smooth or nearly so. C viridula Perigynia 4.5-6.0 mm long, the lower, at least, with conspicuous downward bend, the beak about the length of the body, more or less marginally toothed at least toward the tip. C. flava Lower bracts sheathless or nearly so. Terminal spike male; roots clothed with yellow felt. C. limosa Terminal spike female above or male; roots not clothed with yellow felt. Terminal spike not female above, in some female or male only at the tip, in others male. C. hallii Terminal spike female above or male. Female scales small, 1.5-2.5 mm long, blunt, sharp or abruptly short-tipped; perigynia 2.0-2.5 mm long (rarely to 3.5 mm). C. norvegica Female scales larger or sharp-pointed, or both; perigynia 3.0 mm long or more. + Terminal spike male. Perigynia strongly flattened. Leaves of fertile stems widely separated, only the upper 2-4 blade-bearing, the lower sheaths bladeless, leaves of the previous year not persistent or much dried at flowering time; stems reddish- tinged at the base. Scales blunt to sharp, mid-vein nearly or quite lacking or inconspicuous; perigynia 2-ribbed, otherwise nerveless; fruits slenderly long-stalked. See also C. scopulorum. C. podocarpa 216 Scales with conspicuous midvein usually running more or less beyond tip as a short point; perigynia obscurely nerved in addition to the 2 marginal nerves; fruits short-stalked. C. spectabilis Leaves many, on the lower third of the stems; stems clothed at the base with the dried leaves of the previous year, not reddish-tinged at the base. C. tolmiei Perigynia plump, broadly elliptic to round, nearly round or triangular in cross-section, slightly or not at all flattened. C. raynoldsii + Terminal spike female above. Perigynia with dense minute papillae, bluish-green, 3-sided to bulging on both sides; female scales usually bristle-tipped (rarely only sharp-tipped), their tips exceeding the perigynia. C. buxbaumii Perigynia otherwise; female scales not bristle-tipped. Perigynia scarcely flattened, more or less inflated to triangular, tip of the perigynium-body sharp. C. atrosquama Perigynia strongly flattened, granular-roughened (under a lens) especially on the upper margins, tip of the perigynium-body blunt. C albonigra • Style continuous with the fruit, hardened, not withering; leaves with cross-partitions; perigynia strongly ribbed. Perigynia somewhat leathery, firm, their teeth long. C. atherodes Perigynia thin-walled, their teeth short. Stigmas normally 2; fruits lens-shaped; perigynia little, if at all, inflated, obscurely few-nerved, the beak slightly notched or shallowly 2-toothed. C saxatilis 217 Stigmas normally 3; fruits 3-sided; perigynia strongly inflated, strongly several-nerved, the beak conspicuously 2-toothed. Leaves lacking conspicuous cross- partitions; stems rarely spongy-based, sharply triangular and rough below the spikes; teeth of the perigynia long or the perigynia gradually long-beaked; rootstocks without horizontal runners. C. vesicaria Dry leaves with conspicuous cross- partitions; stems mostly thick and spongy at the base, bluntly triangular below the spikes, smooth; teeth of the perigynia short or the perigynia abruptly short- beaked; rootstocks with long horiztontal runners. C rostrata

C. aenea Fern. Fig. 43-1 Tufted, with short rootstocks, 4-9 dm tall, often nodding, stems wiry. Leaves borne on lower part of stem and shorter than it, more or less flat, mostly 2-5 mm wide. Spikes 3-8, stalkless, female above, separate or upper ones crowded, 6-25 mm long, lowest bracts tailed; female scales at least as large as perigynia, these planoconvex, slightly wing-margined, about 3.5-5 X 1.6-2.2 mm, with 8-14 dorsal nerves, tapering to an often ill-defined cleft beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.5-2.0 X 1.3-1.4 mm. Moderate elevations to at least 2200 m; damp to rather dry places. See comment under C. praticola.

C. albonigra Mack. Fig. 43-2 Small-tufted from short rootstocks, 1-3 dm tall, stems sharply triangu lar. Leaves clustered at base, the lower sheaths often purplish-red, blades firm and flat, mostly 2-7 mm wide. Spikes commonly 2-4, subtended and usually surpassed by at least one leafy bract lacking sheath, erect, clus tered; terminal spike female above, 1-1.5 cm long, lateral ones female and slightly smaller, nearly stalkless; female scales no more than equal the perigynia, brownish-purple with pale or translucent margins. Peri gynia flattened, smooth, broadest above middle, 2.7-3.6 mm long inclu sive of short beak; stigmas 3. Fruit stalkless, 3-sided, 1.5-1.9 mm long. Exposed and often dry alpine slopes, such as on the Carthew Pass. 43-1 Carex aenea, 43-2 Carex albonigra, 43-3 Carex aperta, 43-4 Carex aquatilis, 43-5 Carex atherodes, 43-6 Carex athrostachya, 43-7 Carex atrosquama, 43-8 Carex aurea. 219 C. aperta Boott Fig. 43-3 Short rootstocks, with tufted plants 2-10 dm tall, stems sharply triangu lar. Leaves clustered at base, flat, 2-6 mm wide. Spikes 3-6, 1-4 cm long, lower ones stalked, upper ones less or not so, more or less erect, separate, terminal 1-2 male, lowest ones female, otherfs) often male above; leafy bract of variable length; female scales narrow and sharply tapered. Perigynia more or less broadly lance-shaped in outline, slightly flattened, nearly smooth, mostly 2.1-3.0 mm long, with short beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.2-1.4 mm long. Wet ground at low elevations, as at Lonesome Lake.

C. aquatilis Wahl. Fig. 43-4 Not tufted, from deep strong rootstocks, 3-10 dm tall, stem sharply triangular. Leaves more or less flat, 2-7 mm wide, all along stem. Spikes 3-7, not closely crowded, erect, 1.5-5 cm long, lowest ones stalked and with large leafy bracts; terminal spike male, the others usually female; female scales purplish-brown, mostly narrower and no more than as long as perigynia, these broad and flat, more or less smooth and elliptical, generally not green, 2.0-3.3 mm long inclusive of short, blunt beak; stig mas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.2-1.5 mm long. Swampy places, often in shallow water; common at low elevations. See comment under C. scopulorum.

C. atherodes Spreng. Fig. 43-5 Not or slightly tufted, from stout deep rootstocks, 4-15 dm tall, stem sharply triangular. Leaves firm and flat, 4-10 mm wide, all along stem, upper ones with axillary spikes and surpassing all spikes; leaf-sheath hairy, extended in oblique collar upwards. Spikes several, with or without short stalks, far apart, lower ones female, the upper male, middle one(s) male above; male spikes 2-6 cm long; female spikes 2-10 cm long, about 1 cm wide, the scales more or less greenish, narrow, tipped by prominent awn 1-5 mm long. Perigynia ascending, greenish, 12-20-ribbed but otherwise smooth, 7-10 mm long, drop-like in shape, tapering into flattened beak with two spreading teeth 1.5-2.5 mm long; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 2-2.5 mm long. Wet meadows and similar places at low elevations.

C. athrostachya Olney Fig. 43-6 Tufted, lacking rootstocks, 1.5-10 dm tall, stems triangular. Lowest leaves reduced, others only on lower part of stem; blades shorter than stems, flat or nearly so, 1.5-4 mm wide. Spikes several, stalkless, green ish, closely crowded, together 1-2 cm long, supported by several slender 220 leaf-bracts, the lower of which up to 10 cm long, each spike female above; female scales shorter and narrower than perigynia, often with short awn. Perigynia more or less flattened, faintly several-ribbed on back, lance- shaped but tapering into narrow beak, mostly 3.2-4.6 X 0.9-1.5 mm; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, less than 1.5 X 1 mm. Wet ground; occasional at low elevations.

C atrosquama Mack. Fig. 43-7 [C. atrata L. var. atrosquama (Mack.) Cronq.] Tufted, lacking rootstocks, 1.5-8 dm tall, stems triangular. Lowest leaves reduced, others more or less flat, 2-7 mm wide, rather short. Spikes mostly 2-5, 1-2.5 cm long, usually somewhat crowded but not densely so, erect or ascending, only the lowest with a stalk sometimes as long as spike; terminal spike female above, lateral ones female but sometimes with a few male flowers at base; female scales rather narrow, very dark reddish-brown. Perigynia partly exposed, very flat, more or less smooth, with short, notched beak; stigmas 3, style falling early. Fruit 3-sided, 1.3-1.9 mm long. Middle elevations, as at Ruby Lake and on the north slope of Sofa Mtn., in rather moist meadows.

C. aurea Nutt. Fig. 43-8 [incl. C. hassei Bailey] Slender plants, with triangular stems in small tufts from creeping rootstocks, commonly 1-4 dm tall. Leaves reduced at base, others flat or nearly so, 1-4 mm wide, often surpassing stems, with well-developed sheath. Spikes 2-several, more or less far apart or even near base of stem, erect on slender stalks, 5-20 mm long, terminal one male (sometimes with a few female flowers at tip), lateral ones female; female scales as long as or shorter than perigynium, greenish-brown, often with green midrib and whitish margins, rather broadly beakless, lance-shaped. Perigynium somewhat elliptical, scarcely compressed, 1.7-3 mm long, usually 12-20 ribbed, grey-green to golden brown; stigmas 2. Fruit more or less lens-shaped, 1.2-1.9 mm. Moist places at middle elevations; known from around the main lake, but probably elsewhere also.

C backii Boott Fig. 44-1 Densely tufted, lacking rootstocks. Leaves arising from the ground, sur passing the triangular stems, up to 4 dm long, flat, 2-6 mm wide. Flowers rather few and crowded at tips of stems (sometimes small low lateral stems) and supported by longer leafy bracts. Female flowers few, male 44-1 Carex backii, 44-2 Carex bebbii, 44-3 Carex brevior, 44-4 Carex brunnescens, 44-5 Carex buxbaumii, 44-6 Carex canescens, 44-7 Carex capillaris, 44-8 Carex concinna, 44-9 Carex crawfordii 222 flowers at the tip also few, their scales very small. Perigynia plump or somewhat elongated, often somewhat 3-sided below but rounded above, greenish, 4.0-5.4 mm long, with short or 1-2 mm long beak; stigmas 3. Fruit rounded, about 3 mm long. Moist, often shaded places at least early in the season, at middle and lower elevations; apparently infrequent in the Park, but inconspicuous.

C. bebbii Fern. Fig. 44-2 Densely tufted plants, lacking rootstocks, 2-9 dm tall, stems triangular. Lowest leaves much reduced, others flat or nearly so, 2-4 mm wide, reaching from lower half of stem up to or slightly beyond flowers. Spikes 4-12, stalkless, 5-9 mm long and nearly as thick, especially upper ones crowded, all female above, greenish or brown; leafy bracts very short and inconspicuous, shorter than spikes; female scales somewhat shorter and narrower than perigynia. Perigynia 2.7-3.7 mm long, stiffly spreading and crowded, drop-shaped in outline but planoconvex, nerved on both sides, wing-margined, tapering to ill-defined stout flattened beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.1-1.5 mm long. Common on margins of beaver ponds and similar wet places at low elevations; see also comments under C. tenera.

C. brevior (Dewey) Lunell Fig. 44-3 Densely tufted, without rootstocks, 2-10 dm tall, stems triangular. Lowest leaves much reduced, others firm and usually flat, 2-4 mm wide and rather short, often crowded below. Spikes 3-6, stalkless, 6-10 mm long and about as thick, crowded along several cm of the stem-tip, female above, greenish-brown; leafy bracts very short and inconspicuous; fe male scales, more or less lance-shaped and shorter than perigynia. Peri gynia crowded, stiffly ascending, beaks exserted from spike, 3.2-4.8 mm long and somewhat less wide, flattened, nearly circular except for stout, cleft beak, wing-margined, at least the back clearly ribbed; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.6-2.2 mm long. Known from the marshy north shore at Maskinonge Lake; see also comments under C. tenera.

C. brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Fig. 44-4 Tufted plants, 2-6 dm tall. Leaves clustered near base, no more than equal the stems, blades flat or nearly so, 1-2.5 mm wide. Spikes 4-9, stalkless, 4-8 mm long, spread along stem in interrupted fashion, distal ones more crowded; all female above, lower ones with short, inconspic uous bracts; female scales with translucent margins, shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 5-10 per spike or more, spreading, 1.7-2.5 mm long, 223 planoconvex with rounded margins, elliptical, tapering into stout blunt beak, clearly but finely ribbed on back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.2-1.4 mm long. Wet mountain habitats; extremely similar to C. canescens; differ ences as in the key.

C. buxbaumii Wahl. Fig. 44-5 Plants with creeping rootstocks, the stems solitary or in small clusters, 3-8 dm tall, sharply triangular. Lowest leaves strongly reduced, reddish purple, others on lower part of stem, 2-4 mm wide, more or less flat, not quite reaching flowers. Spikes 2-5, not far apart, erect, only the lower ones sometimes with stalk; terminal spike female above, 1-3 cm long, lateral ones female, as long or shorter; bract of lowest spike shorter than or surpassing top of plant; female scales lance-shaped, purplish black, surpassing perigynia even without the former's awn-like tip up to 3 mm long. Perigynia 2.7-4.3 mm long, more or less elliptical, not strongly flat tened, lime-green, somewhat obscurely ribbed on both sides; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.4-1.9 mm long. Swampy and boggy places at low elevations, as around Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds.

C. canescens L. Fig. 44-6 Very similar to C. brunnescens, with differences as listed in the key to the species.

C. capillaris L. Fig. 44-7 Densely tufted, stems slender, 1-6 dm tall, rootstocks absent. Leaves basal, 1-3 mm wide, up to 15 cm long, flat, much shorter than stems. Spikes 1-5, on long slender stalks, far apart, and often nodding, the terminal usually male, 4-10 mm long, lateral female and with a leafy bract each, 0.5-1.5 cm long; female scales shorter but often wider than perigynia, light greenish-brown with broad whitish margin, eventually falling. Perigynia spindle-shaped in outline, slightly or not compressed, 2.4-3.3 mm long, smooth, shiny brown or green; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.2-1.5 mm long. Seepage areas and streambanks, mostly at middle elevations, as on the north slopes of Sofa Mtn.

C. concinna R. Br. Fig. 44-8 Small-tufted, or solitary from rootstocks, 1.5-3.5 dm tall, stems slender. Leaves basal, firm and more or less flat, 1-3 mm wide, shorter than or equal to stems. Spikes 1-4, the terminal male, 3-7 mm long; lateral ones 224 female, stalked or not, 4-8 mm long, rather crowded, the lowest with small bract with translucent tubular sheath; female scale brown with whitish margins, shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 2-3 mm long, plump, and short-hairy, 2-ribbed, broader above the middle, abruptly contracted to short beak; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.4-2.0 mm long. Damp woods and creeksides, often around coniferous woods, at low elevations.

C. crawfordii Fern. Fig. 44-9 Densely tufted, lacking rootstocks, 2-7 dm, stems sharply triangular. Leaves fairly long but shorter than stems, more or less flat, about 1-3 mm wide, all on lower stem. Spikes 6-12, stalkless and crowded into a compact head 1.5-3 cm long and up to 1.5 cm thick, greenish-brown, bracts very inconspicuous, each spike female above; female scales shorter than perigynia. Perigynia small and slender, up to 4 mm long, planoconvex, with at most few faint nerves on both sides, with narrow marginal wings, gradually tapering into flat beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens- shaped, 1-1.3 mm long. Moist places at low elevations, occasionally up to 2000 m.

C. deweyana Schwein. Fig. 45-1 Tufted, without rootstocks, 2-10 dm tall, stems slender, distinctly triangular, surpassing leaves. Leaves all on lower stem, more or less flat, 2-5 mm wide. Spikes 4-10, female above, mostly 7-20 mm long, stalkless, except for lowest ones rather crowded along 2-8 cm of stem, greenish, the bracts slender, lowest one much longer than others; female scales translucent with green midrib, shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 10-25 per spike, 3.2-4.8 mm long, lance-shaped but with long broad beak, planoconvex, with a few nerves at least on the back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens- shaped, 1.5-2 mm long. Moist spots in forests or along streams at all but the highest elevations, but perhaps not common.

C. diandra Schrank. Fig. 45-2 Tufted plants, with rather stout triangular stems, 3-7 dm high, with short or no rootstocks. Leaves 1-2.5 mm wide, few and on lower stem, with yellowish sheaths, blades folded, 3-5 mm wide, the lowest ones small. Spikes very small and few-flowered, but closely crowded along 2-3.5 cm of the stem, male above; bracts very inconspicuous; female scales at least as long as perigynia, often concealing them somewhat. Perigynia up to 3 mm long, rather spreading, bulging on ventral side, drop-like in shape, often dark brown, tapering into wedge-shaped fla. beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, about 1.5-2 mm long. 45-1 Carex deweyana, 45-2 Carex diandra, 45-3 Carex dioica, 45-4 Carex disperma, 45-5 Carex filifolia, 45-6 Carex flava, 45-7 Carex foenea, 45-8 Carex geyeri, 45-9 Carex hallii. 226 Boggy places at low elevations, such as the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds. Apparently rare, but sometimes found on the north slopes of Sofa Mtn., and occasionally even on Mt. Rowe as high as 2000 m.

C. dioica L. Fig. 45-3 [inc. C. gynocrates Wormsk.] Single slender stems, 0.5-2 dm high, from long slender rootstocks, stems straight or curved, sharply triangular. Leaves few, spread along lowest part of and somewhat shorter than stem, only occasionally somewhat more than 1 mm wide. Spike solitary, 1-1.5 cm long, male above, some times either male or female predominating; female scales brown, persis tent, shorter and broader than perigynia. Perigynia plump, 3-3.5 mm long, usually clearly many-ribbed, chestnut brown when mature, lance- shaped with short, thick stalk and distinct beak, scarcely flattened, be coming spreading or curved back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, nearly as large as perigynium. Boggy places, as along mossy shaded creeks on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn., and in the Ruby Lake area; distinctive but not com mon in the Park. Our plants belong to subsp. gynocrates Hulten.

C. disperma Dewey Fig. 45-4 Slender lax plants, stems solitary or few, from branching slender rootstocks, stems thin, triangular, 1-4 dm high. Leaves flat, 1-2 mm wide, on lower part of and shorter than stem. Spikes several, stalkless, in a narrow, conspicuously interrupted cluster, the bracts very small and in conspicuous; spikes male above, few-flowered, up to 5 mm long, with about 1-3 of both perigynia and male flowers; female scales light brown in middle but mostly translucent, no longer than perigynia. Perigynia 2-3 mm long, flat on one side and bulging on the other, broadly elliptical with many faint nerves, with short, tapering beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens- shaped, nearly as large as perigynium. Swampy shady places along brooks on the middle north slopes of Sofa Mtn.

C filifolia Nutt. Fig. 45-5 Dense expanding tufts, without rootstocks, the slender wiry stems 1-3 dm tall. Leaves mostly basal, somewhat shorter or longer than the stems, stiff and wiry but very slender and curved, about 0.5 mm wide, old leaf- bases conspicuously persistent. Spikes solitary, male above, narrow and pointed, 1-2 cm long, lacking bract; female scales very broad, much broader than perigynia and almost as wide, brown with broad whitish margin. Perigynia mostly 5-15, more or less erect, 3-4.5 mm long. 227 elliptical or nearly so, not much compressed, very finely hairy at least above middle, the beak abrupt, short and stout; styles 3. Fruit 3-sided, nearly as large as the perigynium. An elegant and unmistakable, but inconspicuous sedge of very exposed dry slopes in the lowest prairie areas along the northeast flanks of the Park.

C. flava L. Fig. 45-6 Tufted plants, without rootstocks, 1-8 dm tall. Leaves clustered at the base, flat, mostly 2-5 mm wide, surpassing flowers or not. Spikes 3-6, the terminal male (sometimes with a few perigynia above), 6-24 mm long, lateral ones female, short and stout, 6-17 mm long, more or less stalkless, never far apart except sometimes a stalked lowest one; at least lowest bract with long spreading lax blade far surpassing flowers; female scales shorter than perigynia. Perigynia yellowish, mostly 3.7-6.2 mm long, spreading or even curved back, drop-shaped in outline but with long flat beak, plainly several-nerved on upper surface, less so on lower side; stigmas 3. Fruit 1.2-1.6 mm long. Plants of swampy or boggy habitats at lower elevations, but ascend ing to middle elevations, as at Cameron Lake.

C. foenea Willd. Fig. 45-7 [C. siccata Dewey] Stems 1.5-4 dm high, set apart on scaly brown creeping rootstocks. Lowest leaves reduced to brown scales, other ones on lower part of, and shorter than stem (but not clustered), flat or nearly so, 1.5-3 mm wide. Spikes 4-12, stalkless, about 1 cm long, crowded in club-shaped cluster 1.5-3.5 cm long, with inconspicuous short bracts, at least some male above but lowest ones often mostly or entirely male and upper ones mostly or entirely female; female scales brown with whitish margins, nearly as long as perigynia. Perigynia 4.5-6.2 mm long, inclusive of long flat deeply notched beak, with prominent stout stalk, body broadly lance- shaped, flattened, with narrow rough marginal wing, planoconvex, plainly several-nerved on back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.7-2.2 mm long. Damp open places at low elevations, including sometimes roadsides or stable gravel bars along rivers and creeks.

C. geyeri Boott Fig. 45-8 Loosely tufted, from branching rootstocks, stems slender, distinctly tri angular. Leaves occasionally up to 4 dm long, flat, 1.5-3 mm wide, lax, remaining green during the first winter, lowest ones greatly reduced. 228 Flowering stems emerging early in spring, as short as 1 dm when flowering but later elongating up to 3 dm or more, leaves also at first very short. Spike solitary, bractless, the terminal 1-2.5 cm male, very slender, below which (and clearly set apart) 1-3 perigynia; female scales light brown with translucent margins, at least lowest one surpassing perigyn ium. Perigynium nearly without beak, elliptical but with massive wedge- shaped stalk, 5-6 mm long, smooth except for marginal ribs; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 4-5 mm long. Meadows and open coniferous forest where dry in the summer; middle elevations up to about 2500 m. An exceedingly distinctive species, perhaps our only "evergreen" one, in Alberta perhaps limited to the Park.

C. hallii Olney Fig. 45-9 [C. parryana Dewey var. hallii Kuekenth.] Tufted plants, with short rootstocks, 2-6 dm tall, stems rather stout and sharply triangular. Leaves crowded at the base, much shorter than stem, blade flat to channeled, up to 4 mm wide. Spikes 1-5, stout, terminal one 1.5-3 cm long, lateral ones somewhat shorter, rather crowded and erect on short stalks; terminal one male, or variously mixed, others (sometimes all) female; even lowest bract short and inconspicuous; female scale straw-colored, margins translucent, broad and blunt, or narrow and sharp, shorter or longer than perigynia. Perigynia broadly lance-shaped but somewhat wider above middle, lacking beak, smooth; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.4-1.8 mm long. Meadows and other open places which are usually moist at least in spring, at fairly high elevations.

C. haydeniana Olney Fig. 46-1 Densely tufted, lacking rootstocks, 1-3 dm tall, the stems sharply tri angular. Lowest leaves reduced, others spread on long lower part of, and shorter than stem, more or less flat, 2-3.5 mm wide. Spikes crowded into compact head 1-2 cm long and sometimes wider, female above; bracts in conspicuous and short; female scales (often dark) brown, mostly shorter and narrower than perigynia. Perigynia brown at least in middle, the beak dark-tipped; body drop-shaped in outline, 5-6.2 mm long, with prominent wing, many-nerved on back, tapering into long and rather slender beak with rough margins; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.4-1.7 mm long. Moderately dry or damp places at high elevations, known with cer tainty from Goat Lake and Carthew Lakes but perhaps not yet from else where in the province. Extremely similar to C. microptera; see comments under that species. 46-1 Carex haydeniana, 46-2 Carex hoodii, 46-3 Carex illota, 46-4 Carex interior, 46-5 Carex lanuginosa, 46-6 Carex lasiocarpa, 46-7 Carex lenticularis, 46-8 Carex leporinella, 46-9Carex leptalea, 46-10 Carex limosa, 46-11 Carex livida. 230 C. hoodii Boott Fig. 46-2 Tufted plants, without rootstocks, 3-8 dm tall, stems triangular, surpass ing leaves. Lowest leaves much reduced, others few, along lower part of stem, flat or nearly so, 1.5-3.5 mm wide. Spikes several, small, and few- flowered, stalkless, crowded into compact ovate head 1-2 cm long, the spikes male above; bracts mostly very inconspicuous and short; female scales no longer than perigynia, mostly brown, often with green midrib. Perigynia typically coppery-brown, green-margined, 3.4-5.0 mm long, lance-shaped, tapering into prominently split beak, the body plano convex, mostly faintly nerved on both sides; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, mostly 1.7-2.1 mm long. A rather frequent plant on grassy slopes at various elevations.

C. illota Bailey Fig. 46-3 Plants tufted, lacking runners, mostly 1-3 dm tall, stems sharply trian gular. Leaves basal, shorter than stem, the lowest leaves reduced, upper ones more or less flat, 1-3 mm wide. Spikes several, stalkless, crowded into ovate head 8-13 mm long, each spike 4-7 mm long, female above, bracts inconspicuous. Female scales shorter and often narrower than perigynia, dark purplish-brown with narrow translucent margin. Peri gynia lance-shaped to narrowly ovate, brownish-green, 2.5-3.2 mm long, sharp-edged but not winged, more or less nerveless on both flat and bulg ing sides, tapering to a smooth beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.3-1.5 mm long, practically stalkless. A rare species of moist alpine meadows.

C interior Bailey Fig. 46-4 Slender triangular stems, in tufts 2-5 dm high, mostly surpassing the leaves. Leaves flat, 1-2 mm wide, only on lowest part of stem, slender. Spikes 3-6, stalkless, small and few-flowered, rather close together, female above or some lateral ones female, but terminal one with obvious very narrow male base; bracts very inconspicuous; female scales shorter than perigynia, mostly whitish. Perigynia 5-15 per spike, crowded, lowest ones widely spreading when mature, greenish-brown, drop- shaped in outline but planoconvex, with 4-12 nerves on back and usually some on the other side, 2.2-3.2 mm long, somewhat constricted into prominent broad beak, stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, about 1.5 mm long. Swampy and boggy places at low elevations, as on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn.

C. lanuginosa Michx. Fig. 46-5 [C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. var. patifolia Gilly] Stems sharply triangular, solitary in small groups, from well-developed 231 rootstocks, 3-10 dm high. Lowest leaves reduced, others attached below middle of stem, somewhat shorter than or equal to stems, few, flat, 2-5 mm wide. Terminal spike male, 2-5 cm long, often closely followed by a much shorter stalkless male spike; female spikes 2-3,erect, well apart, 1-4 cm long, only the lowest one sometimes with short stalk; lowest bracts very long, mostly surpassing all spikes; female scales dark brown with green midrib, narrower and shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 3.3-5 mm long, densely short-hairy, with many ribs, broadly elliptical in out line, scarcely compressed, contracted to prominent beak with deeply forked tip, stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.5-2.0 mm long. Swampy places, or even in shallow water, at low elevation, as in the Maskinonge Lake area. See comments under C. lasiocarpa.

C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. Fig. 46-6 Well-developed creeping rootstocks, stems solitary or in clusters of few, 4-12 dm high. Lowest leaves extremely reduced, others few, on middle part of stem, folded, when 1-1.5 mm wide, appearing cylindrical. Spikes several, the upper 1-3 male, 1-6 cm long, the terminal one much longer, lower 1-3 female, more or less stalkless and set apart, 1-4.5 cm long, especially the lowest one with long narrow bracts usually surpassing all spikes; female scales brownish with rather translucent margins. Perigy nia 2.8-4.3 mm long, short-hairy, elliptical in outline with broad, cleft beak, faintly nerved; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.5-2 mm long. Closely related to C. lanuginosa in appearance and habitat prefer ence, differing somewhat in the shape of the beak but especially in the flat vs. folded leaves. North American plants may be assigned to var. americana Fern.

C. lenticularis Michx. Fig. 46-7 [C. kelloggii Boott] Plants densely tufted, with at most very short rootstocks, 2-8 dm high. Leaves flat, mostly 2-4 mm wide, few, on lower half of stem. Spikes 3-6, rather close together, erect and slender, only the lowest ones with short stalks, mostly 1.5-5 cm long and less than 5 mm thick; terminal one usually male, others female, the lowest one only with erect leafy bract just surpassing the male spike; female scale dark brown with light green midrib and white margins, usually broad and shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 1.9-3 mm long, slightly flattened, drop-shaped or elliptical in outline, with very small beak, 3-7-nerved on each face, mostly greenish; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1-1.5 mm long. Occasional in a variety of wet habitats at middle and fairly high elevations, as at Cameron and Summit Lakes. 232 C leporinella Mack. Fig. 46-8 Very densely tufted, without rootstocks, 1-3 dm high. Leaves slender, flat to channeled, 1-2 mm wide, usually shorter than stems, all on lower stem. Spikes 3-6, stalkless, female above, 6-12 mm long, in a rather com pact ovoid cluster, lowest bract slender, as long as or slightly longer than its spike; female scales light brown, about as long and wide as perigynia. Perigynia crowded, greenish-brown, 3.2-4 mm long, narrowly lance- shaped tapering into back, sharp-edged, plainly nerved on at least the back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.4-1.6 mm long. At least two authentic documented records exist of this species, from the south end of Vimy Ridge and from Goat Lake, at 2300 and 2500 m, respectively; these appear to be the only records in Alberta, and possibly in Canada. See comment under C. praticola.

C leptalea Wahl. Fig. 46-9 Densely tufted, on slender branched rootstocks, the stems very slender but triangular, 1.5-6 dm high. Leaves shorter than, and on basal part of stem, more or less flat, 0.7-1.2 mm wide. Spike solitary, 0.5-1.5 mm long, without bract, male above, the latter part narrow and inconspicuous; female scales greenish, lowest ones often awned, others rather blunt (with exception of awn) shorter than perigynia, persistent or falling off. Perigynia 1-10, more or less erect, not crowded, pale greenish-brown, 2.5-4.5 mm long, the body elliptical, finely nerved on both sides, with heavy stalk, rounded or even slightly notched at tip and therefore lacking beak, stigmas 3- Fruit 3-sided, 1.3-1.8 mm long. A very distinctive species characterized by its perigynium, known from a boggy place in spruce woods on the lower north slope of Sofa Mtn., apparently rare, but also inconspicuous.

C. limosa L. Fig. 46-10 Stems solitary or in small clusters, from long creeping rootstocks, 2-6 dm tall, slender but sharply triangular. Lowest leaves much reduced, others few and short, on lower stem, 1-2 mm wide, more channeled than flat. Spikes 2-4, the terminal male, 1-3 cm long; lateral ones female, spaced apart and nodding on long hair-like stalks, 1-2.5 cm long, the lowest with slender erect bract reaching male spike; female scales brown, most commonly equalling perigynia in width and length. Peri gynia light greenish-brown, elliptical, 2.3-4.2 mm long, somewhat flat tened, with 4-7 nerves on each side, with very short blunt stalk and beak; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.5-2.2 mm long. Boggy habitats, lower north slope of Sofa Mtn. 233 C livida (Wahl.) Willd. Fig. 46-11 Stems commonly solitary from creeping rootstocks, 1-4 dm high. Leaves basal, narrow and usually channeled, 1-3.5 mm wide, old basal sheaths persistent. Spikes 2-4, not crowded, erect, terminal one male, 1-2.5 cm long, lateral ones female, 5-15-flowered, short-stalked, the lowest one with long narrow bract reaching or surpassing the male spike, its base somewhat sheathing; female scales no longer than perigynia, with broad green midrib area. Perigynia more or less spindle-shaped in outline, 3.4-4.5 mm long, scarcely flattened, light green, at most faintly nerved on both sides, stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 2.2-2.5 mm long. A rare plant of swampy woods at low elevations, known from the Sofa Mtn. beaver pond area.

C. macloviana D'Urv. (not illustrated) A species distinguishable from C. haydeniana and C. microptera with only the greatest difficulty; see comments under the latter species. Plants from the Red Rock area have been reported as C. macloviana.

C microptera Mack. Fig. 47-1 [incl. C. festivella Mack.] Very similar to C. haydeniana, and not sharply distinct from it. Differ ences include a lower altitudinal preference, often taller stems and heavier spike-cluster, and smaller perigynia with broader beak. A third species, C. macloviana, is also very closely related and has ovate rather blunt female scales which are purplish-brown or dark copper-colored on the back, the beak slender, more or less as in C. haydeniana. All three species, plus numerous others from elsewhere (but including perhaps also our C. multicostata and C. pachystachya) may well be united into a single one at some future date; this combined complex would then bear the name C. macloviana (such a change is not here proposed). Consult also differences in the key. C. microptera is recorded from the vicinity of a number of alpine lakes in the Park, and seems to prefer moist open places.

C. multicostata Mack. Fig. 47-2 Tufted plants, lacking rootstocks, stems 1.5-6 dm high, sharply tri angular. Lowest leaves much reduced, others along lowest part of stem, flat and firm, much shorter than stem, 2-3.5 mm wide. Spikes 3-7, stalk less, female above, crowded into compact ovoid cluster 1-3.5 cm long and up to 1.5 cm thick, bracts short and inconspicuous; female scales somewhat narrower and shorter than perigynia, brown. Perigynia green- T-*£~

47-1 Carex microptera, 47-2 Carex multicostata, 47-3 Carex nardina, 47-4 Carex nigricans, 47-5 Carex norvegica, 47-6 Carex obtusata, 47-7 Carex pachystachya, 47-8 Carex pensylvanica, 47-9 Carex petasata, 47-10 Carex phaeocephala. 235 ish-brown, 4.5-6.2 mm long, drop-shaped in outline but planoconvex, with 10 or more faint nerves at least on the back, wing-margined, tapering into prominent, sharply 2-cleft flat beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens- shaped, 1.8-2.4 mm long. Rather damp open prairie west of Knight's Lake, a record probably representing the only known Alberta locality to date. Very similar to members of the C. microptera group but somewhat stouter and the spike like cluster longer.

C. nardina Fries Fig. 47-3 [C. hepbumii Boott; C. nardina Fries var. hepburnii (Boott) Kuekenth.] Densely tufted dwarf plants, without rootstocks, stems slender, mostly less than 1 dm high. Leaves very slender, wiry, about 0.5 mm wide, usually a little longer than stems, tufted at the base, the old leaf-bases persisting. Spike solitary, male above, more or less spindle-shaped, up to 1.5 cm long, bractless; female scales brown with pale midvein, scarcely wider than but nearly as long as perigynia. Perigynia 5-15, lance-shaped or slightly wider above the middle, 3.5-5.5 mm long, planoconvex, with sharp margins, abruptly short-beaked; stigmas 2 or 3, the fruit lens- shaped or 3-sided, respectively. High alpine slopes and crevices; easily overlooked but perhaps rather frequent.

C. nigricans Meyer Fig. 47-4 Stems solitary or in small tufts, from rootstocks, 0.5-3.5 dm high. Lowest leaves somewhat reduced, others shorter than the triangular stem and placed on its lowest portion, more or less flat, 1.5-3 mm wide. Spike soli tary, bractless, mostly male above, 1-2 cm long, dense; female scales no longer than perigynia, dark brown or blackish, becoming spreading and eventually falling. Perigynia 20-50 or so, first ascending but becoming spreading before falling, 3-4.5 mm long, upper part colored as the scale, lighter below, very slenderly drop-shaped in outline, often distinctly stalked, smooth on both sides; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, shorter than peri gynium. Moist places at high elevations; known from the shores of Summit Lake.

C. norvegica Retz. Fig. 47-5 [C. media R. Br.] Stems in small open tufts, from branched rootstocks, rather slender but triangular, 2-7 dm high. Lowest leaves somewhat reduced, others few, much shorter than and on lowest portion of stem, flat, 1.5-3 mm wide. 236 Spikes 2-5, rather crowded and erect, stalkless or short-stalked, terminal one female above, 6-14 mm long, lateral ones female, mostly less than 1 cm long, lowest with slender bract not or far supassing terminal spike; female scales purplish-black wtih narrow light margin, at least as wide as but no longer than perigynia. Perigynia spindle-shaped in outline, with short blunt beak, 2.1-3 mm long, usually greenish-brown and smooth; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.2-1.6 mm long. Middle and perhaps lower elevations, in boggy situations. Known from the Cameron Lake area in coniferous woods, but apparently rare.

C. obtusata Lilj. Fig. 47-6 Long rootstocks, with numerous solitary triangular stems, 1-1.5 dm high. Lowest leaves of upright stem conspicuously reduced, others crowded at base, more or less flat, 1-1.5 mm wide, shorter than stems. Spike solitary, bractless, male above, 8-15 mm long; female scales slightly longer or shorter than perigynia, sharp-tipped, rather light brown. Perigynia 1-6, plump, elliptical with stout, deeply cleft beak, somewhat ribbed, 3-4 mm long, becoming a dark, purplish-brown; stig mas 3, as long as perigynium. Fruit 3-sided, nearly as long as perigynium. A very distinctive small plant of open grassy, often rather dry places in the prairie areas of the Park.

C. pachystachya Steud. Fig. 47-7 [C. preslU Steud.] Tufted plants, without rootstocks, 1.5-7 dm high. Lowest leaves some what reduced, others well below the middle, flat, 2-5 mm wide, no longer than the stems. Spikes 3-10, stalkless, crowded into dense cluster but re maining somewhat separate, the spikes 7-12 mm long, female above, with inconspicuous bracts; female scales brownish with greenish mar gins, mostly shorter and narrower than perigynia. Perigynia colored as scales but often greener, the beak dark-tipped, 3.6-5.1 mm long, broadly drop-shaped in outline, wing-margined, planoconvex, the back finely nerved; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.4-1.9 mm long. Moist to rather dry places at middle and low elevations. This is yet another species difficult to distinguish from other members of the microptera alliance (see comments under that species, and differences used in the key).

C. pensylvanica Lam. Fig. 47-8 [C. heliophila Mack.] Tufted plants, from creeping rootstocks, 2-5 dm high. Leaves flat, 1-3 mm wide, on lowest part of stem, mostly shorter than the triangular stems (except in small plants). Spikes 2-4, the terminal one male, 1-2.5 237 cm long, female ones erect, not crowded, at most short-stalked, up to 1.5 cm long, each with a slender bract up to 3 cm long; female scales light to dark brown, longer or shorter than perigynia. Perigynia 2.6-4.5 mm long, short-hairy at least when young, obscurely nerved on both sides, the body plump, broadly elliptical but tapering to the base, abruptly contracted to prominent beak; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.8-2.5 mm long. Open grassy slopes at middle elevations, as on the south-facing slope of Mt. Glendowan; probably also at lower elevations elsewhere. Our plants belong to var. digyna Boeck.

C petasata Dewey Fig. 47-9 Densely tufted, without rootstocks, 3-9 dm high. Lowest leaves much reduced, others few, on lowest part of stem and much shorter, more or less flat, 2-4 mm wide. Spikes 3-6, female above, stalkless or nearly so, 9-18 mm long, crowded into dense cluster 2-5 cm long, bracts short and inconspicuous; female scales brown, no longer than perigynia. Perigynia greenish-brown, 5.8-7.9 mm long, slenderly drop-shaped and wing- margined, nerved on both sides, planoconvex, gradually tapering into prominent beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.5-2.1 mm long. Rocky slopes at middle and higher elevations, more rarely at lower elevations. The species seems to merge with at least two other species present in Waterton, C. phaeocephala and C. praticola; see comment under the latter.

C. phaeocephala Piper Fig. 47-10 Tufted plants, lacking rootstocks, 0.5-3 dm tall, stems sharply triangu lar. Lowest leaves somewhat reduced, others clustered near base, usually shorter than stems, firm, flat or somewhat folded, 0.5-2 mm wide. Spikes 3-7, female above, nearly or quite stalkless, 7-14 mm long, in stiff rather crowded cluster, 1.5-3 cm long; bracts short and inconspicuous; female scales brown, nearly or fully as long and wide as perigynia, except for the beak. Perigynia ascending, brownish with (usually) green margin, 4-5.5 mm long, rather planoconvex, wing-margined, spindle-shaped in outline, tapering to short beak, plainly nerved at least on back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.5-2.1 mm long. High rocky open slopes, at least up to 2500 m and probably higher; a rather frequent species. Superficially similar to the C. microptera com plex but quite different in perigynia; however, it merges into at least C. petasata. See comment under C. praticola.

C. platylepis Mack, (not illustrated) Tufted, mostly without rootstocks, 4-7 dm high. Leaves on lower third, and shorter than stem, 2.5-5 mm wide. Spikes 5-8, female above, in a 238 rather compact cluster; female scales dull reddish-brown with green midrib, nearly the same size as perigynia. Perigynia planoconvex, 4-4.5 mm long, greenish brown, with faint nerves on back, wing-margined, drop-shaped in outline and tapering into prominent beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped. A difficult species, very close to C. praticola, known from a roadside ditch near Cameron Lake.

C. podocarpa R. Br. Fig. 48-1 Loosely tufted, from rootstocks, 1-5 dm high, stems triangular. Lowest leaves reduced, others few, along lower third of, and much shorter than the stem, flat, 2-4 mm wide. Spikes several, the terminal one male, 7-25 mm long, lateral ones female, spaced apart, on slender stalks, spreading or drooping, 1-2 cm long, the 15-30 perigynia crowded, lowest spike with ascending to erect bract surpassing at least female spikes, female scales narrower, and no longer than perigynia, usually dark brown. Perigynia lance-shaped, very flat, 4 mm long, smooth on both sides, dark brown at the small beak; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.5 mm long, stalked. Much confusion exists in this species and the closely related C spectabilis. C. podocarpa is reported from wet meadows at various alpine lakes; the C paysonis Clokey, reported for the Park, would seem to belong here.

C. praticola Rydb. Fig. 48-2 Tufted plants, lacking rootstocks, stems sharply triangular, 3-8 dm high. Lowest leaves much reduced, others few, along lowest part of, and shorter than stems, 2-4 mm wide, flat. Spikes 4-7, female above, stalk less, 7-18 mm long, slender-based, forming a spike-like cluster (but not closely crowded) which often nods slightly; bracts inconspicuous; female scales brownish with paler margins, as long and wide as, or less than perigynia. Perigynia brownish-green, 4.3-5.7 mm long, wing-margined, plainly nerved on back, slenderly drop-shaped in outline but planocon vex; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.7-2.2 mm long. Swampy or moist habitats at lower and middle elevations. Often difficult to distinguish from C. aenea, C leporinella, C. petasata and C. phaeocephala, apparently merging into those species.

C. raynoldsii Dewey Fig. 48-3 Small tufts, on short rootstocks, stems sharply triangular, 2-7 dm high. Leaves along lowest portion of, and usually shorter than stem, flat, 2-7 mm wide. Spikes 3-6, rather close together, terminal one male, 1-1.5 cm long, lateral ones female, 1-2 cm long, more or less erect, lowest one with 48-1 Carex podocarpa, 48-2 Carex praticola, 48-3 Carex raynoldsii, 48-4 Carex richardsonii, 48-5 Carex rossii, 48-6 Carex rostrata, 48-7 Carex rupestris, 48-8 Carex sartwellii, 48-9 Carex saxatilis. 240 slender stalk, lowest bract often long and leafy but only rarely surpass ing male spike; female scales dark purplish-brown, usually slightly shorter and narrower than perigynia. Perigynia lime-green, elliptical to much wider above the middle, 3.3-4.4 mm long inclusive of short stout beak, body several-nerved on each side, often plump; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.8-2.4 mm long. Damp meadows and slopes at upper middle elevations; rather common around the alpine lakes.

C. richardsonii R. Br. Fig. 48-4 [incl. C. concinnoides Mack.] Small clumps, or loosely matted, from ascending rootstock, 1-3 dm high. Leaves clustered at base, flat, 2-2.5 mm wide. Spikes mostly 3, the terminal male, 1-2.5 cm long, on conspicuous stalk; lateral ones female, erect and very narrow, 1-2 cm long, the short stalks hidden in prominent bracts which are long-sheathed, dark brown, and white-margined; females scales somewhat longer and wider than perigynia, dark brown. Perigynia 2.5-3 mm long, brownish, shorty-hairy, somewhat pear-shaped with narrow part at base, beak short and blunt. Dry prairie slopes; a very distinctive species because of its unusual bracts.

C. rossii Boott Fig. 48-5 Tufted plants, without rootstocks, 1-3 dm high, stems slender, triangu lar. Lowest leaves somewhat reduced, others along lowest part of, often surpassing the stems, 1-4 mm wide. Spikes 2-5, the terminal one male, short and slender, 5-12 mm long; lateral ones female, few-flowered, stalkless or nearly so, borne close to male spike, lowest one(s) with bract(s) far exceeding male spike; sometimes additional small female spikes from lower side-branches; female scales somewhat wider and shorter than perigynia. Perigynia finely hairy, the body broadly elliptical and rather plump, with the prominent stalk and long beak 2.5-4.5 mm long, scarcely nerved on either side; stigmas mostly 3, the fruits then 3-sided, 1.5-2 mm long. Moderately dry habitats in and near open coniferous or poplar forest at various elevations.

C. rostrata With. Fig. 48-6 Solitary or in small clusters from deep stout rootstocks, the sharply triangular stems 5-12 dm high. Leaves along lower half of stem, often surpassing the flowers, flat, 4-12 mm wide. Spikes several, far apart, erect, lower ones female, upper ones male but occasionally some in the 241 middle, male above; male spikes 2-7 cm long, very narrow, female ones 2-10 cm long and rather thick; lateral spikes stalkless or nearly so, only the female ones with long leafy bracts; female scales striped brown and green, shorter and narrower than perigynia. Perigynia crowded, spread ing when mature, especially at tip often dark brown, drop-shaped in out line, inflated, 8-16 nerved, 4-7 mm long, with prominent cleft beak; stig mas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.3-2 mm long. A very common plant of marshy habitats at especially the lowest elevations.

C rupestris Allioni Fig. 48-7 [incl. C. drummondiana Dewey] Small tufts, from long creeping rootstocks, 4-15 cm high. Leaves flat, 1-3 mm wide, surpassing stems or not, tapering into narrow sharp tip where often curled. Spike solitary, bractless, male above, 1-2 cm long; female scales broad, more or less as long as perigynia and largely concealing them, light brown with translucent margin. Perigynia 5-15, 3-4 mm long, spindle-shaped in outline with short blunt base and beak, several-nerved; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, almost as large as body of perigynium. Rather dry to damp open alpine slopes up to at least 2300 m.

C. sartwellii Dewey Fig. 48-8 Rather stout plants, singly or in small clusters from coarse creeping rootstocks, 3-8 dm high. Lowest leaves strongly reduced, others along most of the stem, flat, 2-5 mm wide. Spikes 20 or more, male above, 1 cm or less long, stalkless, forming a usually narrow somewhat interrupted to dense spike-like arrangement; bracts inconspicuous and short, except the narrow bract often with the lowest spike; female scales light brown, with translucent margins, about as long as perigynia. Perigynia 2.3-4 mm long, broadly lance-shaped but tapering somewhat to the distinct beak, planoconvex, sharp-edged with several plain nerves at least on the back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.2-2 mm long. Marshy and other open wet ground at low elevations; known from the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds.

C. saxatilis L. Fig. 48-9 [C. physocarpa Presl] Plants in open colonies, from well-developed creeping rootstocks, stems triangular, 2-8 dm high, rather slender. Leaves on lower part of, and mostly shorter than stem, blades rather flat, 2-4 mm wide. Spikes 2-4, upper 1 or 2 male, 1-4 cm long, very narrow, lower 1 or 2 female, 1-3 cm long, mostly dark brown, short-stalked or nodding on rather slender 242 stalk; female scales somewhat shorter and narrower than perigynia. Perigynia crowded, brown, 3.5-5 mm long, elliptical, biconvex, with few faint nerves on back but otherwise smooth, abruptly contracted to nar row blunt beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, about 2 mm long (rarely 3-sided, the stigmas 3). Wet, open places as at Maskinonge Lake and the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds.

C. scirpoidea Michx. Fig. 49-1 Stems solitary or in small, erect tufts, from creeping rootstocks, 1-4 dm tall, triangular. Lowest leaves often much reduced, the sheaths purplish- green, others clustered near base, firm and mostly flat, 1.5-3 mm wide. Male and female spikes solitary and on separate plants, bractless, rarely with 1 or 2 short stalkless spikes at base of terminal spike, spikes of both sexes similar, dense, 1.5-4 cm long; female scales brown with pale hair- fringed margins, obscuring the perigynia. Perigynia short-hairy, ellipti cal to wider above middle, 2-4.5 mm long, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted to distinct dark-colored beak; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, some what smaller than body of perigynium. Rather common on open grassy slopes along the northeast flanks of the Park, but ascending to 2000 m and probably higher. Distinctive through the separation of male and female plants; the former are more common and/or more frequently collected than the latter.

C. scoparia Willd. Fig. 49-2 Densely tufted, lacking rootstocks, the sharply triangular stems 4-10 dm tall. Leaves reduced below, others more or less flat and 1.5-3 mm wide, along lower part of stem. Spikes 3-8, female above, stalkless, crowded in a slender head or open to dense brown cluster, the bracts inconspicuous; female scales, dull brown, narrower and shorter than perigynia, very sharply pointed. Perigynia brownish-green, 4.1-5.5 mm long, strongly flattened, clearly nerved at least on the back, broadly lance-shaped but with broad flat wedge-shaped beak; stigmas 2. Fruit strikingly smaller than perigynium, 1.3-1.8 mm long, lens-shaped. Moist ground at low elevations. A common species in the general area; not yet reported for the Park but almost certainly present.

C. scopulorum Holm Fig. 49-3 Colonial or sod-forming plants, with branched rootstocks, stems sharply triangular, 1-4 dm high. Leaves more or less flat, firm, 2-6 mm wide, shorter than stems. Spikes 3-6, terminal male (sometimes variously mixed), lateral ones female or (upper ones) male above, all (except fre- 49-1 Carex scirpoidea (male, left; female, right), 49-2 Carex scoparia, 49-3 Carex scopulorum, 49-4 Carex simulata, 49-5 Carex spectabilis, 49-6 Carex sprengelii, 49-7 Carex stenophylla, 49-8 Carex vesicaria. 244 quently the lowest one) close together, erect, 1-2.5 cm long, short-stalked to stalkless; female scales narrower than perigynia, shorter or longer, purplish-brown. Perigynia broadly elliptical or broader above middle in outline, pale green or with coppery or purple tinge, flattened, without nerves, 1.8-3.3 mm long, with very short blunt beak; stigmas 2. Fruit lens- shaped, 1.4-1.6 mm long. Various wet or drier habitats, from low elevations to 2800 m (Mt. Carthew). A species often rather difficult to distinguish from C. aquatilis and C. podocarpa, to which in any case the present species is very closely related.

C. simulata Mack. Fig. 49-4 Stems solitary or in small groups, from creeping rootstocks, slender but triangular, 2-9 dm high. Lowest leaves reduced, longer ones attached just below middle and not often reaching spikes, flat or nearly so, 1-2.5 mm wide. Spikes 8-25 or more, short and stalkless, no more than 1 cm long, crowded in rather dense cluster, bracts inconspicuous; some plants with only or mostly male, or female spikes, some spikes male above; female scales brownish, distinctly longer than perigynia. Perigynia rather small, 1.7-2.4 mm long, broadly ovate in outline, planoconvex, shiny brown, few- nerved on back or nerveless; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 1.2-1.5 mm long. Reported from boggy habitat around the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds. Distinctive through its small shiny brown perigynia; not common, but in conspicuous.

C. spectabilis Dewey Fig. 49-5 Similar to C. podocarpa, distinguishable as stated in the key. A plant pro bably belonging here has been reported from a wet roadside meadow just south of the Chief Mtn. border crossing.

C. sprengelii Spreng. Fig. 49-6 Clustered plants, 4-8 dm high, with stout rootstocks bearing brown fibers and old leaf-bases; stems sharply triangular. Leaves flat and rather lax, along lower portion of stem, 1.5-4 mm wide. Spikes 3-6, terminal 1 or 2 male (or with some basal perigynia), 1-2 cm long, others female (upper ones sometimes with a few male flowers at tip), 1-3.5 cm long, loose to nodding on long very slender stalks, upper spikes tending to be erect; lower spikes with leafy bracts often just surpassing male spikes, other bracts more reduced; female scales rather narrow, surpassing body of perigynium, white with straw-colored midrib, sharp-tipped. Perigynium 4.1-7.7 mm long, the body plump, pear-shaped in outline, shiny brownish- 245 green, abruptly contracted to slender beak slightly shorter to longer than body; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.7-2.4 mm long. Swampy shores at low elevations; common in the Maskinonge- Knight's Lake area. An easily identified species through its fibrous rootstock and peculiar perigynia.

C. stenophylla Wahl. Fig. 49-7 [C. eleocharis Bailey; C. stenophylla Wahl. var. eleocharis Breitung] Solitary or in small clusters, from rootstocks, stems triangular, 0.5-2 dm high. Leaves on lowest part of stem, firm, often somewhat folded, taper ing into slender point, shorter than stems. Spikes several, very small, closely crowded as to appear like a single spike 8-17 mm long, each spike stalkless, with inconspicuous scale-like bract, male above (rarely plants unisexual); female scales thin, brownish, abruptly contracted to sharp tip, usually surpassing perigynia slightly. Perigynia brownish, rather broadly spindle-shaped, often with stout short stalk, planoconvex, at most with very faint nerves, beak short and blunt; stigmas 2. Fruit lens- shaped, 1.5-2.1 mm long. An inconspicuous prairie species which may be found on exposed, south-facing coulee sides and on fiat prairie, known so far only from near the north entrance but probably in other similar habitats.

C. tenera Dewey (not illustrated) Plants almost exactly intermediate between C. bebbii and C. brevior, occurring in similar habitats, and intergrading with both. Reported from damp situations and along shores at low elevations.

C. tolmiei Boott (not illustrated) Very similar to C. spectabilis and sometimes united with it, and also close to C. podocarpa, distinguishable as shown in the key.

C vesicaria L. Fig. 49-8 Rather coarse plants, in clusters from stout rootstocks, 3-10 dm high. Leaves all along stem and grading into long bracts, both surpassing spikes, blades flat, 3-8 mm wide. Spikes several, stalkless and erect or nearly so, set apart, upper ones male, slender, 2-7 cm long, with very small bracts, lowers ones female, 2-7 cm long, rather thick when mature; female scales shorter and narrower than perigynia, brownish. Perigynia crowded, greenish-brown, strongly 10-20-ribbed, lance-shaped to drop- shaped, rather inflated below, tapering into long cleft beak; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.7-2.4 mm long. 246 Muddy shores and shallow water at low and middle elevations (per haps at Summit Lake), but never common.

C. viridula Michx. Fig. 50-1 [C. oederi Retz. var. viridula (Michx.) Kuekenth.] Tufted plants, lacking rootstocks, 1-4 dm high. Leaves along lowest part of stem, often as long as or surpassing stems, 1-3 mm wide, channeled or flat, with long pale narrow sheaths. Spikes 3-5, the terminal one slender, staminate 7-21 mm long, the lateral ones female, short and stout, lower one(s) often slender-stalked, upper ones often somewhat crowded; at least lowest bract far surpassing spikes; female scales shorter than entire perigynia, brownish with lighter margins. Perigynia 2.2-3.3 mm long, at maturity spreading or even turned down, light greenish-brown, pear- shaped but broadest above middle, abruptly tapering into prominent beak, somewhat inflated and irregularly several-nerved; stigmas 3. Fruit 3-sided, 1.1-1.4 mm long. Wet habitats at low elevations, especially on the lower north slope of Sofa Mtn.

C. xerantica Bailey Fig. 50-2 Densely tufted, from very short rootstocks, 3-7 dm high, stems sharply triangular. Lowest leaves reduced, others crowded above the base, much shorter than stems, more or less flat, 2-4 mm wide. Spikes 3-6, female above, stalkless, bracts inconspicuous and short, the spikes in dense cluster 2-4 cm long, greenish-brown; female scales variable, often but not always narrower and/or shorter than perigynia. Perigynia some what lance-shaped but broadly tapering into flat beak, planoconvex, 4.5-7.0 mm long, rather lightly many-nerved at least on back; stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, 2-3 mm long. Open grasslands at the lowest elevations, as near the north entrance.

Eleocharis (Spike Rush) Plants of boggy or other wet habitats, with rootstocks. Stems erect and unbranched, more or less cylindrical; leaves re duced to tube-like sheaths without even reduced blades. Spikes solitary and terminal, more or less lance-shaped in outline or narrower; scales spirally arranged and overlap ping, the lowest sometimes empty, others each with a single bisexual flower with mostly up to 6 bristles; stamens 1-3; stigmas 2 or 3, base of style usually swollen and persisting as a tubercle; fruits lens-shaped or 3-sided. 50-1 Carex viridula, 50-2 Carex xerantica, 50-3 Eleocharis acicularis, 50-4 Eleocharis palustris, 50-5 Eleocharis pauciflora, 50-6 Eriophorum chamissonis, 50-7 Eriophorum polystachion, 50-8 Eriophorum viridicarinatum (scale only), 50-9 Kobresia simpliciuscula. 248

KEY TO SPECIES Stigmas 2; fruit flattened in biconvex fashion; stems 1-10 dm high. E. palustris Stigmas 3; fruit circular in cross-section; stems up to 4 dm high. Tubercle confluent with fruit below, not separated by obvious constriction; stems slender but not hair-like, mostly 1-3 dm high. E. pauciflora Tubercle separated from fruit below by obvious constriction; stems hair-like, 3-12 cm high. E. acicularis

E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Fig. 50-3 Dwarf plant, forming carpets, with hair-like stems 3-12 cm high, from slender rootstocks. Spikes 2.5-7 mm long, 3-15-flowered, the scale 1.5-2.2 mm long, with greenish midrib and light margins; bristles 3 or 4, at least as long as fruit, sometimes reduced or absent; stigmas 3. Fruit very light grey or yellow, 0.7-1.1 mm long, inverted-ovate with fine net like surface sculpturing and constricted apical tubercle. A distinctive but inconspicuous plant of muddy or grassy shores at low elevations, such as in the Buffalo Paddocks.

E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Fig. 50-4 [incl. E. macrostachya Small] Stems scattered or in small clusters on rootstocks, 1-10 dm high. Spike 5-23 mm long, lance-shaped in outline, light to dark brown; lowest 1-2 scales empty, others 2^4.5 mm long; bristles finely barbed, typically 4, just surpassing the fruit (sometimes bristles absent or nearly so); stigmas 2. Fruit lens-shaped, yellowish-brown, mostly 1.5-2.5 mm long, the apical tubercle well-defined and separated by a constriction. A variable species of a great variety of wet habitats, common at low elevations.

E. pauciflora (Lightf.) Link Fig. 50-5 Small clusters of slender stems, 1-3 dm high, from rather short rootstocks. Spikes 4-8 mm long, mostly 3-9-flowered, basal empty scales absent; scales 2.5-5.5 mm long; bristles usually at least as long as fruit; stigmas 3. Fruit pear-shaped, broadest above the middle, 1.9-2.6 mm long inclusive of stout stylar beak which lacks basal constriction. Boggy habitats, known from near Cameron Lake and Sofa Mtn. but probably growing elsewhere. 249 Eriophorum (Cotton Grass) Sedge-like plants of boggy places, the stems triangular or cylindrical. Leaves narrow and grass-like, with prominent sheath, the blade of some occasionally reduced or absent; spikes solitary or several in a terminal cluster, supported by several overlapping bracts. Flowers bisexual, one in the axil of each fertile scale; "petals" in 6 parts each 4-6 cleft to the base into silky bristles becoming 2-3 cm long at maturity; stamens 1-3; style 3-cleft. Fruit 3-sided, the surrounding bristles persistent.

KEY TO SPECIES Spike solitary, without elongated bract. E. chamissonis Spike 2 or more, clustered or drooping, with 2 or more elongated bracts, at least the longest one surpassing the flower clusters. Midrib of scale disappearing before reaching tip of scale. E. polystachion Midrib of scale remaining, or becoming more prominent toward the tip, reaching end of the scale, green when young. E. viridicarinatum

E. chamissonis Meyer Fig. 50-6 More or less solitary plants from extensive branching rootstocks, form ing large colonies, stems rather stout, 3-7 dm high. Leaves few, on lower stem, sheaths relatively large, the upper leaves (nearly) without blades, others with narrow erect triangular to channeled blades, about 2 mm wide, shorter than the stem. Spike solitary; sterile scales fewer than 7, appearing to form a broad base for the spike, outermost scales enlarged and somewhat sheathing the stem, 1-2 cm long; fertile scales dark green with paler tip and upper margins. Fruit dark, ovate but broadest above middle, about 2 mm long, with prominent tooth at the tip; bristles reddish-brown to dull white. Reported from boggy ground near Cameron Lake.

E. polystachion L. Fig. 50-7 [incl. E. angustifolium Honck] Extensive rootstocks with erect stems 2-6 dm high, forming large colo nies. Leaves along lower half of stem, more or less flat except when approaching the narrowing end, 2-6 mm wide, not reaching flowers. Spikes 2-8, at least some stalked (often nodding when mature), the stalks 250 all attached to top of stem where supported by several overlapping unequal bracts, the tips of at least one of the largest leaf-like and surpass ing flowers or nearly so; scales brownish-green, the midvein disappearing before the tip of the scale is reached where the latter is very thin; bristles white or nearly so. Fruit blackish, 2-3 mm long, ovate but broadest above middle, the apical tooth minute. Beaver ponds on lower north side of Sofa Mtn.

E. viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Fig. 50-8 Very similar to E. polystachion, the main (and consistent) difference being in the scales, as indicated in the key. The former species is much less common than the latter, and is known also from the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds.

Kobresia K. simpliciuscula (Wahl.) Mack. Fig. 50-9 Densely tufted plants, lacking rootstocks, the stiff erect stems 5-40 cm high. Leaves narrow, up to 1 mm wide, much shorter than stem, clustered near the base, the cinnamon-brown leaf bases and yellowed blades from the previous year still attached below. Spikes 3-12, 5-15 mm long, each with brownish bract, the lowes t of which often nearly reaching terminal spike; the spikes with few brown scales, each with one female flower below and one or more male ones above (sometimes flowers of a scale all one sex); female flower with scale loosely wrapped around 3-sided, small fruit; stigmas 3. Very much like several species of Carex in general appearance, but very different in its perigynium, a brown scale-like structure standing with its back to the spike axis and only partly enclosing the dark-tipped fruit.

Scirpus (Bulrush) Perennials, with erect, more or less cylindrical stems tufted or along rootstocks, hairless. Leaves reduced to open sheaths without or nearly without blades, overlapping and investing base of stem. Spikes solitary or in stalked clusters, in both cases at tip of stem and associated with several bracts, the lowest one of which is conspicuously longer than the others. Spikes 2 to many-flowered, individually stalkless, one or none per scale, these spirally arranged and overlapping; flowers bisexual, bristles 1-6, stamens 2 or 3, style 2-3 cleft. Fruit 3-sided or ovate with broadest part above middle, with small terminal tooth. 251

KEY TO SPECIES Tufted, moderately slender plants 1-4 dm high, spike solitary. S. caespitosus Large colonies but not tufted; stout plants 0.5-2.5 m high; spikes many, on branched stalks. S. validus

S. caespitosus L. Fig. 51-1 Stems moderately slender, densely tufted, from short rootstocks, 1-4 dm high, with several light brown scale leaves at the base, the uppermost are usually with a slender blade 4-6 mm long. Spike solitary, brown, 4-6 mm long, with several flowers below with 2-3 empty scales which fall early, the lowest erect and commonly just surpassing flowers; bristles 6, very fragile, mostly surpassing the fruit but not the scale. Fruit 3-sided, about 1.5 mm long, with small terminal tooth. A common bog plant, as around beaver ponds in the Sofa Mtn. area.

S. validus Vahl. (Tule; Common Great Bulrush) Fig. 51-2 Stout plants, 1-3 m high or more, forming large colonies from massive rootstocks, base of stem invested with coarse open leaf-sheaths nearly without blades. Top of stem with erect leafy bract nearly as long or longer than flower clusters, and several inconspicuous bracts. Flower cluster open, with spreading or drooping branches, near the tip of which a small open cluster of spikes on stalks of various lengths when mature, or several nearly stalkless, up to 1 cm long, brownish; margin of scales smooth or somewhat torn or hair-fringed, the tip with prolonged midrib; bristles few, about as long as fruit, fragile. Fruit mostly 2.0-2.3 mm long, ovate but broadest above middle, with small terminal tooth, not com pletely concealed by scales when ripe. Common especially in Maskinonge Lake where it forms extensive nearly pure stands off the shallow shores.

Elaeagnaceae (Oleaster Family) Shrubs, 1 to several meters high, all young parts covered with star- or shield-shaped, frequently interlocking, brown to sil ver hairs; leaves simple, smooth-margined, petiolate, paired or 1 per node. Flowers in small clusters at the nodes, bisexual or flowers (and plants) unisexual; sepals lacking, petals 4, in Elaeagnus forming a funnel; stamens 4 or 8, the center of the 51-1 Scirpus caespitosus, 51-2 Scirpus validus, 51-3 Elaeagnus commutata, 51-4 Shepherdia canadensis, 51-5 Equisetum arvense. 253 flower with a lobed disk; style simple; ovary apparently below other floral organs. Fruit a 1-seeded berry. In reality the base of the floral tube envelopes but is not fused with the ovary, but this fact is difficult to determine in the field.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves paired, not silvery; flowers not funnel- shaped; flowers (and plants) unisexual; stamens 8; berry bright orange to red, less than 6 mm long. Shepherdia Leaves 1 per node, silvery; flowers funnel- shaped, bisexual, the stamens 4; berry silvery, dry, about 1 cm long. Elaeagnus

Elaeagnus E. commutata Bernh. (Wolf Willow; Silverberry) Fig. 51-3 Erect shrubs, spreading from rootstocks to form extensive colonies, mostly up to 2 m high but sometimes up to 4 m. Young twigs cinnamon- brown, aging through grey to black, pliable; all green parts silvery; all but older parts covered with closely interlocking shield-like or star-like hairs. Leaves 1 per node, wavy, smooth-margined, elliptical, up to 6 X 3 cm, petiole up to 5 mm long. Flowers 1 to several per leaf axil, stalked and usually nodding, about 1 cm long; ovary below the 4 funnel-shaped petals, the funnel silver but it and the 4 pointed free lobes yellow; stamens 4, on the inside of the funnel; style 1, short. Fruit a dry, 1-seeded berry about 1 cm long, the long stone strongly furrowed. A rather common and unmistakable shrub at lower elevations, flowering in June and early July, with a strong sweet fragrance.

Shepherdia S. canadensis (L.) Nuttall (Canadian Buffaloberry; Soapberry) Fig. 51-4 Spreading shrubs, up to 3 m tall, of brownish-green appearance because of numerous brown star-shaped hairs, especially on young lower leaves and twigs (elsewhere these hairs pale); leaves paired, up to 5 X 2 cm, ovate, upper surface bright green, lower surface pale and brown-speck led, petiole rather short. Flowers in small clusters below expanding leaves, 3-4 mm wide, not funnel-shaped, greenish-yellow inside; stamens 8 around a flat lobed glandular ring (male flowers); style club-shaped and often twisted, emerging from white-fringed mouth of the green 8-lobed disk, ovary below petals; sexes on separate plants. Fruit a bright juicy yellow or red 1-seeded berry. 254 A common shrub in a great variety of protected and fairly open forest habitats up to 2300 m. The small round buds hibernate and open when the leaves just begin to expand (May). The bitter fruits are eaten in great numbers by the black bear.

Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family) Equisetum (Horsetail, Scouring Rush) Perennial, hairless plants, from dark-colored deep rootstocks, sometimes with small tubers; stems conspicuously jointed, simple to branched, longitudinally grooved, each node with 3 to numerous basally fused needle- or scale-like leaves, those on larger stems and branches forming conspicuous sheaths. Stems of some species of two kinds: (1) cone bearing, fertile, unbranched stems lacking green pigment, (2) sterile, branched or unbranched, green stems; in others, the cone-bearing stem becomes green and develops branches. Stems with central cavity (except in E. scirpoides) and several to numerous smaller canals (vallecular canals) alternating with and peripheral to vascular bundles. Leaf tips and sheaths variously patterned with black, white, and green, the tips sometimes falling, leaving a circular scar; primary branches with smaller sheaths (branch sheaths) than those of main stem (stem sheaths). Cones usually only 1 per stem, terminal, with rounded or .pointed tip, made up of whorls of stalked polygonal organs bearing spore-sacs with greenish spores. In additon to the species recorded for the Park, E. sylvaticum L. should be looked for, as it is known for adjacent mountainous areas to the south and west, from a single re cord for the West Castle area, and (commonly) in central and northern Alberta. It is similar to E. pratense but the leaves of stem-sheaths cohere in groups, the upper part of this sheath being a distinctive chestnut brown; its stem-ridges have dou ble rows of delicate and minute sharply pointed and often curved spines rather than tubercles, and branches are often branched once again. Finally it must be mentioned that occa sional hybrids between several species may be expected. The key below is adapted from T.M.C. Taylor's Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies (University of Toronto Press, 1970). 255

KEY TO SPECIES Cone with rounded tip, its stalk considerably longer than the leaf-sheath below; stems annual; sterile stem usually with regular whorls of branches. Cones produced in spring, on stems different from those without; first internode of primary branches exceeding the sheath of nearby main stem. Coning stem lacking green, usually light brownish, soon withering, unbranched; primary branches usually not again branched; teeth of branch sheaths narrowly triangular. E. arvense Coning stem becoming green and branched, cones and stem-tips withering but main portion persisting; branches on sterile stems rebranched or, if not, the teeth of branch sheaths broadly triangular. E. pratense Cones produced in summer, on stems similar to those without; first internode of primary branches at most equalling the sheath of nearby main stem. Central stem cavity no more than one-sixth of stem's diameter, more or less equalling vallecular canals; stem sheath mostly 10-14 mm long, expanding upwards with 10, usually white-margined teeth. E. palustre Central cavity at least half of stem's diameter, much larger than vallecular canals, or these lacking; stem sheaths 5-10 mm long, usually tightly appressed, teeth scarcely white- margined. E. fluviatile Cones with pointed tip, their stalks not or scarcely longer than the leaf-sheath below; stems evergreen (except E. laevigatum), usually unbranched or at least without regular whorls of branches. Stems low and sinuous, very slender, lacking central cavity; vallecular canals usually 3. E. scirpoides Stems not sinuous, usually erect, with central cavity; vallecular canals 5 or more. 256 Stems rather slender, mostly with 5-10 ridges, these each with 2 rows of tubercles; teeth of stem sheaths persistent. E. variegatum Stems rather stout, typically with 14-40 ridges, these each with a single row of tubercles; teeth of stem-sheaths mostly falling off. Stem-sheaths longer than broad, widening upwards, with a single dark band at the tip; stems mostly annual. E. laevigatum Stem-sheaths nearly or quite as broad as long, tight and scarcely expanding upwards, greyish when mature with 2 dark bands; stems evergreen. E. hyemale

E. arvense L. Fig. 51-5 Stems annual, generally up to 5 dm tall, of two kinds: coning (fertile) stems lacking green coloration, pale brownish, erect and early in spring, soon withering, lacking branches, the sheath-leaves cohering in clusters; these soon followed by persisting green branching erect to ascending stems, leaf-teeth distinct. Cone long-stalked, with rounded tip, commonly up to 2.5 cm long. Central stem cavity about half as wide as stem, vallecu lar canals rather large. Stem sheaths somewhat widening upwards, green, teeth persistent and white-margined; first internode of branches exceeding adjacent stem sheath. Our most common Horsetail, to be expected in open or protected, often moist spots at lower and middle elevations. Tends to become weedy after disturbance. See also comments under E. pratense.

E. fluviatile L. Fig. 52-1 Stems annual and all alike, erect, up to 1 m tall, with low, more or less smooth ridges; central cavity at least four-fifths of stem's diameter, and vallecular canals mostly lacking; stems simple or with few to many simple branches, the tatter's first internode shorter than adjacent stem- sheath. Leaf-teeth on stem persistent and free, dark brown and with no more than thin white margin, commonly without, the sheath below rather tight. Cone at stem-tip, stalk exceeding leaves below, blunt-tipped, falling off after spores are shed. Swampy places, often in colonies standing in shallow water, at lower elevations. An exceptional plant is known from the Marquis Hole with numerous small cones at the tips of the upper branches in addition to the main cone. ^

52-1 Equisetum fluviatile, 52-2 Equisetum hyemale, 52-3 Equisetum laevigatum, 52-4 Equisetum palustre, 52-5 Equisetum pratense. 258 E. hyemale L. Fig. 52-2 Stems erect, all alike, evergreen, rather greyish green, normally un branched and up to 1 m tall, with 18-40 ridges roughened with 1-2 rows of fine tubercles, the latter sometimes separated from each other by short white bars; central cavity two-thirds the stem's diameter, vallecular canals small. Stem sheaths tight, at least as broad as long, the teeth dark brown with white margins but mostly falling off, the remaining sheath becoming grey with a dark band above and below. Cones pointed mostly about 1 cm long, the stalk no longer than the leaves below. Moist places, often on the banks of creeks and ponds, sometimes in light shade, at lower elevations. Similar to E. laevigatum but differing as shown in the key.

E. laevigatum A. Br. Fig. 52-3 Stems usually annual, all alike, greenish or greyish yellow erect, typi cally lacking branches, up to 1 m high, with 14-20 ridges without tub ercles or nearly so. Central cavity no more than three-quarters of stem's diameter, vallecular canals small. Stem sheaths flaring upwards some what, remaining green, longer than broad, teeth dark brown, white-mar gined, but falling early, leaving a single dark band at the end of the sheath. Cones pointed, up to about 1 cm long, the stalk slightly or not at all exceeding the leaves below. Open places, sometimes rather dry, at low elevations; rather rare in the Park.

E. palustre L. Fig. 52-4 Stems annual, all alike, up to 6 dm high, more or less erect, with 7-10 high ridges which are smooth or nearly so, simple branches present at upper and middle stem nodes. Central cavity about one-sixth the stem's diameter, approximately equalling vallecular canals. Stem sheaths wid ening upwards, teeth persistent, blackish-brown with broad, white mar gin, the sheath much longer than the first internode of nearby branches. Cone at stem-tip, blunt-tipped, falling early, its stalk exceeding the sheath- leaves below. A rare Horsetail in "our area known with certainty only from marshy shores of the Belly River.

E. pratense Ehrh. Fig. 52-5 Stems annual, erect, either sterile, pale green and branched, or fertile (cone-bearing), at first simple but becoming green and branched, each up to 6 dm tall, with 10-18 ridges which are smooth or bear rows of minute bl unt spines. Central cavity one-third to one-half of the stem's diameter, vallecu- 259 lar canals as many as ridges. Stem sheaths rather tight, green, with per sistent white-margined teeth, longer than or as long as the basal inter node of any adjacent branches. Cone blunt-tipped, soon withering and fal ling, about 1.5 cm long, its stalk far exceeding the sheath-leaves below. An occasional plant at middle and lower elevations in sites like those of E. arvense, and often intermingled with it. The sterile plants of the two species can be distinguished by the leaf tips of branches which in the latter are slenderly pointed and green-margined, in E. pratense are more triangular and white-margined; and often by the length of the basal inter node of branches, i.e., longer or shorter than the adjacent stem sheath, re spectively.

E. scirpoides Michx. Fig. 53-1 A delicate low plant, from slender branching superficial rootstocks, ever green, all stems alike, sinuous; more or less ascending, often tufted, up to 1.5 dm long, usually unbranched and with 3 or seemingly 6 ridges bearing minute tubercles. Central cavity lacking, the 3 or 4 vallecular canals conspicuous. Stem sheaths blackish-brown, somewhat flaring, termin ating in 3 white-margined teeth of which only the base usually persists. Cones pointed, often no more than 4 mm long, the stalk little or not longer than the leaves below. Mossy banks of creeks, usually in shaded coniferous woods at lower and middle elevations; an inconspicuous species which cannot be mis taken for any other, but appears to be rather rare in the Park.

E. variegatum Schleich. Fig. 53-2 Tufted, erect, slender evergreen stems, from a rather superficial branch ing rootstock, all stems alike and simple, bright green, up to 4 dm tall, with 5-10 ridges, these finely grooved and with 2 rows of tubercles. Central cavity about one-third of stem's diameter, vallecular canals conspicuous. Stem sheaths green but often becoming greyish, with brownish-black cross band at top and persistent, distinct, slenderly pointed leaf-tips with brown midrib and broad white margin. Cones sharply pointed, up to about 1 cm long, the stalk not or scarcely exserted beyond leaves. Gravel bars and moist meadows, occasionally up to 2300 m, but mostly at lower and middle elevations; not common in the Park.

Ericaceae (Heath Family) Perennials or shrubs, sometimes glandular-hairy, deciduous or evergreen, or without green pigment, leaves 1 per node or 260 paired, simple and without stipules. Flowers 1, or 1 per leaf axil, or in various few-flowered clusters, radially symmetrical or nearly so. Sepals 4 or 5, distinct or somewhat fused at base; petals 4 or 5, more or less free or fused in the shape of a cup, funnel, bell, or urn; stamens twice as many as petals, free, often with tubular pores at ends of anther and/or with erect or declining anther spurs; ovary beyond (in Vaccinium below) petals, mostly cushion-like with prominent straight or curved style and distinct stigma. Fruit a mealy or juicy berry, or a round pod with several slits, seeds numerous and small. Of the genera present, Monotropa and Pterospora are sometimes placed in a separate family (Monotropaceae), and Chimaphila, Moneses and Pyrola in another one (Pyrolaceae). An additional plant, Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don, with 4-sided shoots and bell-shaped nodding white flowers should also be looked for-in alpine meadows or bogs, as it is known from the Plateau Mtn. area and points north as well as Glacier National Park, Montana.

KEY TO GENERA

Pale or red plants lacking green pigment; leaves reduced to scales. Plants waxy white to pinkish, mostly less than 2 dm above ground; petals distinct; anthers lacking spur. Monotropa Plants red, 2-8 dm above ground; petals urn- shaped; anthers with 2 long spurs. Pterospora Green plants with expanded leaves. Plants very small, few-leaved, each with 1 erect stalk and single white flower. Moneses Plants otherwise. Leaves numerous, crowded, strap-shaped with margins rolled under, less than 10 X 2 mm. V Phyllodoce Leaves otherwise and larger, although sometimes numerous or with margins rolled under. Flower single in leaf axils. Berries red; petals not urn-shaped; anthers with 2 spurs; leaves evergreen. J Gaultheria Berries blue; petals urn-shaped; anthers without horns; leaves deciduous. ^/Vaccinium 261 Flowers in axillary or other clusters, not single in leaf axils. Flowers on leafless stem below tuft of leaves; petals at least 1 cm long, not urn- shaped. Rhododendron Flowers not so, frequently above leaves; petals less than 1 cm long, variously shaped. Flowers bell- or urn-shaped. Creeping evergreen plants, flowers white and pink, short-stalked, anthers with long spurs. ^.Arctostaphylos Upright deciduous bushes, flowers yellowish-red, long-stalked, anthers without spurs. ^.Menziesia Flowers not bell- or urn-shaped, petals spreading. Flowers elevated above leaves on a common stalk. Style very short, with broad and flat disk-like stigma, stamens with swollen base. Chimaphila Style long, stigma otherwise; stamens lacking swollen base. , Pyrola Flowers not elevated above leaves on a common stalk. Leaves paired, with indistinct short petioles; petals pink, mostly fused. /"Kalmia Leaves 1 per node, with conspicuous petioles; petals white, mostly free. ,/Ledum

Arctostaphylos A. uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (Bearberry; Kinnikinnick) Fig. 53-3 Trailing, densely branched evergreen, very short-hairy on young twigs and petioles; leaves shiny and evergreen, lance-shaped to nearly spoon- shaped, petioles up to 5 mm long, blade up to 2.5 X 1.5 cm, 1 per node. Flowers in terminal small nodding clusters; sepals 5, nearly 2 mm long, broadly overlapping, pink; petals 5, fused into a pink urn about 5 mm long; stamens with spurred anthers and thick hairy base; ovary placed on dark glandular base beyond petals. Fruit a bright red mealy berry 6-8 mm in diameter. 53-1 Equisetum scirpoides, 53-2 Equisetum variegatum, 53-3 Arctostaphylos uva- ursi, 53-4 Chimaphila umbellata, 53-5 Gaultheria humifusa, 53-6 Kalmia polifolia, 53-7 Ledum glandulosum, 53-8 Menziesia ferruginea, 53-9 Moneses uniflora, 53-10 Monotropa hypopitys. ' 263 Throughout the Park, in open and shaded, often dry habitats from the lowest elevations occasionally as high as 2700 m. Flowers from early May (lowlands) to the end of July (alpine regions).

Chimaphila C. umbellata (L.) Bartr. (Pipsissewa; Prince's Pine) Fig. 53-4 Sparsely branched evergreen, with woody stems, from creeping rootstock, up to 2 dm high (leafy part), hairless; leaves 1 per node but crowded in whorl-like clusters, dark and shiny above, up to 7 X 2 cm, narrowly lance-shaped with short petioles, margin sparsely sharp-toothed. Flowers 2 to several on stalk which is up to 1 dm long at tip of branches, individual flower stalks 1-1.5 cm long, often nodding, elongating in fruit. Sepals 5, (free part) 2x2 mm, round-tipped and finely fringed, green and pink; petals 5, about 7 mm long, broadly elliptic, pink; stamens with swollen short-hairy base, lacking spurs; ovary cushion-like, massive, 5-6 mm diameter, style short and very thick, stigmatic disk smooth, 3 mm wide. Fruit a deeply 5-lobed short and wide pod 6-7 mm wide, splitting from the top. An attractive but not abundant plant of shady, rather dry, usually coniferous forest at middle elevations. Flowers mostly in July, after which the new leaves expand. Our plants belong to subsp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hult.

Gaultheria G. humifusa (Grah.) Rydb. Fig. 53-5 Very low, creeping, branching, sparsely hairy evergreen, with broadly lance-shaped, very short-petioled leaves up to 2 X 1 cm, margin smooth or very finely toothed. Flowers singly in leaf axils, on short stalk with 2 small scale-leaves; sepals 5, free part triangular, 2 mm long; petals 5, about 3 mm long, fused halfway in a cup-like manner, the free lobes spreading, yellowish-white with pink tips; stamens with swollen hairless base, lack ing spurs; style about 1 mm long, ovary beyond petals. Fruit a bright red round berry 5-7 mm in diameter. A rare inconspicuous subalpine plant, growing on wet mossy ground at least in the Lineham cirque, on Mt. Carthew, and at Summit Lake. Flowers in mid-summer. Elsewhere in Alberta known only in the Lake Agnes area, Banff.

Kalmia K. polifolia Wang. (Swamp Laurel; Mountain Laurel) Fig. 53-6 Evergreen, hairless, sparsely branched shrubs up to 2 dm in height, with creeping, rooting stems; leaves paired, with very short petioles, lance- shaped, up to 2x1 cm, margin smooth, the dark green upper surface 264 contrasting with the light lower surface. Flowers 1-several at branch- tips, on slender, red stalks up to 3 cm long; sepals 5, about 2 mm long, green and pink; stamens curved when fresh, the anthers fitting in small pouches on the petals; petals 5, about 7 mm long but mostly fused into bowl-shaped organ, bright reddish pink; stamens curved when fresh, the anthers fitting in small pouches on the petals; style as long as stamens (ca. 6 mm). Fruit a deeply lobed pod 5x5 mm, splitting at the tip. A very attractive small swamp-plant, in the Park known only around Summit Lake, the plants referable to subsp. microphylla (Hook.) Calder & Taylor. Flowering in late June and July.

Ledum L. glandulosum Nutt. (Trapper's Tea) Fig. 53-7 Evergreen shrub mostly less than 6 dm high, branching, and erect, finely hairy on young twigs, petioles and lower leaf surfaces. Leaves one per node, shiny green above, petiole 5 mm long or less; blade elliptical or broadly lance-shaped, up to 4.5x2 cm; lower surface light green, glandular-dotted. Flower clusters at branch-tips, soon overlapped by young branches from below, each flower on slender stalk 1-1.5 cm long, erect at first, drooping in fruit. Sepals 5, very small and pale, separate; petals 5, distinct, creamy white, about 5 mm long and spreading; stamens usually 10, far exserted, hairy near the base; ovary beyond petals, green, round and gland-dotted, the straight, stout style 3-4 mm long. Fruit a nodding pod about 4 mm long, finely hairy, more or less round. In Waterton known only from the Cameron Lake-Summit Lake area, growing in open bogs. The plants of our area belong to subsp. glan dulosum, and flower in June and July. The Park seems to be the only Alberta area to have the species in pure form; it is known from the Banff region but apparently only as a hybrid with L. palustre L. subsp. groenlandicum (Oeder) Hult. As the latter occurs just west of the Park the hybrid should perhaps be looked for.

Menziesia M. ferruginea Smith (False Huckleberry) Fig. 53-8 [M. glabella Gray] Branched deciduous shrub, often 2 m high or more, very sparsely hairy on green parts, the grey-brown bark shredding; leaves 1 per node but usually somewhat clustered, petiole 5 mm long or less, blade thin, broadly lance-shaped, up to 6 X 3 cm. Flower clusters at tips of branches, quickly overtopped by new branches from below, each flower on glandular-hairy slender stalk up to 2.5 cm long, nodding, becoming erect in fruit. Sepals 4, very short and broad, greenish, fringed with glandular hairs; petals 4, forming an urn-shaped organ about 8 mm long, brownish- 265 red, the short free lobes slightly spreading; stamens 8, nearly as long as petals, the anthers half their length; ovary broadly pear-shaped, beyond petals, with the straight style 3 mm long, the stigma with 4 small projec tions. Fruit a pear-shaped 4-parted pod about 5 mm long. A common shrub of shaded forests at middle elevations all through at least the middle and western portions of the Park. Our plants belong to var. glabella (Gray) Peck, and flower from late May to early July.

Moneses M. uniflora (L.) Gray (One-flowered Wintergreen) Fig. 53-9 [Pyrola uniflora L.] One-flowered, hairless perennial, rarely up to 1 dm tall, from a slender creeping rootstock. Leaves few, clustered at the base, evergreen, thin, the blade up to 1.5 X 1.5 cm and round with tapered base or smaller and broadly lance-shaped, with shallowly toothed margin and petiole up to 1 cm long. Flowering stalk erect, with one or no scale-like bracts, the flower nodding. Sepals 5, yellowish white, 2-3 mm long, distinct, ovate and finely fringed; petals 5, free and overlapping, up to 1 cm long and spread ing, white; stamens 10, anthers large and yellow-white, with two tubular extensions each; ovary beyond petals, cushion-like, about 6 mm wide, style straight and stout, about 4 mm long, with an elaborate crown^like stigma with 5 prongs. Fruit an erect round pod on elongated stalk, 6-7 mm thick. A delightful large-flowered plant of shaded, mossy coniferous forests, known from a number of localities throughout the Park. Flowers in July and early August.

Monotropa M. hypopitys L. (Pinesap) Fig. 53-10 [Hypopitys monotropa Crantz] A waxy-white, yellowish, or pinkish, short-hairy plant, lacking green pigment, up to 2.5 dm high, the stem stout and unbranched. Leaves 1 per node, reduced to broad scale-like organs along the stem. Flowers in a terminal elongating cluster, each flower stalked, axillary to a scale-like bract; sepals 4, bract-like; petals 4, pouched at the base, erect, about 1 cm long; stamens 8, about 5 mm long, hairy; ovary beyond other parts, lobed and pear-shaped, with straight short style and large lobed stigma, the entire ovary hairy and about 7 mm long. Fruit a pod showing 4 longitudinal slits from the tip, seeds very small and numerous. A curious plant, until recently not known from the province but now recorded from several southern localities. In the Park it has been observed along the Twin Lakes trail, near the Sofa Creek beaver ponds, and on the west fork of the Belly River. It also grows just west of the 266 border at Cameron Lake, and should be expected generally in that area. The most common but not exclusive habitat is deeply shaded coniferous woods, where the plants rather suddenly appear and flower in July and August. The plants are said to be perennial. Our material belongs to subsp. lanuginosa (Michx.) Hara.

Phyllodoce (Mountain Heather) Low, densely branched shrubs, with flexible stems, leaves 1 per node but densely crowded all along stem, evergreen, needle-like with conspicuously down-curled margins. Flowers in terminal clusters, each on a long glandular-hairy stalk. Sepals 5, distinct; petals 5, fused in urn-like or bell-like fashion, the 5 short lobes spreading or curled under; stamens 10, shorter than petals and without spurs; ovary beyond petals, 5-lobed, with straight style and undifferentiated stigma reaching to the mouth of the flower. Fruit dry, 5-lobed, becoming erect.

KEY TO SPECIES Petals fused into a red hairless bell-shaped structure, the free lobes curled under. P. empetriformis Petals fused into a yellowish-white urn-shaped structure, covered with stalked glandular hairs below, the free lobes at most slightly spreading. P. aleutica

P. aleutica (Spreng.) Heller (Yellow Mountain Heather) Fig. 54-1 [P. glanduliflora (Hook.) Gov.] Plants often somewhat smaller than P. empetriformis, and leaves a little shorter. Flowers nodding, on greenish stalks up to 1 cm long. Sepals 5, 3-4 mm long, green and glandular-hairy, rather narrow; petals 5, urn- shaped, glandular-hairy on the outside except at tip, yellowish, the short free lobes somewhat spreading; stamens 10; style not exserted. An alpine shrub of the same habitat preference and flowering time as P. empetriformis (see comments under that species). Our plants belong to subsp. glanduliflora (Hook.) Hult., and are recorded from only 4 localities in the western half of the Park.

P. empetriformis (Smith) D. Don (Pink Mountain Heather) Fig. 54-2 Plants up to 4 dm high, leaves as much as 1.5 cm long. Flowers more or less erect or slightly nodding, on red stalks up to 2.5 cm long; sepals 5, dark red, 2 mm long and 1 mm wide, hairless except for short marginal 54-1 Phyllodoce aleutica, 54-2 Phyllodoce empetriformis, 54-3 Pterospora andromeda, 54-4 Pyrola asarifolia, 54-5 Pyrola chlorantha, 54-6 Pyrola minor, 54-7 Pyrola picta, 54-8 Pyrola secunda. 268 hairs; petals 5, bright pinkish red, bell-shaped, the short free lobes curled under, the bell about 5 mm long and nearly as wide, hairless, stamens 10; style exserted. A beautiful small shrub of open alpine slopes from 2000-2600 m, flowering in July and August. The species occasionally hybridizes with P. aleutica, the two often growing together.

Pterospora P. andromedea Nutt. (Pinedrops) Fig. 54-3 Erect, stout, unbranched plants, up to 1 m tall, densely covered with glan dular hairs, lacking green pigment, dark purple-red, leaves 1 per node but reduced to scales up to 1.5 cm long, flowers nodding, numerous on elongating stalk, each with slender curved stalk about 1 cm long; sepals 5, reddish-brown and pointed, distinct, 5 mm long; petals 5, forming an urn 7-8 mm long, yellowish-white, hairless, the free lobes short and spreading; stamens 10, the anthers with long drooping spurs; ovary beyond petals, flat, with 3 mm long stout straight style and massive stigma. Fruit a round but cushion-like hanging pod about 1 cm wide, purplish-red. A very striking plant, usually found in dry coniferous forest at eleva tions up to 1800 m. Like the other local saprophyte in the family, Monotropa hypopitys, this plant is probably perennial. Apparently no fur ther north than the Crowsnest Pass, but also in the Cypress Hills. Flowers in late June and July.

Pyrola (Wintergreen; Shinleaf) Evergreen, hairless plants, the shiny leaves often clustered at the base of a simple erect flowering stalk, with slender branch ing rootstock. Leaves simple, with petioles, 1 per node, margin smooth or nearly so. Flowers stalked along upper part of the unbranched flowering stem; sepals and petals 5 each, distinct or nearly so; stamens 10, anthers inverted, elongate but lack ing spurs, opening through tubular, distal pores; ovary beyond petals, massive, lobed, and cushion-like; style stout, straight or curved, the stigma with various lobes or projecting appen dages. Fruit a stout cushion-like round pod, splitting from the base, the fissures with fibrous cross-connections.

KEY TO SPECIES Style straight and not drooping; widest portion of stigma lobed, its center with very small or no projecting appendage(s). 269 Flowers all around stalk; petals pinkish, round- tipped; style scarcely projecting beyond petals. P. minor Flowers mostly on one side of stalk; petals creamy white, sharp-tipped; style projecting at least 2 mm beyond petals. P. secunda Style curved, drooping; widest portion ("collar") of stigma not obviously lobed, its center with ob vious projecting appendage(s). Leaves with contrasting light veins on upper surface, with pointed tips. P. picta Upper leaf surface of even color, tips rounded. Flowers yellowish-green; rather slender plants, leaf blades commonly 1.5-3 cm long. P. chlorantha Flowers pink to purple-red; rather stout plants, leaf blades commonly 3-6 cm long. P. asarifolia

P. asarifolia Michx. (Pink Wintergreen) Fig. 54-4 [incl. P. bracteata Hook.] Rather stout plants, mostly up to 4 dm high. Leaf blades 3-6 cm wide, round or very broadly lance-shaped, abruptly tapering into petiole longer than the blade. Stalk with 1 or more scale-leaves, sometimes the flowers in axils of red, sharply pointed bracts 1 cm long. Sepals 3 mm long, purple- margined; petals 5-7 mm long, purple and rounded, stigma broadened in to collar, with central projecting appendage(s). An attractive common wild flower throughout the Park, usually found in shaded coniferous or other forests from 1400 to 2300 m. Flowers dur ing July and early August.

P. chlorantha Sw. (Green-flowered Wintergreen) Fig. 54-5 [P. virens Schweigg.] Rather delicate plants, 2 dm high or less. Leaf blades ovate to elliptical, up to 3 X 2 cm, as long as or shorter than petiole. Flowers few, rather large, nodding; sepals about 2x2 mm, green; petals 5 mm long, rounded, greenish-white; anthers yellow-tipped; style drooping, somewhat curved, 5 mm long, the expanded stigma with 5 central projections. An inconspicuous species rather rarely found in dry coniferous forest at lower elevations, probably flowering mostly in July. It is quite similar in appearance and habitat to P. minor which, however, has a completely different style and stigma.

P. minor L. (Lesser Wintergreen) Fig. 54-6 Plants less than 2 dm high. Leaf blades about as long as petioles, 1-4 cm 270 long and nearly as wide, margin very shallowly scalloped. Stalk with 1 or several basal scales, flowers rather few and nodding; sepals ovate, 2 mm long, greenish-red; petals 5 mm long, rounded, yellowish-pink; anthers yellow; style straight and stout, with the stigma 2 mm long, the latter con spicuously lobed, lacking central appendages. An inconspicuous and rare species once found in a boggy coniferous site at the north end of Cameron Lake. Flowers probably mostly in July.

P. picta Smith (White-veined Wintergreen) Fig. 54-7 Plants usually less than 2 dm high. Leaf blades rather leathery, ovate to broadly elliptical, up to 6 cm long, and longer than petioles, upper surface with broad white veins contrasting against a dark green back ground. Flowers rather few, standing sideways; sepals ovate, 2 mm long, reddish; petals spreading, about 6 mm long, rounded, yellowish with purple and often green; anthers yellowish; style curved, hanging down, 5 mm long, the stigma with 5 finger-like central projections. An unmistakable but rare plant, recorded qnly from the Crypt Lake trail, the lower Bertha Creek area, and coniferous woods at Cameron Lake, and not elsewhere in Alberta. Flowers probably mainly in July.

P. secunda L. (One-sided Wintergreen) Fig. 54-8 Small, often somewhat clustered plants, only rarely more than 1.5 dm high. Leaf blades broadly lance-shaped to elliptic, olive-green, up to 4 X 3 cm, the petiole always shorter; margin finely toothed. Stalk with 1 or several green lower bracts, the flowers all facing to one side, rather numerous, their stalks 2-3 mm long. Sepals lxl mm, green; petals about 4 mm long, elliptical, not spreading, yellowish-green; anthers exserted, with granular, whitish surface; style straight, 4 mm long but lengthening to about 6 mm in age, remaining attached to the 5 mm broad pod; stigma lobed but mostly lacking prominent central appendages. A very common plant, preferring coniferous forests at middle elevations, ascending at least to 2200 m, and flowering in July and early August. Its one-sided flowering stalk and rather narrow nodding flowers are unmistakable.

Rhododendron R. albiflorum Hook. (White Rhododendron) Fig. 55-1 Small, branched, deciduous shrubs, up to 1 m or more high, green parts with sparse brownish and small glandular hairs; leaves up to 6 X 2.5 cm, 1 per node, somewhat tufted at end of twigs, lance-shaped, tapering into very short petiole, margin smooth. Flowers spread along previous year's 271 growth below leaves, with brown scale-leaves, on stalks 1 cm long, some what nodding; sepals 5, green, up to 10 X 4 mm, distinct; petals 5, creamy white, forming a cup 1.5 X as long as sepals, the free lobes about half the petal length; stamens 10, somewhat exserted, hairy below; ovary and fruit ovate and somewhat hairy, heavy-walled, 5-8 mm long, dark brown, splitting from the tip. A rather rare shrub in the Alberta Rockies, usually hugging the conti nental divide. Two localities are known in Waterton (Twin Lakes and Lost Lake), at 2200 and 2100 m. Flowers from early July well into August.

Vaccinium (Blueberry) Profusely branched small deciduous shrubs, hairless or nearly so, the stems sometimes angular or ridged, terminating in a small spur flanked by uppermost lateral bud. Leaves sim ple, numerous, 1 per node, with finely toothed margin. Flowers nodding, individually in leaf axils; sepals 5, minute or rim-like, crowning the ovary; petals 5, forming an urn with small, reflexed lobes; stamens 10, shorter than petals, anthers with 2 erect spurs; style straight, with small and simple stigma. Fruit a nodding juicy blue or reddish-blue edible berry. Many common names are reported in writings on this genus, among others Bilberry, Blueberry, and Whortleberry for blue-fruited species such as ours; however, most people simply know them as blueberries.

KEY TO SPECIES Young twigs reddish brown, not angular; widest part of leaf blade above its middle. V. caespitosum Young twigs usually green, angular; widest part of leaf blade at or somewhat below its middle. Plants 1-3 dm high; leaves mostly 1-2 cm long; fruit 5-8 mm in diameter. V. myrtillus Plants 4-10 dm high; leaves 2-5 cm long; fruit 8-10 mm in diameter. , V. membranaceum

V. caespitosum Michx. Fig. 5.5-2 More or less matted, densely branched shrubs, up to 2.5 dm high, spread ing from rootstocks, the twigs first reddish-brown, not angular, young leaves and twigs usually very finely hairy. Leaf blade 1-3 cm long, lance- shaped but widest part above the middle, from which tapering into petiole in wedge-like fashion. Sepals forming very shallowly lobed rim which falls away from the fruit; petals whitish-pink, 5-6 mm, the urn twice as 55-1 Rhododendron albiflorum, 55-2 Vaccinium caespitosum, 55-3 Vaccinium membranaceum, 55-4 Vaccinium myrtillus, 55-5 Corydalis aurea, 55-6 Gentiana affinis, 55-7 Gentiana amarella. 273 long as thick. Berry dark blue with waxy bloom, spherical, 5-8 mm thick. Mountain slopes, usually in partial shade, up to 2400 m. Flowers mostly in June.

V. membranaceum Hook. Fig. 55-3 Spreading shrub, up to 1 m high or more, the young twigs greenish and smooth or minutely hairy, somewhat angular. Leaf blade 2-5 cm long, the widest part at the middle or somewhat lower. Sepals forming a scarcely lobed rim; petal urn one-third again as long (5-6 mm) as broad, yellow- green with purple tinge. Fruit purplish-black, spherical, 8-10 mm thick. A common plant at middle and upper elevations, preferring light shade, and flowering in June and July. The fruit is perhaps the most delicious of native blueberries.

V. myrtillus L. Fig. 55-4 Densely branched, tufted shrub, up to 3 dm high, with greenish angular very finely hairy twigs. Leaf blades lance-shaped, mostly less than 2 cm long, widest part at or below the middle. Sepals forming shallowly lobed rim; petal urn nearly spherical, pinkish, about 4 mm long. Fruit bluish- black, 5-8 mm thick, spherical or nearly so. Known from rather exposed alpine sites at about 2000 m in a few localities along the border, flowering probably in June and early July. In the western West Castle area, and further south, extending both north and west, a very similar species, V. scoparium Leiberg is known, which possibly has escaped notice in the Park. Its habit is even more finely bran ched, with smaller leaves and flowers and a bright red berry 3-5 mm thick.

Fumariaceae (Fumitory Family) Corydalis C. aurea Willd. (Golden Corydalis) Fig. 55-5 Annual or biennial, hairless plants, from a rather strong taproot, with numerous, often sprawling stems sometimes reaching 4 dm or more in length. Leaves blue-green, both basal and along stems, up to 12 cm long, most of which is petiole; blade narrowly ovate in outline, its stalked lateral segments again divided or deeply cleft into rather narrow por tions. Flower clusters short, terminating the stem but often overtopped by lateral shoots. Flowers stalked, golden-yellow, rather narrow, standing transversely when mature; sepals 2, whitish, with toothed margin, about 2 mm long; petals 4, the upper one large and with sac-shaped base, both it 274 and the lower one somewhat hooded near the tip, the lateral (inner) petals boat-shaped above a narrow stalk, and adhering at the tip. Stamens 6, in 2 groups; ovary inserted beyond other elements, long narrow and tapered, the large 2-lobed stigma on a long stylar beak. Fruit a stalked bean-like pod with shiny black seeds each with a whitish food-body. An occasional, somewhat weedy plant, often in open moist spots along trails and roadsides. Never common in the Park, it may be expected almost anywhere in such sites at lower elevations. The food-bodies on the seeds are eaten by ants which disseminate the seeds. Flowers from May into July. The much taller reddish-flowered C. sempervirens (L.) Pers. is known from Glacier Park, and from the Castle River area north, but not yet from Waterton.

Gentianaceae (Gentian Family) Gentiana (Gentian) Annuals, biennials, or perennials; hairless, with smooth- margined simple leaves in pairs, lacking petioles on stem leaves, without stipules. Flowers bisexual, and often very showy; sepals 4-5 forming a narrowly conical tube, the free lobes often unequal, variable in shape and length, sometimes lacking; petals 4-5, forming a long tube or funnel, terminating in free lobes, these with fringes along the margin, on the inner face, or in the bays separating lobes, and/or with pleated por tions in the upper tube between free lobes. Stamens as many as free petal lobes and fused with their median portion in lower portion of tube. Ovary inserted beyond petals, narrowly elongate, and often stalked terminating in 2 small stigmatic lobes. Fruit a 1-chambered, narrow capsule splitting into 2 lobes, sometimes long-stalked, the seeds more or less smooth or winged or with numerous minute protuberances. The genus includes some of the most beautiful wild flowers in the Park. In many treatments the genus Gentianella is separately recognized with (in the Park) the species G. amarella, G. detonsa, and G. propinqua. Some of our species show a great deal of variability and are taxonomically difficult. One additional species, Gentiana glauca Pall., should be looked for in the Park as it is known from one locality in Glacier National Park, Montana, and more northern areas. It is an alpine plant up to 1.5 dm high, with pleated, rather narrow flowers, the elliptical leaves mostly crowded at the base of the upright stem, which springs from a creeping rootstock; the seeds have an irregular thin crinkled wing. A simi- 275 lar geographical distribution exists in Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb., known from an area in west-central Montana and, in Alberta, from the Bow River area northwards. It is unique in the family in having spurred petals.

KEY TO SPECIES Petal lobes rounded, fringed all along margin. G. detonsa Petal lobes pointed to somewhat blunt, with smooth margin. Long and thick fringes on inside face of petal lobes, but not between lobes; annuals. G. amarella Fringes between petal lobes or lacking, but not on inside face of lobes; annuals to perennials. Petal tube between lobes not pleated, and lacking fringes there. G. propinqua Fringes and/or pleats present on the petal tube where lobes meet. Plants very small, mostly less than 1 dm high, annual or biennial; leaves mostly 3-5 mm long, flowers small, less than 2 cm long. G. prostrata Plants larger, 1-3 dm high, perennial, leaves longer than 1 cm; flowers large, 2-4 cm long. Flowers dark blue; leaves often no more than half as wide as long; high elevation. G. calycosa Flowers lighter blue, leaves usually at least twice as long as broad; low elevation. G. affinis

G. affinis Griseb. (Prairie Gentian) Fig. 55-6 Tufted perennial, up to 3 dm high, with up to a dozen leaf-pairs below flowers, these leaves up to 4 X 1 cm, rather narrowly lance-shaped. Flowers rather few, clustered above, mostly on 1-flowered axillary stalks with 2 small leaves; sepal lobes commonly narrow and about 5 mm long; petals 2.5-3 cm long, whitish-green outside or mostly blue, with prominent folds between petal lobes deeply lacerated at margin. Seeds flattened, with broad flat wing. An attractive rare gentian known to occur in sedge meadows near the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds, but perhaps nowhere else in the Park. Flowers in July and August.

G. amarella L. (Felwort) Fig. 55-7 Rigidly erect annual or biennial, the larger plants with many erect 276 branches, mostly less than 4 dm high. Leaves typically up to 4 X 1.5 cm, lance-shaped but with somewhat clasping base. Flowers pale blue to violet, in leaf axils or in diffuse to crowded arrangement along upper branches. Sepal lobes lance-shaped, free nearly to the base; petals 10-15 mm long, the inner surface of the lobes with long stout fringes. Seeds rounded, without wing or appendages. The most common gentian in western North America in a great variety of usually open, often grassy or rocky habitats at elevations up to about 2300 m. It is a variable species which in North America can be referred to subsp. acuta (Michx.) Gillett. Flowers from the end of June into September.

G. calycosa Griseb. Fig. 56-1 Perennials, 1-3 dm high, often tufted, unbranched. Leaves up to 3 X 2 cm, broadly lance-shaped to ovate, the upper ones somewhat clasping the stem, clearly 3-veined. Flowers 1 or few, at the tips of stems and in nearby leaf axils, dark blue. Sepal lobes variable; petals united in funnel-like manner, 3-4 cm long, the free lobes pointed to somewhat blunt, about 1 cm long, separated by folds tipped with a cluster of broad filaments. Seeds not winged, and lacking appendages. Perhaps our most beautiful gentian, in Canada known only from Waterton and the King Edward Peak area in British Columbia. In the Park it is abundant in the Lower Rowe Lake area, and otherwise above Alderson Lake, at Ruby Lake, and in the upper Oil Basin area. Flowering time is in July and August.

G. detonsa Rottb. (Fringed Gentian) Fig. 56-2 [G. barbata Frol.(?); G. crinata Frol.(?)] Annuals, up to 3.5 dm high; simple or branched from the base, stiffly erect. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped below, becoming narrower and longer above, sometimes slenderly strap-shaped, up to 4 cm long. Flowers on long slender stalks far above leaves, usually blue. Sepals very unequal, free for up to half their length; petals commonly 4, with rounded lobes showing a fringed margin, but not fringed or pleated between lobes. Seeds somewhat angular, and with minute inflated appendages. Boggy meadows in and near the Belly River Valley, where rare. The plants are members of an exceedingly difficult and variable species complex to which many names have been applied at the species and other levels. For example, two separate subspecies of G. crinata (ssp. victorinii (Fern.) Gillett and ssp. macounii (Holm) Gillett) have been reported from the Park which probably may justifiably be subordinated to G. detonsa. Waterton plants are in flower in July and August. 56-1 Gentiana calycosa, 56-2 Gentiana detonsa, 56-3 Gentiana propinqua, 56-4 Gentiana prostrata, 56-5 Geranium bicknellii, 56-6 Geranium richardsonii, 56-7 Geranium viscosissimum. 278 G propinqua Richards Fig. 56-3 Annuals, typically less than 2 dm high, the smaller plants and 1-flowered, larger ones much branched from the base and above. Leaves lance- shaped, somewhat clasping the stem, up to 4 X 1 cm. Flowers blue to light purple, tubular, up to 2 cm long but often much smaller. Sepal lobes 4, at least as long as fused portion; petals 4, the free lobes lacking fringes or pleats, spreading but quickly closing, rather sharply pointed. Seeds rounded and nearly smooth. A rare and often dwarf species known from the Mt. Richards- Carthew area only, but possibly occurring elsewhere at comparable (2200 m) elevations. It is superficially similar to G. amarella but many of its flowers are much larger, and lack any fringes. Flowers in July and August.

G. prostrata Haenke (Moss Gentian) Fig. 56-4 [G. fremontii Torr.] Usually a very small plant, flowering even when 1.5 cm high, sometimes 1.5 dm high, simple or much branched from below, the lowest branches often somewhat creeping; annual or biennial. Leaves typically up to 5 X 3 mm but proportional to size of plant to some extent, white-margined, very broadly lance-shaped, base not clasping. Flowers single at the tips of branches, usually light blue. Sepals with free lobes about 2-4 mm long; petals 4 or 5 with pointed lobes separated by well defined folds which may be notched above, the tube nearly cylindrical. Seeds with narrow wing on one side, or wingless. The most inconspicuous gentian in our mountains, and very rare in the Park, being known so far only from meadows at Carthew Lakes, where it is likely to be in flower in July and early August. Our plants are var. americana Engelm.

Geraniaceae (Geranium Family) Geranium (Wild Geranium; Crane's Bill) Herbaceous, leafy plants, hairy on at least all green parts, annual, biennial, or perennial. Leaves often clustered at base, but also on upright stems where paired and with conspicuous stipules; the blade more or less round in outline, deeply cleft towards center, segments cleft and toothed above the middle; main veins convergent at base. Flowers long-stalked, in few- flowered, open, brightly colored terminal clusters; sepals 279 overlapping, 5, green and persistent; petals 5, distinct, broad- tipped; stamens 2 sets of 5, of 2 different lengths; pistil 1, the ovary 5-lobed, style with narrow beak just below the 5 slender stigmatic lobes. Fruit 5-lobed, splitting upwards into 5 parts, each attached to a recoiling strip which separates from the stylar column, releasing 1 or 2 seeds each, these with long, coiled tail.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaf blade less than 6 cm broad; petals less than 1 cm long; stigmatic lobes 2 mm long or less; annuals or biennials, often on disturbed ground. G. bicknellii Leaf blade mostly more than 6 cm broad; petals longer than 1 cm; stigmatic lobes 3 mm or longer; perennials, not on disturbed ground. Petals white, often with pink veins, inside surface hairy halfway or less; flower stalks with purple-headed glandular hairs. G. richardsonii Petals bright purple-red, inside surface hairy one-third up or less; flower stalks with yellow- headed glandular hairs. G. viscosissimum

G. bicknellii Britt. Fig. 56-5 Annuals or perennials, with clustered stems, up to 5 dm long, much branched, white-hairy throughout, the hairs on and below the sepals with dark glandular tips. Basal leaves often withering early; stem leaves long- petioled, paired, with pink-tinged stipules, blade less than 6 cm broad, cleft almost to the base with 5 wedge-like segments, the upper parts of which are marginally cleft or toothed. Sepals about 5 mm long, with finger-like tips; petals about 7 mm long, pink; pistil about as long as petals but growing to about 2 cm in length in fruit, stigmatic lobes 2 mm long or less. An occasional plant of almost weedy behavior, often frequenting disturbed ground at low elevations but never abundant. Flowers from late May to early July.

G. richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. Fig. 56-6 Rather tall plants, perennial, somewhat hairy, less than 8 dm; large leaves basal, with petioles up to 3 dm long, blades 6-14 cm broad, the segments rather sparsely cleft at the tip. Glandular hairs on flower stalks and sepals purple-tipped; sepals about 8 mm long plus a 2 mm finger-like tip; petals white, often with pink or purple veins, about 1.5 X 1 280 cm; pistil shorter than petals, growing to about 3 cm in fruit inclusive of 5 mm long, slender stigmatic branches. A common plant, especially in moist aspen groves below 1700 m, flowering from late June into August. The species is said to hybridize occasionally with G. viscosissimum, but convincing examples have not been seen from the Park.

G. viscosissimum Fisch & Mey. Fig. 56-7 A stout, rather hairy plant, up to 8 dm tall; large leaves basal, sometimes up to 3 dm long, the blade up to 15 cm broad, the far half of the segments again deeply cleft. Glandular hairs on sepals and flower stalks yellow- tipped; sepals about 1 cm long inclusive of 2 mm finger-like tip; petals purplish-red, up to 2 X 1.5 cm; pistil shorter than petals, becoming a fruit 3 cm long, inclusive of 3 mm long stigmatic branches. A strikingly handsome and common plant all through the Park below 2000 m, preferring light shade but also able to grow in exposed grassy meadows. Flowers from early June well into August.

Gramineae [Poaceae] (Grass Family) Herbaceous plants, annual or perennial, many spreading by means of rootstocks; stems mostly hollow except for the prominent nodes. Leaves long and narrow, 1 per node, divided into an open or closed tube-like sheath enclosing the stem to various degrees, and the flat, folded, or incurled sharp-tipped blade; where sheath and blade join, the former extends upwards as a small structure (the ligule), variable in shape and hairiness; at the rounded "shoulder" of the sheath many species show 2 pointed ribbon-like flaps called auricles. Flower cluster extremely variable, varying from profusely branched to dense spikes; ultimate unit the spikelet consisting of 2 lower bracts (glumes) and 1 or more bract-like structures (lemmas) each with an axillary highly reduced flower or floret, the lemma paired with and faced, on the other side of the flower, by a smaller bract-like structure called the palea; either, neither, or both glumes and lemmas with a stiff awn on back or tip. Flowers largely hidden by surrounding organs except for filaments and anthers of the (commonly 3) stamens and (commonly 2), styles with feather-like stigmas. Fruit, a 1-seeded kernel or grain sometimes permanently enclosed within lemma and palea. 281 An enormously large family, represented in Waterton by nearly one hundred species. Two other families (Juncaceae and Cyperaceae) are of a similar grass-like habit but can be distinguished readily, as indicated under the latter family. Identification of grasses under the best of circumstances requires a knowledge of the associated specialized termin ology, most of which is summarized above. With regard to the key below, I can only echo C. Leo Hitchcock in his superbly detailed treatment of the grasses of the Pacific Northwest: may the user be blessed with more than normal intuition! An additional grass species, Plains Muhly (Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torrey) Rydb.), has been recently discovered by Dr. Susan Aiken (Ottawa) along the Bison Exhibit Trail. It is a low grass, and the numerous slender, erect stems grow in clumps and with side branches above the base. It is mostly a species of the dry prairies.

KEY TO GENERA (adapted from E. Hulten's Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories) Spikelets (all or many) with obvious stalks, the entire flower cluster with stalked lateral branches (unless spikelet single). Mature flower cluster open (at least in part) or spikelet solitary; the naked stalks of at least some of the lowest branches showing and more than 2 mm long. GROUP 1 Mature flower cluster more compact, most of its branches short and dense, often spike-like or in compact masses; no naked branches at the lowest node showing, or these less than 2 mm long. GROUP 2 Spikelets not stalked; flower cluster spike-like or with stalked lateral branches. GROUP 3

GROUP 1 Spikelets 1-flowered. Lemma hardened when mature, harder than glumes. Oryzopsis Lemma softer than glumes, membranous and/or translucent. • Lemma with terminal or dorsal awn. Lemma awn terminal, twisted and bent, much longer than kernel. Stipa 282 Lemma awn dorsal, less than twice as long as kernel. Lemma base surrounded with copious, usually long hairs. Calamagrostis Lemma base without long hair. Spikelet axis elongated, bristle-like, beyond individual flower. Cinna Spikelet axis not so elongated. Agrostis • Lemma awnless. Spikelet with 2 sterile brush-like lemmas at base, the terminal flower bisexual. Phalaris Spikelets lacking such sterile lemmas. Glumes nearly equal, longer than thin lemma. Agrostis Glumes unequal, the lemma intermediate or longer. Glumes smaller than mature kernel, blunt-tipped. Catabrosa Glumes larger and pointed, at least one surpassing lemmas and kernels. Calamovilfa • Spikelets with 2 to several flowers. "f- Lemma with terminal or dorsal awn. Lemma included in glumes. Danthonia Lemma surpassing glumes. Lemmas awned on back. Lemmas keeled, deeply cleft at tip. Trisetum Lemmas rounded on back, 3-4-toothed at tip. Deschampsia Lemmas with apical or subapical awn, or awn-pointed. Lemmas 2-toothed at tip, awned from notch or just below notch. Ovary hairy at tip; stigmas not stalked, borne from below summit of ovary. Bromus Ovary hairless; styles more or less terminal. Schizachne Lemma not 2-toothed; awn terminal. Festuca 283 + Lemma awnless. Spikelets 3-flowered, flowers all at the same level, the middle one bisexual, lateral ones male. Hierochloe Spikelets 2-flowered, or with 3 or more flowers at different levels. Lemmas sharply pointed. Lemmas rounded on back; upper flower sterile. Melica Lemmas usually keeled (sometimes somewhat rounded) on back. Poa Lemmas somewhat blunt-tipped, more or less toothed. Spikelets 1-2-fiowered; glumes very small, lemma with 3 prominent nerves. Catabrosa Spikelets more than 4-flowered; glumes moderately small; lemma with 5-9 prominent nerves. Glyceria

GROUP 2 Spikelets 1-flowered (in Beckmannia, often with a second, sterile flower). Flower cluster cylindrical, not interrupted, very dense. Awns thin, on lemma only. Alopecurus Awns stout, on glumes only. Phleum Flower cluster more or less interrupted, composed of separate groups. Spikelets pear-shaped but compressed, arranged in overlapping fashion along separate spike-like subunits. Beckmannia Spikelets not pear-shaped, not arranged in overlapping series. Muhlenbergia Spikelets 2-flowered to several-flowered. Koeleria

GROUP 3 Flower cluster with numerous elongated, often stalked lateral branches along which 2 regular 284 rows of fiat, overlapping, 1-flowered, broad spikelets; awns lacking. Beckmannia Flower cluster otherwise, either a single spike, or with narrow and elongated, stalked spikelets along main axis; spikelets 1, 2 or several- flowered; awns present or absent. Each node of flower cluster with several long awn-like structures, unbranched and directly from the node, below spikelet(s); easily confused with Hordeum. Sitanion Nodes of flower cluster without such awns. Spikelets solitary at each node of axis. Spikelets conspicuously stalked. Helictotrichon Spikelets not so. Plants perennial, native; spikelets compressed. Agropyron Plants annual, introduced (wheat); spikelets not compressed. Triticum Spikelets normally more than 1 at each node of axis. Spikelets 3 per node, 1-flowered, the two lateral ones on curved stalks, reduced to awns, and sterile; leaf blades without auricles. Hordeum Spikelets 2 or more per node, all alike, 2 to 6-flowered; leaf blades with auricles. Elymus

Agropyron (Wheatgrass) Perennials, with or without rootstocks. Flower cluster a spike, spikelets several-flowered and often compressed, then the flat side against main stem; glumes and lemmas awned from the tip or awnless, the former shorter than first lemma. A very difficult group through frequent intergradation of species and occasional hybridization with species of other genera.

KEY TO SPECIES Rootstocks lacking or very poorly developed (bunch grasses). Spikelets crowded, flattened, spikelets rigidly spreading, at least some as much as four times 285 as long as internodes of spike; introduced, sometimes weedy. A. cristatum Spikelets distant to crowded, rarely over three times as long as internodes of spike (exclusive of awns), not rigidly spreading; native plants. Anthers about 5 mm long; spikelets rather distant, from shorter to only slightly longer than internodes of spike. A. spicatum Anthers 1-2.5 mm long; spikelets crowded, mostly two to three times as long as internodes of spike. Lemmas with widely divergent awns 1-5 cm long; spike axis brittle when mature; stems lodged to ascending; subalpine areas. A. scribneri Lemmas with straight or slightly divergent awns up to 2 cm long; spike axis not brittle when mature; stems erect; lower elevations. A. caninum Rootstocks present and usually well developed (not bunch grasses). Spikes loose and open, most spikelets usually shorter than internodes of the spike; axis of spikelet usually plainly visible; anthers about 5 mm long; rootstocks short. A. spicatum Spikes compact, upper spikelets usually two to three times as long as internodes of spike; axis of spikelets usually obscured; anthers often less than 5 mm long; rootstocks usually extensive. Glumes mostly 5-7-nerved, broadest at or above midlength, shorter than the first lemma, rarely awn-tipped, generally hairy;, lemmas usually very hairy; anthers more than 4 mm long. A. dasystachyum Glumes mostly 3-5-nerved, tapered from near base, often as long as first lemma, frequently awn-tipped; lemmas no more than slightly hairy; anthers mostly 3-4 mm long. A. smithii

A. caninum (L.) Beauv. Fig. 57-1 [incl. A. trachycaulum (Link) Malte, A. latiglume (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb.] Tufted, erect plants, 2-5 dm high, smooth or very finely hairy, mostly lacking rootstocks. Leaf-blades flat, rather short, 3-5 mm wide; ligules more or less entire, sometimes with very fine marginal hairs; auricles 286 from absent to more than 1 mm long. Spikes 4-15 cm long, the spikelets usually appressed and overlapping; glumes broad, flat, with translucent margin, strongly 4- to 7-nerved, the tip sharp or with slender awn up to 2.5 cm long; lemmas smooth or soft-hairy, with or without short awn. A variable group, the common forms being var. latiglume (Scribn. & Smith) Hitchc. which is awnless or nearly so, and var. unilaterale (Vasey) Hitchc. with long awns. Lower and middle elevations up to about 2000 m (var. latiglume).

A. cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (Crested Wheatgrass) Fig. 57-2 Densely tufted, erect grass, 3-5 dm tall, finely hairy on leaves only, lacking rootstocks. Leaf-blades flat, 2-4 mm wide; ligules with finely toothed margin, auricles slender. Spike conspicuously flattened, up to 2.5 cm broad and 8 cm long, broad at base, tapering to a rounded tip. Spikelets (mostly) stiffly spreading, compressed, 0.7-1.5 cm long; glumes with translucent margin, tapered into awn several mm long; lemmas with awn 2 mm long. An unmistakable, introduced grass found along roadsides and similar disturbed places at lower elevations.

A. dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. (Northern Wheatgrass) Fig. 57-3 [incl. A. albicans Scribn. & Smith] Bluish-green plant, up to 8 dm tall, all but the spike smooth, from long creeping rootstocks, sometimes loosely tufted. Leaf-blades flat or incurled, up to 5 mm wide; ligules even, auricles conspicuous, curved. Spike erect, 6-15 cm long; spikelets slightly overlapping; glumes rather abruptly tapered into sharp tip or awn up to 3 mm long; lemmas short- awned or awnless; both glumes and lemmas usually densely soft-hairy. Rather common on dry ground along the northeast flanks of the Park.

A. scribneri Vasey Fig. 57-4 Tufted plants, stems 1-4 dm long, usually lodged at base, leaves and stems nearly hairless; the blade up to 4 mm wide, rootstocks lacking; ligule short and even, auricles small or absent. Spike rather dense, the awns about 8 cm long; glumes narrow, with spreading awns 3-4 cm long; lemmas with spreading awn slightly shorter. An infrequent grass superficially reminiscent of Foxtail Barley, occasionally seen on open high slopes and peaks: known from Mt. Carthew, Mt. Richards, Sofa Mtn., and the slopes below the Lineham Wall; elsewhere in Alberta recorded only from the Kananaskis region. 57-1 Agropyron caninum, 57-2 Agropyron cristatum, 57-3 Agropyron dasys tachyum, 57-4 Agropyron scribneri, 57-5 Agropyron smithii, 57-6 Agropyron spicatum. • 288 A. smithii Rydb. (Western Wheatgrass) Fig. 57-5 Plants often blue-green, erect, up to 6 dm high, smooth, from creeping rootstocks; leaf-blades flat or incurled, up to 6 mm wide; ligule very short, finely hair-margined; auricles distinct, slender. Spikes narrow, up to 12 cm long; spikelets appressed and overlapping, 6 to 10-flowered; glumes mostly 10-12 mm long, lacking awns; lemmas similar; glumes and lemmas mostly smooth. Here and there at low elevations; often forming a zone above the high-water mark of ponds, especially somewhat alkaline ones.

A. spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith (Bluebunch Wheatgrass) Fig. 57-6 [incl. A. inerme (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb.] Tufted, erect, sometimes with rootstocks, 3-10 dm tall, hairless or nearly so; leaf-blades flat to incurled, narrow; ligules short, with somewhat irregular margin, auricles small and slender. Spikes straight, 4-17 cm long; spikelets slightly overlapping; glumes 5-10 mm long, with or with out short awn; lemmas usually longer, with bent awn up to 2 cm long. Lower and middle elevations, usually on rather dry open slopes. This species may not occur north of Waterton.

Agrostis (Bentgrass) Tufted perennials, some with rootstocks, hairless; ligules generally prominent, auricles absent. Flower cluster much branched, the spikelets small and numerous, 1-flowered; glumes equal or nearly so, 1-nerved and often somewhat keeled, persisting; lemma somewhat shorter than glumes, usually awnless. Agrostis is one of several difficult genera where variation and hybridization make it nearly impossible to construct a key for all cases; the majority of specimens should neverthe less fit the one here provided.

KEY TO SPECIES Palea evident, at least half as long as lemma, 2-nerved; rootstocks present or absent. Creeping or underground rootstocks often present; stems over 3 dm tall; spikelet axis not prolonged as a bristle; mostly middle and lower elevations. A. gigantea Creeping or underground rootstocks absent; stems mostly 1-3 dm tall; spikelet axis 289 prolonged as a bristle; subalpine. A. thurberiana Palea lacking or minute and nerveless, no more than one-third as long as lemma; plants tufted. Flower cluster narrow, at least some of the lower branches bearing spikelets to near their bases. A. exarata Flower cluster open, the extremely fine branches spreading at maturity, naked at their bases. A. scabra

A. exarata Trin. (Spike Redtop) Fig. 58-1 Usually tufted plants, 5-10 dm tall, with very short or no rootstocks, smooth. Leaf-blades flat, 2-6 mm wide; ligules up to 6 mm long, often irregularly lacerate. Flower cluster narrow 5-30 cm long, spikelets 3-4 mm long, the branches clustered and bearing spikelets to the base; glumes and lemmas sharp to awn-tipped. Occasional on moist open ground at low and middle elevations, as at Cameron Lake. Outside the Park also on the Milk River Ridge (Whiskey Gap) and the Cypress Hills, but apparently not elsewhere in Alberta.

A. gigantea Roth (Redtop; Creeping Bent) Fig. 58-2 [incl. A. alba L.] Tufted, rather stout plant, 5-10 dm tall, from strong rootstocks, smooth. Leaf-blades flat or incurled, up to 8 mm wide, ligule about 4 mm long, especially upper ones with lacerate margin. Flower cluster diffusely branched, ovate in general outline, 1-2 dm long, often purplish, its branches in whorls; spikelets about 2 mm long, lemmas awnless or nearly so. Probably an introduced plant but now established in many places in the Park and elsewhere, often in rather damp situations.

A. scabra Willd. (Ticklegrass; Hairgrass) Fig. 58-3 Erect and densely tufted, hairless grass, mostly up to 5 dm high, lacking rootstocks. Leaf-blades about 2 mm wide, the ligule up to 5 mm long, irregularly toothed. Flower cluster extremely finely branched and diffuse, often purple, the branches spreading, clustered but bearing flowers only well above middle. Spikelets 2-2.7 mm long; glumes un equal, lemma 1.5-1.7 mm long. Lower elevations to 2000 m, on dry to rather moist, open to some what protected slopes. 58-1 Agrostis exarata, 58-2 Agrostis gigantea, 58-3 Agrostis scabra, 58-4 Agrostis thurberiana, 58-5 Alopecurus aequalis, 58-6 Alopecurus alpinus. 291 A. thurberiana Hitchc. (Thurber Redtop) Fig. 58-4 A rather slender, tufted grass, with short rootstocks, hairless, 1-4 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat, 2-4 mm wide; ligule conspicuous, with irregular margin. Flower cluster narrow, 5-7 cm long, not dense as in A. exarata, sometimes drooping; spikelets 2 mm long, lemma slightly shorter. Stream borders and boggy meadows at higher elevations; usually not abundant, and perhaps not found elsewhere in the province.

Alopecurus (Foxtail) Flat-leaved perennials, with soft dense spike-like flower clusters; leaf-auricles lacking; spikelets 1-fiowered; glumes equal and usually united basally, hairy at least on keel and nerves; lemma as long as glumes, blunt-tipped, with slender dorsal awn below the middle. Each of our two species is curiously similar to our species of Timothy (Phleum), as mentioned below. The stalked spikelets of Alopecurus and other spikelet details, however, leave no possibility of confusion when a magnifying lens is used.

KEY TO SPECIES Spikes conspicuously hairy, about 1 cm thick; spikelets densely woolly all over. A. alpinus Spikes not conspicuously hairy, up to 5 mm thick; spikelets hairy only on keel and nerves. A. aequalis

A. aequalis Sobol. (Water Foxtail) Fig. 58-5 Stems loosely tufted or solitary, usually lodged and rooting at the nodes below, then erect to up to 6 dm tall, hairless. Leaf-blades flat, up to 5 mm wide; ligules 4-8 mm long, pointed with somewhat torn margin. Flower cluster spike-like, 2-8 cm long and 3-5 mm thick; glumes 2-2.5 mm long, blunt-tipped, hairy only along keel and nerves; lemma hairless, as long as glumes, with stiff awn just below the middle of its back which is slightly or not exserted from the spikelet. Muddy ground or even in shallow water, such as near beaver ponds, at low elevations. Superficially similar to Phleum pratense (Timothy) but very different in details of the spikelet.

A. alpinus Smith (Alpine Foxtail) Fig. 58-6 [incl. A. glaucus Less., A. occidentalis Scribn. & Tweedy] Tufted plants up to 8 dm high, hairless, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves rather few, the blades sometimes up to 10 mm wide, flat; ligules 1-3 mm 292 long, not pointed, often marginally torn. Flower cluster spike-like, dense, woolly, up to 5 cm long and 1 cm thick; glumes 3-4 mm long, completely hairy; lemma awn attached near base of lemma and far exserted from spikelet. Open moist meadows at middle elevations, or in light shade. Easily confused with Phleum alpinum (Alpine Timothy) until the details of spikelets are studied, which allow for no confusion.

Beckmannia B. syzigachne (Steud.) Fern. (Sloughgrass) Fig. 59-1 Robust, pale green hairless annual, sometimes with rootstocks, the erect stems up to 1 m high. Leaf-blades flat, up to 1 cm wide, the sheath some what loose; ligule 6-11 mm long, pointed and often folded over; auricles lacking. Flower cluster narrow, 10-15 cm or more long, composed of numerous individual erect spikes with many spikelets each; spikelets 1-fiowered, fiat and round, 3 mm long, in 2 appressed rows along one side of the spike; glumes nearly as long as spikelet, slightly wrinkled, keeled; lemma 5-nerved, narrow, the tip just surpassing the glumes. A striking and unmistakable grass of marshy places, known from several places at the lowest elevations.

Bromus (Brome Grass) Annual or perennial plants, with or without rootstocks, short- hairy to smooth. Leaf-blades mostly flat, auricles present only in one of our species. Flower cluster and spikelets rather large and open, the latter erect, spreading, or drooping; spike lets several-flowered; glumes somewhat unequal, shorter than lemmas, awnless; lemma sharp-tipped or with awn between 2 terminal teeth.

KEY TO SPECIES Weedy annuals; leaf sheaths and blades soft- hairy. Lowest flowering branches spreading- ascending, not drooping; spikelets 5-9-flowered; first and second glumes 3-5 and 5~9-nerved, respectively. B. commutatus Lowest flowering branches spreading, often drooping; spikelets 3-6-flowered; first and second glumes 1 and 3-nerved, respectively. B. tectorum Perennials; leafy parts soft-hairy or hairless. Spikelets strongly flattened, lemmas 293 compressed-keeled; first and second glumes 3-5 and 5-9-nerved, respectively. B. carinatus Spikelets rounded to slightly flattened, lemmas not compressed-keeled; first and second glumes 1 and 3-nerved, respectively (except B. anomalus). Creeping rootstocks; flowering branches ascending. B. inermis No creeping rootstocks; flowering branches spreading to drooping. Lemmas hairy along margin and sometimes on lower part of back, upper part hairless. Lemmas broad; awn 3-5 mm long; ligule about 1 mm long, inconspicuous. B. ciliatus Lemmas narrow; awn usually over 5 mm long; ligule 3-5 mm long. B. vulgaris Lemmas hairy rather evenly over the back, but usually more densely so along lower margins. B. anomalus

B. anomalus Rupr. (Nodding Brome) Fig. 59-2 Perennial, without rootstocks, 3-10 dm tall, hairless except for the nodes. Leaves mostly basal, stiff, 3-5 mm wide, flat or slightly incurled, lacking auricles; ligules 1-2 mm long, with blunt, irregular-margined end. Flower cluster mostly less than 1 dm long, the few spikelets singly or in twos at the usually drooping branch-tips; spikelets 1.5-3 cm long; first glume with 3, second one with 5 nerves; lemmas about 12 mm long, evenly and coarsely hairy on back, their awns 2-4 mm long. Prairie between Waterton bridge and Cardston gate; not yet recorded from elsewhere in the Park.

B. carinatus Hook. & Arn. Fig. 59-3 [incl. B. marginatus Nees] Stout erect plants, up to 1 m high, hairless or very short-hairy, tufted. Leaf-blades 5-10 mm wide; ligules mostly 1-3 mm long, blunt and tooth- margined; sheath-margin long-hairy just below blade; auricles lacking. Flower cluster narrow, spikelets erect, 2-5 cm long, 5-7 mm wide, flattened; lemmas 10-15 mm long, keeled and compressed, and usually hairy; awns 2-5 mm long. A variable species in at least its hairiness, spikelet characteristics, and awn length. In Waterton it is known from a variety of places up to 1900 m, mostly in open and rather dry habitats. „)„< vi.% Bromus carinatus,

59.4 BfomH5 cdw"«. 5y 3 D' 295 B. ciliatus L. (Fringed Brome) Fig. 59-4 Perennial, without rootstocks, 5-10 dm tall, rather slender, the nodes with or without soft hairs. Leaf-blades 5-10 mm wide, flat and lax, hairy or not; ligules blunt, about 1 mm long, with minute marginal hairs; auricles lacking. Flower cluster loose, its branches drooping; spikelets 15-23 mm long, slightly compressed; first glume with 1, second one with 3 nerves; lemma 10-15 mm long, with long-hairy margin (usually), the awn 3-5 mm long. Moist spots such as creek banks and lake margins, often in partial shade, at low elevations; not abundant in the Park.

B. commutatus Schrad. (Meadow Brome) Fig. 59-5 Erect annual, somewhat tufted, mostly 2-8 dm high, lacking rootstocks, usually hairy at nodes. Leaf-blades flat, 2-5 mm wide, hairy; leaf-sheath soft-hairy; ligules blunt, about 1 mm long, tooth-margined and often hairy on outside; auricles lacking. Flower cluster rather loose, its branches ascending to spreading, mostly longer than spikelets, these 13-20 mm long, somewhat compressed, hairless or short-hairy; first glume mostly with 3, second one mostly with 7 nerves; lemmas 9-10 mm long; awn 4-10 mm long, usually straight. An introduced roadside weed reported once for the Park (apparently the only record for Alberta), but to be expected more often.

B. inermis Leyss. (Smooth or Awnless Brome) Fig. 59-6 [incl. B. pumpellianus Scribn.] Perennial, erect, hairless or hairy, 5-10 dm high, from creeping rootstocks. Leaf-blades 5-10 mm wide; ligule about 2 mm long, somewhat pointed or blunt, margin finely toothed; auricles often present, 1 mm long. Flower cluster rather erect and dense, often purple and green; spikelets numerous, narrow, scarcely compressed, 1.5-3 cm long; first glume usually with 1, second one with 3 nerves; lemmas rounded on back, unawned or with awn-tip 1-4 mm long. Often a persistent introduced weed of disturbed places at low and middle elevations. Awned plants tend to be hairier near the ligules (ssp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon, a native of North America), while those without awns or nearly so are more hairless (ssp. inermis, introduced from Eurasia). The two subspecies, however, intergrade.

B. tectorum L. (Cheatgrass; Downy Chess) Fig. 60-1 Annual, 1-6 dm high, often tufted, with soft short hairs on stems and leaves, rootstocks absent. Leaf-blade flat, 2-4 mm wide; ligule about 2 296 mm long, with oblique lacerated margin; auricles lacking. Flower cluster branching, open, spreading and usually drooping, the branches hair-like. Spikelets slender, 3- to 6-flowered; glumes very narrow, the first one 1-nerved; lemma awn 10-15 mm long. An introduced noxious weed of disturbed places, sometimes nearly to the exclusion of other plants, with characteristic reddish-yellow color when mature. Low elevations.

B. vulgaris (Hook.) Shear Fig. 60-2 Rather slender, short-hairy at least below, perennial, lacking rootstocks, 6-10 dm high. Leaf-blades mostly 5-8 mm wide, flat and lax; ligules 3-5 mm long, with irregularly toothed margin; auricles lacking. Flower cluster open, with slender drooping branches; spikelets narrow, the first glume with 1, the second with 3 nerves; lemmas narrow, hairy on lower back and margins, or nearly hairless; awn 6-8 mm long. Open, usually coniferous forest at lower and middle elevations. Simi lar to Melica smithii of the same habitats, which has broader glumes lacking the tapering sharp tips of B. vulgaris.

Calamagrostis (Reedgrass) Perennials, commonly with rootstocks, usually growing tall and erect, the leaves narrow; auricles lacking. Flower cluster elongate, with numerous crowded spikelets, these 1-flowered; first glume slightly larger than second one; lemma at most equal to glumes, with dorsal awn below the middle which is often bent, and basal tuft of white hairs.

KEY TO SPECIES Awn of lemma abruptly bent, more or less exserted; hairs at base of lemma usually much shorter than lemma. Awn much surpassing glumes; plant tufted, sometimes with short rootstock. C purpurascens Awn about equalling glumes. Plant with rootstocks, not tufted; glumes sharply keeled; spikelets strongly flattened. C. montanensis Plant tufted, often with rootstocks; glumes not sharply keeled; junction of blade and sheath densely hairy. C. rubescens Awn of lemma straight or nearly so, not exserted; hairs at base of lemma about equalling lemma. 60-1 Bromus tectorum, 60-2 Bromus vulgaris, 60-3 Calamagrostis canadensis, 60-4 Calamagrostis inexpansa, 60-5 Calamagrostis montanensis, 60-6 Calamagrostis neglecta. 298 Flower cluster rather loose and open; lemma hairs at least as long as the lemma itself, all except outermost ones of uniform length. C. canadensis Flower cluster more or less contracted (spike like); lemma hairs unequal, mostly shorter than lemma. Leaves and stems rough to the touch; blades firm, mostly flat, 2-4 mm wide; ligules over 3 mm long. C. inexpansa Leaves smooth or rough, curled inwards, 1-3 mm wide; ligules 1-3 mm long. C. neglecta

C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (Bluejoint; Marsh Reedgrass) Fig. 60-3 Tufted, from creeping rootstocks, the sturdy stems 6-12 dm tall, smooth. Leaf-blades rather lax and flat, 3-8 mm wide, the leaves rather numerous; ligules 3-8 mm long, deeply lacerate. Flower cluster diffuse and open, mostly 15-25 cm long, the branches spreading or short; glumes com monly 3-4 mm long, lemma with slender awn attached below the middle; basal hair-tuft about as long as lemma. An extremely variable lowland species of moist meadows and open woodland.

C. inexpansa Gray (Northern Reedgrass) Fig. 60-4 Tufted plants, up to 1 m tall, with slender rootstocks, smooth. Leaf-blades tough and wiry, mostly inrolled, 2-4 mm wide; ligules 2-10 mm long, the upper ones longest, variably lacerate to smooth-margined. Flower cluster 5-15 cm long, narrow and rather dense; glumes 3-4 mm long, lemma awn more or less straight, reaching about as far as the glumes; basal hair-tuft about three-quarters as long as lemma. Meadows or streambanks, at low elevations; not abundant.

C. montanensis (Scribn.) Scribn. (Plains Reedgrass) Fig. 60-5 Usually not tufted, but stems solitary or few, from strong rootstocks, 2-4 dm high, erect. Leaf-blades rough to touch, 1-3 mm wide, stiff and erect, incurled; ligules 1-3 mm long, blunt. Flower cluster dense, 5-12 cm long, narrow, pale or purplish; glumes 4-5 mm long, the sharp keel minutely spined; lemma with toothed tip, the awn bent sideways, attached near base; basal hair-tuft about half as long as lemma. Rather dry open ground at low elevations. 299 C. neglecta (Ehrh.) Gaertn., Mey. & Schreb. Fig. 60-6 Very similar to C. inexpansa, differing as shown in the key; in many cases, the species cannot be satisfactorily distinguished.

C. purpurascens R. Br. (Purple Reedgrass) Fig. 61-1 Tufted plants, with short rootstocks, 3-7 dm tall, rough to the touch. Leaf-blades stiff, erect, flat or incurled, 2-4 mm wide; ligules mostly 2-4 mm, often blunt, with irregularly split margin. Flower cluster pinkish to purplish green, dense and rather narrow, 4-12 cm long; glumes 5-8 mm long; lemma tipped with 4 minute spines, its awn nearly basal, somewhat bent above the middle; basal hair-tuft one-third as long as lemma. Lower and middle elevations, on fairly dry, often rocky and exposed slopes.

C. rubescens Buckl. (Pine Grass) Fig. 61-2 Creeping rootstocks, with small tufts of stems 6-9 dm tall, stems smooth. Leaf-blades mostly flat, 2-4 mm wide, at least upper (inner) surface rough to the touch; ligules 1-5 mm long, mostly blunt, often deeply split, junction of blade and sheath hairy. Flower cluster slender but rather dense, 6-15 cm long, pale purplish; glumes 4-5 mm long; lemma awn basal, bent above the middle, slightly longer than glumes; basal hair tuft about 1 mm long. Open dry forest and meadows at lower elevations; infrequent.

Calamovilfa C. longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. (Sandgrass) Fig. 61-3 Loosely tufted, or solitary, coarse smooth plants, from strong rootstocks, 6-15 dm tall. Leaf-blades often spreading from the top of the sheath, 4-8 mm wide below and flat, incurled above, with long, sharp tips; ligules extremely short, with ring of erect marginal hairs, and sparse, long hairs on adjacent part of sheath; auricles lacking. Flower cluster narrow at first, the lowest branches pointing obliquely upward; the cluster up to 4 dm long, sharply pointed; spikelets numerous, pale green, the glumes 4.5-7 mm long, the first shorter; lemma in length between glumes, nei ther lemma nor glumes with awns; lemma with basal hair-tuft half as long. Dry, exposed slopes, often on sandy soil, near the Cardston entrance only. 61-1 Calamagrostis purpurascens, 61-2 Calamagrostis rubescens, 61-3 Calamo vilfa longifolia, 61-4 Catabrosa aquatica, 61-5 Cinna latifolia. 301 Catabrosa C. aquatica (L.) Beauv. (Brookgrass) Fig. 61-4 Stems lodged and rooting below, 1-6 dm long, more or less smooth; perennial. Leaf-blades 2-13 mm wide, flat, the sheaths often partway open; ligules 2-8 mm long, rather blunt-tipped, margin slightly irregular; auricles lacking. Flower cluster up to 2 dm long, very diffuse and open, the branches several at each node, spreading to ascending; spikelets 1 or 2-flowered; glumes mostly less than 2 mm long, with irregular, blunt tips; lemmas 2.5-3 mm long, strongly 3-nerved, very blunt-tipped. Wet ground especially at springs; low elevations. Recorded only once, near the Waterton River bridge.

Cinna C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. (Woodreed) Fig. 61-5 Slender perennial, with rootstocks, mostly 6-12 dm high, essentially hairless. Leaf-blades flat and lax, 7-15 mm wide, ligules 3-8 mm long, somewhat pointed, deeply split; auricles absent. Flower cluster 1.5-3 dm long, very loose and open, with several spreading to drooping branches per node; spikelets 1-flowered, 3-4 mm long, the slender glumes as long; lemma much flattened, 3-nerved, tipped with short straight awn; axis of spikelet prolonged as small bristle. Damp woods, meadows, and streambanks at lower and middle elevations.

Danthonia (Oatgrass) Perennials, densely tufted, without rootstocks, the narrow leaves mostly incurled; ligule a collar of hairs; auricles lack ing. Flower cluster with 1-8 stalked spikelets, these 3- to 8-flowered; glumes broad, papery, very conspicuous, surpass ing flowers, awnless; lemmas variously nerved, with hair at least on part of the margin, with 2 small terminal bristles flanking a bent and somewhat twisted, rather long, flat awn.

KEY TO SPECIES Flower cluster usually with 1 spikelet only (if 2 or 3, the lower ones quite small); stems and leaves generally long-hairy. D. unispicata Flower cluster of 2-several spikelets, the lower ones at least as large as others; stems and leaves not generally long-hairy. Lemmas hairless on back, hairy on margin only. 302 Flower cluster narrow, the branches stiffly erect. D. intermedia Flower cluster open, the branches spreading. D. californica Lemmas hairy on back (sometimes sparsely so). D. parryi

D. californica Boland. (California Oatgrass) Fig. 62-1 Tufted perennial, mostly 3-8 dm high, hairless except for some long hairs at junction of leaf-blade and sheath, leaf-blade flat to incurled, 1.5-3 mm wide. Flower cluster loose and open, spikelets 2-5; glumes mostly 14-18 mm long, the first usually 3-nerved, the second 5-nerved; lemmas (exclud ing awns) 8-12 mm long, hairy only on lower margin and on stalk below; lemma teeth up to 4 mm long, awn up to 10 mm long. Open, often somewhat damp meadows at lower elevations, so far in Alberta known only from the Belly River Valley and the Cypress Hills.

D. intermedia Vasey (Timber Oatgrass) Fig. 62-2 Densely tufted perennial, 1-5 dm tall; leaf-blades usually hairy, 1-3 mm wide, long-haired at junction with sheath, incurled to flat. Flower cluster erect and narrow, purplish becoming straw-colored, 2-5 cm long, branches with one spikelet each; glumes 13-17 mm long, faintly 3- to 5-veined; at least the first lemma 7-10 mm long, strongly bearded only along lower margins and on stalk below; lemma teeth 1.5-2 mm long, awn 6-10 mm long. The most common Danthonia, frequent on open gravelly prairie slopes and meadows at lower elevations.

D. parryi Scribn. (Parry Oatgrass) Fig. 62-3 Dense, rather small tufts, 3-6 dm high. Leaf-blades somewhat hairy or smooth, always long-hairy at junction with sheath, 1-4 mm wide, usually incurved, slender, basal parts of old ones persisting. Flower cluster 2-5 cm long, pale green becoming straw-colored, branches short and erect, spikelets 3-8; glumes slender, mostly 9-12 mm long, very obscurely 3- and 5-nerved; lemmas (excluding awns) 4-5 mm long, sparsely hairy on back, lemma teeth 0.5-2 mm long, awn up to 8-9 mm long. Lower grasslands along northeast flanks of the Park.

D. unispicata (Thurb.) Macoun (One-Spike Oatgrass) Fig. 62-4 Small, tufted plants, up to 2.5 dm high, long-hairy on stems and leaves. Leaf-blades very slender, 1-2 mm broad, commonly incurled. Flower cluster with 1 (rarely 2) spikelets; glumes 5-nerved, the first 15-23 mm long, the second shorter; lemmas 9-12 mm long, slightly bearded along 62-1 Danthonia californica, 62-2 Danthonia intermedia, 62-3 Danthonia parryi, 62-4 Danthonia unispicata, 62-5 Deschampsia atropurpurea, 62-6 Deschampsia caespitosa, 62-7 Deschampsia elongata. 304 mid-margin and on stalk below, lemma teeth 1-2 mm, awns 6-8 mm long. A rare distinctive species, apparently reported only once for the Park, in a dry south-facing meadow at 1500 m on Mt. Glendowan; else where apparently not further north than the Crowsnest Pass area.

Deschampsia (Hairgrass) Tufted, slender-leaved perennials, ligules obvious, auricles ab sent; flower clusters narrow to broad and diffuse, the branches very slender, several per node, bearing few to numerous short- stalked, often shiny, 2-flowered spikelets, the tatter's axis pro longed and hairy; glumes nearly equal, keeled and sharp- tipped; lemmas with irregularly toothed blunt tip and slender awn below middle, and basal hair-tuft.

KEY TO SPECIES Flower cluster very narrow, the lateral branches stiffly erect. D. elongata Flower cluster broad, its branches spreading to drooping. Blades flat, 3-6 mm wide; awns stout, scarcely 3 mm long. D. atropurpurea Blades usually rolled, rarely as much as 3 mm wide; awns usually slender and mostly 3-4 mm long. D. caespitosa

D. atropurpurea (Wahl.) Scheele (Mountain Hairgrass) Fig. 62-5 [Vahlodea atropurpurea (Wahl.) Fries.] Tufted, 1.5-6 dm high, smooth; leaf-blades fiat, 4-6 mm wide, ligules blunt, with irregular margin. Flower cluster open, 5-10 cm long, the few branches with several to numerous short-stalked spikelets, these usually purplish-green, 2-3-flowered; glumes more or less boat-shaped and equal, about 5 mm long, the first with i, the second with 3 nerves; lemmas with blunt and toothed tip, with basal hair-tuft about half as long; awns stout and bent, about 2.5 mm long, not surpassing glumes. Damp mountain meadows and coniferous woods, sometimes up to 2700 m; infrequent.

D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. (Tufted Hairgrass) Fig. 62-6 Densely tufted plant, commonly 3-10 dm tall, more or less smooth; leaf- blades mostly incurled, 1.5-3 mm wide, ligules somewhat pointed, about 4 mm long or longer, often split. Flower cluster diffuse to rather narrow, 8-25 cm long, branches spreading or even drooping when mature, to 305 more or less erect. Spikelets numerous, shiny, mostly purple and straw- colored, 3-5 mm long; glumes nearly the length of spikelets, the first with 1, the second with 3 nerves; lemma 5-nerved, 2.5-4 mm long, tip 4-toothed, awn 2.5-4 mm long, surpassing glumes; basal hair-tuft 1 mm long. Boggy places at low elevations.

D. elongata (Hook.) Benth. (Slender Hairgrass) Fig. 62-7 Slender, tufted grass, mostly 2.5-8 dm tall; leaf-blades soft, infolded, 1-1.5 mm wide, almost hair-like but erect; ligules 3-9 mm long, sharply pointed, often splitting. Flower cluster very narrow, 5-30 cm long, pale green to purple; glumes more or less equal, 3-nerved, about 3-5 mm long; lemmas about 2.5 mm long, shiny, with toothed tip and basal hair-tuft about half as long; awn 3-4 mm long, nearly straight, slightly surpassing glumes. Recorded from a forest opening near Cameron Lake, and from the Carbondale River region, but not yet elsewhere in Alberta.

Elymus (Rye Grass; Wild Rye) Rather stout perennials without, or with very short rootstocks. Flower cluster a spike, often bristly, spikelets 2-3 per node, 2-6-flowered; glumes more or less equal, usually sharp- or awn-tipped; lemmas round-backed, obscurely 5-nerved, often with prominent awns. A fifth species, E. macounii Vasey, has been reported from prairie regions of the Park, but is instead known to be a hybrid (or a series of hybrids) between species of Agropyron and Hordeum. While such individuals will probably key to Elymus, it is impossible to assign them to any particular species.

KEY TO SPECIES Awns more than 5 mm long. E. canadensis Awns less than 4 mm long or lacking. Ligules mostly 3-7 mm long, smooth-margined; leaf-blades usually flat, 8-20 mm broad; known only from open coulee sides, lower Waterton River area. E. cinereus Ligules rarely if ever as much as 2 mm long, with frayed or hairy margin; leaf-blades often either incurled or less than 8 mm broad; protected sites, often in open forest. Rootstocks usually well developed; glumes densely white-hairy. E. innovatus 306 Rootstocks lacking; glumes not densely white- hairy. E. glaucus

E. canadensis L. (Canada Ryegrass) Fig. 63-1 Small-tufted perennial, reaching 7-12 dm in height, smooth; leaf-blades flat to incurled (when dry), 4-20 mm wide; ligules 0.5-1.5 mm long, finely hair-fringed, auricles well developed. Spike 1-1.5 dm long, rather thick and very bristly, slightly nodding; spikelets 2-3 per node, all but the lower ones overlapping and crowded; glumes 2-5-nerved, with somewhat curved, slender awn about as long as glume's body; lemmas plainly nerved, 10-15 mm long beyond which tapered into slender awn up to 3.5 cm long. A low-altitude species of dry to moist open slopes and prairies, known from the Crooked Creek area.

E. cinereus Scribn. & Merr. (Giant Ryegrass) Fig. 63-2 Robust, large-tufted perennial, 1-3 m tall, smooth or nearly so; leaf- blades long, mostly flat, 1-2 cm wide; ligules oblique, smooth-margined, 3-7 mm long, auricles well developed at least on some leaves. Spikes rigidly erect and narrow, 1-2.5 dm long; spikelets 2-3 per node, all but lowest overlapping; glumes awl-shaped, tipped with short awn; lemmas 10-15 mm long, often tipped with awn occasionally up to 7 mm long. A plant of protected coulees known from a locality northeast of the Waterton River bridge.

E. glaucus Buckl. (Smooth Ryegrass) Fig. 63-3 Rather slender, tufted perennial, stems often slightly lodged and rooting at base, 5-10 dm tall, smooth; leaf-blades lax, flat, 5-10 mm wide; ligules about 1 mm long, blunt auricles well developed. Spike often somewhat lax, dense, 5-15 cm long, bristly; spikelets mostly two per node; glumes rather flat, 3 to 5-nerved, tipped with short awn; lemmas 10-12 mm long, with slightly curved awn 1-2 cm long. Fairly common in open woods, at lower and middle elevations.

E. innovatus Beal (Hairy Ryegrass) Fig. 63-4 Tufted perennials, from slender creeping rootstocks, up to 1 m tall, smooth; leaf-blades stiff, 2-4 mm wide, incurled; ligules less than 1 mm long, blunt with irregular finely hair-fringed margin; auricles prominent and slender. Spike narrow, 4-10 cm long, erect, purplish to grey, hairy spikelets mostly 2 per node, the lowest ones sometimes distant; glumes narrow, densely hairy, sharp-tipped; lemmas broader, hairy, with awns 1-4 mm long. 63-1 Elymus canadensis, 63-2 Elymus cinereus, 63-3 Elymus glaucus, 63-4 Elymus innovatus, 63-5 Festuca idahoensis, 63-6 Festuca occidentalis, 63-7 Festuca ovina. 308 A rather common woodland species, at low elevations in the Belly River-Sofa Mtn. area, but perhaps not elsewhere.

Festuca (Fescue) Perennial, tufted plants, with or without rootstocks, hairless or nearly so, ligules short, auricles absent in all but one spe cies. Flower cluster branched, narrow or spreading; spikelets with few to several flowers; glumes and lemmas narrow and elongate, the former unequal, shorter than lemmas, awnless, the lemmas awned or not, 5-nerved. An important group of forage grasses, several species of which are taxonomically very complex.

KEY TO SPECIES Auricles well developed; introduced and often weedy. F. pratensis Auricles lacking. Lemmas unawned, about 8 mm long; blades rolled inward. F. scabrella Lemmas mostly either less than 7 mm long or awned; blades sometimes flat. Branches of flower cluster spreading or drooping when mature; the cluster generally open, often over 15 cm long; second glume 3-6 mm long; lemmas 4-7 mm long; some awns equalling or exceeding lemmas. Leaf-blades lax and flat, mostly over 3 mm broad; ligules usually highest at the back (opposite throat) or no higher than on the sides. F. subulata Leaf-blades rather stiff, folded or inrolled; ligules projecting much higher on the sides than at the back. F. occidentalis Branches of flower cluster more or less erect when mature; the cluster often narrow to congested, mostly less than 15 cm long; either the second glume over 4 mm long and the lemma 6 mm or more, or awns much shorter than lemmas. First and second glumes, lemma, and awn averaging about 2.7, 3.5, 4.2, and 1.5 mm, respectively; anthers 0.3-1.7 mm long; flower 309 cluster congested, rarely as much as 10 cm long; blades nearly hair-like, the basal rarely up to 10 cm long. F. ovina First and second glumes, lemma, and awn averaging over 2.7, 3.5, 4.2, and 1.5 mm, respectively; anthers 2-4 mm long; flower cluster often open or over 10 cm long; blades not hair-like, often over 10 cm long. Plants truly tufted, lacking rootstocks; basal sheaths firm, mostly greenish, persistent, not shredding into fibers; awns 2-5 mm long. F. idahoensis Plants not truly tufted, base of stems either ascending or with short rootstocks; basal sheaths becoming brown and shredding, the veins persisting; awns mostly less than 3 mm long. F. rubra

F. idahoensis Elmer (Bluebunch Fescue) Fig. 63-5 Stems mostly 4-8 dm high, with numerous blue-green hair-like leaves; ligules lowest in the back, very short, finely hair-fringed, auricles absent. Flower cluster rather narrow, 7-15 cm long, the few branches more or less erect; spikelets 5- to 7-flowered; first and second glumes averaging 3.5 and nearly 5 mm, respectively; lemmas averaging 6.5 mm in length, with awns 2-5 mm long. A rather common grassland species at lower elevations, usually on rather dry sites.

F. occidentalis Hook. Fig. 63-6 Rather slender, stems mostly 4-8 dm tall, the slender leaves blue-green; ligules lowest in the back, finely hair-fringed, auricles absent. Flower cluster rather large, 1-2 dm long, the lower branches often drooping; spikelets 4- to 5-flowered, the axis usually visible; first and second glumes averaging 3 and 3.5 mm, respectively; lemmas averaging 5 mm, tipped with awns 4-12 mm long. An infrequent plant of open dry woods at middle elevations; in Alberta apparently restricted to the Park.

F. ovina L. (Sheep Fescue) Fig. 63-7 [incl. F. saximontana Rydb., F. brachyphylla Schult.] Slender, erect, densely tufted, mostly 0.5-3.5 dm high; leaves usually bright green; ligules lower in back, hair-fringed, auricles lacking. Flower 310 cluster mostly one-sided, stiffly erect, 2-10 cm long, branches slightly spreading when flowering; spikelets mostly 3- to 4-flowered; first and second glumes averaging 2.7 and 3.5 mm in length, respectively, lemmas averaging 4.2 mm, tipped with awn 1-3 mm long or lacking. An exceedingly complex and difficult species, some European strains now established in our area but native races also present. Little general agreement exists as to the proper names in this complex. Plants belonging here may be found on open dry meadowland at elevations up to 2200 m.

F. pratensis Huds. (Meadow Fescue) Fig. 64-1 [incl. F. elatior L.] Rather stout plants, 7-12 dm high, loosely tufted, sometimes with short creeping rootstocks. Leaf-blades flat, 3-8 mm wide, ligules very short, hairless, auricles well developed. Flower cluster rather narrow, 10-15 cm long, erect; spikelets 4- to 7-flowered, the axis usually visible; first and second glumes about 3 and 4 mm long, respectively; lemmas 5-7 mm long, tip sharp or with short awn. An introduced forage grass known from roadsides at low elevations.

F. rubra L. (Red Fescue) Fig. 64-2 Tufted plants, with long or very short slender rootstocks, mostly 2-8 dm tall. Leaf-blades inrolled, 1-1.5 mm wide; ligules very short, slightly lower in back, finely hair-fringed; auricles lacking; lower sheaths often at first reddish, later disintegrating to brown fibers. Flower cluster 4-20 cm long, usually rather crowded; spikelets often purplish or bluish- green, 4-7-flowered; the first and second glumes averaging about 3 and 5 mm, respectively; lemma averaging somewhat more than 6 mm, awns 1 -3 mm long. A complex species, partly because of establishment of foreign races. In the Park it has been recorded from localities in the Sofa Mtn.-Belly River region but also from Upper Twin Lake.

F. scabrella Torrey (Rough Fescue) Fig. 64-3 [incl. F. hallii (Vasey) Piper, F. altaica Trin. ssp. scabrella Hulten and var. major Gleason; F. doreana Looman ined.] Rather stout and tufted plants, 6-10 dm tall, with short rootstocks. Leaf- blades stiffly erect, flat or inrolled, 2.5-4 mm wide; ligules very short, much lower in the back, hair-fringed; auricles absent; old leaf-sheaths persistent at base. Flower cluster mostly 10-15 cm long, rather open, the branches fairly long and erect; spikelets with about 5 flowers; first and second glumes about 5 and 6.5 mm long, respectively; lemmas 7-8 mm long, without or with minute awn. 64-1 Festuca pratensis, 64-2 Festuca rubra, 64-3 Festuca scabrella, 64-4 Festuca subulata (after Hitchcock), 64-5 Glyceria borealis, 64-6 Glyceria elata. 312 Grasslands at low elevations, usually rather dry and fully exposed. This would seem to be our most common fescue, sometimes ascending to 2300 m (Ruby Lake).

F. subulata Trin. Fig. 64-4 Tufted, stems leafy, 5-10 dm high, lacking rootstocks. Leaf-blades flat, lax, 4-10 mm wide; ligules less than 1 mm long, margin rather variable; auricles lacking. Flower cluster 15-35 cm long, broad and open, the branches spreading or lax; spikelets 3- to 5-flowered, rather slender; first and second glumes about 3.5 and 5.5 mm long, respectively; lemmas about 7 mm long, tipped by slender awn 7-17 mm long. A rather distinctive but rare fescue of open forest, in the Park known only from the west shore of Waterton Lake, and elsewhere in the province apparently only in the Castle River area.

Glyceria (Mannagrass) Perennials of swampy places, hairless, the base of the stem often curved and rooting, rootstocks present; leaf-blades most ly flat; auricles absent. Flower cluster often large and open, with many branches and spikelets; spikelets with several flowers each, delicately stalked; glumes unequal, shorter than lemmas; lemmas broad and round-backed, with 7 plain nerves; glumes and lemmas awnless.

KEY TO SPECIES Flower cluster narrow, erect; spikelets elongated, over 7 mm long. G. borealis Flower cluster usually broad, open, the branches often nodding; spikelets relatively broad, 2-7 mm long. First glume usually not more than 1 mm long. Ligules often closed in front (often split when dried), the lower ones mostly 1.5-3 mm long; blades generally 2-5 mm broad; plants 3-8 dm tall; first glume 0.7-0.8 mm long; lemmas barely 2 mm long. G. striata Ligules open in front, mostly 3-6 mm long; blades 6-10 mm broad; plants 10-15 dm tall; first glume 0.7-1.2 mm long; lemmas mostly 2-2.2 mm long. G. elata First glume usually about 1.5 mm long. G. grandis 313 G. borealis (Nash) Batch. Fig. 64-5 Stems up to 1 m tall, somewhat lodged and rooting from the nodes at base, with prominent rootstocks, smooth. Leaf-blades flat to folded, 3-6 mm wide, lax; ligules 5-10 mm long, very sharply pointed but often split at the tip. Flower cluster up to 4.5 dm long, narrow, with numerous erect long and narrow spikelets 10-15 mm long with 6-13 flowers each; first and second glumes about 2 and 3 mm long, respectively; lemmas about 3.5 mm long, 7-nerved. A very distinctive grass of swampy ground, sometimes standing in shallow water, at lowest elevations.

G. elata (Nash) Jones Fig. 64-6 Smooth plants, 9-15 dm tall, tufted, lodged and rooting at base, with strong rootstocks, smooth. Leaf-blades flat, mostly 6-10 mm broad; ligules 3-6 mm long, blunt, short-hairy on outside. Flower cluster 15-25 cm long, open, more or less conical in outline because of spreading branches, these bearing numerous spikelets beyond the middle; spikelets ovate in outline, with 4-7 flowers; first and second glumes about 1 and 1.5 mm long; lemmas about 2 mm long, 7-nerved. Protected wet banks such as along the lower portions of the Waterton and Belly Rivers; elsewhere in Alberta known from the Crowsnest Forest Reserve.

G. grandis Gray Fig. 65-1 [G. maxima Hartm. & Holmb. var. grandis (Wats.) Breit.] A stout, leafy plant 9-16 dm tall, tufted from strong rootstocks, smooth. Leaf-blades flat, 6-15 mm wide; ligules bluntly pointed, smooth, 4-9 mm long. Flower clusters 2-3.5 dm long, the numerous branches ascending to drooping; spikelets 5-6-flowered, often purplish; first and second glumes 1.5-2 and 2-3 mm long, rather blunt-tipped. In a variety of swampy situations at low elevations.

G. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fig. 65-2 Tufted plants with rootstocks, stems often curved at base, 2-8 dm tall, smooth. Leaf-blades flat to folded, 2-5 mm wide; ligules 1.5-3 mm long, sometimes closed in front, margin split or entire. Flower cluster 7-20 cm long, erect at first but later spreading and open, the branches usually ascending; spikelets with 4-7 flowers, ovate in outline; first and second glumes less than 1 and 1.5 mm, respectively; lemmas plainly 7-nerved, nearly 2 mm long, rather blunt-tipped. 65-1 Glyceria grandis, 65-2 Glyceria striata, 65-3 HeUctotrichon hookeri, 65-4 Hierochloe odorata, 65-5 Hordeum jubatum, 65-6 Koeleria cristata. 315 Boggy places from lower elevations to about 2200 m. Alberta plants are said to belong to var. stricta (Scribn.) Fern.

Helictotrichon H. hookeri (Scribn.) Henr. (Hooker's Oatgrass) Fig. 65-3 Perennial, smooth, tufted grasses, lacking rootstocks, 3-4 dm tall; leaves tough, mostly basal, the blades usually folded, 2-4 mm wide, margins thick and pale yellow; ligules 1-3 mm wide, usually marginally split; auricles lacking. Flower cluster 4-10 cm long, narrow, its short branches erect, bearing 1 (or 2) spikelets, which 4-6-flowered; glumes about 12 and 14 mm long, pointed but awnless; lemmas 10-12 mm long, brownish, tipped with 2 narrow teeth, with awn 1-1.5 mm long, bent, twisted below, attached slightly below middle of awn, much exceeding spikelet. A distinctive prairie grass common in open places along the northeast flanks of the Park.

Hierochloe H. odorata (L.) Beauv. (Sweetgrass) Fig. 65-4 A sweet-scented perennial from rootstocks, 3-6 dm high, with smooth firm few short-bladed stem leaves 3-6 mm wide, the lowest sheaths usually purplish green; ligules 3-5 mm long, rather blunt, margin irregularly toothed. Flower cluster open, ovate in outline, the slender stiff branches spreading, with spikelets only on the far third. Spikelets bronze and green, 4-7 mm long, plump, 3-flowered, the lower 2 flowers male, the other female; glumes broad and shiny; lemmas broad, densely short-hairy; glumes and lemmas awnless, the former slightly surpassing the latter. An attractive prairie grass, in the Park so far known only from beaver meadows north of Sofa Mtn. Plants of this species were of pivotal ritual importance for Plains Indians and, independently, were also used for certain religious uses in Northern Europe, where it is also native.

Hordeum H. jubatum L. (Foxtail Barley) Fig. 65-5 More or less hairless perennial, without rootstocks, growing in dense clumps, stems mostly 2-5 dm long; leaf-blades flat, 2-5 mm wide; ligules short, transverse, auricles lacking. Spike nodding, brittle, 5-10 cm long, very bristly; at each node 3 spikelets, lateral two on short curved stalks and reduced to curved awns; central spikelet 1-flowered, glumes and lemma with slender brittle awns 2-6 cm long. A weedy plant of disturbed places, often copper-colored late in 316 summer, unmistakable if it were not for the deceptively similar Sitanion hystrix; in addition to characters used in the key to the genera, the pres ence vs. absence of auricles in Sitanion vs. Hordeum, respectively, may be a useful distinction.

Koeleria K. cristata Pers. (Junegrass) Fig. 65-6 [K. gracilis Pers., sens, lat.] Perennial, tufted plants, stiffly erect, 2-5 dm tall, hairless or nearly so. Leaves mostly basal, slender, flat or inrolled, the blade 1-3 mm wide; ligules 0.5-2 mm long, rather variable, short-hairy on back and margin; auricles absent. Flower cluster dense, spike-like, 2-8 cm long, often purplish-green or pale green; spikelets numerous, 4-5 mm long, 2-4- flowered; first and second glumes 3-5 and 4-6 mm long, respectively; lemmas about 4 mm long; glumes and lemmas with or without very short awn. A very common species of lower prairie-like areas, sometimes ascending to about 2000 m on adjacent ridges.

Melica (Melic Grass) Sparsely hairy or smooth perennials, with or without rootstocks and/or bulbous stem-bases, tufted; leaves flat, the sheath closed to near the ligule; auricles absent. Flower clus ter narrow and somewhat branched; spikelets rather narrow and long, with 2 to several flowers each; glumes unequal, with 3-5 nerves; lemmas round-backed, with several nerves, awn less or with awn from between deeply forked tip. In addition to the three species below a fourth, M. bulbosa Porter & Gould, has been reported for our area. It is very similar to M. spectabilis, and may well have been improperly identified.

KEY TO SPECIES Lemmas awned; plants not bulbous at base. M. smithii Lemmas not awned; plants mostly bulbous at base. Lemmas narrow, long-tapering, hairy on the nerves; glumes narrow. M. subulata Lemmas broader, not long-tapering, hairless; glumes rather broad and blunt, papery in age. M. spectabilis 317 M. smithii (Porter) Vasey (Melic Grass) Fig. 66-1 Stems 5-10 dm high, tufted, lacking rootstocks or bulbous bases, hairless; leaf-blades flat and lax, 5-10 mm wide; ligules closed below, 3-9 mm long, margin irregularly toothed. Flower cluster 12-30 cm long, 1 spreading or drooping branch per node, branches and spikelets few, these 4-6-flowered; glumes narrow, the first and second about 5.5 and 8 mm long, respectively; lemmas about 10 mm long, with awn 3-5 mm long just below forked tip. A very rare grass reported once along the Bertha Lake trail at 1500 m, apparently the only Alberta record except for one from the Castle River drainage. Easily mistaken for Bromus vulgaris, which lacks the deeply forked lemma-tip.

M. spectabilis Scribn. (Onion Grass) Fig. 66-2 Stems 3-8 dm high, with bulb-like, base directly attached to and spaced along rootstock, mostly hairless; leaf-blades mostly flat, 2-4 mm wide; ligules 1-3 mm long, collar-like, generally open in front. Flower cluster narrow, mostly 7-15 cm long, the erect short branches spaced apart, especially below; spikelets 9-15 mm long, papery where old, purple- tinged; first and second glumes about 5 and 6-7 mm long, respectively; lemmas about 7 mm long, strongly 7-11-nerved, more or less blunt- tipped; glumes and lemmas awnless. Open forest slopes and meadows at middle and high elevations; in frequent. Known also from the Carbondale area, but apparently not else where in Alberta.

M. subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. (Alaska Onion Grass) Fig. 66-3 Plants 5-10 dm high, stems usually bulbous at base, clustered in rootstocks, smooth; leaf-blades flat, 2-7 mm wide; ligules open to top of sheath or partly closed, 1-5 mm long, irregularly toothed. Flower cluster mostly 1-2 dm long, narrow, the few branches ascending to erect; first and second glumes averaging about 6 and 8 mm, respectively; lemmas slender but awnless, 9-13 mm long, sparsely hairy below. A species of open forests, in the Park recorded from several localities, but elsewhere in Alberta only from the Carbondale River region.

Muhlenbergia M. richardsonis (Trin.) Rydb. (Muhly Grass) Fig. 66-4 [incl. M. squarrosa (Nutt.) Torrey] Delicate, erect perennials, forming open mats from numerous rootstocks, 66-1 Meltca smithii, 66-2 Melica spectabilis, 66-3 Melica subulata, 66-4 Muhlen bergia richardsonis, 66-5 Oryzopsis asperifolia, 66-6 Oryzopsis exigua, 66-7 Phalaris arundinacea. 319 0.5-3 dm tall, more or less hairless, stems less than 1 mm thick; leaf- blades more or less incurled, 1-1.5 mm wide; ligules sharp-tipped, 1-2 mm long; auricles lacking. Flower cluster very narrow, interrupted, 2-7 cm long; spikelets 1-flowered, on short, erect stalks or stalkless, 2-3 mm long; both glumes about 1 mm long; lemma 2-3 mm long, very sharp- tipped. Occasional at low elevations in open moist meadows; see note on M. cuspidata under family description.

Oryzopsis (Ricegrass) Tufted, more or less hairless perennials, lacking rootstocks and auricles, the flower cluster narrow, with individual short- stalked spikelets arranged along the axis; spikelets 1-flowered, with nearly equal, rather broad glumes and short-hairy lemma tipped with an awn which falls easily.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaf-blades mostly flat, 3-7 mm broad; spikelets (excluding awn) 6-8 mm long. O. asperifolia Leaf-blades mostly inrolled, scarcely 1 mm broad; spikelets (excluding awn) 3-5 mm long. O. exigua

O. asperifolia Michx. Fig. 66-5 Tufted plants, usually erect, 2-7 dm high, hairless. Leaves nearly all basal, sheaths purplish, blades flat, 3-7 mm wide, tough, rough to touch; ligules very short, blunt, usually lowest in the back, finely hair-fringed. Flower cluster narrow and erect, mostly with single, stalked, erect spike lets along an axis 4-8 cm long; these 6-8 mm long (excluding awn); glumes broad, 7-nerved, about 7 mm long, sharp-tipped lemma nearly as long as glumes, with short appressed hairs, tipped with awn 5-10 mm long. A very distinctive grass known from open pine forests of the Belly River Valley.

O. exigua Thurb. Fig. 66-6 Slender, densely tufted plants, erect, hairless, 1-3 dm high. Leaf-blades strongly incurled, then less than 1 mm broad, erect; ligules 3-4 mm long, sharp-tipped. Flower cluster very narrow, 3-6 cm long, with few erect short branches; glumes 4-6 mm long, with rather blunt tips; lemma at least as long, appressed-hairy, with bent awn 4-6 mm long from slightly notched tip. 320 Exposed mountain slopes, known from Mt. Glendowan and Mt. Crandell, and elsewhere in Alberta perhaps only in the Castle River drain age.

Phalaris P. arundinacea L. (Reed Canary Grass) Fig. 66-7 Stout hairless perennials, from strong rootstocks, 7-14 dm tall, growing in open colonies; leaf-blades flat, 7-17 mm broad; ligules pointed, often split and bent over at tip, 4-10 mm long, short-hairy on lower back; auricles lacking. Flower cluster dense, 8-15 cm long, often interrrupted below where dense erect branches; spikelets compressed; glumes 4.5-5 mm long, sharp-tipped, 3-nerved; lower two lemmas transformed into short brownish hairy appendages, beyond which the single flower with sparsely hairy lemma 2>-4 mm long; glumes and lemmas awnless. In Waterton this is a rare plant, growing in boggy places at the lowest elevations.

Phleum (Timothy) Perennial, loosely tufted, hairless, leaf-blades flat, mostly lacking auricles. Flower cluster dense, uninterrupted, spike like; spikelets numerous, flattened, 1-flowered, the glumes equal, with stiff spreading bristles along sharp keel, the tip abruptly contracted into stout awn; lemma hidden by glumes, blunt except for small dorsal spine, 3-5-nerved. Our two species in general appearance and altitudinal preferences are curiously parallel to our two species of Alop ecurus, but spikelet characters quickly set the two genera apart.

KEY TO SPECIES Base of stem with bulbous swelling; flower cluster usually longer than 4.5 cm, less than 1 cm broad when pressed. P. pratense Base of stem not bulbous; flower cluster mostly less than 4.5 cm long, at least 1 cm broad when pressed. P. commutatum

P. commutatum Gandoger (Mountain Timothy) Fig. 67-1 [P. alpinum L. var. americanum Fourn.] Stems sparsely tufted, from somewhat creeping base, 1-5 dm tall, plants hairless. Leaves mostly on erect stem, the blade flat, 4-7 mm wide; ligules 1-3 mm long, smooth-margined, blunt; auricles absent. Flower cluster 321 spike-like, as described in key. Glumes abruptly contracted to a short awn 1.5-2.5 mm long, without the latter about 4 mm long, with stiff spreading hairs along keel, and often purple-tinged at tip. A rather common plant in damp meadows, sometimes at lower elevations but more frequent above, up to 2400 m or higher. Alberta plants belong to var. americanum (Fourn.) Hult.

P. pratense L. (Timothy) Fig. 67-2 Somewhat tufted plants, occasionally up to 1 m tall, hairless, base of stem slightly bulbous. Leaves on stem only, the blades flat and lax, 4-8 mm wide; ligules rather blunt, smooth or nearly so, 2-3 mm long; auricles absent or extremely small. Flower cluster as described in key. Glumes very abruptly narrowed into stout awn 1-1.5 mm long, without the latter 3-4 mm long, with stiff spreading hairs along keel, sparsely short-hairy along flanks. A common introduced forage plant well established in disturbed places and damp meadows at lower and middle elevations.

Poa (Bluegrass) Mostly perennial, hairless, tufted plants, some with rootstocks. Leaf-blades rather narrow, flat, incurled or folded, with boat-shaped tip; ligules rather simple; auricles lacking. Flower cluster branched, dense or open; spikelets with 2 to several flowers; glumes somewhat keeled, slightly unequal, with 1-3 nerves; lemmas keeled or not, awnless, 3-5-nerved, variously hairy, in many with cobwebby basal hair-tuft. A genus with notorious taxonomic difficulties, in part caused by very irregular reproductive behavior. A truly reli able key is perhaps impossible to construct; the one below is adapted from several other treatments, especially that of Moss.

KEY TO SPECIES Creeping rootstocks present. Stems conspicuously flattened. P. compressa Stems round or nearly so (sheaths sometimes keeled). Lemmas not soft-hairy. P. ampla Lemmas usually soft-hairy at least on nerves below. Base of lemma with (often crinkly) basal hairs. 67-1 Phleum commutatum, 67-2 Phleum pratense, 67-3 Poa alpina, 67-4 Poa ampla, 67-5 Poa annua, 67-6 Poa compressa, 67-7 Poa cusickii, 67-8 Poa glaucifolia, 67-9 Poa gracillima. 323 Lemmas less than 4 mm long, keel and marginal nerves more or less silky, other nerves and intervening area hairless; lower elevations. P. pratensis Lemmas 4 mm or more long, silky on nerves and intervening areas; alpine. P. grayana Base of lemma without such hairs. Flower cluster less than 1 dm long, lower branches mostly in twos; stems usually less than 3 dm tall. P. grayana Flower cluster over 1 dm long, lower branches mostly in threes; stems over 3 dm tall. P. glaucifolia Creeping rootstocks lacking. Annuals; flower cluster open when mature; stems usually less than 2 dm tall. P. annua Perennials. Base of lemma with long (often crinkly) basal hairs. Lemmas less than 3 mm long; spikelets less than 4.5 mm long. Flower cluster usually more than 1 dm long; leaves usually more than 8 cm long; stems often ascending at base. P. palustris Flower cluster usually less than 1 dm long; leaves usually less than 8 cm long; stems erect at base. P. interior Lemmas niore than 3 mm long; spikelets over 4.5 mm long. P. pattersonii Base of lemma lacking such hairs. Lemmas hairless or with short stiff hairs. Spikelets little flattened; lemmas rounded on the back; flower cluster over 8 cm long. P. ampla Spikelets flattened, lemmas definitely keeled; flower cluster less than 8 cm long. P. cusickii Lemmas with soft often silky or rather long hairs, at least near the base. Flower cluster open, its lower branches spreading and naked below. 324 Flower cluster about as broad as long; spikelets broad, with somewhat heart- shaped base; leaves seldom over 5 cm long. P. alpina Flower cluster longer than broad; spikelets not so broad, the base not at all heart-shaped; leaves longer. P. gracillima Flower cluster narrow, contracted, its branches appressed or ascending. Spikelets little flattened, the lemmas rounded on back, not keeled. P. secunda Spikelets flattened, the lemma V-shaped and keeled in cross-section. Flower cluster about as wide as long; spikelets broad, the base heart-shaped or nearly so. P. alpina Flower cluster definitely longer than broad; base of spikelet not at all heart- shaped. Flower cluster rather loose, its lower branches naked below, ascending (see also under Poa interior). P. palustris Flower cluster condensed, its branches short. Leaf-blades 5-10 cm long, stems little longer than the basal leaves; lemmas 3.5-4.5 mm long. P. pattersonii Leaf-blades 1-5 cm long, stems much longer than the basal leaves; lemmas 2.5-3.5 mm long. P. rupicola

P. alpina L. (Alpine Bluegrass) Fig. 67-3 Tufted perennial, somewhat matted, hairless, 1-3 dm tall. Leaf-blades mostly short and basal, mostly flat and 2-4 mm wide. Flower cluster rather dense, 2-6 cm long, branches usually spreading. Spikelets often purplish-green, commonly 3-6-flowered and 4-6 mm long, rather flat and broad; glumes 3-nerved, 3-3.5 mm long, rather coarsely hairy on keel and margins, short-hairy on lower flanks, lacking basal hair-tuft. Common at alpine elevations, on open meadows and scree slopes; not always clearly distinct from P. grayana, most of which have cobwebby hairs on the lemma base and longer glumes and spikelets. 325 P. ampla Merr. (Big Bluegrass) Fig. 67-4 Tufted perennial, sometimes with short rootstocks, 6-10 dm tall, hairless; leaf-blades flat or folded, 1.5-3 mm wide. Flower cluster 10-15 cm long, narrow, with ascending branches, dense. Spikelets 8-10 mm long, 4-7-flowered; glumes 3.5-5 mm long; lemmas 4-6 mm long, lacking any obvious hairs, rounded on back, keel indistinct. Rather dry range where not alkaline, at low elevations, as along the northeast flanks of the Park. The species is sometimes merged with P. juncifolia Scribn. which has somewhat narrower incurled leaves and prefers more alkaline areas; the two forms intergrade and may be no more than ecological expressions.

P. annua L. (Annual Bluegrass) Fig. 67-5 Hairless, tufted or matted annual, stems ascending or basally lodged, 5-20 cm long. Leaf-blades bright green, 1-3.5 mm wide, folded. Flower cluster 3-8 cm long, branches stiffly spreading. Spikelets 3-6-flowered, 4-6 mm long; first and second glumes with 1 and 3 nerves, respectively, the first 2 mm long, the second broader and longer; lemmas 5-nerved, about 3.5 mm long, usually hairy along lower nerves, lacking basal hair- tuft. A ubiquitous garden weed found in moist and protected disturbed places at low elevations, and sometimes at middle elevations along trails.

P. compressa L. (Canada Bluegrass) Fig. 67-6 Stems curved at base, loosely tufted from rootstocks, perennial, hairless, 2-4 dm high, the stems somewhat compressed and 2-edged. Leaf-blades flat to folded, 2-4 mm wide. Flower cluster rather compact, 3-9 cm long. Spikelets 3-6-flowered; glumes up to 3 mm long, the second slightly broader than the first; lemmas keeled, 2.5-3.5 mm long, usually finely hairy only on keel and margins and lacking basal hair-tuft. An occasional, introduced weed of damp disturbed places at lowest elevations.

P. cusickii Vasey Fig. 67-7 [incl. P. epilis Scribn.] Strongly tufted perennial, rarely with short rootstocks, stems erect, 2-6 dm high, smooth. Leaf-blades mostly incurled, then less than 1 mm wide, erect, mostly basal. Flower cluster more or less lance-shaped in outline or somewhat broader and interrupted below, otherwise dense, 2-6 cm long. Spikelets mostly 3-5-flowered, 5-8 mm long; glumes usually 3- nerved, 3.5-5 mm long; lemmas plainly 5-nerved and keeled, 4.5-6 mm long, commonly with short stiff hairs all over, occasionally with hairs also on keel and in basal tuft. 326 Rather common on alpine and subalpine slopes; extremely variable. Most plants are reported to be female, the bisexual and male ones having somewhat more open flower clusters.

P. glaucifolia Scribn. & Will. Fig. 67-8 Somewhat tufted perennials, occasionally with short rootstocks, hairless, 4-8 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat and spreading, 2-4 mm wide. Flower cluster 6-15 cm long, rather narrow, branches ascending. Spike lets usually 3-4-flowered, 6-8 mm long; glumes 3-nerved, about 4.5-5 mm long; lemmas keeled, 4 mm long, plainly 5-nerved, hairy on lower keel and margin, hairless or hairy between, basal tuft lacking. In open forest and moist meadows of middle and lower elevations.

P. gracillima Vasey Fig. 67-9 Tufted perennial, lacking rootstocks, mostly 1.5-5 dm tall, hairless. Leaf- blades lax, folded or flat, 0.5-1.5 mm wide. Flower cluster with rather long lower branches, these sometimes erect, more commonly spreading, resulting in pyramidal shape. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5-9 mm long; glumes about 4 mm long; lemmas slightly keeled, usually short-hairy over lower third, or only on lower keel and margins; basal hair-tuft absent. Middle and upper elevations. Very difficult to distinguish is P. stenantha Trin. which is also reported from Waterton; it is said to have lemmas that are strongly keeled and ligules which are often frayed at the tip.

P. grayana Vasey Fig. 68-1 [incl. P. longipila Nash, P. arctica sensu American authors, not R. Br.] Tufted perennial, often with rootstocks, hairless, 3-6 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat or folded, usually 2-4 mm wide. Flower cluster rather open, conical, 4-10 cm long. Spikelets often purplish, 3-5-flowered; glumes narrow, 3.6-6 mm, the second slighlty longer than the first; lemmas 4-5 mm long, keeled, with basal hair-tuft, and silky-hairy on the 5 nerves. An alpine species in the Park so far known only from the Carthew Lakes area.

P. interior Rydb. Fig. 68-2 A rather slender, usually tufted perennial, erect, hairless, 2-5 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat to incurled, 1-2 mm wide. Flower cluster 5-15 cm long, narrowly conical, the slender branches slightly spreading. Spikelets mostly 2-3-flowered, about 3.5-4 mm long; second glume 2.5-3 mm long, slightly exceeding the first; lemmas 3-3.5 (mm long, keeled, with basal hair-tuft, and sometimes sparse hair on keel and margins. A typical parkland species, usually in rather dry and open habitats. 68-1 Poa grayana, 68-2 Poa interior, 68-3 Poa palustris, 68-4 Poa pattersonii, 68-5 Poa pratensis, 68-6 Poa rupicola, 68-7 Poa secunda. 328 P. palustris L. (Fowl Bluegrass) Fig. 68-3 [incl. P. glauca Vahl] Tufted perennials, 3-10 dm tall, base of stem often somewhat curved; hairless. Leaf-blades lax, flat to folded, 1.5-3 mm wide. Flower cluster open and elongate mostly 1 -3 dm long, lower branches whorled and often spreading when mature. Spikelets mostly 2-4-flowered; glumes slender, sharp-tipped; lemmas 2-3 mm long, with basal hair-tuft, keeled, hairy along keel and margins. A species of swampy and other moist sites, rather common at lower elevations but apparently reaching subalpine elevations at times. A difficult member of P. interior—P. glauca affinities.

P. pattersonii Vasey Fig. 68-4 Densely tufted perennials, 5-20 cm tall. Leaf-blades mostly lax and flat, 1-1.5 mm wide. Flower cluster rather narrow, the short branches erect. Spikelets 3-4-flowered, 4-5 mm long, usually purplish-green; glumes about 4 mm long; lemmas keeled 3.5-4 mm long, with or without basal hair-tuft, usually short-hairy at least on keel and margins. An alpine species, in Alberta reported only for the summit of Avion Ridge; a difficult entity especially with respect to its separation from P. interior and P. rupicola.

P. pratensis L. (Kentucky Bluegrass) Fig. 68-5 Sod-forming perennials, with numerous rootstocks, 3-8 dm tall. Leaf- blades soft and flat, or folded, 2-4 mm wide. Flower cluster dense to fairly open, 3-10 cm long, the branches usually obliquely ascending, the lowest ones whorled and commonly of different lengths. Spikelets mostly 3-5-flowered; glumes 2.5-3 mm long; lemmas slightly longer, strongly keeled, with basal hair-tuft, keel and margins silky, other nerves and areas hairless. Introduced as a lawn grass but apparently also native, found in a great variety of habitats, disturbed or not, at lower elevations.

P. rupicola Nash Fig. 68-6 Small, densely tufted perennials, lacking rootstocks, 1-2 dm tall. Leaf- blades short and stiff, mostly basal and folded, 1-1.5 mm wide. Flower cluster very narrow, 2-4 cm long, purplish, the short branches more or less erect. Spikelets usually 3-flowered, about 4 mm long; glumes about 3 mm long, rather broad; lemmas strongly keeled, 2.5-3.5 mm long, at least keel and margins silky-haired, basal hair-tuft absent. Fairly common on open alpine slopes. 329 P. secunda Presl Fig. 68-7 [P. sandbergu Vasey] Densely tufted perennial, 1.5-3 dm high. Leaf-blades crowded at base, mostly folded or incurled, 0.5-1 mm wide. Flower cluster more or less one-sided, 4-8 cm long, branches short and erect. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, 5-7 mm long, often purplish-tinged; glumes 3-4 mm long, the second slightly longer than the first; lemmas about 4 mm long, slightly keeled, without basal hair-tuft, sparsely short-hairy below at least on keel and margins. Perhaps the most difficult of our species. Taller forms are common at low and middle elevations, smaller ones on open alpine slopes.

Schizachne S. purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen (False Melic) Fig. 69-1 Somewhat tufted perennial, the base of the stem curved, rootstocks absent; stems slender, 4-8 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat, 1-4 mm wide; ligules 1 mm or less long, blunt and partly split or pointed and highest in front; the sheath closed just below; auricles absent. Flower cluster about 10 cm long, open and lax, with 1-3 branches per node each bearing 1-2 spikelets; glumes purplish, 5 and 7 mm long; lemmas about 10 mm long, with spreading awn about as long from between forked tip; basal hair- tuft 3 mm long. A distinctive grass, in the Park recorded only from pine woods in the Belly River area.

Sitanion S. hystrix (Nutt.) Smith (Squirreltail) Fig. 69-2 Perennial, tufted, rather stiff, more or less hairless plants 1-5 dm high. Leaf-blades flat, inrolled or folded, 1-4 mm wide, blue-green; ligules very short, blunt, finely hair-fringed; auricles small, usually developed on at least some leaves. Flower cluster extremely bristly, spike-like, straight or slightly curved, 3-15 cm long; spikelets 1-3 per node, 1-6-flowered some of which may be reduced; glumes awl-shaped, 4-6 per node, becoming awns 3-10 cm long; lemmas usually 5-nerved, main nerve extending into awn about as long as glumes. A plant very similar to but often somewhat larger and straighter than Hordeum jubatum (see key to genera for distinctions). The spikelets show more variability than can be indicated above. Known from the Crypt Lake and Sofa Mtn. areas.

Stipa (Needlegrass) Tufted perennials, lacking rootstocks, hairless or nearly so, 69-1 Schizachne purpurascens, 69-2 Sitanion hystrix, 69-3 Stipa comata, 69-4 Stipa occidentalis, 69-5 Stipa richardsonii, 69-6 Stipa spartea. 331 leaf-blades narrow; auricles absent. Flower cluster elongate or open, the branches with few rather large spikelets, these 1-flowered and easily breaking off, leaving a small hard pointed stalk below the lemma; glumes approximately equal, mostly narrow, long and pointed; lemma hardened, narrow, cylindrical, terminating in prominent awn bent once or twice and twisted below.

KEY TO SPECIES Glumes 15-40 mm long; lemma 8-20 mm long. Awn flexible, 10-15 cm long, the lower, straight (tightly twisted) segment less than half its length; lemma 8-15 mm long; glumes 15-28 mm long. S. comata Awn stiff, 5-9 cm long, the straight segment more than half its total length; lemma 12-25 mm long; glumes 20-30 mm long. S. spartea Glumes 8-10 mm long; lemma 5-7 mm long. Flower cluster open, the branches spreading or even drooping. S. richardsonii Flower cluster narrow, the branches more or less erect. Leaf-sheaths hairy at throat; lower nodes of flower cluster hairy; fruit rather turgid. S. viridula Leaf-sheaths at throat more or less hairless; lower nodes of flower cluster hairless; fruit slender. S. occidentalis

S. comata Trin. & Rupr. (Needle and Thread) Fig. 69-3 Tufted, the stems straight but often spreading, mostly 4-6 dm long. Leaf- blades 1-2 mm wide, incurled; ligules pointed and lacerate-margined, 3-5 mm long. Flower cluster 7-20 cm long; glumes very narrow and sharp-pointed, mostly about 20 mm long, 5-nerved; lemma hairy especi ally at base, very narrow, 8-12 mm long, terminating in very prominent awn up to 15 cm long, straight and twisted below, curved and smooth above bend. A typical species of dry prairie which occurs at least near the Cardston entrance; it has far longer awns than any other grass in the Park.

S. occidentalis Wats. (Western Needlegrass) Fig. 69-4 [incl. S. columbiana Macoun] Erect and tufted, commonly 4-6 dm tall. Leaf-blades incurled, 1-2 mm 332 wide; ligules short and blunt, hairless (lower leaves) but in some hairy on outside. Flower cluster 5-15 cm long, narrow, the short branches erect, often rather compact; glumes about 1 cm long, sharp-pointed; lemma 6-7 mm long, hairy especially at both ends, with terminal twice-bent awn 2-4 cm long. Prairie habitats at low elevations, occasionally ascending to 2000 m (Bertha Lake). An extremely variable species (especially in lemma char acteristics); the var. nelsonii (Scribn.) Hitchc, for example, with rather long and dense flower clusters and long awns, is also known for the Park.

S. richardsonii Link (Richardson Needlegrass) Fig. 69-5 Tufted, rather slender plants, 4-10 dm tall, erect. Leaf-blades 1.5-3 mm wide, folded or incurled; ligules very short, the margin smooth, somewhat lower in the back. Flower cluster often purplish-green, the long slender branches erect to spreading, with few spikelets near tips; first glume 8-10 mm long, 5-nerved, the second shorter, 3-nerved, neither spine-tipped; lemma about 5 mm long, sparsely hairy, the awn twice-bent, 18-25 mm long. An infrequent plant of lower grasslands and forest edges, distinctive because of its long slender branches.

S. spartea Trin. Fig. 69-6 Tufted, erect plants, 5-10 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat to incurled, 2-5 mm wide; ligules 0.5-3 mm long, with finely hairy margin lower in the back. Flower cluster 1-2 dm long, rather congested, branches ascending to erect; glumes 2-3 cm long, slenderly spine-tipped, 5-7-nerved; lemma hairy below and on margin and top above, 13-18 mm long, the awn twice- bent, 5-8 cm long. A rather common prairie species along the northeast flanks of the Park. Our plants belong to var. curtiseta Hitchc.

S. viridula Trin. (Green Needlegrass) Fig. 70-1 Tufted plants, mostly 4-8 dm tall, erect. Leaf-blades incurled, 1-3 mm wide; ligules blunt, rough-margined, usually hairy on its collar. Flower cluster narrow, 10-25 cm long, the branches erect; glumes 9-12 mm long, rather abruptly spine-tipped; lemma with silky hairs, especially at both ends, the awn twice-bent, 2.5-3.5 cm long. Dry grassy slopes and prairies; rather common in the Park at lowest elevations.

Trisetum Tufted plants, mostly lacking rootstocks; leaves flat or somewhat incurled, lacking auricles. Flower cluster rather 334 lemma-base; first and second glume 1-2 and 3.5-4 mm long, narrow and broad respectively, abruptly contracted into spine; lemmas 5-6 mm long, awns mostly about 10 mm long, curved rather than bent; spikelet axis densely hairy, basal hair-tuft of lemma small. Moist open places in forests at middle and upper elevations, in Alberta known from Waterton as well as the Carbondale-Castle River drainage.

T. montanum Vasey Fig. 70-4 Rather short, tufted plants, 4-8 dm tall. Leaf-blades flat, 1.5-5 mm wide; ligules about 2-3 mm long, blunt, margin lacerate. Flower cluster 9-15 cm long, rather loose, the branches reaching obliquely upwards; spikelets 2-flowered; first and second glumes 3-5.5 mm long, 1-nerved, and 4-6 mm long, 3-nerved, respectively; lemmas about 5 mm long, mostly 5-nerved, basal hair-tuft about 1 mm long; awns 4-6 mm long, bent from the base. A single record exists of this species, along the Bertha Lake trail at 1900 m, apparently the only one for Alberta. However, the species is very closely related to T. spicatum and may well become a variety of it.

T. spicatum (L.) Richt. (Spike Trisetum) Fig. 70-5 Tufted erect plants, 1-5 dm tall, often finely hairy on leaves and stems. Leaf-blades folded to flat, 1.5-6 mm wide; ligules mostly 1 mm long, margin toothed and finely hairy. Flower cluster spike-like and dense but occasionally somewhat interrupted below, dark purple to silvery -green, bristly, 2-15 cm long. Spikelets mostly 2-flowered; first and second glumes about 4 and 5 mm, respectively, the latter somewhat broader; lemmas 4-5 mm long, with strongly bent spreading awn 5-6 mm long; basal hair-tuft absent or minute. An exceedingly complex species within which numerous smaller entities have been recognized; there is much variation, especially in size and hairiness of various parts. Middle to alpine elevations, in a variety of rather dry and open habitats.

T. wolfii Vasey Fig. 70-6 Plants in small tufts, 4-8 dm high, occasionally with short rootstocks. Leaf-blades flat, 2-4 mm wide, sometimes sparsely hairy; ligules 2.5-4 mm long, margin toothed and finely hairy. Flower cluster narrow, 8-15 cm long, branches more or less ascending. Spikelets purplish to green, 2-3-flowered; first and second glumes about 5 and 6 mm long, about equal in width; lemmas blunt, about 5 mm long, without or with minute awn below tip, basal hair-tuft insignificant. Rather infrequent at middle elevations, mostly in rather damp situations, in Alberta otherwise known only from the Cypress Hills and the Carbondale River. 70-1 Stipa viridula, 70-2 Trisetum canescens, 70-3 Trisetum cernuum, 70-4 Trisetum montanum, 70-5 Trisetum spicatum, 70-6 Trisetum wolfii. 336 Triticum T. aestivum L. (Wheat) [not illustrated] Erect annual, the larger plants tufted, 5-10 dm tall, hairless. Leaf-blades flat and lax, 5-20 mm wide; ligules very short and blunt, with jagged margin; auricles small but distinct. Spike dense and thick, mostly 4-10 cm long; spikelets placed flat against axis, 1 at each node, 2-5-flowered; glumes 6-8 mm long, broad and usually asymmetrically keeled, this keel extending to sharp awn-like tip; lemmas exceeding glumes also asym metrically keeled, many-nerved, abruptly narrowed into rough awn some times up to 8 cm long. Well known cereal grain occasionally introduced into disturbed places along roads at lowest elevations.

Haloragidaceae (Water Milfoil Family) Hairless aquatic perennials, with whorled simple or divided leaves, and floating or emergent stems from rootstocks. Flowers small, stalkless, in leaf axils, unisexual (both sexes on the same plant) or bisexual; ovary below other floral parts; sepals and petals small or nearly absent; stamens 1 or 8; stigmas 2-4, feather-like or fluffy. Fruit dry, nut-like, 1- or 4-parted. The two genera in our area are frequently placed in separate but closely related families, Hippurus then making up Hippuridaceae.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves divided into fine hair-like divisions; flowering branches with much reduced leaves; stamens 8; petals present. Myriophyllum Leaves simple; no distinct flowering branches; stamens 1; petals absent or nearly so. Hippuris

Hippuris H. vulgaris L. (Mare's Tail) Fig. 71-1 Hairless aquatic perennial, the creeping rootstock on the bottom, with several stout erect unbranched leafy stems, up to 6 dm long, the tips eventually above water. Leaves in whorls of 6-12, strap-shaped, 1-2 mm wide and mostly 1-3 cm long. Flowers small and green, lacking stalks, in leaf axils, ovary about 1 mm long, elliptical in outline, crowned with a small lobed rim from which the single stamen and whip-like style emerge. Fruit small and dry, 1-seeded. 337 Common in quiet water and shallow pools, or on muddy shores, all through the lowest parts of the Park along its northeasterly flanks. The plant is reminiscent of the horsetails. Flowers during July and August.

Myriophyllum M. spicatum L. (Water Milfoil) Fig. 71-2 [M. verticillatum L; M. exalbescens Fern.] Hairless aquatic perennials, with at most sparsely branched floating stems from a rootstock. Leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, several cm long, divided into hair-like filaments along the midrib. The usually emergent stem-tips with reduced leaves 4-6 cm long with axillary stalkless flowers. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, in the latter case upper ones male; sepals 4, on the rim of the small ovary; petals 4, 2.5 mm long, quickly falling; stamens 8; stigmas 2-4, feather-like. Fruit dry, splitting into 4, 1-seeded portions. A rather common plant in quiet water at low elevations along the northeasterly side of the Park. May be confused with, and intermingled with Utricularia, but it is different in its small flowers on spikes and whorled leaves which lack bladders. Our material seems to belong to var. exalbescens (Fern.) Jepson. Flowers in July and August.

Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleaf Family) Plants perennial or annual, hairy or smooth. Leaves 1 per node, lacking stipules, simple to prominently toothed or deeply incised. Flowers individually stalked and bractless, in clusters which uncoil to one side, or singly at the nodes, sepals 5, nearly distinct or partly united; petals 5, forming a bell- or funnel-like structure; stamens 5, on inside of fused portion of petals and alternate with them; ovary attached above level of petals, mostly with single cavity; style usually 2-lobed at the tip. Fruit a pod opening into 2 parts; seeds few to many.

KEY TO GENERA Plants hairless or nearly so, leaf-blades more or less round in outline; base of plant with small bulblets. Romanzoffia Plants variously hairy above, especially the sepals; leaves not rounded in outline, smooth- margined or deeply divided or cleft; plants without basal bulblets. 338 Flowers single in the axils, all drooping, sepals surpassing petals, leaves with 3 or 5 smooth- margined divisions; delicate annual. Nemophila Flowers in clusters, not all drooping, petals always surpassing sepals; leaves simple or with more than 5 divisions; annuals or perennials. Flower cluster dense and ball-like, below leaf- blades. Hydrophyllum Flower cluster dense to rather open or interrupted, not ball-like, and always above leaves. Phacelia

Hydrophyllum H capitatum Benth. (Waterleaf) Fig. 71-3 Perennial, with numerous long fleshy roots, mostly with a single stem and several leaves, or with 1-several branches below, up to 3 dm high, soft-hairy. Leaves mostly basal, with sheath below, up to 2 dm long and 8 cm wide, the petiole half the leafs length or more; blade ovate in outline, with often deeply 3-cleft leaflets, lobes 3-10 mm wide, sharply pointed. Flower cluster overtopped by a rather small leaf, sometimes joined by a second, smaller cluster, dense and round, stalked. Sepals bristle-hairy; petals with short tube, usually pale blue-purple; stamens and style well extended. Fruit a rounded few-seeded pod. Moist and shaded slopes up to 2000 m, flowering from early May to the middle of June. A very attractive somewhat succulent plant, the flower clusters partly hidden; north to the Crowsnest Pass only.

Nemophila N. breviflora Gray Fig. 71-4 Delicate and weak-stemmed hairy annual, the stems up to 2 dm long, branched or simple. Basal leaves (cotyledons) persisting and green, elliptical to spoon-shaped; other leaves petiolate, mostly with 5 divisions 2-5 mm wide and somewhat lance-shaped except for the broad base; entire leaf commonly up to 4 X 2 cm. Flowers 1 per node but opposite petiole, on slender, drooping stalk; sepals nearly distinct, with long white hairs, with small lobe between each 2 sepals which points back; petals pink to purplish, shorter than sepals; stamens not exserted. Fruit rounded, mostly with only 1 seed with small appendage at one end. An inconspicuous plant in protected places (usually aspen groves) about the lower Waterton River and Knight's Lake, and elsewhere in Alberta from the Lethbridge-Monarch area. The seed-appendage attracts ants which feed on it, and so disperse the seed. Flowers from mid-May into June. 71-1 Hippuris vulgaris, 71-2 Myriophyllum spicatum, 71-3 Hydrophyllum capitatum, 71-4 Nemophila breviflora, 71-5 Phacelia leptosepala, 71-6 Phacelia linearis, 71-7 Phacelia lyallii. 340 Phacelia (Scorpion Weed) Hairy perennials or annuals, leaves with petioles, simple, or deeply toothed to complexly incised. Flowers in dense clusters which uncoil to one side, often showy. Sepals 5, strap like, almost completely distinct; petals 5, fused into bell- or funnel-shaped structure for more than half their length, with broad lobes, creamy-white to blue-purple; stamens 5, often exserted and with hairs below, inserted on base of petals and alternate with lobes; ovary inserted beyond petals, with one 2-lobed style. Fruit a small pod with 2 to many roughened seeds. A fifth species, P. franklinii (R. Br.) Gray, may yet be found in the Park being presently known from the Crowsnest Pass area (Hillcrest) and further north as well as from western Montana and northern Wyoming. The plant is annual or bien nial, with a single erect stem mostly up to 5 dm high, the stamens, petals, and sepals about the same length, leaves somewhat like those of P. sericea but not silvery-hairy.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves entire but not strap-shaped; flowers pale creamy-white; perennial. P. leptosepala Leaves either cleft-divided, or strap-shaped and entire, in the latter case plants annual, otherwise perennial; flowers mauve or violet to deep blue. Plant annual; leaves strap-shaped or with some narrow basal lobes; flowers often 1 cm or more in diameter. P. linearis Plant perennial; all leaf-blades deeply cleft all along their length; flowers smaller. Stamens about twice as long as rest of flower; foliage silvery green; leaf divisions mostly less than 3 mm wide, usually strap-shaped. P. sericea Stamens less than twice as long as rest of flowers; foliage not silvery green; leaf divisions wider than 4 mm. P. lyallii

P. leptosepala Rydb. Fig. 71-5 [incl. P. heterophylla Pursh, P. leucophylla Torr., P. hastata Dougl. var. leucophylla (Torr.) Cronq.] Densely hairy perennials, the hairs of 2 lengths mostly, white to brownish; stems often several, up to 5 dm high, from a very stout rootstock. Leaves mostly clustered at the base, up to 1.5 dm long and 3 cm wide, about half 341 of it petiole, the blade smooth-margined, lance-shaped, with prominent lateral veins converging toward tip; stem-leaves several, diminishing up wards. Flowers in several dense more or less separate uncoiling clusters, numerous, mostly pale cream-colored to nearly white. Sepals about 5 mm long, free and strap-shaped, densely bristly-hairy, especially the stalk also glandular-hairy; petals somewhat longer; stamens about 1 cm long, with long hairs at mid-portion. A common plant all through the Park, at middle elevations occasion ally up to nearly 2700 m, preferring dry fully exposed rocky slopes, and flowering from mid-June (below) well into August (higher elevations). Al though not excessively variable in our area, and unmistakable, the species is an extremely difficult one elsewhere, many different names having been applied.

P. linearis (Pursh) Holz. Fig. 71-6 Annual, mostly short-hairy plants, erect, simple or branched, 1-4 dm high. Leaves with short or no petiole, mostly strap-shaped with tapering ends, the largest ones broader and with 1-4 spreading pointed lobes, up to 5 cm long. Flowers large, usually bright blue, in dense clusters at branch- tips. Sepals densely bristly, about 6 mm long; petals up to 1 cm long, form ing a bell, the free lobes broad and rounded; stamens not or only slightly exserted, hairy for at least the lower half. A beautiful small plant of open grassy places, known from trail-sides immediately north of the townsite and dry prairie grasslands in the lower Blakiston Creek region. Flowers in June and July. Never common; apparently not known north of the Crowsnest Pass, but extending east to the Milk River area.

P. lyallii (Gray) Rydb. Fig. 71-7 Clustered short-hairy plants, the individual flower stalks densely white- hairy; stems commonly up to 2 dm high, leafy, from a branched rootstock. Leaves up to 10 X 2.5 cm, coarsely toothed at least halfway to mid rib, the teeth sometimes again somewhat toothed. Flowers crowded in rounded or somewhat elongated cluster at tip of each branch. Sepals bluish-green, about 5 mm long; with white to brown bristles; petals about 7 mm long, forming a funnel, the free lobes about half its length, bright blue-purple; stamens about 1 cm long, slighlty hairy below. A striking plant of open scree-slopes at about 2200 m, flowering from early July to the end of August. The species is not known elsewhere in Alberta, being native only to the southern part of the Park and the Rocky Mountains of Montana.

P. sericea (Grah.) Gray (Scorpion Weed) Fig. 72-1 Plants silvery-hairy, with 1 to several stout, erect to ascending stems up 342 to 4 dm high, from a very heavy root. Leaves largest at base, diminishing upward along the stem, up to 15 cm long about half of which is petiole, the blade dissected into narrow, strap-like divisions mostly less than 3 mm wide. Flower cluster dense, terminal, the many side-branches uncoil ing to a length of 2-3 cm in fruit. Flowers dark purple-blue; sepals (and nearby stalks) densely white-hairy, about 5x1 mm; petals 5-6 mm long, funnel-shaped, the stamens usually twice as long or nearly so, not hairy. A rather common and strikingly handsome plant throughout the Park, preferring open meadows and rocky places from low elevations occasionally up to 2300 m. Flowers from late May to the middle of August, at lower and higher elevations, respectively.

Romanzoffia R. sitchensis Bong. Fig. 72-2 Delicate perennial, hairless or nearly so, usually no more than 1 dm high, often with small bulblets at root-crown. Leaves mostly basal, where each up to 7 cm long, the long petiole from a sheathing base; blade mostly up to 2 cm wide and 1.5 cm long, kidney-shaped in general outline, with large, rounded marginal lobes. Flowering stalk unbranched, with 1 or no leaves and few slender-stalked flowers; sepals 5, narrow and strap-like, 3-4 mm long, free to the base, purplish green; petals 5, forming a funnel up to 1 cm long, the rounded lobes less than half its total length, white or cream-colored, or with a purplish tinge, the eye often yellow; stamens 5, attached to inside of funnel; ovary beyond petal insertion and terminat ing in long slender persistent style. Fruit a smooth pod about 5 mm long, blunt or even notched at the tip, on slender spreading stalk up to 2 cm long. A very attractive alpine plant growing in moist rock crevices mostly between 2000 and 2500 m, flowering from mid-June well into August. The plant bears a striking resemblance to Saxifraga debilis which may be found in similar sites. It is different in having separate petals and more than one style, and the stalk which bears the flower has glandular hairs.

Hypericaceae (St. John's Wort Family) Hypericum H. formosum H.B.K. (St. John's Wort) Fig. 72-3 Mostly simple-stemmed hairless plants, spreading from creeping rootstocks and mostly less than 2 dm in height. Leaves paired, lacking pet ioles, along erect stem, up to 15 X 10 mm, elliptical, smooth-margined, with numerous dark dots along margin and on far half of leaf. Flowers rather few, stalked, at or near tip of stem, buds reddish. Sepals 5, more or less ovate, 4-5 mm long; sepals golden yellow, elliptical, at least twice as 72-1 Phacelia sericea, 72-2 Romanzoffia sitchensis, 72-3 Hypericum formosum, 72-4 Sisyrinchium montanum, 72-5 Isoetes bolanderi, 72-6 Juncus alpinus, 72-7 Juncus balticus, 72-8 Juncus bufonius, 72-9 Juncus confusus, 72-10 Juncus drummondii. 344 long as sepals; stamens numerous and long, mostly in 3 fascicles, ovary beyond stamens, terminating in 3 or 4 slender styles. A bright and attractive wildflower, in Alberta apparently restricted to Waterton Lakes. It prefers wet protected places such as boggy shores at high elevations. Flowers in July and August.

Iridaceae (Iris Family) Sisyrinchium S. montanum Greene (Blue-eyed Grass) Fig. 72-4 Tufted, hairless perennial, from numerous fibrous roots, and reaching up to 3.5 dm in height. Leaves grass-like, somewhat sheathing, basal only, less than 3 mm wide and 2 dm long. Stems flat and sharply edged, leafless except for 2 very unequal small ensheathing bracts at the tip, enclosing the young buds. Flowers few, on very slender stalks. Sepals and petals 3 each but virtually identical, blue to blue-violet with yellow center, more or less elliptical with fine terminal teeth; stamens 3, forming a central column 4-5 mm long along with the style, which has 3 slender stigmatic lobes; ovary below the flower, spherical, up to 2 mm long. Fruit spherical or nearly so, 4.5-6 mm long, splitting open at the tip to release the black seeds. An attractive wild flower which easily escapes detection as its flowers open only for a few hours in the early part of the day. It prefers moist meadows but sometimes also fairly dry grassy hillsides at low elevations, being especially common in the area around Knighfs Lake, and flowers from early June well into July. There has been much confusion about the proper name of the Blue- eyed Grasses, the name S. angustifolium Mill, and S. bermudianum L. also having been applied to our plants.

Isoetaceae (Quillwort Family) Isoetes /. bolanderi Engelm. (Quillwort) Fig. 72-5 A small, tufted perennial, with grass-like leaves 5-10 cm long from a tuberous base, the leaves pointed, ensheathing at the base where bearing a minute spore-case partially covered by a membranous flap; tuber somewhat lobed, with numerous unbranched roots. This remarkable but inconspicuous plant in Alberta is known from Summit Lake only where, especially at the east end, it is quite abundant. It grows along the muddy shore but is also submersed to a considerable 345 depth. Its leaves break off rather easily. A second locality has been dis covered just across the Akamina Pass in British Columbia. In both cases there is some doubt as to whether the plants are true /. bolanderi.

Juncaceae (Rush Family) Perennial (rarely annual) plants, often with creeping rootstocks. Leaves flat or cylindrical, 1 per node, with conspicu ous basal sheath clasping the stem, sometimes reduced to this sheath, when green very long and often grass-like. Flower clusters dense heads or spikes or more open arrangements, below which are 1 or more bracts. Petals and sepals similar, free, greenish to brown, 3 each; stamens 6 (rarely 3); ovary single, placed beyond other elements, terminating in short style with three stigmatic lobes; seeds 3 or more, sometimes with appendages at one or both ends. A similar grass-like habit has evolved in two other families (Gramineae and Cyperaceae); see comments under the latter family.

KEY TO GENERA Fruit many-seeded; leaves hairless, often slender and/or very narrow or even cylindrical. Juncus Fruit 3-seeded; leaves more or less hairy, flat. Luzula

Juncus (Rush) Mostly perennial, largely hairless plants (one species annual), with creeping rootstocks and/or tufted stems. Leaves grass like, cylindrical or flattened, often slender, with a sheathing base around the stem, this sheath with membranous margin often tipped with ear-like lobes; leaves sometimes with transverse partitions, or merely consisting of the sheath. Flower clusters variously branched to dense, head-like groups accompanied by small bracts one of which may be leaf-like and surpass the flowers, in some in direct continuation of the stem below. Flowers with 3 petals and 3 sepals, both distinct, brownish, of the same or slightly different length; stamens 6 (rarely 3), distinct, ovary prominent and often somewhat 3-sided becoming a dry, many-seeded fruit opening along 3 slits; style with 3 lobes; seeds more or less spindle-shaped, often with a tail at each pole. A genus of inconspicuous plants. At least one further 346 species, J. biglumis L. should be looked for in the Park (see under J. triglumis L.)

KEY TO SPECIES Flower cluster(s) lateral, surpassed by cylindrical, erect bract appearing to be a direct continution of the stalk. Flowers in dense rounded heads and lacking individual stalks or nearly so; fruit sharply pointed, its 3 tips remaining fused into one. J. nodosus Flowers not in dense, rounded heads, and individually stalked; fruit blunt or pointed, but its 3 tips separating when ripe. Mostly alpine plants with few (usually 2-3) flowers. Basal leaves reduced to sheaths tipped with minute, aborted blades; fruit (and its 3 lobes) usually notched. J. drummondii Basal leaves mostly not so reduced; fruit pointed. J. parryi Plants of lower elevation, flowers more numerous. J. balticus Flower cluster terminal or lateral, the bract not surpassing it or standing sideways and not a direct continuation of the stem, or the bract flat or channelled rather than cylindrical. Annuals; flowers widely dispersed over branching plant. J. bufonius Perennials; flowers in open or compact groups. Flower clusters solitary and compact, erect, mostly 2- or 3-flowered, the petals and sepals whitish, lacking green midrib. J. triglumis Flower cluster several or solitary and compact, in the latter case at least 5-flowered and petals and sepals dark brown or with green midrib. Head normally single, dense and essentially spherical, many-flowered, at least 1 cm in diameter. J. mertensianus Not this combination of characters. Leaves (preferably basal ones) cylindrical. 347 Petals and sepals 3-4 mm long; fruit slenderly tapered nearly from the base, its 3 lobes remaining fused at the tips. J. nodosus Petals and sepals 2-2.5 mm long; fruit blunt, its 3 tips separating when mature. J. alpinus Leaves (preferably basal ones) distinctly flattened or at least channelled on one side. Basal leaves laterally flattened (iris-like), up to 6 mm broad, the basal sheath without marginal ears; stamens 3. J. ensifolius Basal leaves not laterally flattened, mostly less than 3 mm wide, basal sheaths with ears; stamens 6. Flowers in head-like clusters on branches, each flower lacking bractlets; leaves dorsiventrally flattened, grass like. J. longistylis Flowers borne singly in more open arrangement, each flower with two small bracts directly below petals; leaves not obviously dorsiventrally flattened or grass-like. Fruit 1- (rarely 3-) chambered, in the latter case margins of leaf sheath not extending upward into membranous ears; petals sometimes less than 3.5 mm long. J. tenuis Fruit 3-chambered, leaf sheaths with (usually conspicuous) marginal ears; petals 3.5-5 mm long. /. confusus

J. alpinus Vill. Fig. 72-6 Tufted plants, up to 5 dm high, from a creeping short rootstock, with 1-3 leaves per stem, these slenderly cylindrical, the sheaths with prominent ears. Flowers 2-10 or rarely more, in few dense heads well above leaves, the heads about 5-10 mm wide. Petals and sepals 2-3 mm long usually purplish-brown; stamens 6, fruit as long as, or slightly exceeding the petals, distinctly rounded at tip. Margins of ponds and lakes at low elevations, in the Park known from the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds, and from the Buffalo Paddocks. A var iable species within which several varieties have been described (includ ing var. rariflorus Hartm. reported for Alberta) and which are difficult to distinguish consistently. 348 J. balticus Willd. (Wire Rush) Fig. 72-7 Stems rigidly erect, up to 6 dm tall, from a creeping rootstock, cylindri cal, lacking any expanded leaves, the leaf-sheaths several, brownish; stem terminating in and directly continued by a cylindrical bract extending as much as 10 cm beyond flowers. Flowers in dense head-like cluster, or more diffuse open group. Petals and sepals 4-5 mm long, purplish brown; stamens 6; fruit more or less ovoid, rather blunt but with terminal papilla, about as long as petals. An exceedingly variable species, often standing in shallow water or in mud, at low elevations. Var. montanus Engelm., with dense flower clusters about 1 cm across, and var. vallicola Rydb., with a diffuse open flower cluster, are both known to occur in the Park.

J. bufonius L. (Toad Rush) Fig. 72-8 Annual plants, up to 2 dm high, with tufts of slender spreading stems diffusely branching from just above the base, leaves very slender, somewhat flat, the sheath with elongated, sharp-tipped ears. Flowers in small clusters of 1-3, spread along branches, the petals and sepals 3-7 mm long, with conspicuous translucent margins, slender-tipped; stamens 6. Fruit blunt, with small central papilla, shorter than petals. A rather common species, sometimes flowering when no more than a couple of centimeters high. Wet places, sometimes slightly weedy, at low elevations.

/. confusus Cov. Fig. 72-9 Plants somewhat similar to J. balticus but not so stiffly erect, more tufted, and with some very slightly flattened basal leaves reaching about halfway up the stem, the plants up to 5 dm in height; leaf sheath with pointed membranous ears. Flower cluster rather compact, few-flowered, pale brown, overlapped by the slender bract which is 2 to several times as long as the flower cluster. Petals and sepals 3.5-4 mm long, yellowish with dark stripe adjacent to translucent margin; stamens 6; fruit blunt, 3-chambered, slightly shorter than petals. Fairly common at least on the moist lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn., and probably elsewhere at low elevations.

/. drummondii Meyer Fig. 72-10 Tufted plants, up to 3 dm high, the stems cylindrical, without green leaves, but with several sheaths below, each abruptly contracted and topped by minute aborted leaf; flower bract continuing the stem some times to slightly beyond the flowers, very slender. Flowers in small clus ters of 1-5, often dark brown; petals and sepals 3-4 mm long, with light 349 median stripe; stamens 6; fruit and its 3 lobes notched at tip, usually somewhat longer than petals. A species of wet alpine meadows, distinctive through its peculiar leaf-sheaths and notched fruit.

J. ensifolius Wikstr. Fig. 73-1 [incl. J. saximontanus Nelson] Erect or ascending plants, from a creeping rootstock, up to 6 dm high. Stem-leaves several, strongly compressed laterally (as in Iris), up to 6 mm broad, base of leaves without ears but with broad translucent margin. Flower clusters 2-6, spherical or more open, in the former case up to about 1 cm thick and widely spaced; petals and sepals about 3 mm long; stamens 3; fruit blunt, slightly shorter than petals. Boggy places at low and middle elevations; our plants appear to belong to var. ensifolius. A variable species in its flower cluster, but clearly defined by its unusual leaves.

J. longistylis Torrey Fig. 73-2 Perennials, up to 6 dm tall, erect from a creeping rootstock, stem-leaves several but crowded mostly below, up to 4 mm wide and flattened; leaf- sheath with blunt ears. Flower clusters mostly 2-5, each 3-8-flowered and very compact, the bract 1-2 cm long, membranous. Petals and sepals 5-6 mm long, with broad, mostly greenish mid-stripe and broad silvery margins; stamens 6; fruit blunt, even slightly notched, shorter than petals. Infrequent at lower elevations, in damp meadows.

/. mertensianus Bong. Fig. 73-3 Perennials, from a strong rootstock, stems often clustered, commonly up to 2.5 dm high, more or less cylindrical; leaves mostly 2 along the stem, somewhat flattened, 1-2 mm wide. Flower clusters head-like, usually solitary and dark brown, spherical or nearly so, many-flowered, mostly at least 1 cm thick. Petals and sepals 3-4 mm long; stamens 6; fruit bluntly elliptical in outline, more or less as long as petals. A common and rather distinctive plant at elevations between 1700 and 2300 m, in boggy places.

J. nodosus L. Fig. 73-4 Rather slender perennial, from thin rootstock, not usually tufted, mostly up to 4 dm high. Leaves several, some of which usually reach up to flow ers, with clearly visible cross-partitions, the sheath-ears small and 73-1 Juncus ensifolius, 73-2 Juncus longistylis, 73-3 Juncus merlensianus, 73-4 Juncus nodosus, 73-5 Juncus parryi, 73-6 Juncus tenuis, 73-7 Juncus triglumis, 73-8 Luzula campestris, 73-9 Luzula glabrata. 351 rounded; bract far surpassing flowers. Flowers numerous, in several smallish more or less round heads. Petals and sepals 3-4 mm long; sta mens 6; fruit slenderly tapered nearly from the base into a beak-like tip which remains fused when the rest of the 3 lobes separate, the tip sur passing petals. A very distinctive species through its tapered apically-fused ripe fruit, known from a few boggy areas along the northeastern flanks of the Park.

J. parryi Engelm. Fig. 73-5 Very slender, densely tufted perennial, up to 3 dm high, stems cylindri cal, with only one green elongated cylindrical leaf each, leaf-sheaths with short rounded white ears; bract far surpassing flowers. Flowers 1-3 per stem, well separated on slender individual stalks. Petals and sepals 6-7 mm long; stamens 6; fruit at least as long as petals, pointed. Alpine moist meadows; known from several areas in the Park, and rather unmistakable.

J. tenuis Willd. Fig. 73-6 [incl. J. dudleyi Wieg.] Tufted perennials, up to 6 dm high, the few leaves basal only and obviously flattened, up to 1.5 mm wide, leaf-sheaths with broad rounded ears; flower cluster rather open, well above leaves but much surpassed by the bract, branching. Petals and sepals 4-5 mm long; stamens 6; fruit broad, ovate, blunt, slightly shorter than petals. A variable and difficult species, some plants with an open branching flower cluster, others with several rounded rather dense heads; lower elevations. Var. dudleyi (Wieg.) Hermann corresponds to the latter and var. multicornis E. Meyer to the former, both apparently occurring in the Park.

J. triglumis L. Fig. 73-7 [incl. /. albescens Fern.] A small tufted perennial, its slender straight stems reaching 1.5 dm in height, each with 1-2 basal leaves 1-5 cm long, slender and cylindrical, the sheaths with rounded ears. Flowers in a single terminal dense head, with short broad yellowish-white chaffy bracts, petals and sepals of similar color, about 4 mm long; stamens 6; fruit more or less as long as petals, somewhat pointed, brown. A very distinctive species because of its slenderness and size, and especially because of its light-colored solitary heads. In the Park known only from a bog on the eastern slope of Sofa Mtn. Our material may be 352 assigned to subsp. albescens (Lange) Hulten. The similar species /. biglumis L., with leaf-like rather than chaffy bracts and clearly notched fruit, is known from Colorado and the central Alberta Rocky Mountains (and the Arctic) and should be looked for in the Park also.

Luzula (Woodrush) Perennial plants, of grass-like appearance, tufted or with creeping rootstocks; leaves flat, often hairy especially at the top and margins of the basal sheath. Flower cluster spike-like or an open diffuse arrangement of widely spaced flowers, each flower with often frayed bractlets. Flower as in Juncus, but fruit with only 3 rather large seeds, sometimes with basal whitish appendage.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers in dense clusters of more than 3; base of seed with blunt whitish body. Flower clusters on curved stalks, often nodding; plants of higher elevations; seeds with white basal body up to half as long as the seed; flower bracts densely fringed with long white hairs. L. spicata Flower clusters on erect stalks; plants of lower elevations; basal body much less than half the seed's length; flower bracts nearly entire or with a few marginal hairs. L. campestris Flowers widely separated, on slender individual stalks; seeds lacking basal body. Flower and fruit often greenish to dark brown; petals 1-2 mm long. L. parviflora Flower and fruit dark brown, especially the fruit; petals about 3 mm long. L. glabrata

L. campestris (L.) DC.- Fig. 73-8 [inch L. intermedia (Thuill.) Nelson, L. multiflora Ehrh.J Tufted perennial, up to 5 dm tall with 2-4 stem-leaves 2-6 mm wide. Flowers crowded into small thick spikes which are usually on slender stalks, all spikes usually erect, with 8-15 flowers each. Petals and sepals pale green to chestnut brown; 2-4.5 mm long, often with translucent margins. Fruit broad and rounded, from considerably shorter to si'

L. parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Fig. 74-1 Somewhat tufted perennials, from creeping rootstock, up to 5 dm high; stem leaves 2-4, up to 1 cm wide. Flower cluster very diffuse, frequently nodding to one side. Petals and sepals often greenish brown or darker, about 2 mm long or less. Fruit greenish or darker brown, at least as long as petals, rounded at the tip. Seeds yellowish to light brown, lacking solid basal body. An exceedingly variable and difficult group, in our area found at middle elevations. Included here is L. wahlenbergii Rupr., which at best is very difficult to distinguish consistently from L. glabrata and L. parvi flora.

L. spicata (L.) DC. Fig. 74-2 Small tufted plants, commonly less than 2 dm high, with several rather narrow stem leaves. Flower clusters in compact short-stalked thick spikes, commonly nodding in older plants. Petals and sepals dark brown, 2-3 mm long, the bracts of the spike usually strikingly fringed with long white curled hairs. Fruit shorter than petals; seed broadly spindle-shaped with rounded poles, the base with short blunt whitish body. A rather common plant on open grassy slopes about 2000 m.

Juncaginaceae (Arrow-grass Family) Triglochin T. maritimum L. (Arrow-grass) Fig. 74-3 Grass-like perennials, up to 6 dm in height, hairless, tufted. Leaves 2-3 dm long or longer, with a long basal sheath. Flowering stalks exceeding leaves by 1 or 2 dm, leafless, the flowers numerous, bisexual, with short slender stalks, crowded in a narrow dense arrangement along upper half of stalk, lacking individual bracts. Sepals and petals 3 each, small and 74-1 Luzula parviflora, 74-2 Luzula spicata, 74-3 Triglochin maritimum, 74-4 Mentha arvensis, 74-5 Mentha spicata. 355 green; stamens 6, very short, in axils of petals and sepals; ovary beyond other flower parts, 3-sided and with 3 pointed, stigmatic lobes, the flower being about 2 mm long. Fruit an elongated 3-sided brown pod about 4 mm long, 1-seeded, only a slender central stalk remaining after seed-release. An inconspicuous drab plant of marshy shores occasionally seen along beaver ponds, etc. at low elevations, as in the area north of Sofa Mtn. They flower in mid-summer.

Labiatae [Lamiaceae] (Mint Family) Mostly perennial, aromatic, short-hairy or smooth plants, often with rootstocks, the stems 4-angled. Leaves paired, simple, often marginally toothed and gland-dotted. Flowers bisexual, the sepals 5 and partly fused, often unequally so; petals 5, the lower portion forming a tube, the upper 2 fused into a single structure and often forming an upper lip, the lower 3 lobes equal or the middle one larger, together often forming a lower lip; stamens 2 or 4, (in the latter case often of two different lengths) inserted inside the petal tube; ovary deeply 4-lobed, placed beyond other floral parts, with single long style terminating in 2 stigmatic lobes; each ovary becom ing a 1-seeded small nut-like structure.

KEY TO GENERA Flowers in dense rounded heads at tip of stem, each at least 2 cm long; anthers 2. Monarda Flowers not in terminal head, about 1 cm long or \less; anthers 4. Flower bracts at least as broad as long; leaves smooth-margined or nearly so. Prunella Flower bracts narrower than long; leaves with toothed margin. Flowers clustered at leafy nodes, or at tips of main and long side branches; petals not separated into upper and lower lips. Mentha Flowers in spikes at end of main stem which \ at best has only very short branches above; flower-clearly divided into upper and lower lips. 356 Flower bracts with long rigid marginal spines; leaves hairless or nearly so, sharply toothed; plant lacking rootstock. Moldavica Flower bracts lacking marginal spines; leaves soft-hairy, bluntly and shallowly toothed; plants with rootstock. Stachys

Mentha (Mint) Perennials, from rootstocks, with distinctive mint smell; flowers clustered at leafy nodes or in narrow terminal spikes. Sepals mostly fused into a 10-ribbed tube, the free lobes equal; petals seemingly 4, of equal length and mostly fused, the upper one broader than others (representing 2 united ones); stamens exserted or not, implanted on mid-portion of petals, equal, the anthers with 2 parallel pollen sacs.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers clustered at leafy nodes; leaves with petioles. M. arvensis Flowers in elongated spikes at tips of stem and its branches; leaves without petioles. M. spicata

M. arvensis L. (Wild Mint) Fig. 74-4 [M. canadensis L.] Short-hairy perennials, from a creeping rootstock, mostly up to 5 dm high, simple or sparsely branched below. Leaves with petioles, up to 7 X 3 cm, with sparse marginal teeth, the blade lance-shaped, gland-dotted. Flowers individually stalked, in rounded axillary clusters at leafy nodes; sepals with 5 equal lobes half as long or less than the fused portion, often purplish; petals more or less equal in shape and length, light pink to purple, 4 or 5, twice as long as sepals; stamens exserted. Occasionally in boggy places or water edges at low elevations, flower ing in July and August.

M. spicata L. (Spearmint) Fig. 74-5 Tall, leafy perennials, from creeping rootstock, up to 1 m high, branched above, more or less hairless. Leaves lacking petioles, or nearly so, up to 7 X 2 cm, very narrowly lance-shaped but with rounded base, profusely gland-dotted, with sharp marginal teeth. Flower clusters at the tips of branches, narrow and spike-like, the bracts very slender. Individual flowers short-stalked when mature; free sepal lobes 5, equal and nearly as long as fused portion, both with short glandular hairs; petals purple, 357 about 3 mm long, free beyond sepal teeth; stamens not exserted. Known only from a clump of plants at Red Rock Canyon, and prob ably a garden escape along with hops in the same locality, but both well established. Flowers in the fall.

Moldavica M. parviflora (Nutt.) Britt. (Dragonhead) Fig. 75-1 [Dracocephalum parviflorum Nutt.] Thinly hairy, rather coarse annual or biennial, up to 6 dm high, simple or branched below, often reddish-green. Leaves very narrowly triangular to lance-shaped, sharp-tipped, with very prominent coarse marginal teeth, petiole up to 3 cm long, blade up to 8 X 2.5 cm. Flower spikes large, dense, and terminal, the largest ones interrupted below, the bracts numerous, crowded, with prominent marginal teeth tipped with a stiff often purplish spine, margin otherwise fringed with white hairs. Sepals 4 equal narrow ones and one slightly longer broad one, all spine tipped and about as long as fused portion, petals in hooded upper lip and 3-lobed lower lip, the middle lobe broader, all just protruding from sepals, bluish. An occasional, somewhat weedy plant of moist grasslands or road sides at the lowest elevations, flowering in the second half of the summer.

Monarda M. fistulosa L. (Wild Bergamot, Horsemint) Fig. 75-2 Frequently clustered erect plant, from branching rootstock, up to 7 dm high, simple or sparsely branched, with short hairs on all green parts. Leaves with petioles below, without above, blade up to 7 X 3 cm, with very shallow marginal teeth, ovate but sharp-tipped, profusely gland- dotted. Flowers in dense terminal heads; sepals fused into narrow 7 mm- long ribbed tube crowned with dense white hairs and 5 short spiny sepal- lobes; petals 2 cm or longer, hairy, bright lavender, deeply cleft into narrow upper and lower lips slightly surpassed by 2 stamens and style; buds curved; both sepals and petals profusely glandular-dotted. A very handsome plant, common throughout most of the Park, at elevations up to 2000 m. It prefers open grassy places and rocky bluffs and flowers in July and August. Alberta plants belong to var. menthae- folia (Graham) Fern.

Prunella P. vulgaris L. (Heal-all) Fig. 75-3 Perennials, with creeping base or rootstocks, often forming small patches, reaching mostly 3 dm or less in height, hairless or nearly so. Leaves with petioles up to 3 cm long, the blade up to 7 X 3 cm, ovate to somewhat ellip- 75-1 Moldavica parviflora, 75-2 Monarda fistulosa, 75-3 Prunella vulgaris, 75-4 Stachys palustris. 359 tical, the tip often rounded, smooth-margined or nearly so. Flower cluster dense and broad, terminal; flower bracts as broad as or broader than long, the smooth margin with numerous stout white hairs and running into tail like tip. Three sepals broadly fused with 3 small spines, deeply separated from 2 partly fused narrow spine-tipped ones; upper lip with large hood hiding stamens and style, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe somewhat fringed and largest, petal tips deep purple, rarely pinkish, the entire flower about 1 cm long. An attractive fairly common plant of moist places at lower and middle elevations, flowering in July and August.

Stachys S. palustris L. (Hedge Nettle) Fig. 75-4 Soft-hairy perennial, from creeping rootstock, sometimes up to 8 dm high, unbranched. Leaves with short and flanged or no petiole, up to 8 X 3 cm, lance-shaped but tapered to tip and rather blunt at base, margin shallowly toothed. Flower cluster a somewhat open spike interrupted below, the bracts small, leaf-like. Sepals nearly 1 cm long, fused halfway, with long simple and shorter glandular hairs, the sharply pointed narrow lobes equal. Petals 10-15 mm long, divided into a slightly longer mottled unequally 3-lobed lower lip, and shorter hooded upper lip, both bright lilac. A swamp plant along borders of standing and running water at low elevations, but not abundant in the Park. It flowers in July and early August. Alberta plants are assigned to var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fern.

Leguminosae [Fabaceae] (Pea Family) Perennial (in one case, annual) plants, smooth or hairy, with leaves divided into several to many leaflets which are attached at one point or spread along midrib; base of petiole with 2 green or withering flaps (stipules); leaves 1 per node but leaflets along midrib may be paired; leaflets with obvious midvein running into tip. Flowers in elongated or head-like, always unbranched, clusters; sepals 5 or fewer, green, fused at base but with free tips; petals often brightly colored, 5 and strikingly dissimilar; upper median one large (the standard or banner), 2 lateral ones small (the wings), the lowest two coher ent at lower margin forming a boat-like structure (the keel) which covers the stamens and style. Stamens 10, the filaments 360 of 9 fused, the other free; ovary placed above sepals, termi nating in a single long style and button-like stigma. Fruit a pod with 1 to many seeds, opening along the fusion-lines of the valves, breaking into one-seeded segments, or not opening at all. A large and colorful family with at least 37 representa tives in the Park, more than a third of which are Milk Vetches (Astragalus). It is a family which can be easily identified on the basis of flower structure, which tends to vary on a uniform plan, with the exception of Petalostemon. It is typified by the flowers of peas, beans, and sweet peas, and is described above. In addition to the flower, the simple basic plan of the fruit, like a pea pod, is characteristic.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves with grasping tendrils at the tip. Style bearded only at tip; flowers pale yellow; leaflets often 1.5 cm or more broad. Lathynts Style bearded along upper side; flowers purplish-blue; leaflets mostly less than 1 cm ^ broad. Vicia Leaves lacking tendrils. Leaflets 3 per leaf. Dense cushion-like plants, with silvery-white hair cover on leaves. Astragalus Creeping or erect plants, not cushion-like, and not with dense silvery-white leaf hairs. Middle (terminal) leaflet with "stalk" absent or no larger than that of the other 2 leaflets; flowers in dense spherical, thimble-like, or short rounded clusters. Leaflets 3 or 5, less than 2 mm wide, with glandular dots; sepals white-woolly, petals apparently free, stamens 5. Petalostemon Leaflets always 3, broader than 3 mm, not gland-dotted; sepals not woolly, flower typical of family. Trifolium Middle leaflet with "stalk" longer than that of other leaflets; flowers in rounded clusters or very narrow, long clusters. Pod tightly twisted, several times as long as sepals; flower clusters less than 4 cm long. Medicago 361 Pods short and straight, about twice as long as sepals; flower clusters up to 12 cm long. Melilotus Leaflets 5 or more per leaf. Flowers in compact, terminal heads, not of "pea shape," with 5 apparently free petals and 5 stamens; leaflets 5 (sometimes 3). Petalostemon Flowers only rarely in compact heads, always of "pea shape," with 10 stamens; leaflets mostly more than 5. Leaflets all attached at the same point. Lupinus Leaflets spread along leafs midrib. Pods with densely crowded hooked prickles; lower leaf surface with numerous glandular dots. Glycyrrhiza Pods not with prickles; leaves lacking glandular dots. Constrictions dividing pod into 1-seeded segments; keel with rather blunt end. Hedysarum Pods lacking constrictions; keel not blunt- ended. Keel abruptly narrowed to a beak-like point (see Fig. 81-6); plants without leafy stems (except O. deflexa). Oxytropis Keel not abruptly beaked (see Fig. 76-3); plants with leafy stems. Astragalus

Astragalus (Milk Vetch) Perennial herbs, from taproots or rootstocks; hairiness and stipules variable. Leaflets usually more than 5 (3 in the rare A. gitviflorus) and aligned along the midrib. Flowers in axillary, stalked clusters and individually stalked. Sepals 5, partly fused; petals of the usual pea type but often rather narrow, the standard as long as, or longer than keel and wings. Pod variable, sometimes longitudinally divided into 2 chambers, and sometimes on stalk above sepals. An exceedingly large genus with 16 species represented in Waterton. While many of these are difficult to identify, none of our species intergrade with others, and we, therefore, are free from truly unresolvable problems, given adequate mater ial. This in many cases includes pods, the characteristics of which are often crucial. 362 Species of Oxytropis are often mistaken for Astragalus (and vice versa), but all species of Astragalus have leafy stems, and none have the beak-type tip of the keel characteristic of Oxytropis. See further comments under Oxytropis and compare Figs. 76-3 and 81-6. Some species (for example, A. miser) are said to be highly poisonous to cattle while others (for example, A. crassicarpus) seem to be edible.

KEY TO SPECIES Banner white or creamy white only. Leaflets 5 mm wide, or less. Leaflets 3. A. gilviflorus Leaflets more than 5. All stems and leaves with woolly white hairs. A. drummondii Stems and leaves at most with inconspicuous appressed hairs. Flower, including its stalk, no longer than 1 cm; pod pointed. Plants usually blue-green in appearance, smooth-hairy, but upper surface of leaflets hairless; even in occasional sparsely hairy plants, sepals with black hairs; low to alpine situations. A. aboriginum Plants never blue-green, and hairless or nearly so; sepals not black-hairy; low elevations only. Some upper leaves with smaller second flower cluster; flower clusters little if any longer than subtending leaves, the flower-bearing portion much longer than stalk. A. tenellus No such second flower clusters; flower cluster longer than subtending leaf, its stalk about half its total length. A. flexuosus Flower, including its stalk, about 2 cm long; pod nearly spherical. A. crassicarpus Leaflets 6 mm wide, or more. Sepal lobes as wide as long; pods pendulous, not crowded. A. americanus 363 Sepal lobes twice as long as wide; pods crowded, erect. A. canadensis Banner with at least some blue, purple, or pink. Older flower clusters, even in fruit, very compact, head-like. Slender plants, stems usually erect, with simple appressed hairs. A. agrestis More vigorous plants, basally lodged, with pick-shaped hairs. A. adsurgens Older flower clusters never head-like. • Leaflets at least twice as long as wide. Sepal lobes half as long as fused portion, or more. Plants usually blue-green; pod on slender stalk exserted beyond sepals. A. aboriginum Plants usually not blue-green; pod without or with short hidden stalk. Flower, including pedicel, more than 1 cm long. Leaflets extremely narrow, 1 cm long or more; pod lacking black hairs. A. miser Leaflets less than 1 cm long, usually narrowly elliptical; pod with short black hairs. A. bourgovii Flower, including pedicel, less than 1 cm long. A. vexilliflexus Sepal lobes less than half as long as fused portion. Predominant flower color blue or purplish. Flowers lavender; sepals and pod black- hairy, the latter with stalk as long as sepals; pods often all turned to one side. A. robbinsii Flowers darker blue-purple; sepals not black-hairy; pods lacking stalks, arrayed all around flowering stalk. A. eucosmus Predominant flower color yellowish-white. Leaflets blunt-tipped or even notched, usually more than 1 mm wide; pods spreading, mostly less than 2 cm long. A. flexuosus . 364 Leaflets sharp-tipped, usually less than 1 mm wide; pods drooping, more than 2 cm long. A. miser A Leaflets less than twice as long as wide. Petioles nearly equal or even exceeding the rest of the leaf; tip of keel more darkly colored than that of flower. A. alpinus Petioles less than half as long as the rest of the leaf; tip of keel not particlarly dark. A. robbinsli

A. aboriginum Richards. Fig- 76-1 Clustered stems usually less than 3 dm high, somewhat lodged at base; green parts somewhat bluish-grey through densely appressed hairs. Stipules 2-5 mm long and more than half as wide, rounded at tip. Leaves lacking petiole or nearly so, leaflets 7-15, narrowly lance-shaped, com monly up to 20 X 3 mm, both surfaces hairy or upper surface hairless. Flower cluster rather dense, rounded, much elongating in fruit. Sepal lobes more than half as long as tubular portion, with thick brown hair. Petals dirty white, but keel purple-tipped. Pod nodding on stipe as long as sepals, straight or slightly curved, body 2-3 cm long, slightly com pressed, thin-walled and often hairless. A rather distinct plant because of its bluish-grey aspect. It may be confused with A. bourgovii which is less hairy and more slender, with smaller stipules but longer petioles; the flowers of A. bourgovii are more generally blue. Never abundant; grassy or rocky places up to timberline or higher. Flowers as early as late May at low elevations.

A. adsurgens Pall. Fig. 76-2 [A. striatus Nutt.] A rather robust plant, with many basally lodged stems from a strong rootcrown, stems up to 4 dm long, all green parts with closely appressed, pick-shaped hairs, upper leaflet surface of some plants hairless. Stipules long-triangular, papery. Petioles 0.5-4 cm long, the remainder of the leaf 4-12 cm long; leaflets 9-23, usually up to 15 X 5 mm. Flower cluster dense and almost spherical at first, elongating to 4-5 cm in fruit, lifted somewhat above leaves. Sepal lobes needle-shaped, at most half as long as sepal tube, both covered with parallel white and black pick-shaped hairs. Petals blue to lavender, standard rather narrow and oblique. Pod hairy as sepals, lacking stipe, obliquely erect, 8-12 mm long, lower surface with broad groove. A plant of often dry grassy and rocky places below 2000 m. It is easily confused with the more slender A. agrestis which has smaller heads and 76-1 Astragalus aboriginum, 76-2 Astragalus adsurgens, 76-3 Astragalus agrestis, 76-4 Astragalus alpinus, 76-5 Astragalus americanus. 366 simple hairs which are not pick-shaped. In some plants only the keel is deep blue, other petals very pale. Our plants seem to belong to var. robustior Hook. Flowers from mid-June to early August.

A. agrestis G. Don Fig. 76-3 [A. dasyglottis DC] A slender plant, from thin rootstocks, not usually densely clustered, stems up to 2 dm long, the leaves and stems with simple appressed white hairs. Stipules often fused around stem, green at least at tip. Petiole at least 1 cm long; leaflets 15-19, narrowly elliptical, up to 10 X 3 mm. Flower cluster dense, up to 2.5 X 2.5 cm, scarcely elongating in fruit, on stalk up to 8 cm long. Sepal lobes needle-like, about half as long as sepal tube, both densely covered with simple white and black hairs. Petals light bluish-purple and white, rather erect, standard narrow. Pod lacking stipe, more or less erect, dark-hairy, about 1 cm long, with deep groove below. Rare in the Park, known from moist prairie at the east boundary. A. agrestis is very similar to A. adsurgens which is larger, clustered, and has the curious pick-shaped hairs. Flowers in June and July.

A. alpinus L. Fig. 76-4 A delicate plant, usually less than 20 cm high, sometimes forming loose small mat-like clusters through creeping branching stems, thin-hairy. Stipules long-triangular, green, fused only with base of petiole. Petiole 1-4 cm; leaflets 13-25, elliptical, up to 12 X 6 mm. Flower cluster few- flowered, on stalk, elongating to 10 cm. Sepal lobes greenish, triangular, half as long as the yellowish tube, both with dense black hairs. Petals rather large, the standard and tip of keel bright blue, the rest white, standard erect. Pod pendulous, black-hairy, about 1 cm long, sharply pointed at both ends, on stipe as long as the sepals. A strictly alpine plant, rather common on stable scree slopes and meadows above 2000 m, where it flowers from late June to the end of July. The somewhat similar A. bourgovii is a little taller, with leaflets less than half as broad as long, the pod having a stipe much shorter than the sepals.

A. americanus (Hook.) Jones Fig. 76-5 [A. frigidus (L.) Gray var. americanus (Hook.) Wats.] A rather coarse, erect plant, single-stemmed, very thinly hairy. Stipules 1.5 cm long, broad and turning brown, not attached to petiole, usually drooping. Leaves with petioles 2-3 cm long and 7-15 leaflets which are more or less elliptical, up to 4.5 X 1.5 cm and usually hairless above. 367 Flower clusters several cm long, rather open, flowers on slender 3-4 mm long stalks, spreading, the clusters on rigidly erect stalks about 5 cm long but doubling in fruit. Sepal lobes 0.5 mm long, extremely blunt, fringed with hairs, the tube 5 mm long. All petals about equally long (10-12 mm), creamy white, standard only slightly elevated. Pod hairless, straight, 2-2.5 cm long and about 7 mm thick, drooping, the stipe considerably longer than sepal tube. An unmistakable plant which may be encountered in open woods at lower elevations, flowering in July.

A. bourgovii Gray Fig. 77-1 A slender many-stemmed plant, from a somewhat matted base and short taproot, up to 2.5 dm in height, slightly hairy. Stipules 1-3 mm long, long- triangular, fused at base. Petioles 5-20 mm long, leaflets 13-23, narrowly elliptical, up to 15 mm long, always less than half as wide. Sepal lobes narrow and pointed, slightly shorter than the tube, both black-hairy; sepals blue-purple with white base, the standard delicately veined, oblique. Pods drooping, about 15 X 4 mm, with numerous thick short black and white hairs, lacking an obvious stipe, with attenuate tip. A common species throughout the Park, at all but the lowest and highest elevations, usually on exposed rocky slopes. Flowers from late May through July. A. bourgovii is rather similar to A. alpinus, A. aboriginum, and A. vexilliflexus, and may grow with any of these. From the first two, A. bour govii differs as noted under these species. A. vexilliflexus is generally a smaller, more diffuse plant, usually with darker, more solidly blue- purple flowers, the standard more erect, the pod smaller and not so attenuate as in A bourgovii, and almost exclusively white-haired Flow ers late May to late July.

A. canadensis L. Fig. 77-2 A short, erect, single-stemmed plant, often 8 dm tall or more, green parts with numerous white pick-shaped hairs. Stipules long-triangular, green- tipped when young, not attached to petioles. Leaves up to 20 cm long, petiole 1-5 cm long. Leaflets 11-29, elliptical, up to 4 X 1.5 cm. Flower clusters dense, up to 8 cm long and not elongating in fruit, on erect stalks 6-12 cm long. Sepal lobes needle-shaped, half as long as sepal tube, both yellowish with abundant dark simple and pick-shaped hairs; petals yellowish, often purple-tipped, standard rather narrow, obliquely erect, the flower as a whole spreading. Pod erect, brown, nearly hairless, thick portion about 15 X 4 mm, lacking stipe. Known from several open places at low elevation, some at the edge of streams or ponds, others in drier situations in coniferous areas. The only 77-1 Astragalus bourgovii, 77-2 Astragalus canadensis, 77-3 Astragalus crassi carpus, 77-4 Astragalus drummondii, 77-5 Astragalus eucosmus. 369 other Astragalus of this stature is A. americanus, but it has an entirely different sepal tube, and a drooping pod with a stipe, and lacks pick- shaped hairs. Flowers about July.

A. crassicarpus Nutt. (Ground Plum) Fig. 77-3 Sprawling plants with clustered stems from a strong taproot, several dm long, finely hairy on all green parts except upper leaf surface. Stipules long-triangular, green-tipped, scarcely attached to petiole. Leaf with petiole 1 cm long or less, leaflets 17-25, up to 10 X 3 mm, elliptical. Flower clusters few-flowered and open, on stalk commonly 3-4 cm long, not elongating. Sepal lobes triangular, less than half as long as tube, the lobes and upper tube dark-haired, lower tube white-haired and purple- tinged; petals creamy yellow except for short purple keel, standard narrow and scarcely erect, about 2 cm long. Pod nearly spherical, heavy- walled, about 2 cm thick, hairless and not opening, reddish-green, becom ing hard and brown. A very distinctive prairie element known from Bellevue Hill, on open and dry, grassy slopes. Waterton plants may be referred to var. paysoni (Kelso) Barneby. This species is not poisonous, the fleshy fruits being eaten raw or boiled by the early Indians. Flowering in June and July.

A. drummondii Hook. Fig. 77-4 Erect, grey-woolly plants with several stems from a strong rootcrown, up to 6 or 7 dm high. Stipules from broadly membranaceous to green and needle-like. Leaves with petiole 1 cm or less, up to about 10 cm long with leaflets 15-33, mostly up to 15 X 6 mm, narrowly elliptical. Flower clusters erect, loose, on stalks up to 10 cm long. Sepals needle-shaped, one third as long as tube, both pale yellow with mostly black hairs; petals pale yellow, the keel purple-tipped, standard 1.5-2 cm long, obliquely erect and longer than keel and wings. Pod 2-2.5 cm long and about 4 mm wide, pendulous, with stipe as long as sepals, with obvious lower groove. An unmistakable species perhaps erroneously reported previously, but to be expected at the northeastern fringes of the Park. It flowers from early June into July.

A. eucosmus Robins. Fig. 77-5 A rather erect one- or few-stemmed plant, up to 6 dm high, sparsely hairy on all green parts except usually hairless on upper leaf surface. Stipules long-triangular, green, not attached to petiole. Petiole 0.5-2.5 cm, leaflets 11-19, up to 5 X 20 mm, narrowly elliptical. Flower clusters lifted well above subtending leaves, rather dense at first but elongating in fruit. Sepal lobes less than half as long as sepal tube, both with dense black and white hairs; petals usually purple, standard obliquely erect and longest. 370 Pod drooping, lacking stipe, nearly 1 cm long and 3-4 mm wide, broad along lower side, densely hairy. In protected, rather moist places, known from the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn. and the Dardanelles. Flowers in June and July.

A flexuosus (Hook.) G. Don Fig. 78-1 A slender, many-stemmed plant, often with basally lodged stems, some times 8 dm long but usually shorter, short-hairy on all green parts except for nearly hairless upper leaf surface. Stipules long-triangular. Leaves with no more than very short petioles; leaflets 15-21, up to 12 X 3 mm, becoming narrower above, narrowly elliptical but rather blunt-tipped. Flower clusters lifted above subtending leaves, very open, elongating. Sepal lobes short-triangular, about a quarter as long as the tube, both with white, sometimes darker hairs; petals usually pale lavender, standard erect, only slightly exceeding wings. Pod with very short stipe, narrowly cylindrical, up to 20 X 3 mm, more or less straight and sharply pointed, nodding, sparsely hairy. A prairie species known from the northeast flanks of the Park, where it flowers in June and July. For differences from A. miser, see under that species; the more yellow-flowered A. tenellus has flat hairless pods with long stipes, and shorter flower clusters, often 2 per leaf.

A. gilviflorus Sheld. (Cushion Milk Vetch) Fig. 78-2 [A. triphyllus Pursh] A low silver-hairy plant, forming dense cushions up to 1 dm across or slightly more, the stems 1-3 cm long and densely covered with old and new leaves. Stipules white, thin-membranous, up to 15 mm long. Leaf lets 3, narrowly lance-shaped, up to 2.5 cm, attached at tip of petiole which becomes about twice as long as leaflets. Flowers crowded, singly or in pairs in leaf-axil; sepals about 1.5 cm long, about one-third of it the needle-shaped free lobes; petals creamy-white, the keel purple-tipped, standard narrow, about 2.5 cm long, low-oblique, far exceeding the nar row wings. Pod ovoid, few-seeded and leathery, hairy, not opening, with out stipe and up to 1 cm long. Probably the most distinctive of the Park's Milk Vetches, this is a species common on coulee crests all through southern Alberta, but in the Park, is known only from the spot where the Waterton River crosses the boundary. Flowers in May.

A. miser Hook. Fig. 78-3 [A. decumbens (Nutt.) Gray var. serotinus (Gray) Jones] A very slender, many-branched plant, commonly less than 3 dm tall. 78-1 Astragalus flexuosus, 78-2 Astragalus gilviflorus, 78-3 Astragalus miser, 78-4 Astragalus robbinsii. 372 thinly hairy. Stipules narrowly triangular, green-tipped, scarcely fused with petiole. Petioles 1-3 cm; leaflets 9-21, often hairless above, 5-20 mm long, usually needle-shaped Flower clusters few-flowered, the flowers widely spaced but just above subtending leaves. Sepal lobes green, needle-shaped, at least half as long as the yellowish tube, both with white and often brown hairs. Sepals dirty yellow with at least a purple-tipped keel and usually purple-veined, oblique standard. Pod drooping, without stipe, up to 2.5 cm long, narrow and sharp-tapering, thin-hairy or hair less. A variable species of mountainous western North America, in the Park known from two spots at low elevation, both dry and rocky. The plant in Alberta is known only from Waterton and the Frank region. It differs from the similar A. flexuosus in having much narrower leaflets and being generally much finer, with somewhat more slender pods. See also A. tenellus.

A. robbinsii (Oakes) Gray Fig. 78-4 [A. occidentalis Jones] Ascending several-stemmed plants, up to about 5 dm high, slightly hairy except for hairless upper leaf surface. Stipules long-triangular, spread ing, light green, not attached to petiole. Petiole very short; leaflets 9-15, up to 2.5 X 1 cm, elliptical. Flower clusters rather dense, lifted far above subtending leaf. Sepals narrowly triangular, half the length of the tube, both greenish-white with abundant black hair. Petals pale blue-purple, standard obliquely erect, about 1 cm long. Pods widely spaced, nodding, black-hairy, and sharply pointed, up to 25 mm long, with stipe as long as sepals. Moist and protected banks and slopes, usually at rather low elevations. At higher elevations, the plants are shorter and more diffuse; all our material belongs to var. minor (Hook.) Barneby. Flowers from late May into July.

A. tenellus Pursh Fig. 79-1 Slender, many-stemmed, often lodged plants, thinly hairy, stems not or sparsely branched up to 5 dm long. Stipules greenish, long, triangular, not attached to petiole. Petioles 1.5 cm long or less; leaflets 9-19, hairless or nearly so, up to 15 X 4 mm, very narrowly elliptical. Flower clusters few-flowered and open, not or not far exceeding subtending leaf, often with a second smaller one in each leaf-axil. Sepal lobes narrowly triangu lar, more than half as long as tube, both with white or brownish hairs; petals pale yellow, keel often purple-tipped and the oblique standard purple-veined. Pod pendulous, hairless, stipe nearly 3 mm long, rest of pod 10x4 mm, mottled becoming dark brown. Dry prairie hill sides along the northeastern side of the Park, flower- 373 ing from late May to early July. For contrasts with A. flexuosus, see under that species. May also be confused with A. miser, but this can be distin guished by its single long flower clusters, generally narrower leaflets, and longer, often hairy pod lacking a stipe.

A. vexilliflexus Sheld. Fig. 79-2 Profusely branching plant, very slender, many-stemmed, lodged, usually less than 2 dm long, from a heavy taproot, thinly hairy on all green parts. Stipules narrowly triangular, free. Petiole up to 1.5 cm long; leaflets 7-13, sharply and narrowly lance-shaped, up to 15 X 3 mm but usually much smaller. Flower clusters open, with 10 flowers or less, on stalks less than 3 cm long. Sepal lobes needle-like, about as long as the tube, both with white and/or brown hairs; petals usually deep lavender-purple, standard about 8 mm long and obliquely erect. Pod up to 8 X 3 mm, with densely appressed white and/or brown hairs, at first very flat, lacking obvious stipe. A common plant on dry alpine slopes and occasionally in eroded lower places. In leaflet shape and number, flower color, and the lack of stipe of the pod, the species can be distinguished from A. alpinus, with which it sometimes grows. See also the comments under the similar A. bourgovii. Flowers from late May into July.

Glycyrrhiza G. lepidota Pursh (Licorice; Licorice Root) Fig. 79-3 Short, erect, single-stemmed plants, from deep rootstocks, occasionally up to 10 dm high. Stipules on leafy stem, small and narrow and often falling. Leaves with 11-19 leaflets each up to 4 X 1.5 cm, spread along midrib; lower surface conspicuously dotted with yellow-brown glands. Flowers pale yellow, numerous, crowded along 3-4 cm of flowering stalk on naked stalk at least as long; sepals 5, about 5 mm long, half of which fused, and covered with short-stalked glandular hairs; petals twice as long as sepals, together of a narrow, pointed shape, the standard scarcely erect. Pods brown, not opening, densely covered with short hooked bristles, and persisting on the plant through the winter. Prairie-like slopes and gravelly places, in the Park known from the shores of Lonesome Lake and the Buffalo Paddocks. The root-stock was eaten by Indians; the commercial liquorice is obtained from a closely re lated European species.

Hedysarum Ascending or tall, erect, sparsely branched perennials, slight ly hairy. Stipules usually brown, large and sheath-like below, narrow and pointed above, not attached to petiole. Leaflets 79-1 Astragalus tenellus, 79-2 Astragalus vexilliflexus, 79-3 Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 79-4 Hedysarum alpinum. 375 numerous, spread along midrib; petiole short. Flowers in loose clusters well above leaves; sepals fused into bell-like structure with 5 somewhat unequal teeth, and subtended by 2 minute narrow bracts; petals of common legume type, but keel much longer than wings and standard, and rather blunt. Pod flat and conspicuously veined, with constrictions where breaking into several 1-seeded segments. The peculiar fruit is an unmistakable feature which no other Alberta legume shares. Even in the mature flower, the ovary already shows slight constriction.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers pale yellow. H. sulphurescens Flowers purple. Tall erect plant with long pointed flower clusters; upper sepal lobes short and blunt. H. alpinum Shorter, usually basally lodged plant with short, blunt flower clusters; upper sepal lobes long and slender. H. boreale

H. alpinum L. Fig. 79-4 Erect plants up to 8 dm high, several-stemmed. Leaflets 15-21, up to 35 X 8 mm, conspicuously veined. Flower cluster and stalk up to 25 cm long, the latter about half as long as flower-bearing part, with up to 60 flowers. Flowers somewhat nodding, pinkish to reddish-purple; sepals 3 mm long, with white hairs, lobes short, the upper ones blunt; keel 12-15 mm long. Pod segments with narrow thin flange. An easily identified species because of the numerous flowers in a long cluster which is pointed when young. Reported from several lower rather damp places in the north-central part of the Park, and from just south of Crandell Lake. Our plants represent var. americanum Michx. Flowers from late June to early August.

H. boreale Nutt. Fig. 80-1 [incl. H. mackenzii Rich.] Plants usually lodged at base, stems clustered, mostly up to 4 dm long. Leaflets 9-13, up to 15 X 6 mm, all but the midvein obscure; all green parts with short appressed grey hairs. Flower cluster up to 20 cm long, with usually fewer than 40 spreading flowers. Sepals 5 mm long, the lobes narrow and as long as tubular portion; petals purple, the keel 12-14 mm long. Pod lacking flange-like margin. Open, often gravelly or grassy places in the lowest area of the Park, 80-1 Hedysarum boreale, 80-2 Hedysarum sulphurescens, 80-3 Lathyrus ochro leucus, 80-4 Lupinus lepidus. 377 such as Sofa Creek flats. Waterton plants belong to var. mackenzii (Rich.) Hitch. In flower from late May to early July.

H. sulphurescens Rydb. Fig. 80-2 Erect, few-stemmed plants up to 6 dm high. Leaflets 9-17, up to 30 X 15 mm, rather obviously veined. Flower cluster and stalk mostly less than 15 cm long, of about equal length. Sepals about 4 mm long, the free lobes narrow and nearly as long as tube; petals pale yellow, the keel up to 15 mm long. Pod segments with narrow thin flange. A very common species at all lower elevations and in a great diver sity of sites, and sometimes up to 2300 m in alpine situations. Flowers from late May into July.

Lathyrus L. ochroleucus Hook. (Wild Sweet Pea) Fig. 80-3 Climbing smooth perennials, with 3 or 5 long and slender tendrils at the tip of each leaf, from slender rootstocks. Stipules up to 3.5 X 15 cm, green, not attached to petiole, pointed in forward or both directions. Leaflets mostly 2 or 3 pairs, each up to 5 X 3 cm, elliptic to ovate, spread along midrib, flowering stalks shorter than supporting leaf, with up to 10 flowers on stalks about 2 mm long; sepals 5, very unequal and fused along most of their length, the longest (lowest) nearly 10 mm long; petals pale yellow, nearly 15 mm long in bud; standard erect. Pod at least 4 cm long. A very common plant of protected meadows and aspen groves at low elevations, unmistakable through its tendrils and rather large yellow flowers.

Lupinus (Lupine) Perennials, usually several-stemmed, simple or sparsely branched, erect or lodged at base; all or most green parts silver-hairy. Stipules small, sharply pointed. Leaves divided into 5-12 narrowly lance-shaped leaflets attached to the end of a long petiole. Flowers blue, with stalks 3-6 mm long, ar ranged in rather dense elongated pointed clusters. Sepals with short tube which is deeply 2-lipped, upper lip entire or 2- toothed, lower lip entire or 3-lobed. Standard broad and erect, tips of wings united; keel sickle-shaped, sharply pointed. Pod somewhat flattened, hairy, more or less erect or spreading, splitting into 2 valves. A very attractive and well known group of plants with three representatives in Waterton. There are no other legumes in the Park with lupine-like leaves. 378

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves nearly all at base of stem, which is frequently lodged. L lepidus Leaves all along erect stem. Back of standard hairless; upper surface of leaflets hairless or (occasionally) hairy. L. argenteus Back of standard at least partly hairy; upper surface of leaflets densely hairy. L. sericeus

L. argenteus Pursh Fig. 81-1 Erect, several-stemmed plant, mostly up to 8 dm tall, sparsely branched or simple. Leaflets 7-8, up to 4 cm long, leaves all along the stem, densely hairy beneath, sparsely hairy to nearly hairless above; back of standard usually hairless, rarely very sparsely hairy. A common plant at the lowest elevations in the Park, favoring grassy meadows and gravelly flats. Flowers in June and July. L. argenteus is very similar to L. sericeus, and is said to intergrade with it.

L. lepidus Lindl. Fig. 80-4 [L. minimus Hook.] Several to many-stemmed, somewhat mat-forming silver-hairy plants with stems lodged at base, usually less than 2 dm high, and not branched. Leaves all near base of stem, petiole at least 2-3 times the length of each of the 5-9 leaflets (2-3 cm); dense, silver hairs on both surfaces. Flower clusters rather dense; back of standard hairless. A very attractive dwarf lupine found occasionally in bare rocky situa tions or even open grassland from low elevations up to 2200 m. It is known from Sofa Mtn. and Vimy Peak to Oil Basin, and north to the Castle River and Coleman, but no further north in Alberta. Flowers from late May in to July.

L. sericeus Pursh. Fig. 81-2 Very similar to L. argenteus and apparently intergrading with it, but tending to have more leaflets which are densely hairy on both sides; standard densely hairy on back. This is the most common lupine in the Park, coloring the gravelly outwash plain of Blakiston Creek and similar areas dark blue from late June to early August. It is more widespread than L. argenteus, occasion ally reaching 2000 m in elevation. 379 Medicago Perennial or annual plants, with several erect or lodged stems from a strong root-crown, hairless or nearly so, usually branching. Leaves divided into 3 leaflets, the terminal one clearly more long-stalked than the other 2. Flowers of the typical legume type. Pods twisted. Two introduced weedy species.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers bright yellow; pod with obviously veined surface; annual. M. lupulina Flowers blue or purple, sometimes greenish- white; pods with smooth or obscurely veined surface; perennial. M. sativa

M. lupulina L. (Black Medick) Fig. 81-3 Creeping or lodged annual, often with profusely branched stems, up to 5 dm long or more. Stipules sharply pointed, attached to base of petiole. Leaflets up to 1.5 X 1 cm, the terminal with stalk of 2-3 mm, drop-shaped with flat sides and blunt, toothed end. Flowers yellow, in dense rounded heads less than 1 cm long, elongating to 1.5 cm or less in fruit. Pods becoming black, with obviously veined surface, tightly curved but scarcely spirally twisted. Grassy roadsides.

M. sativa L. (Alfalfa, Lucerne) Fig. 81-4 More or less erect perennial, with many branched stems up to 1 m high. Stipules sharply pointed, attached to petiole. Leaflets up to 25 X 8 mm, more or less lance-shaped but with narrowly tapered base and blunt, toothed tip, the terminal one with stalk up to 6 mm long. Flowers from blue-purple to greenish yellow, in a somewhat elongated cluster reaching 3-4 cm in fruit. Pods becoming brown, coiled 1-3 times, the surface smooth or obscurely veined. Waste places and roadsides.

Melilotus (Sweet Clover) Annual or biennial plants, from strong taproot, hairless, mostly less than 2 m in height, profusely branching and leafy. Stipules up to 1 cm long, very slender, attached to base of 81-1 Lupinus argenteus (standard), 81-2 Lupinus sericeus (plant and standard), 81-3 Medicago lupulina, 81-4 Medicago sativa, 81-5 Melilotus officinalis, 81-6 Oxytropis campestris. 381 petiole. Leaves with 3 leaflets up to about 3 X 1.5 cm with finely-toothed margin, usually lance-shaped, the terminal one with stalk up to 1 cm long. Flowers in slender loose arrange ment up to 15 cm long, often nodding, and on hair-like indi vidual stalks 1-2 mm long. Sepals 5 and equal, the pointed and narrow free lobes as long as tubular portion; flower gen erally typical of legume type, the standard at an oblique angle, equal to or longer than the keel (3-5 mm). Pod thickly spindle-shaped, about 3 mm long, 1-3 seeded, with somewhat netted surface, usually not opening. Weeds of disturbed places; both species have been ob served along roads and trails at low elevations, frequently in company of each other, and flower from mid-summer until the first heavy frost.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers white; standard obviously longer than keel. M. alba Flowers yellow; standard more or less equalling keel. M. officinalis

M. alba Desr. (White Sweet Clover) [not illustrated] Plants as in above description and key.

M. officinalis (L.) Lam. (Yellow Sweet Clover) Fig. 81-5 Plants as in above description and key.

Oxytropis (Locoweed) Perennial plants, tufted, hairy, all but O. deflexa lacking leafy stems, the leaves and flowering stems crowded, from a strong root-crown and taproot. Stipules simple and pointed, fused with base of petiole. Flowers of typical legume type, sepals equal; standard obliquely erect; tip of keel prominently beak like (Fig. 81-6). Pods grooved below, rather thick. At least some species are poisonous to livestock. Two additional species not treated may conceivably occur in the Park. O. viscida Nutt., distinguishable by its very sticky leaf surfaces and purple flowers approaches the Cardston entrance to within one or two miles. O. podocarpa Gray is a small densely matted and few-flowered plant of high alpine 382 ridges, which is known to the north as near as the Castle River drainage and also south to Colorado, and may thus have escaped detection in inaccessible places. It is the only blue- purple Oxytropis in alpine situations, and has 1-3 flowers per stalk and a short inflated pod. It may easily be thought to be an Astragalus, but has the characteristic beaked keel and leaf less flowering stalks.

KEY TO SPECIES Spikes densely silver-hairy; many leaflets in threes. O. splendens Spikes not so; leaflets attached in pairs or singly. Flowers purple, pod pendulous. O. deflexa Flowers yellow, pod erect. Spring-flowering; the flowers rather bright yellow, 2 cm long; pod firm. O. sericea Summer-flowering; the flowers pale yellow, shorter than 2 cm; pod soft. O. campestris

O. campestris (L.) DC. (Late Yellow Locoweed) Fig. 81-6 Plants up to 4 dm tall, but often much smaller. Leaflets 11-31, silky-hairy. Free sepal lobes green, one-half or less of yellowish tubular portion; petals cream-colored, less than 2 cm long. Pods often with black and white hairs, not rigid when mature, erect. A common species all through the Park, either as the tall, lowland var. gracilis (Nelson) Barneby, or as the dwarf alpine var. cusickii (Greene) Barneby. Either one is exceedingly difficult to differentiate from O. sericea, perhaps because of intergradations (see key). Some plants near the east gate have a bluish tinge suggesting hybridization with O. viscida (see above) or possibly O. splendens.

O. deflexa (Pall.) DC. Fig. 82-1 A rather slender soft-hairy plant, with basally lodged leafy stems up to 4 dm long; stipules rather leafy and green. Leaflets 15-30, mostly broadly lance-shaped, up to 15 X 6 mm, obviously decreasing in size to the tip of the leaf. Flowering stalks up to 30 cm long, the flower-bearing portion only 2-3 cm long at first but becoming 10 cm or longer in fruit. Free sepal lobes as long as tubular portion, both densely hairy with long white and shorter dark brown hairs. Petals up to 7 mm long, blue with white. Fruit nodding, nearly 2 cm long, groove not very obvious. Our low-elevation form, from rather moist and protected places 383 along the northeastern side of the Park, is known as the var. sericea Torrey and Gray. A second form, var. foliolosa (Hook.) Barneby, lacks leafy stems and occurs at higher elevations; although it is known both to the north and south, this variety has not been reported from Waterton.

O. sericea Nutt. (Early Yellow Locoweed) Fig. 82-2 Very similar to O. campestris, from which it differs as shown in the key; see the discussion under that species. Our plants belong to var. spicata (Hook.) Barneby.

O. splendens Hook. (Showy Locoweed) Fig. 82-3 A strikingly silver-hairy plant, up to 4 dm high; leaves erect, up to 2 dm long, with numerous leaflets clustered in groups of 4 (or 3), leaflets up to 15 X 4 mm, lance-shaped. Flowering stalks lifting most flowers above leaves, with rather dense and very hairy flower cluster often elongating to 10 cm or more in fruit. Free sepal lobes about half as long as tubular portion; petals dark blue to blue-purple. Pods up to 15 mm long, with deep groove below. One of the most strikingly handsome plants of the Park, and impossible to confuse with any other Oxytropis (or Astragalus) if for no other reason than its clustered leaflets. Open and grassy places, often roadsides, below 1700 m.

Petalostemon P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. (Purple Prairie Clover) Fig. 82-4 Erect, simple, or sparsely branched stems, perennial, clustered from a woody taproot; stems and leaves finely hairy. Stipules needle-like and brown, about 4 mm long. Leaflets 3 or 5, spread along midrib, 1-1.5 cm long and about 1 mm wide, sharply pointed. Flowers in very dense thimble-like spikes, when in bud silvery-woolly with narrow brown or green bracts emerging. Sepals densely covered with silvery hairs; petals apparently 5 and free, one larger than the other 4, about 4 mm long, deep purple; stamens 5, about as long as the petals. Pod small, with 1 or 2 seeds, not emerging from petal tube. A very attractive prairie plant known from two localities at the north boundary of the Park. The plant is unique because of its unusual flowers, which are unlike any other legume in Waterton and cannot be confused with any other.

Trifolium (Clover) Annual or perennial, erect or creeping plants, at most spars- 82-1 Oxytropis deflexa, 82-2 Oxytropis sericea, 82-3 Oxytropis splendens, 82-4 Petalostemon purpureum. 385 ely hairy. Stipules rather long and fused with petiole for much of their length. Leaves moslty long-petioled, the three equal leaflets attached to the same point by short stalks of similar length. Flowers crowded in dense spherical to ellipti cal heads of typical legume type, petals persisting after with ering. Pod very small, 1-6-seeded, often not opening and ob scured by sepals. A large group elsewhere but not with native species in Waterton.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers yellow, plants annual. T. agrarium Flowers not yellow, plants perennial. Head dark red, subtended by 1 or 2 short- petioled leaves; flowers 12-20 mm long. T pratense Head pinkish to white, without subtending leaves; flowers 7-11 mm long. Stem erect or ascending, not rooting; flowers usually pink-tinged; leaflets 2-4 cm long. T. hybridum Stem creeping, often rooting at nodes; flowers usually white; leaflets 1-2 cm long. T repens

T. agrarium L. (Hop Clover) Fig. 83-1 Erect annual, simple or branching, up to 4 dm high. Stipules green, sharply lance-shaped, fused with petiole for several mm. Leaflets up to 20 X 8 mm, narrowly elliptical except for a straight tapering base, finely toothed along upper half. Flower clusters axillary, the stalk 2-2.5 cm long, the rather elliptical head about 1.5 cm long. Sepal lobes very narrow and unequal, the longest exceeding the tubular portion. Petals bright yellow; standard obviously veined, flat, folding down when withering to cover the much shorter wings and keel. An attractive roadside weed until recently quite rare in the province, but established in several places in the Castle River drainage. It is established along the lower part of the Cameron Lake road.

7". hybridum L. (Alsike Clover) Fig. 83-2 Perennial, branched plants, with stems commonly up to 5 dm or more long, clustered from a strong root-crown. Stipules fused around stem where white, membrane-like, with green veins. Leaves with petioles up to 83-1 Trifolium agrarium, 83-2 Trifolium hybridum, 83-3 Trifolium pratense, 83-4 Trifolium repens, 83-5 Vicia americana. 387 9 cm, becoming shorter upward; leaflets up to 3 X 1.5 cm, broadly elliptical, upper margin sharply toothed. Flower clusters in axils, on stalks up to 9 cm long, the spherical heads 2-2.5 cm in diameter; flowers on slender 1-3 mm long stalks; sepal tube white, with 5 slender pointed green lobes about as long; standard obliquely erect, folding over keel and wings, all petals from nearly white to nearly cherry red. A fairly common weed of rather moist waste places at low elevations.

T. pratense L. (Red Clover) Fig. 83-3 Leafy perennials, with clustered erect stems, mostly up to 6 dm high. Stipules white with green veins, mostly fused with petiole, narrow and up to 2.5 cm long below, becoming shorter and broader above, usually not fused around stem. Petioles up to 20 cm below, shortening above; 1 or 2 small leaves with very broad stipules but no petiole subtending each head. Flower heads terminal, oval to spherical, up to 3 X 3 cm. Sepals loosely hairy, the tube whitish, the long strap-shaped pointed lobes green. Petals dark red, rarely pink, to nearly white. A common introduced meadow plant to be expected in moist or low places anywhere at low elevations. The larger heads subtended by broad stipules allow for no confusion with T. hybridum.

T. repens L (White or Dutch Clover) Fig. 83-4 A slender creeping perennial, rooting from the nodes. Stipules white- membranous, half or more fused with petiole. Leaves with petioles up to 20 cm; leaflets up to 3.5 X 2.5 cm, ovate and finely toothed except at the straight basal margin; tip blunt or notched. Heads on stalks sometimes up to 30 cm, axillary, spherical, 2-2.5 cm in diameter. Sepal tube whitish, with green needle-like lobes about as long; petals creamy white, some times pink-tinged. A very common weed of roadsides and disturbed places, but some times also in protected undisturbed places such as aspen groves, always at rather low elevations.

Vicia V. americana Willd. (Vetch) Fig. 83-5 [incl. V. sparsifolia Torrey & Gray] Slender perennials, smooth or nearly so, from a slender deep rootstock, and climbing by 3 or more tendrils at the tip of each leaf. Stipules green, about 1 cm long, deeply cleft or toothed, the two most prominent teeth in opposite directions. Leaflets 8-14, commonly up to 2.5 X 1 cm, varying from very narrow to elliptic, spread along the midrib. Flowering stalk as 388 long as supporting leaf or less, with 4-10 short-stalked bluish-purple flowers 15-20 mm long in bud. Sepals up to 1 cm long, the 5 teeth unequal with the longest below, fused most of their length. Standard obliquely erect. Pod up to 3.5 cm long, pointed at both ends. A very common, often almost weedy plant met throughout the lower portions of the Park. It often grows in moist places and rather open forest but is occasionally seen on dryish meadows.

Lemnaceae (Duckweed Family) Lemna L. minor L. (Duckweed) Fig. 84-1 Minute floating plants, consisting of ovate to elliptic, frequently budding green organs nearly fiat on both surfaces, mostly 2-3 mm long, with a single unbranched pendulous root off-center. Flowers very rarely seen, unisexual, reduced to a single stamen or ovary. This is the smallest flowering plant in the Park and occurs in some beaver ponds at lowest elevations, where it may cover a great part of the surface.

Lentibulariaceae (Bladderwort Family) Delicate perennials, growing in wet places or even sub merged, carnivorous by means of small leaf-bladders or sticky leaves. Flowers single or few per stalk, erect and (in aquatic plants) emergent, bilaterally symmetrical and remin iscent of those of snapdragons, in some clearly 2-lipped, always with a lower spur. Fruit a small pod with numerous small wrinkled seeds. The family is remarkable in having evolved quite different methods of trapping and digesting invertebrate animals in the two genera here represented.

KEY TO GENERA All but flowering stalks submerged, leaves finely divided and spread along stem, with minute bladders; flowers yellow, usually several per stalk. Utricularia Bog plants, but not aquatic; leaves simple and 389 clustered at the base, with sticky upper surface; flowers purple to blue, single. Pinguicula

Pinguicula P. vulgaris L. (Butterwort) Fig. 84-2 Small plants, with few yellowish-green simple leaves clustered at the base, these with sticky upper surface and inrolled margins, the blade up to 4 X 2 cm and resting on the ground, the flat petiole curving down to the root crown. Flowers simple on leafless stalks up to 1 dm high, these stalks 1 or several per plant and elongating in fruit; sepals 5, green, about 5 mm long, the upper group of 3 and lower group of 2 half-fused separ ately; petals blue-purple forming a funnel-like structure with 5 free lobes, the lowest one largest, leading below into a spur, the length of the funnel about 2.5 cm or less; stamens 2, on inside of funnel; pistil 1, with single style. Fruit a small pod opening with 2 slits. An attractive and intriguing plant of boggy places or seepage areas, known from only a few places, between 1700 and 2300 m. The tacky leaves often have many minute insects adhering to them, which are even tually digested.

Utricularia (Bladderwort) Submerged aquatics, only the flowering stalks emergent, with long sparsely branched shoots with leaves 1 per node, dissec ted finely often into hair-like filaments bearing small flat bladders (traps). Flowers mostly several per erect stalk, golden yellow; sepals in a separate upper and lower lip, green; petals fused in the manner of a snapdragon, with a clearly sep arate upper and lower lip, the former slightly notched and erect, the latter skirt-like, the base of the flower with thick curved spur. Fruit a small pod.

KEY TO SPECIES Very delicate plants; flowers 4-8 mm long, lower lip at least twice as long as spur; bladders few, 2 mm long or less. U. minor Coarser plants; flowers 14-20 mm long, lower lip less than twice as long as spur; bladders numerous, mostly longer than 3 mm. V. vulgaris

U. minor L. Fig. 84-3 Very delicate plants, with extremely fine leaf-segments and stems; blad- 390 ders rather few, 2 mm long or less. Flowers pale yellow, 4-8 mm long, lower lip hanging down in skirt-like fashion, not especially pouched, the spur nearly half as long. Known only from the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn., but very incon spicuous except when in flower, which is in the second half of the summer.

U. vulgaris L. Fig. 84-4 Plants with long feather-like branches and rather coarse stems, leaves finely divided; bladders numerous, mostly longer than 3 mm. Flowers golden yellow, 14-20 mm long, lower lip skirt-like but conspicuously pouched above, the spur less than half as long. Here and there in standing shallow water at low elevations, such as Maskinonge Lake and the Sofa Mtn. beaver ponds. Flowers mostly in late June and July.

Liliaceae (Lily Family) Perennial plants, from bulbs or rootstocks, with simple leaves often showing parallel veining. Flowers frequently showy, usually bisexual. Petals and sepals 3 each, sometimes similar in shape and color, sometimes different, free or somewhat fused at base. Stamens 1, paired with each sepal and petal, with clearly distinct filament and anther. Pistil inserted above stamens, composed of 3 parts, with 3 styles and stigmas; fruit with several to many seeds, a berry or pod.

KEY TO GENERA Flowers fewer than 5 per plant, white, yellow, or orange-red. Plants with leafy lateral branches. Disporum Not so. Normal leaves (exclusive of smaller bracts) 1-3; flowers white or yellow. Lowest leaf single. Calochortus Leaves in 1 basal pair, or in a whorl of 3. Flowers yellow, nodding; fruit a dry capsule. 391 Petals reflexed, stamens exserted. Erythronium Petals not reflexed, including stamens. Fritillaria Flowers white, upright; fruit a berry or fleshy capsule. Leaves emerging from ground level, hairy beneath; both sepals and petals white- fruit a blue berry. Clintonia Leaves attached to upper part of stem, hairless; petals white, sepals green; fruit a yellowish fleshy capsule. Trillium Normal leaves more numerous; flowers orange-red. Lilium Flowers more than 5 per plant, white, pink, green, brown or blue. Stem leaves absent or very few. Flowers in a dense terminal cluster. Entire flower cluster subtended by small membranous bracts, all flower stalks attached at same point; onion-like smell; flower stalk not sticky. Allium No such common bracts, flowers not all attached to the same point; onion-like smell lacking; flower stalk sticky below each flower. Tofieldia Flowers spread loosely along upper part of stalk. Leaves narrow at both ends; flowers hanging, brownish-green, with sharply pointed petals. Stenanthium Leaves tapering only at tip; flowers neither hanging nor brownish-green, petals not sharply pointed. Petals blue, lacking median gland; all leaves clustered at base. Camassia Petals white or cream, with green median gland; 1 or more small leaves on stem. Zigadenus Stem leaves numerous. Flowers singly among leaves, on "twisted" stalks. Streptopus 84-1 Lemna minor, 84-2 Pinguicula vulgaris, 84-3 Utricularia minor, 84-4 Utricularia vulgaris, 84-5 Allium cernuum, 84-6 Allium geyeri, 84-7 Allium schoenoprasum, 84-8 Allium textile. 393 Flowers in terminal clusters above the leaves. Leaves grass-like, with rough margin. Xerophyllum Leaves broad, not grass-like, smooth- margined. Plants coarse, leaves conspicuously pleated, flowers green, fruit a dry capsule. Veratrum Plants smaller, leaves not pleated, flowers creamy or white, fruit a berry. Smilacina

Allium (Onion; Chives) Bulbous plants, with few grass-like or slightly flattened leaves springing from the base. A single flowering stalk arises from each bulb, the flowers attached to the end of the stalk and, when still in bud, protected by 1 or several translucent persistent bracts. Fruits small pods with blackish seeds. All wild onions are edible and are characterized (in contrast to all other bulbous native plants) by the character istic smell.

KEY TO SPECIES All or most flowers replaced by small bulb-like structures A. geyeri Flowers normal. . Flower cluster on nodding stem even at maturity; stamens and styles nearly twice as long as the petals. A. cernuum Flower cluster erect at maturity; stamens and styles no longer than the petals. Flower stalks shorter than the flower, which twice as long as wide; bulb with membranous covering, very slender. A. schoenoprasum Flower stalks longer than the flower, which about as long as wide or slightly more; bulb with obvious fibrous cover, ovoid. Flowers normally white; tips of petals spreading but sepals erect; leaves rarely more than 2 per plant; dry hillsides and prairies. A. textile Flowers pink; tips of both petals and sepals erect; leaves usually 3 or more per plant; damp places. A. geyeri 394 A. cernuum Roth (Nodding Onion) Fig. 84-5 Plants commonly up to 30 cm high, the rather flat leaves somewhat less, springing from a slender, often purple bulb with black membranous coating. Flowering stalk nodding just below the pink to rose-red flowers, these hanging but becoming erect in fruit. Stamens and styles extend well beyond the petals. A very common onion throughout open grassy meadows in lower portions of the Park, but reaching elevations of 2300 m here and there. The nodding stem, even at flowering, distinguishes it clearly from the other three species.

A. geyeri Watson Fig. 84-6 Plants about 30 cm high, leaves narrow and round, shorter than flowering stems and growing from an ovoid bulb with straw-colored fibrous cover. Flowering stem straight; flowers a light pink, erect, the stamens and styles enclosed by the petals, all of which are erect. Extremely rare, both in the Park and in the Province. This onion grows in rather damp habitats and has been collected in the Red Rock area. It may be distinguished from A. cernuum by its straight stem and fibrous bulb, and from the Prairie Onion by its larger stature, pink flowers, and by having all petals erect. Plants are known which have nearly all flowers replaced by small bulbs; these are usually referred to var. tenerum Jones.

A. schoenoprasum L. (Wild Chives) Fig. 84-7 The tallest of our wild onions, growing to half a meter or more, the hollow cylindrical leaves often nearly as long. Bulb about 1 cm thick, very slender, pink to purple, with membranous coat. Flowering stems straight and stout, the flowers above large pink-translucent bracts, on stalks shorter than themselves, 1 cm long but about half as wide, a bright purple, the (inner) 3 petals with outcurved tips, the (outer) 3 sepals straight. A handsome onion because of its dark flower color, which sets it apart from our other species. A. geyeri comes perhaps closest to it, but has a much thicker fibrous-covered bulb and straight petals. The flowers of A. cernuum sometimes are nearly as dark, but its nodding stem and long stamens allow for no confusion. A. schoenoprasum may be found in more or less damp open places throughout the Park, even up to 2300 m or more. The garden chives are descended from European members of the species.

A. textile Nelson & MacBride (Prairie Onion) Fig. 84-8 Usually much shorter than the other onions, only rarely reaching 30 cm; 395 leaves very slender, usually 2, growing from a 1 cm thick ovoid bulb with fine fibrous coating. Flowering stalk nodding when young, but erect when mature, only slightly longer than the leaves. Flowers white, sometimes with a faint tinge of pink, stamens hidden within the flower. The most common onion in the Park, being found in open dry places from prairie regions to middle elevations.

Calochortus C. apiculatus Baker (Mariposa Lily) Fig. 85-1 One to few-flowered lily, the slender single stem arising from 1 cm thick bulb with dark brown membranous coat; leaf usually one, flat, sharply pointed, somewhat grey-green. Flower creamy white, the petals broad and blunt, up to 3 cm long and 2 cm wide, most of the inside covered with long whitish hairs and with a conspicuous blackish spot above base; sepals shorter and much narrower, sharply pointed. Stamens half as long as sepals, upright around the green ovary. Fruit a nodding, 3-winged pod. A very attractive tulip-like plant of dry open meadows from the lowest elevations to about 2000 m. It is quite unmistakable in flower, and its nodding 3-winged fruit identifies it clearly even after that. Although usually 1-flowered, additional flowers may grow from above the 2 small narrow bracts below the first flower. Southwestern Alberta north to the Crowsnest Pass.

Camas sia C. quamash (Pursh) Greene (Blue Camas) Fig. 85-2 Fairly tall lily, with about 3 long basal leaves but none on the stem, the bulb with blackish membranous coat, up to 3 cm thick; stem reaching half a meter, with numerous large deep-blue flowers loosely arranged above. Petals and sepals similar, about 2 cm long, spreading, the slender stamens about two-thirds as long, also spreading. Withered petals remaining attached below the pod. One of the most handsome flowers of Alberta, it is known only from a few moist open foothill areas south of the Porcupine Hills. In the Park it has been observed only in the Belly River area, but might also occur in the lower Oil Basin area. In British Columbia it is found only in the Col umbia Valley south from Castlegar and on southeastern Vancouver Island. The edible bulb is said to have been traded in the past with In dians from the Kootenay area, and it is possible that this trade led to its introduction. The peak of its flowering is in the second half of June.

Clintonia C. uniflora (Schult.) Kunth (Queen Cup) Fig. 85-3 Plants up to 20 cm high, from a slender rootstock near the soil surface, 85-1 Calochortus apiculatus, 85-2 Camassia quamash, 85-3 Clintonia uniflora, 85-4 Disporum hookeri, 85-5 Disporum trachycarpum. 397 with 2 or 3 leaves per plant each 15-20 cm high and up to 5 cm broad, with long fine hairs beneath. Flower stalk two-thirds as long as leaves or equal to them, hairy, bearing usually a single, more or less upright white flower. Petals and sepals similar, 2-2.5 cm long. Fruit a shiny deep blue berry up to 1 cm, more or less spherical. An attractive woodland lily, preferring the deep shade of coniferous forests of middle elevations. Southwestern Alberta.

Disporum (Fairy Bell) Branched plants from a creeping rootstock, usually no more than half a meter high. Leaves broadly ovate, with prominent parallel veins, sometimes 8 cm or more in length, about half as broad as long and sharply pointed, lacking petiole; basal leaves ensheathing the stem. Flowers fairly inconspicuous, whitish, 1 to several below the upper leaves, at the tips of the branches, hanging; stamens extending beyond the flower, the petals and sepals similar, 1-1.5 cm long, fairly narrow. Fruit at first a yellow, but later orange or deep red berry.

KEY TO SPECIES Mature fruit smooth, longer than broad; ovary D. hookeri (Torrey) less than 2 mm thick at flowering. Britton Fig. 85-4 Mature fruit with finely papillate surface, D. trachycarpum broader than long; ovary 3 mm or more thick at (Watson) B. & H. flowering. Fig. 85-5

Plants of protected and fairly moist habitats. The two species are sometimes found together and are somewhat difficult to tell apart before the fruits develop, but the differences indicated in the key are consistent. D. hookeri tends to be the taller of the two; our material is referable to var. oreganum (Wats.) Jones (D. oreganum Wats.). Confusion is also possible with small plants of Streptopus amplexifolius which differs in its peculiar "twisted" flower stalks, more brightly orange-red berry, and more general distribution of flowers which occur 1 per leaf only.

Erythronium E. grandiflorum Pursh (Glacier Lily; Avalanche Lily) Fig. 86-1, Plate 7 Plants with 2 shiny leaves about 15 cm long and 4 cm wide, with rather long flanged petiole ensheathing the stem, and with deep-seated slender bulb-like base. Flower usually solitary, nodding, on a leafless stalk about 20 cm long, the petals and sepals similar, golden yellow, somewhat 398 recurved, 3-4 cm long, the stamens extending well below the flower. Fruit a narrow 3-sided erect pod on a much elongated stalk. A splendid plant which cannot be confused with any other local species. It prefers fairly deep soil and partial shade but is also found in more open habitats. Starts flowering in mid-May at lower elevations and may still be seen flowering in the second half of July where emerging from snow banks at higher elevations.

Fritillaria F. pudica (Pursh) Spreng. (Yellow Bell) Fig. 86-2 Single-stemmed smooth plants, rarely more than 15 cm tall, from a small rather flat white bulb about 1 cm broad and fringed with small white bulbs. Leaves 2 to 4, blue-green, strap-shaped, usually no more than 8 cm long. Flower bell-shaped and nodding, yellow with a brown base, petals and sepals similar, about 2 cm long, completely hiding stamens. Fruit a small stout 3-parted pod, erect on a much elongated stalk. An extremely early flower in protected coulee areas in southern Alberta and similar habitats further west and south. There are only two collections known from the Park, from the Indian Springs and Red Rock areas, but it is probably found elsewhere in prairie-like habitats.

Lilium L. philadelphicum L. (Western Wood Lily) Fig. 86-3 Stem erect, unbranched, reaching a height of half a meter or more, from a scaly bulb. Leaves numerous, spread rather irregularly along the stem but often whorled below the flower(s), rather pointed at both ends, 4-7 cm long. Flowers 1 or several, often on conspicuous stalks; petals and sepals similar, up to 6 cm long, with slender petiole-like base above which numerous large purplish-brown spots; color bright orange-red fading into yellowish around spots, the backs rather pale. Stamens and style nearly as long as the petals. Fruit an erect pod at least 3 cm long, 3-sided. One of the most handsome plants in the Park, flowering from mid- June into July in open grassy meadows and aspen groves at lower elevations. The species also occurs in adjacent parts of British Columbia and to the east. Western plants are often referred to the var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. Floral emblem of the Province of Saskatchewan.

Smilacina (False Solomon's Seal) Plants with smooth unbranched stems from creeping rootstocks, the stems with numerous leaves and terminating in a cluster of white flowers; petals and sepals similar. Fruit a shiny few-seeded green to black or red berry, often striped or dotted. mMF

86-1 Erythronium grandiflorum, 86-2 Fritillaria pudica, 86-3 Lilium philadelphicum, 86-4 Smilacina racemosa, 86-5 Smilacina stellata. 400

KEY TO SPECIES Flower cluster branched, flowers many, the petals shorter than the stamens. S. racemosa Flower cluster unbranched, flowers usually less than a dozen, the petals longer than the stamens. S. stellata

S. racemosa (L.) Desf. Fig. 86-4 Rather coarse plant, sometimes reaching a meter in height, with numer ous shiny grooved leaves clasping the stem above and several pinkish leaves ensheathing the base; green leaves 10-12 cm long, sharply pointed. Flower cluster plume-like, branched, with numerous small white flowers with broad-based stamens. Fruit a small berry, green to red and dotted with purple. Large plants of this species may be confused with small ones of Veratrum viride, especially since the two often grow in similar damp places. When in flower or fruit no confusion is possible, as Smilacina has white flowers and a berry while Veratrum has green flowers and pods. S- racemosa is a common plant of moist and usually shaded habitats at lower and middle elevations and occasionally up to 2300 m.

S. stellata (L.) Desf. (Star-flowered Solomon's Seal) Fig. 86-5 A much more slender plant, usually no more than half a meter tall, with fewer than a dozen rather narrow bluish-green leaves, 6-9 cm long, and 1 or more reddish sheath-leaves below. Flowers commonly fewer than 10, the petals clearly longer than the stamens. Fruit a green berry with dark stripes, maturing to nearly black. A very common plant of a wide variety of rather protected habitats from the lowest prairie areas to some of the higher north slopes. Al though most frequently seen in woodland habitats it may also be found in some open meadows.

Stenanthium S. occidentale Gray (Bronze Bells) Fig. 87-1 Extremely slender unbranched plants, up to 40 or 50 cm high, growing from a small slender bulb. Leaves 2 or 3, more than half the total height of the plant but only about 1 cm wide, very narrow at both ends, the many fine parallel veins obvious. Flowers up to a dozen or more, each on long slender stalk, nodding, in the shape of a slender 1 cm-long bell, the petals and sepals similar and with slightly upturned sharply pointed tips, ranging from green to purplish-brown. Fruit a sharply pointed pod nearly 2 cm long, erect. An inconspicuous but attractive woodland species limited to moist shaded places from middle elevations to 2300 m. 87-1 Stenanthium occidentale, 87-2 Streptopus amplexifolius, 87-3 Tofieldia glutinosa, 87-4 Trillium ovatum, 87-5 Veratrum viride. 402 Streptopus S. amplexifolius (L.) DC. (Twisted Stalk) Fig. 87-2 Large branched plants, up to a meter tall, from a creeping rootstock, base of stem with purplish sheath-leaves above which numerous clasping ovate sharply pointed parallel-veined leaves, the largest (at the first branches) about 10 cm long and half that wide, the leaves gradually becoming smaller toward the branch tips. Flowers hanging on very slender "twisted" stalks, one hidden below each leaf; petals and sepals similar, sharply pointed and upturned, creamy white, the stamens enclosed. Fruit a bright shiny orange to red berry with numerous seeds. A fairly common species in moist and shaded localities, mostly at middle elevations. This species and the two species of Disporum are the only branched lilies in the Park, and may sometimes be confused; see the remarks under Disporum.

Tofieldia T. glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. (False Asphodel) Fig. 87-3 Smooth plants, often reaching 30 cm or more in height, with 3 or 4 grassy flat leaves at the lower stem only and growing from a short rootstock. Flowering stalk unbranched, smooth below but with numerous dark sticky short glandular hairs above. Flowers along the terminal 2 or 3 cm, in groups of 2 or 3, but each on a small cup-like stalk, petals and sepals similar and nearly 5 mm long, narrow, white; stamens as long or longer but more prominent because of dark anthers. Fruit a small pod. A rather rare plant known only from Summit Lake and the south end of Vimy Ridge. It prefers boggy places, and in general habit is not unlike a flowering sedge. Its sticky flowering stalk, flower, and peculiar cup-like flower stem, however, make identification certain.

Trillium T. ovatum Pursh (Trillium; Wake Robin) Fig. 87-4 Plants 30-40 cm high, the lower half or more leafless, arising from a rather stout rootstock; leaves 3 in a single whorl, lacking petiole, about 10x7 cm or less, sharply pointed. Flower 1 only, from the center of the leaf-whorl, on a stalk sometimes 5 cm long; petals white, turning pink to purple in age, 2.5-4 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide, rather sharply pointed, sepals slightly shorter and narrower, green; stamens up to 2 cm long, the anthers much longer than the filaments. Fruit a somewhat fleshy, rather thick green pod with 3 wing-like ridges. A handsome plant when in flower, one of the rarest in the Park and, indeed, in the province. It was photographed once in the Park in 1915 but its rediscovery did not come about until 1973, when Mr. John Nagy located a colony at the northern base of Vimy Peak, possibly the same as 403 photographed nearly 60 years earlier. The species has not been found elsewhere in Alberta, but is common westward. It prefers protected and somewhat damp locations in semi-shade and rich soil.

Veratrum V. viride Ait. (False Hellebore) Fig. 87-5 Coarse and stout single-stemmed plants, rising to nearly 2 meters when flowering, from a thick rootstock. Leaves numerous, the lowest ones sometimes 25 cm long, with conspicuous sheaths around stem, strikingly pleated, the parallel veins converging at the rather blunt leaf tip; leaves becoming smaller towards the flowers. Flowers well above the leaves, on the upper 40-50 cm of the plant, mostly on 10-15 cm long side branches only the lower ones of which are branched again. Individual flowers on short stalks; petals and sepals similar, green, 1 cm long, narrowly ellipti cal, the stamens and styles about half as long. Fruit a dark and rather sharply pointed pod at least 2 cm long, the remainder of the flower persisting below. A common but interesting plant, unmistakable except when small and flowerless, when it may be confused with similar large individuals of Smilacina racemosa. Many plants do not flower and in some years and localities it seems difficult to find any flowering individuals. The flowers have a somewhat musky odor. Although all flowers look superficially alike, the upper ones (on unbranched side branches) have both stamens and pistils and thus produce fruit, while the lower ones (branched side branches) are functionally strictly male and never bear fruit. An obvious plant in moist habitats, partly shaded or completely exposed, from nearly the lowest Park areas to 2300 m.

Xerophyllum X. tenax (Pursh) Nutt. (Bear Grass) Fig. 88-1 Flowering stalks reaching more than a meter in height, from a large tuft of sharp-edged grassy leaves each 40-50 cm long, numerous progres sively shorter leaves growing upward along the stalks. Flowering begins at about 40 cm, hundreds of flowers being produced on the stalk above for about a month in the second part of the summer. Each flower on a slender straight stalk 3-5 cm long, petals and sepals similar, 6 mm long, creamy white, the stamens nearly twice as long. Fruit a small straw- colored pod, the pods spread along the upper 40 cm or more of the stalk. Bear grass is almost symbolic of Waterton Lakes and puts a charac teristic stamp on many meadows at middle and upper elevations and also in some partially shaded coniferous forest. North of the Park the species becomes less common until it disappears at the Crowsnest Pass. In adjacent British Columbia it is limited to the southeastern corner of that 88-1 Xerophyllum tenax, 88-2 Zigadenus elegans, 88-3 Zigadenus venenosus, 88-4 Linum perenne. 405 province. Our Park is the only Canadian one to have the species. It may be encountered from about 1700 to 2300 m. The peculiarly knee-like curve often seen in the flowering part of the stalk is caused during prolonged rainy periods when the head is bowed down and the stalk below matures in that curved position. Another interesting feature lies in the movement of each flower. When in bud, it is stiffly appressed against the stem; when flowering, it stands out from the stem at a wide angle; and the mature fruit is again stiffly erect.

Zigadenus (Death Camas) Bulbous plants, with v-shaped smooth grassy leaves, each bulb with blackish coat and with a single flowering stalk. Petals and sepals similar, each with yellowish-green glandu lar area on the lower inside. Fruit a 3-pronged erect pod. (Sometimes written Zygadenus).

KEY TO SPECIES Few-flowered, the petals more than 8 mm long and equal to the sepals; stamens shorter than the petals; gland heart-shaped. Z. elegans Many-flowered, the petals slightly longer (6 mm or less) than the sepals; stamens equal to or slightly longer than the petals; gland rounded, not heart-shaped. Z. venenosus

Z. elegans Pursh Fig. 88-2 Plants up to half a meter or more in height, the leaves somewhat bluish- green, from an ovoid tapering bulb 2-3 cm long, membranous below but with fibrous neck; leaves up to 30 cm long, from the base of the plant only. Flowers on slender stalks up to 1.5 cm long, the lowest often in separate clusters in small side branches; flower characters as in key. A handsome plant but somewhat poisonous to grazing animals. It grows on gravelly and other soils along trails and in open meadows from the lowest parts of the Park to high alpine areas, and flowers in mid summer.

Z. venenosus Watson Fig. 88-3 [incl. Z. gramineus Rydb.] Plants 30-40 cm high, from an ovoid tapering membrane-coated bulb about 3 cm long which lacks a fibrous neck. Leaves rather narrow, all but one or two small ones from the base. Flowers along an unbranched stem; flower characters as in key. 406 Generally a smaller species, apparently extremely poisonous espe cially to sheep. It is found in the same habitats as Z. elegans but ranges further onto the prairies, especially on protected coulee slopes, but perhaps not as often to truly alpine slopes. Alberta plants belong to var. gramineus (Rydb.) Walsh, and flower from late May to the end of June.

Linaceae (Flax Family) Linum L. perenne L. (Wild Blue Flax) Fig. 88-4 [L. lewisii Pursh] Slender hairless perennials, with several stems from a stout woody rootcrown, reaching up to 6 dm high. Leaves 1 per node, numerous, very narrow, sharply pointed, lacking petiole, up to 2.5 cm long. Flowers spaced along the sparsely branched upper portion of stem, on very slender stalks up to 1 cm long often doubling in fruit. Sepals 5, ovate, greenish, with slender tip, persistent; petals 5, bright blue, 1-2 cm long, broad and blunt at the tip, quickly falling; stamens 5, slender; ovary above stamens, globose, with 5 long hair-like styles. Fruit a globose pod about 5 mm in diameter, splitting only at the tip to release the smooth flat seeds from 10 chambers. A very attractive wild flower of grassy prairies and open slopes, sometimes up to 2500 m. It is similar to the cultivated flax (L. usitatissimum L.) which is an annual. Flowers in June and July.

Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss Family) Lycopodium (Clubmoss) Small creeping or tufted evergreen perennials, the prostrate stems rooting, all stems covered with bright green flat needle- shaped leaves spirally placed along stem or whorled. Some of the older erect branches terminating in a cone-like structure, each leaf of which bears 1 spore-case just above the axil; spores numerous, yellowish, all of the same size. Clubmosses are often mistaken for true mosses or Spike- mosses. Their cones and creeping rooting stems set them apart clearly from the true mosses. The Spikemosses fre quently have four-sided cones which always bear 2 kinds of spore-cases, one with numerous small spores, the other with 1-4 larger spores. 407

KEY TO SPECIES Erect branches simple or few-forked, cones about 4 mm thick, the stem below densely leafy; leaves mostly 1 mm wide and at least 5 mm long. L. annotinum Erect branches freely forking, cone less than 3 mm thick, the stem below sparsely leafy; leaves mostly less than 1 mm wide and 4 mm long. L. sitchense

L. annotinum L. Fig. 89-1 Rather coarse creeping bright green plants, all but the elongated creeping stems densely leafy; leaves mostly 1 mm wide and 5-6 mm long, usually with slender sharp tip. Upright stems mostly few-branched or simple, densely leafy to the base of the cone, which is about 4 mm wide and to 3.5 cm long. An occasional plant of moist coniferous forests between 1800 and 2300 m.

L. sitchense Rupr. Fig. 89-2 Finely branched olive-green plant, with tufted upright branches and slender creeping stems; leaves mostly less than 1 mm wide and 4 mm long, usually rather blunt-tipped. Upright stems freely forking, the por tion below the cones sparsely leafy; cones less than 3 mm thick, no more than 2.5 cm long. A rare plant known only from a dry open area in coniferous forest at 2200 m on the Castle River divide.

Malvaceae (Mallow Family) Iliamna /. rivularis (Hook.) Greene (Mountain Hollyhock) Fig. 89-3, Plate 1 Stout, leafy perennials, up to 2 m high, with 1 or few stems, all green parts with fine star-shaped hairs. Leaves numerous, along the stem, 1 per node, in the shape of a maple leaf, the blade 5-15 cm long and irregularly toothed, petiole somewhat shorter, with 2 green stipules at base. Flower clusters rather dense, terminal and also in axils of small upper leaves, elongated. Flowers usually several per axil on stout stalks up to 1 cm long; sepals 5, green, fused halfway up and with 3 small bracts; petals 5, 3-5 cm long, broad and blunt, pink to nearly purple; stamens numerous, the upper parts free but fused into a tubular structure below, which 89-1 Lycopodium annotinum, 89-2 Lycopodium sitchense, 89-3 Iliamna rivularis, 89-4 Menyanthes trifoliata, 89-5 Humulus lupulus, 89-6 Circaea alpina. 409 surrounds the hairy lobed ovary, this situated above the petals and with long style branched near top of staminal tube. Fruit a densely hairy deeply ribbed globular pod, at least 1 cm high and somewhat wider, opening with 10 slits; seeds numerous, brown, bean-shaped. A handsome plant, in Alberta known only from Waterton, where it occurs in several places around the main lakes, and in the Belly River area. Usually found along roads and on streambanks at low elevations. Flowers from June, sometimes into late fall.

Menyanthaceae (Buckbean Family) Menyanthes M. trifoliata L. (Buckbean) Fig. 89-4 Coarse, hairless perennials, with stout rootstocks. Leaves 1 per node, few, the long petioles with large sheathing bases, blade divided into 3 elliptic to broadly lance-shaped, smooth-margined leaflets 4-12 cm long. Flowering stalk from below leafy stem, unbranched, leafless, up to 3 dm high, bearing 10 or more stalked flowers in rather crowded cluster. Sepals deeply 5-6-lobed, 3-5 mm long, green, blunt-tipped; petals whitish with purplish tinge, more or less lance-shaped, spreading, 5-7 mm long, the inner face covered with thick hair-like appendages; anthers purplish, as many as petals and alternate with them. Most of ovary elevated beyond petal insertion, globose, with single slender style and blunt stigma. Fruit a many-seeded capsule with light brown shining seeds. An unmistakable plant of shallow standing water, in the Park only known from the Crooked Creek area and its associated beaver ponds. Flowers in June and July. In many treatments this family is subordinated to Gentianaceae, but the two groups are so different that separation seems justified.

Moraceae (Mulberry Family) Humulus H. lupulus L. (Hops) Fig. 89-5 Many-stemmed twining perennial, reaching several meters in length, the stems especially rough to the touch through short pick-shaped and other stiff short hairs. Leaves paired, the petioles of each pair joined around the stem by means of 2 broad forked stipules; blades and petioles each up to 5 cm long, the former as broad as long, deeply 3-lobed, margins coarsely 410 toothed. Plants unisexual, the small green flowers in long-stalked axillary clusters. Flowers with 5 sepals and stamens (male) or with sepals in cup- shaped organ surrounding the ovary (female), the latter with 2 obvious but slender stigmas. Fruit covered by much-enlarged bracts forming brownish ovoid clusters (hops). An extremely rare plant in Alberta, permanently established at the lower bridge across Red Rock Canyon. It is not altogether certain to which variety the plants belong. It may be var. lupulus, introduced ultimately from Europe. While our plants almost certainly were intro duced into the Park by earlier tenants of the warden's cabin nearby, (which has since been removed) they show some characteristics of var. lupuloides Small, of which our locality would be the most westerly known.

Onagraceae (Evening Primrose Family) Annual to perennial plants, with simple leaves paired or 1 per node, or the former arrangement below and the latter above. Flowers bisexual, individually stalked or not, solitary in the axils of leaves or bracts, mostly in simple elongating clusters at branch-tips. Ovary placed below other flower parts, becom ing 1-seeded and nut-like or a many-seeded elongated pod opening by 4 long slits, seeds sometimes with conspicuous tufts of white hair. Sepals and petals 4 each (2 in Circaea), distinct except where basally combined into a short or long floral tube, petals often notched; stamens 8 (2 in Circaea), attached to base of petals and sepals or to their floral tube. Style long and simple, stigma simple to distinctly 4-Iobed.

KEY TO GENERA Sepals, petals, and stamens 2 each; fruit covered with short hooked hairs. Circaea Sepals and petals 4 each, stamens §; fruit lacking hooked hairs. Fruit 1-seeded, nut-like, not splitting open; plants often with basally lodged stems. Gaura Fruit many-seeded, splitting open; plants erect, ascending, or stemless. Seeds with tufts of white hair. Epilobium Seeds hairless. 411 Delicate annuals, the flower and fruit stalked; petals white to reddish, about 1 mm long. Gayophytum Biennials or short perennials, the flower and fruit not stalked; petals yellow, at least 1 cm long. Oenothera

Circaea C. alpina L. (Enchanter's Nightshade) Fig. 89-6 [incl. C paciftca Aschers. & Magnus] Delicate perennials, from very slender rootstocks, with occasional small tubers, hairless below but with glandular hairs above, up to 3 dm tall, simple or sparsely branched. Leaves paired, very thin, up to 9 X 5 cm of which the slender petiole up to 3 cm, the blade ovate, with sharp tip and very shallowly toothed margin. Flower clusters simple, elongate, at tips of branches, flowers on slender individual stalks becoming 3 mm long in fruit. Sepals and petals 2 each, distinct, white, about 1 mm long, the latter notched; stamens 2, free; style 1, stigma simple; ovary club-shaped, below the rest of the flower, with white hooked hairs, growing into a 1-2-seeded thickly club-shaped fruit which does not split open. Moist shaded places, so. far known only from the Bertha Lake trail, the trail between Cameron and Summit Lakes, and a protected canyon on the east slopes of Mt. Crandell. Flowers from late June to early August.

Epilobium (Willow Herb) Annual or perennial plants, some with rootstocks, with simple leaves paired below in nearly all, becoming 1 per node above. Flower clusters elongated, each flower bisexual, stalked, the stalk followed by a narrow long ovary crowned by short flower tube and/or 4 distinct narrow sepals and 4 distinct entire or notched petals, these white to deep purple. Stamens 8, style long, with simple to deeply 4-lobed stigma. Pod nar row, opening by means of 4 long slits and releasing the numerous small, smooth to finely tuberculate seeds, each with a prominent white tuft of hair.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves 5 mm wide or less, more or less strap- shaped, and with pointed tips. Annual plant of dry places, with taproot; epidermis of lowest part of stem tearing lengthwise. E. paniculatum 412 Perennial from slender rootstock; even lowest stem-parts with smooth epidermis. E. palustre Leaves not with this combination of characters; if less than 5 mm wide, leaves round-tipped and not approaching strap-like shape. Petals more than 1 cm long, rounded at tip; stigma 4-lobed. Plants mostly more than 4 dm tall, with many flowers, the leaves often 8 cm or longer; style hairy below, surpassing stamens. E. angustifolium Plants mostly less than 4 dm tall, with few flowers, the leaves mostly less than 5 cm long; style hairless, shorter than stamens. E. latifolium Petals less than 8 mm long, often notched; stigma not lobed. Root crown with short, fleshy-leaved winter buds; seeds with finely tubercular surface. E. glandulosum No such winter buds; seeds various. Plants hairless throughout (ovary and nearby stalks sometimes with very sparse and short hairs). E. glaberrimum Plants short-hairy. Stems mostly more than 3 dm high, often branched above; leaves commonly longer than 4 cm, the margin somewhat toothed; seeds with 5 tubercles in rows. E. watsonii Stems usually less than 3 dm high, simple or sparsely branched below; leaves mostly less than 4 cm long, smooth-margined; seeds smooth or with 5 tubercles not in rows. E. alpinum

E. alpinum L. Fig. 90-1 [incl. E. clavatum Trel.; E. hornemannii Reichenb.; E. lactiflorum Hausskn.] Usually low and often matted perennial, from slender rootstocks, stems ascending mostly up to 3 dm, very short-hairy, or nearly hairless below. Leaves bright or somewhat bluish-green, mostly paired becoming 1 per node above, lance-shaped to nearly elliptical, with short or no petiole, tip often rounded, the blade up to 5 cm long, more or less smooth-margined. Flowers few, sometimes nodding on stalks at least 1 cm long; flower tube 90-1 Epilobium alpinum, 90-2 Epilobium angustifolium, 90-3 Epilobium glaberrimum, 90-4 Epilobium glandulosum, 90-5 Epilobium latifolium, 90-6 Epilobium palustre. 414 1-2 cm long; sepals mostly 2-6 mm long; petals 3-13 mm long, white through pink to bright lilac, notched; stigma simple. Fruit 2-7 cm long, narrow to somewhat club-shaped; seeds smooth to finely tubercular, the hair white or dirty white. An exceedingly difficult species within which numerous entities have been named. There appear to be two major types in the Park, one with broad, often somewhat bluish leaves, large deeply colored flowers, and rather thick and short pods, the second with narrower greener leaves and small pale or even cream-colored flowers, and longer slender pods. These may correspond to var. clavatum (Trel.) Hitchc. and (possibly) var. lactiflorum (Hausskn.) Hitchc, respectively, but there are too many inter mediates to recognize anything but the extremes. Moist to boggy places between 1700 and 2300 m, flowering from late June to early August.

E. angustifolium L. (Fireweed) Fig. 90-2 Erect, simple or sparsely branched perennial, sometimes up to 2 m high, from a rootstock, hairless except for flowering area where green parts and sepals very short-hairy. Leaves numerous, 1 per node throughout, commonly more than 8 X 1 cm, without petiole, narrowly lance-shaped and sharply pointed, the vein network conspicuous on both surfaces. Flowers in long cluster, numerous, lacking leafy bracts, stalked, the ovary 1 cm long; petals and sepals purple, 1-1.5 cm long, the former rounded at tip; style hairy below, surpassing stamens, 4-lobed when receptive. Pod 5-10 cm long and at least 2 mm thick. A common and well-known plant of a variety of habitats up to about 2300 m. Small plants may be mistaken for E. latifolium but only super ficially so. The flowers of E. angustifolium each pass through a male phase when the stigmatic lobes are still appressed to each other and the pollen is shed, followed by a female phase when the four stigmatic lobes separate. Flowers mostly in July and August.

E. glaberrimum Barbey Fig. 90-3 [E. platyphyllum Rydb.] Perennial, from rootstock, lacking fleshy winter-buds at the rootcrown, the clustered stems mostly simple or sparsely branched below, up to 5 dm high, hairless or with minute, somewhat glandular hairs in flowering area. Leaves mostly paired, lacking petioles or somewhat clasping, more or less lance-shaped but with rounded tips, smooth-margined or nearly so, 1.5-4.5 cm long. Flower stalks (individual) up to 2 cm long; sepals 2-4 cm long, reddish-green; petals 4-8 mm long, notched, pink to purple; stigma simple. Pod very narrow, usually curved when mature, 4-7 cm long, usually hairless; seeds with very finely tuberculate surface, these tubercles not in obvious rows. 415 B°ggy places at middle elevations, but not common, and in Alberta apparently not known outside the Park. Flowers probably in July and August. Similar to E. glandulosum and E. watsonii, separable as in the key.

E. glandulosum Lehm. Fig. 90-4 Perennial, up to 9 dm tall, from slender rootstocks, often bearing fleshy winter-buds with rounded scale-leaves, stems often somewhat clustered or branched above, often rather glandular-hairy in upper parts. Leaves paired below, 1 per node above, slightly or scarcely petiolate, the blade lance-shaped, very shallowly toothed, up to 12 cm long, rather closely spaced. Flower stalks (individual) up to 3 cm long; sepals 2-5 mm long; petals up to 1 cm long, dark pink to purple, notched; stigma entire. Pod straight, 2-7 cm long. Fairly common in wet places at lower elevations. Where winter-buds are present this species is easily identified, but otherwise plants are very similar to E. glaberrimum and E. watsonii (see key). A very variable species, flowering in July and August.

E. latifolium L. (Mountain Fireweed) Fig. 90-5 Perennials, often from a somewhat woody branched base, simple to sparsely branched, ascending, mostly up to 4 dm tall, upper parts short- hairy. Leaves often bluish-green, 1 per node, lacking petiole, mostly less than 5 X 1.5 cm, lance-shaped but tip rounded, all but the largest veins obscure. Flowers few, similar to those of E. angustifolium but larger, the petals usually at least 1.5 cm long; style lacking hairs, not surpassing stamens. Pod up to 9 cm long, flowers and pods in axils of leafy bracts. A beautiful plant of somewhat protected but open alpine slopes between 2000 and 2300 m, but frequently also established on bare gravel banks of creeks and rivers at quite low elevations. Flowers in July and August.

E. palustre L. Fig. 90-6 Hairless to finely hairy perennial, its slender, simple, or sparingly branched stems up to 4 dm tall, from a slender rootstock; base of stem with smooth, unbroken epidermis. Leaves 5 mm wide or less, mostly less than 4 cm long, very narrowly lance-shaped to nearly strap-shaped, mostly paired, smooth-margined. Flowers long-stalked, these up to 3 cm long in fruit; sepals 2-3 mm long; petals about twice as long, white to pink, notched; stigma obscurely 4-lobed. Pod 3-6 cm long. Known only from boggy places on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn.; flowering in July and early August. 416 E. paniculatum Nutt. Fig. 91-1 Slender, often diffusely branched annual from a taproot, occasionally reaching 8 or 9 dm in height, with shredding or splitting yellowish epidermis at base of stem, hairless or with small glandular hairs in the flower area. Leaves mostly 1 per node, 2-3 mm wide and 3-7 cm long on main stem, nearly strap-shaped but sharply pointed at both ends, with distinct petiole. Flowers relatively few, very slender, the (individual) stalks reaching 2 cm in fruit, very slender. Petals 3-6 mm long, light pink to purple, notched; stigma simple or nearly so. Pod slenderly spindle- shaped, 1.5-2.5 cm long. A variable species, but clearly set apart from others in our area. It resembles E. palustre but is ecologically and in some other ways very diff erent, growing on dry fully exposed slopes at lower and middle eleva tions. See also comments under Gayophytum racemosum. Flowers from mid-June to mid-August.

E. watsonii Barbey Fig. 91-2 [incl. E. glandulosum Lehm. var. adenocaulon Fern.] Perennial, up to 1 m high, from short rootstocks which sometimes form small clusters of green leaves, stems hairless but with short glandular hairs above. Leaves paired below, 3-7 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, lance- shaped, with fine marginal teeth. Sepals 2-5 mm long, usually purple; petals 3-10 mm long, notched, creamy white to purple; stigma more or less simple. Pod narrow, stalked, 4-8 cm long; seeds with fine tubercles in distinct rows. An occasional plant of boggy areas at the lowest elevations, flowering in July and August. See also E. glaberrimum and E. glandulosum, which are very similar.

Gaura G. coccinea (Nutt.) Pursh (Scarlet Butterfly Weed) Fig. 91-3 Many-stemmed perennial, from stout taproot, green parts hairless to greyish short-hairy; stems basally lodged or ascending, up to 3 dm long, sparsely branched above. Leaves 1 per node, numerous, up to 30 X 7 mm, narrowly lance-shaped and without petiole or nearly so, margin no more than very shallowly toothed. Flower cluster simple, much elongating; ovary narrow, 3 mm long, stalk-like, with a 7-9 mm long floral tube attached to its top; sepals and petals 4 each, all attached to end of tube, and about 9 mm long, the former bent back, the latter spreading, yellowish to scarlet, more or less elliptical; stamens 8, with long fila ments, the anthers 3 mm long, dark red; style extending about 8 mm from the tube, with 4 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit hard, nut-like, 1-seeded, somewhat spindle-shaped, the upper half distinctly 4-winged. An attractive prairie plant occasionally seen in dry exposed places along the northeast flanks of the Park; flowering mostly in June and 91-1 Epilobium paniculatum, 91-2 Epilobium watsonii, 91-3 Gaura coccinea, 91-4 Gayophytum racemosum, 91-5 Oenothera biennis. 418 July. The flowers are fully opened only at night but do not really close in the daytime.

Gayophytum G. racemosum T. & G. Fig. 91-4 (G. humile Auctt.] Low, often branched delicate annual, often reddish-green and hairless, up to 3 dm high, the cotyledons long and leafy, persistent. Leaves very narrowly lance-like, up to 20 X 3 mm, tapering into petiole. Flowers single in leaf axils; ovary 5 mm long, narrow, flat, crowned by 4 reddish sepals and 4 white petals each about 1 mm long; stamens 8, 4 of which short and sterile; stigma simple. Pod rather flat and narrow, about 1 cm long, leaf-like in appearance, with 2 rows of elongated seeds obliquely placed in the pod, smooth, spindle-shaped, about 1 mm long, the pod splitting 4 ways. An extremely inconspicuous plant resembling Epilobium panicula tum but at once distinguishable by its hairless seeds, and even by its elon gated cotyledons. It is known from only three areas in Alberta (and in Canada), one in the Park (south slope of Mt. Glendowan) and two in the West Castle-Carbondale area, all at middle elevations. Flowers in mid summer.

Oenothera (Evening Primrose) Biennial or perennial plants, at least starting with a basal cluster of leaves, these 1 per node where a stem develops, thinly or not hairy, the blades narrowly lance-shaped, margin entire to toothed. Flowers lacking individual stalks, the ovary in the axil of a leaf or leafy bract, topped by a long floral tube which is crowned by 4 narrow pointed sepals and 4 broad and blunt yellow petals; stamens 8, nearly as long as petals, with long narrow flexible anthers attached at midpoint; style sim ple, about as long as petals, with 4 long stigmatic lobes. Pod splitting 4 ways, releasing the numerous seeds. Nearly all species of Oenothera, as the vernacular sug gests, are night-flowering.

KEY TO SPECIES Tall biennials, the fruit cylindrical. O. biennis Stemless perennial, the fruit ovoid, 4-winged. O. flava

O. biennis L. Fig. 91-5 [incl. O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mack. & Bush] Plants usually biennial, simple or with few basal branches, up to 1.5 m 419 high, from a heavy taproot, short-hairy on all green parts. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped and slowly diminishing upwards, lowest ones up to 15 X 3 cm inclusive of petiole of 1-3 cm, margin smooth. Flowers up to 6 cm long, the ovary and tube accounting for some three-quarters of it; sepals bent back, reddish or greenish, 1.5 cm long; petals about 1.5 cm long and as wide, shallowly notched. Pod cylindrical or rounded to four- sided, tapering towards the tip, up to 3.5 cm long. An occasional weed in disturbed places such as roadsides, always at low elevations, and flowering in mid-summer.

0. flava (Nelson) Garrett Fig. 92-1 Stemless perennial, hairless or nearly so, from stout taproot. Leaves 1-2 dm long, very narrowly lance-shaped and often with long transverse teeth, petiole 1-3 cm long. Ovary 1 per leaf-axil, spindle-shaped, topped by floral tube up to 6 cm long; sepals and petals 1-2 cm long, the latter blunt or slightly notched, yellow, aging to purplish. Fruit ovate, with 4 sharp ridges, 1-2 cm long. Basically a prairie species, found only once in the Park, near Indian Springs Pond. Flowers in mid-summer.

Ophioglossaceae Botrychium (Grape Fern) Perennial ferns, sometimes rather fleshy, from a short stout erect rootstock and few coarse roots, this rootstock with a simple erect stalk dividing above in two, the green sterile seg ment or blade and the spore-bearing fertile segment; base of stalk of each segment long to absent, blade variously divided Fertile segment erect when mature, ranging from a simple midrib lined with few yellow round spore-sacs to branched with numerous spore-sacs. A difficult group of ferns; of ours only B. virginianum is easily identified at all times. They are probably more common than indicated below, as they are easily overlooked in the field. Many species seem to occur sporadically and disappear suddenly. The treatment below is adapted from T.M.C. Taylor, Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies, University of Toronto Press, 1970.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants 1-5 dm high, sterile blades large, not 420 stalked, broadly triangular and much divided; bud hairy, partially emerged from sheathing base of stalk. B. virginianum Plants mostly less than 2 dm high, the sterile blade not both broadly triangular and without stalk; bud hairless, completely enclosed by sheathing base of stalk. Sterile blade somewhat ovate in outline, inserted above the middle of the plant, its divisions ovate or broadly lance-shaped in out line (not fan-shaped), deeply cleft; upper portion of sterile blade usually bent down over and covering fertile portion in bud only. B. boreale Sterile blade often more elongated, with simple, sometimes fan-like leaflets along midrib, or sometimes with two basal leaflets once again divided in a similar fashion; both fertile and sterile portions more or less erect in bud. Sterile blade lacking stalk or very short- stalked, all the divisions usually fan-shaped and more or less similar. Basal leaflets 10-12 mm wide, the angle between margins at the base about 150°; lobes of adjacent leaflets often touching or overlapping. B. lunaria Basal leaflets 4-7 mm wide, the angle between margins at the base 90° or less; lobes of adjacent leaflets not touching. B. minganense Sterile blade usually stalked, the divisions more ovate than fan-shaped, generally quite dissimilar, the lowest sometimes further subdivided. B. simplex

B. boreale (Fr.) Milde Fig. 92-2 Plants relatively stout, mostly up to 2 dm tall; bud enclosed by leaf-base, hairless, its fertile segment erect within the sterile segment bent over the tatter's tip. Fertile segment attached above the middle of the plant, more or less triangular to broadly lance-shaped and lacking stalk or nearly so, its leaflets blunt-tipped and deeply lobed or cleft. Fertile segment surpassing the sterile. Grassy exposed places; recorded from the Twin Lakes trail at 2000 m. 92-1 Oenothera flava, 92-2 Botrychium.boreale, 92-3 Botrychium lunaria, 92-4 Botrychium minganense, 92-5 Botrychium simplex, 92-6 Botrychium virginianum, 92-7 Calypso bulbosa. 422 B. lunaria (L.) Sw. Fig. 92-3 As B. boreale but both sterile and fertile segments erect in bud, tip of the former arching over the latter. Sterile segment rather narrow and long when mature, lacking stalk, the leaflets broadly fan-shaped and often somewhat overlapping when grown in the open. Basal margins of leaflets mostly about 150°; tips of leaflets entire or slightly incised, the lowest ones 10-12 mm wide. Grassy meadows; recorded as a single plant near the townsite.

B. minganense Victorin Fig. 92-4 Plants up to 3 dm tall; sterile and fertile segments erect and equal in the hairless bud. Sterile blade attached at about one-third of plant's height or lower, narrowly ovate in outline, with no or short stalk, divided into rather coarse leaflets of fan-like shape, these not overlapping or touching and their basal margins forming an angle of 90° or less, sometimes again cleft, and usually oblique to midrib, their width 4-7 mm. A few small plants from the Red Rock Canyon area may belong here but are extraordinary in being equally forked and both segments being fertile; at any rate, the species may be expected in the Park.

B. simplex Hitchc. Fig. 92-5 Our plants as small as 2 cm when fertile, but elsewhere known up to nearly 2 dm tall; fertile segment in the hairless bud erect, the sterile one often slightly inclined over its top. Sterile blade when mature short- stalked, attached very low or near the middle of plant; leaflets broadly rounded to kidney-shaped, sometimes overlapping; in large plants, basal leaflets may again be divided. Fertile segment long-stalked. Several records of this fern exist from the Park at middle elevations, a plant in the West Castle area growing at 2400 m. Habitat as previous species.

B. virginianum (L.) Sw. Fig. 92-6 Plants 1-5 dm high, sterile segment without stalk, broadly triangular, three times divided into lobed or toothed leaflets. Fertile segment long- stalked, rather narrow and long; bud hairy, exposed through a slit on one side of sheathing base at least late in the season. A frequent but rarely abundant plant of lightly shaded places which are damp at least early in the summer, mostly between 1400 and 1700 m. 423 Orchidaceae (Orchid Family) Herbaceous perennial plants, mostly but not always green, from rootstocks or clusters of frequently fleshy, even tuberous and sparsely branched roots; leaves simple, with obvious parallel veining, sometimes withering at flowering time, or reduced to sheath-like organs. Flowers 1 to numerous, along an unbranched flowering stalk, with or without nectar-bearing spur; sepals 3, sometimes showing a degree of fusion, green or colored; petals 3, the upper two frequently similar to the sepals, the lower one (the lip) modified variously, entire, cleft, or lobed, elongated or shaped like a pouch; stamens and style not individually recognizable, together forming a central col umn of varying prominence and shape, bearing pollen clusters (pollinia) near its tip; fruit a dry pod splitting length wise to release large numbers of dust-like seeds. A fascinating family, not only because of the spectacular appearance of many tropical species, but also because of the diverse, precise relationships that have evolved with pollina ting animals, and through the symbiosis of orchid roots with fungi, as well as for many other reasons. This largest of all families of flowering plants is mostly tropical but numerous species are adapted to temperate and colder areas. Although many native orchids are inconspicuous, some of them also have strikingly beautiful flowers.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves not expanded and not bright green, being mere sheaths around lower stem; rootstock branched and coral-like. Corallorhiza Leaves expanded and bright green; roots often somewhat fleshy but not coral-like. Each flowering stalk with only a single expanded leaf, at or near the base. Lower lip sac- or slipper-like, the flower single, the upper 5 petals and sepals purple; plants bulbous. Calypso Lower lip not so, the flowers several; upper parts of flower not purple; bulbs lacking. Leaves more than half as wide as long; lower lip lobed and spotted. Orchis Leaves less than half as wide as long; lower Habenaria lip neither lobed nor spotted. obtusata 424 Each flowering stalk with 2 or more expanded leaves. Leaves a single pair only, always part-way up the stem (not completely basal). Listera Leaves rarely 2, commonly 3 or more, never paired part-way up the stem. Lower lip slipper- or sac-like; flowers 1-3. Cypripedium Lower lip not so; flowers numerous. Flowers with distinct spur and usually an elongated lower lip. Habenaria Flowers lacking spur, the lower lip not elongated. Leaves crowded at base, evergreen, dark with lighter net-like markings; no green, expanded leaves on stem; ovary as long as rest of flower; flowers not in obvious spiral pattern. Goodyera Leaves spread along base of stem, not evergreen, light green without markings; ovary no more than half as long as rest of flower; flowers in obvious 3-ranked spiral pattern. Spiranthes

Calypso C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes (Fairy Slipper; Calypso; Venus Slipper) Fig. 92-7, Plate 2 Plants usually about 15 cm high or slightly more, arising from a small superficial bulb. A single, somewhat pleated leaf persists through the winter prior to flowering, attached to the bulb by means of a 3 cm long petiole; veins parallel, converging at tip, the blade elliptical, 3 X 6 cm or less. Flowering stalk with 2 sheath-leaves below, terminating in a single showy flower nearly 4 cm in height. Five nearly identical, rose-purple, narrow and sharply pointed petals and sepals radiate upwards, below which the 2 cm long slipper-like lip; lip basically creamy white with purple lines and spots below, the far portion apron-like, translucent white with yellow beard, with a spotted double spur below. Fruit an erect pod 2-3 cm long. A startling, beautiful orchid often, but erroneously, called a Lady's Slipper, from which plant it differs in its single leaf, its bulb, and the color and shape of the flower. It is the earliest orchid in the Park, flowering from mid-May to mid-June, and is locally fairly common in shaded coniferous woods with thick humus, being distributed from the lowest of such habitats to about 1700 m. 425 Corallorhiza (Coral Root) Pale green or not green, often red, plants with long sheath- leaves rather than expanded leaves and growing single- stemmed from a branching, coral-like rootstock. Flowers several to numerous; fruit a hanging pod. Coral Roots are obvious saprophytes in that the under ground parts form a symbiotic relationship with fungi which in turn live on decaying humus. The Coral Root thus receives all, or nearly all (C triftda has some chlorophyll) its food from the soil via its fungus partner. All orchids have a similar part nership, but no others in the Park have become so dependent upon it.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants (including flowers) yellow to olive-green, lacking red pigment. C triftda Plants (especially flowers) reddish, lacking green pigment. Petals longer than 1 cm, with conspicuous purple stripes. C. striata Petals less than 1 cm long, lacking conspicuous striping. C. maculata

C maculata Raf. (Spotted Coral Root) Fig. 93-1 Brownish to pinkish-purple plants, up to 50 cm high, with rather slender flowers, ovary with pedicel about 10 mm long; sepals nearly as long, dark purple-red; upper two petals shorter and blunter, usually pink with dark red spots; lip (lower petal) white, spotted with red, the base having 2 ear like marginal lobes. An attractive orchid of shaded coniferous and other woods which in the Park has been found only on the lower north flanks of Sofa Mtn. and along the Crypt Lake trail Albino or near-albino forms may occur inter mingled with the common form.

C. striata Lindl. (Striped Coral Root) Fig. 93-2 A stouter plant than the previous species, but generally of a similar color ation and height. Pedicel with ovary about 6 mm long; sepals and upper two petals in a hood-like position, 10-15 mm long, with well-marked long purple stripes against a light pink background; lip without lobes about as long as petals but twice as wide, the dark purple stripes joining into a solid purple, tongue-shaped tip. The larger and striped flowers immediately set this orchid apart 93-1 Corallorhiza maculata, 93-2 Corallorhiza striata, 93-3 Corallorhiza trifida, 93-4 Cypripedium montanum. 427 from the Spotted Coral Root. It is perhaps also somewhat more common in the Park, being known from several localities along Upper Waterton Lake, Knight's Lake, and again on the lower north side of Sofa Mtn.

C triftda Chat. (Pale or Northern Coral Root) Fig. 93-3 A more slender plant than the previous species, typically no more than 30 cm high, pale yellow-green, lacking any red pigments. Pedicel with ovary about 6 mm long, sepals and upper two petals 5 mm long, greenish white; lip usually white or nearly so, sometimes with small purple spots, and with two obvious marginal ear-like lobes. An unmistakable Coral Root of coniferous woods at middle eleva tions, but never abundant. The only known station is (like the other two species) the lower north side of Sofa Mtn., but it is also reported from the north end of both Maskinonge and Cameron Lakes. This Coral Root also occurs in Eurasia.

Cypripedium (Lady's Slipper) Single erect stems arising from horizontal rootstocks, lower leaves small and sheathing, others large, lacking petioles, and showing obvious parallel and converging veins; stems softly short-hairy. Flowers large, 1-3, elevated above the leaves but each with leafy bract; of the three sepals the "lateral" pair separate or united into a single organ, the third erect; the two upper petals spreading, the lower one a conspicuous pouch like structure with inrolled margin. Fruit a large erect pod. This genus contains the handsomest of our Park orchids, C. montanum. It is fairly certain that the Yellow Lady's Slipper, C. calceolus L., occurs on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn., and perhaps in Horseshoe Basin, but its presence has not yet been documented. It is more common elsewhere in mountainous Alberta and well known (and usually protected) in Western Europe and elsewhere in Eurasia. The species is very similar to C. montanum but the "slipper" is lemon-yellow rather than white.

KEY TO SPECIES Sepals 2.5 cm long or more, dark purplish-brown and sharply pointed; lower two sepals completely fused below lip (slipper); upper petals dark brown. C. montanum Sepals less than 2.5 cm long, light green and rounded; lower two sepals incompletely fused below lip; upper petals white. C passerinum 428 C. montanum Dougl. ex Lindl. (Mountain Lady's Slipper) Fig. 93-4 Usually single-stemmed plants, up to 50 cm high, leaves clasping the stem, up to 15 cm long and nearly half as wide, with numerous parallel veins convergent upon the sharp apex. Flower bracts half the size of normal leaves or less, flowers 1-3 per plant. Flower up to 6 cm or wider, the upper sepal erect, 3-4 cm long and 1.5 cm wide below the middle, tapering to a sharp tip; the other two sepals fused completely except for two almost hair-like tips; upper two petals 4-5 cm long and 0.5 cm wide, pointing obliquely downward and usually twisted. Lip a white slipper like structure about 2 cm long, with purple veins at base. Above the slipper's aperture a yellow tongue extends outward with purplish mar ginal spots. An unusually striking plant worthy of complete protection wherever it occurs. In Alberta it is known sporadically from the Banff area south. Several localities are known for the Park, all at low elevations in moist and protected spots.

C. passerinum Richards. (Sparrow's Egg Lady's Slipper) Fig. 94-1 A smaller plant, up to 30 cm tall, stems and lower leaf surfaces soft-hairy, leaves 8 X 3 (14 X 5) cm, with veins as the previous species. Flowers usually 1, with a small leafy bract, about 2 cm wide. Sepals green, the upper one rather broad, the lower ones usually partly fused, partly green; upper petals white, rounded at tip, the lip a white sac-like struc ture up to 1.5 cm long, with purplish spots inside. A rather inconspicuous Lady's Slipper of moist and protected areas, known from the Belly River area. The name alludes to the supposed similarity of the lip to a sparrow's egg.

Goodyera G. oblongifolia Raf. (Rattlesnake Plantain) Fig. 94-2 Evergreen rosette plants, with half a dozen or more leaves, which are up to 8 X 2.5 cm, broadly elliptical, sharply pointed, tapering into a broadly flanged petiole below, attached to a short superficial rootstock; upper leaf surface dark green with a whitish net-like pattern of veins. Flowering stalk single, rarely more than 30 cm tall, with only reduced bracts along the lower half, the upper 10-15 cm with 10-25 flowers, often facing in one direction or in a somewhat spiral arrangement. Flowers hairy, small, pale greenish-white lacking stalks, the ovary and bract about 8 mm long; upper sepal and adjacent two petals together forming a hood-like structure about 5 mm long; lower sepals as long but curled; lower petal pressed up almost against the hood. The somewhat frightening name of this orchid is said to be traceable to early Indian medicinal use of the plant against snake bite, and possibly 94-1 Cypripedium passerinum, 94-2 Goodyera oblongifolia, 94-3 Habenaria dilatata. 430 to the scale-like pattern on the leaves. It prefers woods, often coniferous and somewhat dry, and is common at lower and middle elevations all through the Park.

Habenaria [Platanthera] (Rein Orchid, Bog Orchid) Erect, single-stemmed plants with 1, 2, or more leaves lacking petioles (in one species normally withered at flowering time), with few fleshy roots and lacking rootstock; sepals and petals free and not greatly different in size, white or green, the lip (lower petal) with a sac- or spur-like nectary at the base. Flow ers usually numerous, lacking individual stalks, but ovaries slender and easily mistaken for the latter. Our largest genus of orchids. In all but one species [H. dilatata with white flowers) they have small and greenish flowers, surprising many people for being orchids. All are leafy when flowering and prefer boggy situations, except H. unalascensis which may also be found in many habitats which are dry at least later in the season; its leaves often wither when the plant is still in full flower. The common name of the genus, which has hundreds of species elsewhere in temperate and tropical areas, refers to the narrow rein- or strap-like lip of many species. Several species are difficult to identify because of fre quent hybridization: intermediates between H. dilatata, H. hyperborea, and H. saccata may be found wherever the three grow together. The keys and descriptions below are, of course, designed for the "pure species."

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves 3 or less, at base of plant only. Leaf 1, persistent, flowers usually fewer than 10; lip strap-shaped, 5-8 mm long. H. obtusata Leaves 2-3, withering at flowering time; flowers more than 10; lip less than 2 X as long as wide, ca. 5 mm long. H. unalascensis Leaves 4 or more, along stem. Lip toothed at tip, spur less than half as long as lip. H. viridis Lip apex not toothed, spur more than half as long as lip. Flowers normally white, the lip suddenly widening at base. H. dilatata 431 Flowers always green, the lip either not widening at base or only slightly and gradually. Spur sac-shaped, half as long as the lip or slightly longer; broadest portion of the lip at its middle. H saccata Spur more slender, nearly as long as the lip; broadest portion of the lip nearer its base. H. hyperborea

H. dilatata (Pursh) Hook. (White Rein Orchid) Fig. 94-3 Plants reaching 80 cm in height or more, the numerous leaves up to 20 cm long, decreasing in size upward, usually only the lowest bracts exceeding flowers in length. Flowers many, usually pure white and fragrant especially at night, the lip suddenly expanded at the base; spur slender, of varying length but usually about as long as or longer than the lip. A stately orchid, common along bogs, wet ditches, seepages, and similar areas. See comments under the generic description.

H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (Green Rein Orchid) Fig. 95-1 Very similar to the last species; flowers always green, less fragrant, the spur somewhat shorter, and the lip never widened suddenly but only slightly and gradually, the widest portion above its middle. Often mixed with H. dilatata and hybridizing with it; see generic description.

H. obtusata (Pursh) Richards. (One-leaved Rein Orchid) Fig. 95-2 An inconspicuous plant, rarely more than 20 cm in height, with one basal leaf about 10 X 2.5 cm or smaller, its tip nearly rounded, the widest part above the middle, long-tapering to its petiole-like base. Flowers few (usu ally fewer than 10), pale green, the upper sepal as wide as long, other sepals and (especially) upper petals narrow, the lip strap-shaped, slightly widened at base, about 5-8 mm long. In the Park this humble bog orchid is known only from the edge of spruce woods near the Sofa Creek beaver ponds, but elsewhere in the Rocky Mountains it is more common.

H. saccata Greene (Slender Bog Orchid) Fig. 95-3 Plant of the same appearance and height as H hyperborea, but somewhat more slender, both leaves and flowers often spread out more along the stem. Flowers nearly the same as H. hyperborea, but widest part of the lip 95-1 Habenaria hyperborea, 95-2 Habenaria obtusata, 95-3 Habenaria saccata, 95-4 Habenaria unalascensis, 95-5 Habenaria viridis. 433 tending to be in its middle rather than at the base, and the spur thicker, almost sac-like. This orchid also prefers boggy situations, but seems more limited to somewhat higher elevations than the others, being known from the western side of the Park only, and apparently not elsewhere in the province. See comments under generic description.

H. unalascensis (Spreng.) Watson (Alaska Bog Orchid) Fig. 95-4 An extremely slender and inconspicuous plant, reaching 50 cm in height, leaves usually 2 or 3, at the base of the flowering stalk, up to 15 X 2 cm, but withering before or during flowering time. Flowers small and numer ous, loosely spread along stalk, sepals and petals 3-4 mm long or less, pale green, only slightly different from each other; spur 3-5 mm long, rather short. An unmistakable Habenaria because of its curious "naked" flowering habit and very slender appearance. Unlike other species of the genus it lives in rather dry localities, such as coniferous woods, to which its early leaf-withering and the small underground tuber are perhaps adapted.

H. viridis (L.) R. Br. (Bracted Orchid) Fig. 95-5 Plants similar to H hyperborea and H. saccata but generally shorter, the leaves tending to be wider, and the leafy flower bracts far larger than any other species, often extending more than twice as far as the flowers. Flowers green, the upper sepal and petals broad, 5 mm long and together covering the flower; upper petals very slender, shorter than the two upper sepals obscuring them; lip about 10 mm long and strap-shaped or somewhat widening to 4 mm at the tip, which has two prominent teeth, sometimes with a much smaller third tooth between them. Spur very short, less than half as long as the lip. The Bracted Orchid, so called because of its large leafy bracts, is easily distinguished from the other Habenarias by means of the large toothed lip and very small spur. The species also occurs in Eurasia, ours being referred to the var. bracteata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Gray. In the Park it is known from several localities, all near Maskinonge and Knighfs Lakes.

Listera (Twayblade) Inconspicuous single-stemmed green- or purplish-flowered plants, growing from a slender rootstock. Leaves 2 only, always paired part-way up the stem and lacking petioles. Flowers relatively few, pedicelled with very small bracts; sepals and petals more or less the same, narrow, except for the flat and wide, or forked lip. 434 All Alberta species have been found in the Park, some being difficult to distinguish.

KEY TO SPECIES Widest part of leaves below middle; lip forked about half its length, the teeth narrow and pointed. L. cordata Widest part of leaves at middle; lip not forked but sometimes notched, the lobes then rounded. Lip not or scarcely narrowing toward the base; floral bracts no more than 2 mm long; column in center of flower 3.5 mm long. L. borealis Lip obviously narrowing toward the base; floral bracts 3-5 mm long; column about 2 mm long. Lip abruptly narrowed at base, the tip obviously notched. L. convallarioides Lip much narrowed toward the base but only gradually so, the tip not or scarcely notched. L. caurina

L. borealis Morong (Northern Twayblade) Fig. 96-1 Plants 10-20 cm high, the leaves elliptical, up to 3 X 1.5 cm, the flowers relatively few (usually 5-10), bracts 2 mm long. Petals and sepals 4-5 mm long, curved back, the column (about 3.5 mm) and lip (about 10 mm) extending obliquely forward; lip nearly half as wide as long, scarcely tapering toward base. Known from only one area in the Park, in boggy spruce-aspen woods near the Sofa Creek beaver ponds.

L. caurina Piper Fig. 96-2 Plants of the same general appearance and size as the previous species, but leaves (up to 6 X 4 cm) and plants generally (up to 30 cm) taller; flower bracts 3-5 mm; lip twice as wide at the tip as the base, the transi tion gradual, tip not or scarcely notched. Perhaps more inconspicuous than rare, this species has been noted in two or three Park localities, and also in Banff, in protected coniferous woods at fairly low elevations.

L. convallarioides (Sw.) Nutt. Fig. 96-3 Like the above species, leaves up to 5 X 3 cm, bracts 3-5 mm; lip abruptly constricted just above the base, tip clearly notched. 96-1 Listera borealis, 96-2 Listera caurina, 96-3 Listera convallarioides, 96-4 Listera cordata, 96-5 Orchis rotundifolia, 96-6 Spiranthes romanzoffiana. 436 Known from a single Park locality along the Lakeshore Trail and one additional locality in the Castle River area, but not elsewhere in Alberta.

L. cordata (L.) R. Br. Fig. 96-4 A more slender plant, and frequently smaller (rarely taller than 15 cm) than the other species. Leaves up to 3.5 cm long, often as broad or broader, with small tooth-like tip, the base somewhat clasping, and the widest part below the middle. Flowers greenish-purple, with minute (1-1.5 mm) bracts; lip deeply split into two very slender teeth. This species is very clearly distinct from the other three because of its leaf characters and shape of the lip. It prefers mossy shaded places at middle and lower elevations throughout the Park, but it is nowhere abundant. It has rather striking color phases ranging from pale green to very dark purple.

Orchis O. rotundifolia Banks ex Pursh (Round-leaved Orchid) Fig. 96-5 Plants rarely more than 20 cm tall, few-rooted, with slender short rhi zome, and single elliptical leaf up to 7 X 6 cm, abruptly narrowed into a slender, somewhat sheathing petiole 1 or 2 cm long. Flowers rather few (usually no more than half a dozen), crowded at the end of a completely leafless stalk; lower bracts 10 mm or longer below, diminishing upward. Flowers lacking stalks, 10-15 mm long, sepals 4-6 mm long and spread ing; upper petals somewhat smaller; lip up to 10 mm long, with 2 large basal lobes, the scarcely notched apex widening greatly. Sepals and petals light pink, the lip spotted with magenta; spur inconspicuous, slender and curved, about 3 mm long. A very attractive small orchid with a preference for cool boggy situa tions. More common elsewhere in the Rocky Mountains but known only from a single locality in the Park, at its northeastern corner.

Spiranthes S. romanzoffiana Cham. (Ladies' Tresses) Fig. 96-6 A stout plant, reaching 20 cm or more in height, springing from a cluster of very few fleshy roots. Leaves several, broadly grass-like, commonly 15-20 cm long below and diminishing to just below the flowers, the oldest leaves often yellowing before the end of flowering; flower bracts broad and sharp-tipped, obscuring the base of the flowers. Flowers 3-ranked, crowded along upper portion of stalk, usually in a spirally twisted fashion in either direction, but sometimes in a straight arrangement. Sepals and upper petals together forming a curved hood 7-12 mm long, the outside with short sticky hairs; lip tongue-shaped, hanging down from the entrance of the hood, with wavy margin and constriction in its 437 middle; sepals and petals greenish-white, the lip tending to be whiter; spur absent. A most curious orchid because of its twisted arrangement of flowers. It is restricted to seepage areas and other boggy exposed places at middle and lower elevations, but is rather rare in the Park.

Orobanchaceae (Broomrape Family) Orobanche (Broomrape; Cancer-root) Fleshy, annual, short-lived parasitic plants, lacking chloro phyll, yellowish to purple in color, leaves reduced to scales, 1 per node, plants glandular-hairy. Flowers apparently single, or in small groups, on long stalks, dull yellow to pink or purplish; sepals 5, fused for half their length and sharply pointed; petal tube long, somewhat curved, with 5 lobes. Fruit a pod with extremely numerous and small dust-like seeds. These remarkable parasites attach themselves to the roots of various host plants from which all nutrients are derived. The two species mentioned are the only non-green parasites in the Park, although several other non-green plants occur which are not parasitic but derive organic materials from humus, such as coralroot orchids, Indian Pipe, and Pine- drops. It is possible that a third species, O. ludoviciana Nutt., occurs in the area; it differs from the present two in having a dense erect spike, the flowers lacking individual stalks or nearly so.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers no more than 2 or 3, usually 1, the short stems remaining underground; petals rounded, sepals narrow and slender. O. uniflora Flowers more than 3, the top of the stem emerging from the ground; petals pointed, sepals triangular. O. fasciculata

O. fasciculata Nutt. (Clustered Broomrape) Fig. 97-1 Flowers several to many, dull yellow to purple, on leafless stalks up to 6 cm long, each in axil of scale-leaf on frequently branched fleshy stalk which emerges from the ground. Sepals mostly triangular and broadly based; petal tube with pointed lobes. An infrequent parasite which may be expected almost anywhere in 97-1 Orobanche fasciculata, 97-2 Orobanche uniflora, 97-3 Papaver pygmaeum, 97-4 Abies lasiocarpa, 97-5 Larix lyalli. 439 open dry places at lower elevations, but has actually been seen only in two or three places. The plant would seem to prefer species of Artemisia as hosts. It flowers in June and July, the dry petals remaining attached.

O. uniflora L. (One-flowered Broomrape) Fig. 97-2 Slender fragile plants, with usually no more than 2 or 3 flowers from fleshy underground stems, the leafless flower stalks up to 9 cm long. Sepals very narrowly pointed; petal tube yellowish to mauve, rarely white, with yellow throat marking, the lobes rounded. A delicate small parasite with flowers somewhat reminiscent of a violet. It prefers somewhat more moist situations than O. fasciculata, and reaches high elevations, up to 2300 m. It may parasitize a great variety of plants, most commonly Saxifragaceae and Sedum. Very rare outside the Park in Alberta, and perhaps not found further north than the Bow River.

Papaveraceae (Poppy Family) Papaver P. pygmaeum Rydb. (Alpine Poppy) Fig. 97-3 Tufted, densely branched perennials, with milky juice, up to 12 cm high. Leaves with sparse coarse hairs, or hairless, blue-green, 2-4 cm long more than half of which is petiole, the blade broadly ovate in outline, deeply cleft, the lobes pointed, often with a stiff bristle at the tip. Flowering stalks several to numerous, leafless, sparsely hairy, each with a single flower. Buds nodding, broadest above the middle, flower sulphur yellow to apricot, erect. Sepals 2, green, completely sealing off the flower but falling when the latter opens; petals 4, about 1 cm long; stamens numerous, yellow; ovary short and densely bristly, with blunt cap-like stigma and no style. Fruit a bristly pod about 12x5 mm, cone-shaped, the seeds escaping through pores below the ribbed cap. An attractive dwarf alpine found occasionally on exposed shale slopes and ridges from 2300 to 2900 m. Its distribution is almost entirely limited to Waterton and Glacier Parks except for the Wall Lake area in adjoining British Columbia and a possible record in Jasper. In Waterton it is known from a number of sites including Avion Ridge, Mt. Newman, Carthew Summit, and the Vimy Peak-Sofa Mtn. area. The original collection of the species came from Sheep Mtn., now called Vimy Peak. Flowers in July and August. 440 Ptnaceae (Pine Family) Resinous, mostly evergreen trees, with needle-like leaves spread along branches or in clusters, with pollen (male) and seed (female) cones on the same tree. Pollen cones catkin-like, often drooping when shedding pollen (spring), solitary or in groups, falling afterwards. Seed cones erect and small, often greenish-red and erect when receiving pollen, in most droop ing and opening to release seeds when mature; cone scales bearing 2 (usually winged) seeds, rounded and thin or pointed and thick, in some accompanied by (in the axils of) a well- defined, sharp-pointed bract. Our major family of conifers, the other three coniferous Waterton species being in Taxaceae and Cupressaceae. The members of the present family provide nearly all forest cover except for the aspen stands at lower elevations.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves light green, flexible, deciduous, spread along branch tips but elsewhere in groups of 10 or more on crowns of stout spur-shoots. Larix Leaves dark green, stiff, evergreen, not on stout spur-shoots though some in clusters of 5 or fewer. Leaves mostly longer than 3 cm, in fasicles of 2 or 5. Pinus Leaves mostly shorter than 3 cm, not fascicled. Each leaf with discrete short brown petiole remaining on branch, the leafless twigs therefore covered with stubs; leaves four-sided and sharp-tipped even on lower branches. Picea Leaves lacking such petioles, the leafless twigs smooth; leaves (at least in lower crown) flat, the tip somewhat pointed to blunt or notched. Lower leaves blunt-tipped or notched; winter buds rounded and covered with resin; mature seed-cones purple, erect on upper branches only, the cone disintegrating but its axis remaining attached. Abies Lower leaves rather sharp-tipped, never notched; winter buds sharp-tipped, without resinous exudate; mature seed-cones brown, 441 pendulous, the cone-scales remaining attached, the cone falling as a unit after shedding its seeds. Pseudotsuga

Abies A. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. (Alpine Fir) Fig. 97-4 [A. balsamea (L.) Miller subsp. lasiocarpa (Hook.) Boiv.] Dense, dark green, often spire-like tree, up to 25 m tall but often scrubby at timberline, the bark smooth and grey (usually with resin blisters) for many years but Assuring coarsely in old trees. Leaves less than 3 cm long, flat and slightly notched at least in lower crown, dark green above and with 2 distinct white lines below, soft, curving upward to form a rather bristly, dense shoot, leaving smooth twigs when falling; buds rounded, resin-covered. Seed cones often rather few, crowded in the highest part of the crown, erect on branches, 5-10 cm long, elliptical in outline, purple-green, the round, broad scales and attached small sharp- pointed bracts falling when ripe, liberating the seed, the peg-like axis persisting. A common handsome tree especially in mature stands at middle ele vations but also found at lowest elevations and especially (often in stunted, spreading form) at timberline. Unmistakable by its erect cones which disintegrate in late fall, and by its blunt and resin-covered buds.

Larix L. lyallii Pari. (Alpine Larch) Fig. 97-5 Open tree, mostly 10 m or less high, the bark greyish or purplish-brown, flaking off irregularly. Leaves light green, slender and soft, spread along current year's growth and also in groups of 30-40 on short blackish spur- shoots on older growth, mostly less than 3.5 cm long, deciduous, leaving smooth yellowish twigs. Both pollen and seed cones produced on spur- shoots, solitary. Mature seed cone 3.5-4.5 cm long, broadly ovate, the scales broad and with irregular torn margin, much surpassed by the needle-like tip of the bract. A common tree, usually preferring protected north slopes from about 2000-2300 m. Very beautiful large specimens may be seen at Crypt Lake. The tree is often misnamed tamarack, as in the unfortunately named "Tamarack Trail." The true tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch grows in muskeg areas but does not occur south of Red Deer.

Picea P. glauca (Moench) Voss subsp. engelmannii (Parry) Taylor (Engelmann Spruce) Fig. 98-1 [P. engelmannii Parry] Common forest tree, 10 m high or more, often somewhat bluish-green, 98-1 Picea engelmannii, 98-2 Pinus albicaulis, 98-3 Pinus contorta, 98-4 Pinus flexilis, 98-5 Pinus monticola, 98-6 Pseudotsuga menziesii. 443 mature bark light greyish-brown, flaking irregularly, the crown dense, narrowly conical or (at high elevations) spire-like. Leaves rigid, needle like and sharply pointed, four-sided even in lower branches, mostly about 2 cm long, not 2-ranked but spreading, with discrete brown short petiole remaining attached to stem, the leafless twigs thus covered with these stub-like petioles. Seed cones 4-5 cm long, light in color and weight, with strong papery wavy scales with rounded but somewhat torn margin. A common conifer from low elevations to timberline, unmistakable in its leaf petioles. In other areas it freely merges with the very similar White Spruce (P. glauca subsp. glauca) at lowest elevations. There is little sign of such admixture in Waterton, although "P. glauca var. albertiana (Brown) Sarg." is reported for the Belly River area. Cone scales of subsp. glauca are smooth-margined and not wavy. The two types are commonly listed as separate species. Colorado Blue Spruce, P. pungens Engelm., has once been reported for the Park, but this report is erroneous.

Pinus (Pine) Trees with scaly or fissured bark. Leaves needle-like, mostly longer than 3 cm, in fascicles of 2 or 5, these in axils of brown ish small bracts and the base enveloped in membranous basal sheaths which persist (P. contorta) or fall (others). Pollen cones in crowded cluster at base of expanding twigs; seed cones small, greenish and erect at branch tips, maturing in two years, becoming woody, mostly persisting on tree; cone scales flat or very thick at the tip.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves in fascicles of 2; scales of seed cone usually with distinct prickles. P. contorta Leaves in fascicles of 5; scales of seed cone lacking prickle. Leaves up to 8 cm long, green, rigid, usually somewhat arched, and crowded around branches; seed cones less than 2 dm long, the scale-tips very thick. Seed cones 8-20 cm long, opening when ripe; scales then light brown. P. flexilis Seed cones 3-7 cm long, not immediately opening when ripe; scales purple. P. albicaulis Leaves 5-10 cm long, bluish-green with fine, white lines, flexible and spreading; seed cones 1-2.5 dm long, the scale-tips flat and rather thin; probably no longer present in the Park. P. monticola 444 P. albicaulis Engelm. (Whitebark Pine) Fig. 98-2 Tree very similar to P. flexilis, perhaps not distinguishable from it except on the basis of the seed-cone, which is 3-7 cm long and distinctly purple- green; scales very thick, and not spreading or releasing seed immediately when ripe, the tips with massive point. A rather rare species, only at timberline elevations. Some splendid mature trees exist at Crypt Lake, and another easily accessible stand is between Summit Lake and Carthew Summit; it is also abundant below the Lineham Wall and in the Upper Rowe Lakes area. Squirrels fre quently destroy cones of this species before the seeds are set free, the fragments littering the ground.

P. contorta Loud. (Lodgepole Pine) Fig. 98-3 Straight trees, usually in even-aged extensive stands up to 30 m high or more, the mature bark irregularly scaly, dull greyish-brown to nearly cinnamon brown. Leaves in fascicles of 2, dark green, 3-6 cm long. Seed cones 2-5 cm long, usually asymmetrically ovate and often in nodal clusters of 2-4, brown and commonly not opening and/or remaining on tree for many years; scales with massive smooth tip, rounded but usually with sharp prickles. The most abundant conifer in the Park and the Rocky Mountains generally, on well-drained slopes, from the lowest to middle elevations. Its numerous closed cones allow many seeds to survive forest fires, giving rise to the remarkably even-aged stands so obvious today. As young trees are intolerant of shade, however, complete fire prevention would eventually permit other conifers (notably Alpine Fir and Engel mann Spruce) to replace such pine forests. The Lodgepole Pine of Alberta and the interior of B.C. may be more precisely referred to subsp. latifolia (Watson) Critchf.

P. flexilis James (Limber Pine) Fig. 98-4 Trees reaching 15-20 m in protected sites but more often wind swept and becoming irregular small trees or even depressed shrubs, the chalky smooth young bark deeply fissured in age. Leaves stiff, green, somewhat arched, densely packed around the branches, 3-7 cm long, in fascicles of 5. Seed cones 8-20 cm long, light brown when ripe, the thick-tipped scales spreading. A common tree in alpine and subalpine habitats, and here and there (particularly in areas near the Crowsnest Pass) on bare stony ridges of the foothills. The cones of this tree are needed for certain identification as the rest of the plant is probably indistinguishable from Whitebark Pine. Limber Pine has been much damaged by the White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola Fischer), especially in marginal sites such as the upper east slopes of Vimy Peak. The fungus results in large spindle- 445 shaped swellings with orange spore-masses, beyond which the branch eventually dies off.

P. monticola D. Don (Western White Pine) Fig. 98-5 Tall straight tree in adjacent B.C., the bark first grey and smooth on the trunk, becoming checked into more or less square plates. Leaves thin and flexible, spreading, 5-10 cm long, bluish-grey with fine, white lines, 5 per fascicle. Seed-cone 1-2.5 dm long, the cone-scales spreading, with rather thin flat tips lacking prickles. A single authenticated cone-bearing tree is known to have existed on the lower rocky slopes of Mt. Crandell above the townsite as late as 1941 but, notwithstanding repeated searches, has not been located again. This is the only individual ever reported for the province, and it is not likely that the species will be found again in the Park. The original tree may well have succumbed to the White Pine Blister Rust to which it is very susceptible, and which has caused much damage to Limber Pine in the Park (see under P. flexilis).

Pseudotsuga P. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas Fir) Fig. 98-6 Trees up to 10 m or more high, then with massive trunk and branches, mature bark grey or blackish, very deeply and coarsely fissured. Leaves needle-like, flat, and rather sharply pointed, appearing somewhat 2- ranked on spreading twigs, persisting for several years, up to 3 cm long, leaving a smooth twig when falling. Winter buds sharply pointed, without resinous covering. Pollen cones solitary or in very small pendant clusters below expanding twigs, the bases invested in bud-scales. Seed cone at first greenish, erect, becoming brown, pendant, 5-10 cm long, rather light and eventually falling off as a unit; cone-scales flat, broad and thin, rounded at tip, backed by a 3-pronged bract, the middle prong needle-like and longest. A handsome tree with unmistakable cones, the species in coastal areas reaching heights of 50 m or more, being the tallest tree in Canada. The relatively small trees in southwestern Alberta occur at low eleva tions on dry exposed slopes and ridges.

Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family) Plantago P. major L. (Common Plantain) Fig. 99-1 Coarse perennials, lacking leafy stems, with a large mass of fibrous roots. Leaves all in basal cluster, often somewhat appressed to the ground, up to 446 2 dm long, about half or less the winged basally sheathing, often purplish petiole; blade ovate, nearly smooth-margined, up to 8 cm wide, with strong veins converging at the base, young leaves and petioles often hairy, older blades nearly hairless. Flowering stalks several, unbranched, stiffly erect, frequently 3 dm tall, the stemless flowers densely crowded in nar row, spike-like arrangement above the middle. Sepals 4, persistent, green, 2 mm long; petals 4, fused into a tube below, the lobes distinct, spreading, persistent, brownishgreen; stamens 4; fruit an ovoid pod 2-4 mm long splitting along its equator or lower; seeds angular, brownish. A weed of often rather moist disturbed places at the lowest elevations along the northeast flanks of the Park and in the Belly River area. Flowers mostly in June and July.

Polemoniaceae Annuals or perennials, leaves paired or 1 per node, simple or divided into leaflets. Flowers single or in dense, somewhat un coiling clusters; sepals 5, partly fused, green; petals 5, forming a tube or funnel below, with spreading free lobes; stamens 5, inserted on inner tube, sometimes at different heights; ovary simple, placed beyond insertion of petals, with long style tipped with 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a short broad pod opening along 3 slits. For a possible additional genus, Microsteris, see the com ments under Collomia linearis.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves with many broad leaflets along the midrib; flowers bright blue with yellow eye. Polemonium Leaves and flowers not with this combination of characters. Plants cushion-like,, perennial, the leaves needle-like and stiff. Phlox Plants erect, annual, leaves not needle-like and stiff. Leaves paired with 3-7 narrow, strap-like segments radiating out from the base; flowers on long hair-like individual stalks. Linanthus Leaves 1 per node or paired, simple; flowers lacking individual stalks. Collomia 99-1 Plantago major, 99-2 Collomia linearis, 99-3 Linanthus septentrionalis, 99-4 Phlox hoodii, 99-5 Polemonium pulcherrimum. 448 Collomia C. linearis Nutt. Fig. 99-2 Leafy erect annuals, up to 4 dm high, the larger plants somewhat branched above, short-hairy throughout. Leaves 1 per node very nar rowly lance-shaped below, becoming shorter and broader below the flowers, up to 5 cm long, the bracts often 1 cm wide and pale at base; petioles lacking. Flower cluster dense and leafy at tips of branches, the flower individually stalkless in axils of bracts, rather inconspicuous; sepals narrowly triangular, fused below the middle or so, glandular- hairy, the free lobes 1.5-3 mm long; petals pink or bluish to white, forming a long slender tube with 5 more or less elliptical free lobes together 10-15 mm long. Seeds rather few, with mucilaginous surface when wet, in a splitting pod. An almost weedy plant of open dry or moist meadows and slopes at lower elevations throughout the Park. A very similar species not yet reported from Waterton and in Alberta known from only the Carbondale- Coleman area, Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene, keys out to the above species but differs in having mostly paired leaves and needle-like free sepal lobes 4 mm long, the petal tips blunt or slightly notched. Our Collomia flowers in June and July.

Linanthus L. septentrionalis Mason Fig. 99-3 Extremely delicate annuals, erect, mostly less than 2 dm high, only the largest plants somewhat branched. Leaves mostly paired, cleft to the base into 3-7 narrow strap-like segments together giving a whorled im pression, the segments up to 1.5 cm long, nearly hairless. Flowers on hair-like "individual" stalks up to 2 cm long, 1 per leaf axil; sepals about 2 mm long, fused two-thirds of their length, with short appressed hairs, free lobes narrowly triangular; petals about 3 mm long, mostly fused into narrow funnel, the rather broad lobes free beyond sepals, usually pale lavender, the funnel creamy white. A very inconspicuous and apparently rather rare plant in the Park known only from the open lower south slopes of Mt. Glendowan near Red Rock Canyon. Elsewhere in the province it seems to be known only from the upper West Castle drainage and the Hillcrest area east of the Crows nest Pass. Flowers in mid-summer.

Phlox P. hoodii Richards. (Moss Phlox) Fig. 99-4 Dense, cushion-like perennials, from a branched woody base, cushions usually less than 3 or 4 cm high; leaves paired, needle-like, sharp-tipped ribbed, up to 1 cm long, the base of each pair forming a hair-fringed 449 collar around the node. Flowers white, sometimes tinged with pink or purple, scarcely or only slightly raised above leaves; sepals similar to leaves but partly fused and with more white hairs; petal tube about 4 mm long, narrow, the anthers crowding the mouth of the tube; free lobes up to 6 mm long, rounded at the tip. A well-known and ubiquitous plant of fully exposed dry places at lower elevations all through the Park, flowering from late April to early June. Coming to within one or two miles of the Park boundary (Birdseye Butte) but not yet known in Waterton is P. alyssifolia Greene, a slightly taller plant with lance-shaped leaves hair-fringed below and somewhat longer, white to pink flowers, the sepals densely gland-hairy. It is a species which in Alberta appears to be limited to open rocky crests of foothills, north to the southern tip of the Porcupine Hills, and east onto the Milk River Ridge.

Polemonium Perennials, from a branched, often crowded crown; leaves 1 per node, with numerous small leaflets along the midrib. Flower clusters terminal, dense to rather open, the flowers rather short-stalked, bright blue with yellow eye, showy. Sepals 5, fused partially; petals 5, forming a funnel below, the free lobes rounded; stamens 5, inserted on lower inside of throat, exserted; style at least as long as stamens, the stigma 3-lobed. Fruit opening along 3 slits, releasing the numerous blackish seeds.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaflets in clusters of 2-5 along the midrib, densely glandular-hairy; alpine areas only. P. viscosum Leaflets not clustered, rather evenly spread along midrib, not or sparsely glandular-hairy; low to alpine elevations. P. pulcherrimum

P. pulcherrimum Hook. (Jacob's-Ladder) Fig. 99-5 Plants 1-3 dm tall, often rather slender, many-stemmed, branching sparingly above, somewhat glandular-hairy. Leaflets 11-23 per leaf, ovate to round, inserted snugly on the midrib. Sepals 4-6 mm long at flowering time, fused at least halfway and growing somewhat after wards; petals pale to bright blue with yellow eye, the free lobes up to 7 mm long. Roadsides, gravelly and rocky, well drained places from lowest ele vations up to 2300 m, where it may grow with and be as short and large- 450 flowered as P. viscosum. Where the two grow together, the glandular nature and clustered leaflets of the latter suffice to distinguish them. The more compact large-flowered plants at high elevations may be referred to as var. pulcherrimum, while more lax plants at lower elevations may cor respond to var. calycinum (Eastw.) Brand. A beautiful plant, flowering in late May and June.

P. viscosum Nutt. (Skunkweed; Sky Pilot) Fig. 100-1, Plate 5 Compact, densely glandular-hairy plant, with strongly skunk-like smell from leaves, somewhat cushion-like but often spreading by means of creeping stems, plants reaching 2 dm in height. Leaflets in clusters of 2-5 along midrib. Flower cluster dense and rounded, almost head-like; sepals as in previous species but more densely glandular-hairy; petals brilli antly blue with yellow eye, the free lobes up to 8 mm long. An uncommonly handsome alpine plant of exposed scree slopes not withstanding its pungent smell which may be noticeable at a consider able distance. It is known from a number of localities in the Park and from mountains as far north as the lower Castle River drainage, with a disjunct population at Mountain Park, to elevations of at least 2700 m. Flowers in June and July.

Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family) Annuals or perennials, the nodes often somewhat swollen. Leaves simple, sometimes in whorls, pairs or clusters at base, but commonly 1 per node; base of leaf with usually membranous stipule sheath (except Eriogonum) investing the stem and continuing beyond leaf insertion in a cylinder or cleft to frayed stipule-like organs. Flowers small, in small clusters in leaf axils, or in elongated sprays, or in terminal groups of stalked, rounded clusters together subtended by a whorl of leafy bracts. Flower segments 4-6, distinct or partly fused, sometimes appearing like a separate outer whorl of sepals and an inner whorl of petals, sometimes alike; stamens 4-9, distinct but inserted on base of segments; ovary inserted beyond flower. Segments simple and producing a small, dry, 1-seeded fruit; styles 2 or 3, at least partly distinct, sometimes with feather-like tips. Polygonaceae are sometimes confused with Chenopodia- ceae but characteristically have prominent stipule sheaths, 451 except for Eriogonum which differs from all Chenopodiaceae in the cup-like organ investing the smallest flower clusters.

KEY TO GENERA Leaves without sheathing stipules; smallest flower clusters surrounded by toothed or lobed, cup- or funnel-like structure; stamens 9. Eriogonum Leaves with sheathing stipules; flower clusters not subtended by cup or funnel; stamens 7 or fewer. Sepals 4 or 6; stigma tufted. Sepals 4; fruits flattened; leaves mostly kidney-shaped. Oxyria Sepals 6; fruits 3-angled; leaves not kidney- shaped. Rumex Sepals 5; stigma not tufted. Polygonum

Eriogonum Perennials, from short branching crowns; leaves simple, smooth-margined, with petioles but lacking stipule sheaths, all basal. Flowering stalk 1 per stem, terminating in rounded flower clusters, in some subdivided into smaller rounded clusters; flowers small, ultimately in small groups emerging from lobed or toothed, funnel-like organ; with 6 yellow petal like segments more or less distinct from each other, in two whorls of 3 each; stamens 9, with very slender filaments; styles 3; fruit small, 1-seeded, nut-like, enclosed by flower segments, which often assume a reddish tinge.

KEY TO SPECIES Dwarf, compact, cushion-like alpines, stems mostly less than 1 dm, leaves 2 cm or less long. Leaf blades elliptical, mostly 4-10 mm wide, with felt-like covering equally on both sides. E. ovalifolium Leaf narrowly lance-shaped, mostly 2-4 mm wide, lower surface more thickly felt-covered than greenish upper surface. E. androsaceum Larger plants, stems usually more than 1 dm tall, leaves mostly longer than 2.5 cm. Flowers bright yellow, hairy. E. flavttm Flowers sulphur-yellow, hairless. E. umbellatum 100-1 Polemonium viscosum, 100-2 Eriogonum androsaceum, 100-3 Eriogonum flavum, 100-4 Eriogonum ovalifolium, 100-5 Eriogonum umbellatum. 453 E. androsaceum Benth. Fig. 100-2 Dense and often cushion-like plant, with branched crown bearing numerous blackened dead leaves. Leaves mostly up to 15x4 mm, narrowly lance-shaped, felty white but upper surface greener than lower surface. Flowering stems less than 1 dm, terminating in a whorl of narrow bracts subtending about half a dozen branches, these with short- lobed cups bearing mostly up to 10 flowers, the cup and flower base hairy. Exposed alpine ridges and slopes above 2000 m, flowering from late June to early August.

E. flavum Nutt. (Yellow Umbrella Plant) Fig. 100-3 [incl. E. piperi Greene] Perennials, with dense, somewhat branched crown and 1 to several stems 1-2 dm high: Leaves 2.5-5 cm long, of which the petiole is half or more of its length; blade lance-shaped, up to 1 cm wide, the lower surface with dense grey-white felt, upper surface green and hairy. Flower clusters bright golden yellow, often with a tinge of orange, subdivided into several stalks subtended by a whorl of leafy bracts and terminating in a shal lowly toothed funnel holding several flowers covered with white hair almost their full length. A very attractive plant known from dry exposed prairie knolls all the way to alpine slopes to at least 2300 m, flowering from mid-June to early August, depending on elevation. Plants at lower elevations, with rather thick leaves and flowers 4-5 mm long are said to belong to subsp. flavum, while the more subalpine ones with somewhat thinner leaves and flowers 5-7 mm long, are the subsp. piperi (Stokes) Greene, but these two sub species freely intergrade.

E. ovalifolium Nutt. (Silver Plant) Fig. 100-4 Dwarf plants, forming very dense, rounded, silver-colored cushions from a much-branched crown. Leaves mostly less than 2 cm long, the petiole accounting for about half; leaf blade equally white-felty on both sides, elliptical to somewhat ovate, 4-10 mm wide. Flower stalks up to 1 dm high, with rounded flower cluster up to 2 cm in diameter consisting of several short stalks subtended by white-hairy bracts; flowers ultimately in sharp-toothed cups, the petals and stalk of each flower hairless. A striking alpine plant because of its growth habit. It inhabits ex posed rocky, slopes and summits mostly above 2000 m, and in Alberta is known only south of the Crowsnest Pass except for a single record from Sugarloaf Mtn. Flowers mostly in June and July. 454 E. umbellatum Torrey (Umbrella Plant) Fig. 100-5 [E. heracleoides Nutt. var. subalpinum (Stokes) Davis] Somewhat matted perennials, occasionally up to 3 dm high. Leaves mostly up to 8 cm long, the blade half its length or somewhat less, lance- shaped lower surface white-felty, upper surface green and hairy. Top of flowering stalk with several leafy bracts and half a dozen or more stalks up to 4 cm long terminating in a funnel-shaped cup fringed with long, greenish, drooping lobes, the flower and its stalk hairless, pale sulphur- yellow or greenish-yellow, sometimes with touch of pink. A common plant in dry open places from prairie areas to about 2300 m. In some areas it grows mixed with E. flavum which is sharply differ ent by its bright and hairy flowers. Flowers from early June through July.

Oxyria O. digyna (L.) Hill (Mountain Sorrel) Fig. 101-1 Hairless perennials, from short rootstock and thick root, stems 1 or clus tered, erect and usually or almost leafless, up to 3 dm high. Leaves mostly basal, long-petioled, the blade up to 6x6 cm, kidney-shaped to nearly circular except for the deeply lobed base, with largest veins converging at the petiole; margin smooth. Flower cluster an open spray of small, greenish to red flowers on hair-like individual stalks, several per node, often with several unbranched lateral clusters. Flowers with 4 distinct segments, the inner two somewhat larger and round-tipped, 4-6 mm long, erect; stamens 6; stigmas 2, reddish and rather plume-like. Fruit lens-shaped, surrounded by thin broad membranous wing, together about 5 mm wide. Rather protected rocky slopes and moist spots between 2000 and at least 2700 m, rarely descending to a protected wet spot below, as at Lower Bertha Falls. The plants often turn dark reddish-green in exposed alpine sites. The leaves (not the roots) are edible and rich in Vitamin C. Flowers mostly in July (alpine levels).

Polygonum (Knotweed, Smartweed) Annuals or perennials, the nodes often somewhat swollen; leaves simple, smooth-margined, 1 per node, the base or pet iole with a stipule sheath surrounding the stem and extending somewhat beyond the leaf where often cleft or lacerated. Flowers in small axillary clusters or more compact elongated clusters at branch-tips, with 4-6 petal-like segments persist ing in fruit; stamens 3-9, commonly 5; styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruits lens-shaped or 3-angled. The flowering times noted below are approximate, as the persistent flowers make it difficult to obtain reliable infor mation. 455

KEY TO SPECIES Stems twining rather than erect or creeping; leaves arrow-shaped. P. convolvulus Stems erect or creeping, but not twining; leaves not arrow-shaped. Flowers in groups of fewer than 5, always axillary to normal leaves. Plants delicate, mostly less than 1.5 dm tall; stem with small tubercles when young; fruit black, shiny. P. minimum Plants not delicate, mostly more than 1.5 dm long or tall; stem smooth even when young; fruit dull brown. P. aviculare Most flowers in spike-like, dense or open arrangement either only at tip of stem or also in axils of upper leaves, more than 10 per cluster. Flower cluster solitary, very dense and uninterrupted. Flowers red, stems usually floating or ascending, rooting at the nodes below. P. amphibium Flowers white, stems rigidly erect, not rooting at nodes, from a somewhat tuberous rootstock. Flower cluster 5-8 mm thick, usually with small bulblets below; fruits dull. P. viviparum Flower cluster at least 1 cm thick, lacking bulblets; fruits shiny. P. bistortoides Flower clusters several to numerous, not dense, often few-flowered, or at least interrupted below. Flowers in slender open arrangement where no more than 4 per node. Leaves mostly 2-4 cm long; flower 2.5-3.5 mm long; fruit 3-3.5 mm long and less than half as broad; plants 1-4 dm high. P. douglasii Leaves mostly less than 2 cm long, often with curled margins; flower about 2 mm long or less; fruit about 2.5 mm long and half as wide; plants 0.5-2 dm high. Leaves very narrow; frequently with obviously curled margins. P. engelmannii 101-1 Oxyria digyna, 101-2 Polygonum amphibium, 101-3 Polygonum austinae, 101-4 Polygonum aviculare, 101-5 Polygonum bistortoides, 101-6 Polygonum volvulus. con- 457 Leaves lance-shaped, without obviously curled margins. P. austinae Flowers in several rather dense, many- flowered spikes, when solitary interrupted below, at tips of branches, the nodes or internodes not normally visible within most spikes. P. lapatifolium

P. amphibium L. (Water Smartweed) Fig. 101-2 Rather stout, often aquatic perennial, stems ascending to the single erect flower cluster, the nodes below rooting; stipule sheath cylindrical, some times with spreading green collar; leaves large and usually few, with rather long petiole, the blade generally lance-shaped but sometimes abruptly constricted at petiole. Flower cluster bright red or pink, very dense, about 1.5 cm thick; flowers 4-5 mm long, either the styles or the stamens exserted; fruit lens-shaped, brownish or black. An exceedingly variable group in most of its vegetative features, found sometimes as a floating aquatic, but elsewhere as a terrestrial plant of marshy places or water-borders. Its variability is mirrored in conflicting references to minor categories. Plants from our area have been assigned to var. stipulaceum (Colem.) Fern, in the past, but a more conservative treatment would place them into var. natans Michx. Lowest elevations, Buffalo Paddocks and lower Waterton River areas. Some plants in the former locality are densely hairy and have very short petioles, and seem to approach P. coccineum Mujil. especially in the glandular hairs on the flower stalk; however, the flower cluster is much too short for that species. Flowers in July and August.

P. austinae Greene Fig. 101-3 Plants generally like P. engelmannii, but not as stiffly erect; up to 2 dm high, branched from below; leaves lance-shaped, up to 15 X 8 mm; flower cluster like P. engelmannii, the leaves gradually increasing in size down wards. A very rare species, in Alberta known only from a gravelly slope at Red Rock Canyon.

P. aviculare L. (Common Knotweed) Fig. 101-4 [incl. P. achoreum Blake] Spreading or ascending, much-branched annual, 1-8 dm long, often of blue-green appearance. Leaves narrowly to broadly lance-shaped or somewhat elliptical, 5-30 mm long, with very short jointed petiole, the silvery stipule sheath becoming lacerate. Flowers in axillary clusters of 1-5; flowers 2-3 mm long, the segments with pink or white margins. Fruits dull brown. 458 A variable introduced weed of roadsides and other disturbed places, known and to be expected at lower elevations. Frequently separated, but with considerable difficulty, is P. achoreum Blake reported from the east entrance, with shorter internodes and wider, shorter leaves. It flowers throughout much of the summer.

P. bistortoides Pursh (Bistort) Fig. 101-5 Erect perennial, from short stout rootstock, the unbranched stem mostly up to 5 or 6 dm high. Largest leaves basal, few, long-petioled, the lance- shaped blade commonly 7-20 cm long and 1-3 cm wide; stem-leaves rapidly reduced upwards; stipule sheaths brown, more or less entire, very long below becoming short above. Flower cluster solitary, dense, up to 6 cm long and 1.5 cm thick, the flowers white, about 5 mm long, stamens exserted; fruit pale brown, shiny. Moist grassy spots at middle elevations; apparently rare in the Park, known only from Lookout Butte, the summit of Sofa Mtn., and the head waters of Red Rock Creek. Flowers from mid-June to the end of July.

P. convolvulus L. (Wild Buckwheat; Black Bindweed) Fig. 101-6 Annual, with twining ridged stems up to 8 dm long. Leaves widely spaced, petiole 1-3 cm long, blade arrow-shaped, 2-5 cm long, stipule sheath entire. Flowers in long-stalked, open, simple, leafless branches in leaf axils where often also a small cluster of flowers; fruit black, with slightly roughened surface, as long as the flower, 4 mm. An occasional weed of disturbed places, probably only at low eleva tions, as near the Waterton River bridge; flowers mostly in the second half of the summer.

P. douglasii Greene Fig. 102-1 A slender, erect, often much-branched annual, 1-4 dm high. Leaves very narrowly lance-shaped, 1-4 cm long, the stipule sheath deeply cleft into slender-tipped segments, base of leaf with constriction at the sheath. Flowers in slender interrupted elongating terminal spikes, where 1-3 per node, often nodding, 2.5-3.5 mm long; fruit 3-3.5 mm long, less than half as broad, often protruding slightly from flower segments. Dry open slopes, at middle elevations up to 2000 m, flowering in July and early August. Very similar to P. engelmannii, but more common, even though scarcely abundant (see comments under that species).

P. engelmannii Greene Fig. 102-2 Extremely similar to P. douglassii, differing as shown in the key: P. engel- A „0ln*ii 102 2 Polygonum engelmannii, 102-3 Polygonum 102-1 Polygonum douglastt, 102-Z rotygonum JL vivpamm, lapatifolium, 102-4 Polygonum mimmum, 102-5 Polygonum vivp 102-6 Rumex acetosa. 460 mannii is generally of smaller stature, with smaller leaves, flowers and fruits, many of its leaves with curled margins. Known only from one ob servation, on the east bank of Lonesome Lake, and elsewhere in Alberta in the Pincher Creek area. See also P. austinae.

P. lapatifolium L. Fig. 102-3 Erect to somewhat ascending annual, up to 6 dm high, simple or some what branched. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, mostly up to 10 cm but occasionally up to 15 cm long; stipule sheaths cylindrical, brownish, not lacerated. Flowers in rather slender but dense spikes 1-6 cm long, pink to pearly white, with slightly shorter, usually short-stalked, spikes in axils of reduced leaves nearby. A rare plant in the Park, known only from a beaver dam in the Look out Butte vicinity. Flowers mostly in July and August.

P. minimum Wats. Fig. 102-4 Small annuals, mostly less than 1.5 dm tall, often flowering when only 2-3 cm high, simple or very sparsely branched below. Leaves broadly lance-shaped, less than 1 cm long, the stipule sheath membranous and deeply cleft. Flowers in crowded axillary clusters of 1-4, about 2 mm long, the dark brown, rather shiny fruits as long or slightly longer. An inconspicuous plant known from several alpine localities between 1900 and 2300 m, preferring open dry rocky hillsides. Flowers mostly in July and August. The species in our province is known only from Water- ton and from the Castle-Carbondale drainages.

P. viviparum L. (Bistort) Fig. 102-5 Slender, unbranched perennial, from a short thick rootstock, up to 3 dm high. Basal leaves up to 2 dm long, half of which petiole, the blade very narrowly lance-shaped; stem-leaves few, rapidly reduced upwards; stipule sheaths brown, not lacerated. Flower cluster slender, 2-7 cm long, at first dense but becoming open especially below; flowers greenish to white, in axils of brown papery bracts. Flowers in lowest part of spike (sometimes throughout) replaced by purplish bulblets which, when falling to the ground, may establish new plants. Fruits dull brown. A rather common plant of moist to boggy spots throughout the Park at elevations from 1700 to 2700 m, flowering from the end of June to early August. At the north end of the Park (Oil Basin) and adjacent areas (Loaf Mountain) fertile plants occur which never bear any bulblets, while plants in the Park here and there bear bulbets only, and no flowers.

Rumex (Dock; Sorrel) Mostly coarse, leafy perennials, often from thick roots, hair- 461 less or nearly so. Leaves 1 per node, the blade simple, often elongated and with distinct petiole, the stipular sheath promi nent, entire. Flower clusters elongate, usually with simple lateral branches, flowers arranged in whorls at the nodes. Flowers small, often greenish-red, bisexual (unisexual and on separate plants in R. acetosella), with 3 smaller (outer) flower segments which are narrow and often clasp the 3 larger (inner) ones ("valves"), these commonly enlarging in fruit, with prominent network of veins and, in several species, with much-inflated body on lower mid-vein; stamens 6, styles 3, tufted; fruit small, dry 1-seeded, 3-angled, invested by the erect larger segments.

KEY TO SPECIES Lower flower segments with several long spine like teeth. R- maritimus Segments smooth-margined. Blade of lowest (largest) leaves with arrow-like base. Rather slender weedy plant; larger flower segments more or less equalling fruit and closely investing it, the smaller ones spreading. R. acetosella Stouter plants, usually not weedy; larger flower segments surpassing fruit, not closely investing it, the smaller ones bent back along fruit stalk. R. acetosa Base of large leaf-blades not arrow-like but tapered or at most with broad rounded lobes. Largest leaf-blades abruptly contracted or even round-lobed at the petiole; larger flower segments rather leafy, lacking swelling on mid-vein. R. occidentalis Largest leaf-blades tapered into petiole; larger flower segments (at least in fruit) with somewhat spindle-shaped swelling on midvein. All leaves with irregularly curled margins; stems unbranched below flowers, erect; bodies on back of flower segments becoming much inflated, abruptly contracted at or below segment's middle. R. crispus 462 Not all (if any) leaves with irregularly curled margins; stems branched below flowers, often ascending; bodies on back of flower segments moderately inflated, tapering off on upper half of segment. R. salicifolius

R. acetosa L. (Green Sorrel) Fig. 102-6 [incl. R. alpestris (Scop.) Love] Perennial, occasionally up to 1 m high, with stout, somewhat ribbed stems from a short rootstock. Basal leaves long-petioled, blade with arrow-shaped base, up to 10 X 4 cm, petiole gradually disappearing and blade becoming smaller upwards. Flower cluster up to 3 dm long, usually with several simple lateral branches. Smaller flower segments (eventu ally) bent back sharply at the flower's stalk, larger ones in fruit becoming broadly heart-shaped, about 3X3 mm, the mid-vein slightly raised but not markedly swollen, much surpassing fruit within. A common plant, tallest at low elevations but often only 1-2 dm at elevations up to above 2700 m, flowering from mid-June to the end of July. It can tolerate fairly dry to moist habitats. Our plants belong to subsp. alpestris (Scop.) Love.

R. acetosella L. (Sheep Sorrel) Fig. 103-1 Rather slender, 1 - or few-stemmed plants spreading from very slender rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal but also along lower stem, long-petioled, the blade arrow-shaped, often constricted just above the spreading, sharp-pointed "ears," mostly 2-5 cm long, sometimes merely lance- shaped. Flower clusters several on upper half of stem, individually un branched and open. Flowers either male or female on each plant, often reddish; larger flower segments of female flower slightly larger than fruit and closely investing it, lacking any swelling on the mid-vein, the smaller ones clasping them. A weedy introduced plant of various rather damp disturbed places at lower and middle elevations, but still rather uncommon in the Park. Flowers about mid-summer.

R. crispus L. (Curly Dock) Fig. 103-2 Coarse, erect, simple perennial, up to 8 dm tall, leaves mostly along stem, gradually diminishing upwards, those below with petioles as long as the blade, which is up to 3 dm long and 2-4 cm wide, with parallel sides, tip pointed and base tapered into petiole; margin of all leaves irregularly curled. Flower cluster up to 4 dm long, with long erect simple lateral 103-1 Rumex acetosella, 103-2 Rumex crispus, 103-3 Rumex maritimus, 103-4 Rumex occidentalis. 464 branches in axils of leafy bracts. Flowers bisexual, larger flower seg ments broadly ovate, many with massive yellow or reddish swelling on mid-vein, this swelling when young spindle-shaped but eventually abruptly contracted at about the middle of segment, which then about 3 mm wide; smaller flower segments clasping larger ones. An introduced weed at moist, often disturbed spots below middle elevations, flowering at mid-summer.

R. maritimus L. (Golden Dock) Fig. 103*3 Rather low, much-branched annual, up to 6 dm tall, leafy throughout, the largest leaves with narrow, elongated to lance-shaped blades up to 1 dm long, petiole 1-several cm, margin irregularly curled. Flower clusters numerous and dense, of spiny appearance; larger flower segments each with about half a dozen slender but strong marginal spines, midrib distinctly swollen most of its length, yellowish when mature. An unmistakable, rare plant of wet spots, such as on a beaver dam near Lookout Butte; flowering in mid-summer. There is both introduced (subsp. maritimus) and native material (subsp. fueginus (Phill.) Hult.) in North America, and the status of our plants is not certain.

R. occidentalis Wats. (Western Dock) Fig. 103-4 Erect, single-stemmed perennial, from stout roots, 5-15 dm high. Largest leaves long-petioled, the blade very narrowly ovate or with parallel sides, 1-3 dm long and commonly 2-3 cm wide, margin more or less smooth, base abruptly contracted or even heart-shaped, tip narrowing but often not sharp. Flower cluster rather narrow, mostly up to 4 dm long, the lateral branches erect. Flowers bisexual; larger flower segments (in fruit) about 4x4 mm, almost leaf-like, the mid-vein prominent but not swollen, smaller segments clasping larger ones. Moist protected places at low elevations, such as willow thickets, flowering in mid-summer. The names var. fenestratus (Greene) Le Page or var. procerus (Greene) Howell have been applied to Alberta plants, but the status of our plants is not clear.

R. salicifolius Weinm. (Willow D6ck; Narrow-leaved Dock) Fig. 104-1 [incl. R. mexicanus Meisn.] Branched and/or tufted perennial, up to 6 dm high, stems often ascending. Leaves very narrowly lance-shaped and short-petioled, the blade up to 15 cm long and 2 cm wide, margin smooth to somewhat wavy, but not irregularly curled as in R. crispus. Flower clusters many and often spreading. Flowers bisexual, the larger flower segments rather narrowly pointed in fruit, about 3 mm long, with prominently swollen 465 yellowish mid-vein tapering to somewhat past the middle; smaller segments clasping larger ones. A variable species, with our material probably belonging to subsp. triangulivalvis Danser and, within that subspecies, to var. mexicanus (Meisn.) Hitchc. Grassy moist places, willow thickets, and similar sites, at elevations up to 2000 m, flowering mostly in July.

Polypodiaceae (Fern Family) Leafy perennials, from creeping underground, ascending to erect rootstocks, leaves spaced or clustered, each uncurling in crook-like manner, divided once into leaflets in some, or twice to thrice in others. Spore-cases (sporangia) minute, stalked, discharging spores explosively through the action of a crest of specialized cells on the head, grouped in round to elongated clusters (sori), or sori slender and marginal, with delicate flaps of tissue (indusia) or without, these shield-shaped, heart- shaped, or attached from the side, sometimes leaf margins taking the place of the indusium, always on lower surface. Most species with all larger leaves with sori, some with separ ate green sterile leaves contrasting with specialized brownish spore-bearing ones. A specialized language has grown up among students of ferns with regard to structures of this group, such as stipe (petiole), frond (leaf), pinnae and pinnules (primary and ulti mate divisions of a leaf), and rachis (the main axis or midrib of a compound leaf). In the present treatment such terms are avoided wherever possible.

KEY TO GENERA Leaf blade ovate to kidney-shaped in general outline, made up of long finger-like divisions each divided into a double row of asymmetrical leaflets lobed at the forward edge which bends around marginal sori. Adiantum Leaves not so shaped or divided, midrib always clearly recognizable. Leaf consisting of double row of leaflets which are no more than marginally toothed or lobed. • Leaves clustered from a common rootcrown, 466 creeping rootstock absent; leaflets distinct from midrib; sori with indusia. Leaves evergreen and stiff, dark and shiny, leaflets often more than twice as long as wide, sharply toothed at margin; petiole with prominent brown scales; sori round, with central, umbrella-like indusium. Polys tichum Leaves soft, not evergreen or shiny, leaflets about as long as wide, marginally lobed rather than toothed; petiole lacking scales; sori elongate, covered by indusium from lower edge. Asplenium • Leaves from creeping rootstock, not clustered; leaflets basally continuous with midrib; sori with indusia. Polypodium Leaf more complexly divided at least at its base. Leaves not tufted, spaced along elongated, creeping or underground rootstock. Leaf blades less than 16 cm wide and/or long; plants rather delicate, with creeping rootstock; sori either marginal or round. Sori elongated and marginal; terminal Cryptogramma leaflets simple, smooth-margined. stelleri Sori neither elongated nor marginal; all leaflets compound and deeply cleft. Basal leaflet more or less symmetrical in outline; sori without indusium. Gymnocarpium Basal leaflet strikingly asymmetrical; Cystopteris young sori with basal indusium. montana Leaf blades more than 15 cm wide and long; plants stout, from underground rootstock; sori (where present) along margin of leaflets, elongated. Pteridium • Leaves clustered from a common rootcrown or very short, stout rootstock. Leaves of two kinds, the longer ones spore- bearing and with margins of narrow leaflets curled over the long sori, the shorter ones Cryptogramma sterile and with flat, broader leaflets. crispa 467 Leaves all of the same type; sori mostly round. Small fern, midrib dark brown, leaflets up to 2 mm long, elliptical, curled over at the smooth margin lined with sorus, densely Cheilanthes woolly below. gracillima Small or large fern, leaflets 2 mm long or more; midrib not dark brown, leaflets lacking curled margin covering sori, and not densely woolly below. Rather delicate plants, leaves relatively small (up to 2.5 dm) when fertile. Indusium pouch-like, fringed at free end; sorus surpassed by its veinlet; lower leaf surface not obviously hairy. Cystopteris fragilis Indusium lacerated or in hair-like ribbons, below the sorus, which terminates its veinlet; lower leaf surface hairy or not. Woodsia Rather stout plants, leaves longer than 2.5 dm when fertile. Indusium heart-shaped, basally or centrally attached, smooth-margined; sori roundish. Dryopteris Indusium with frayed edge, often attached sideways, not heart-shaped, often disappearing early, sori often longer than wide. Athyrium

Adiantum A. pedatum L. (Maidenhair Fern) Fig. 104-2 Hairless plants, from short creeping rootstock with loosely tufted leaves, in our area rarely up to 4 dm high, the petiole shiny blackish-brown. Blade kidney-shaped to broadly ovate in outline, lacking a true midrib but rather forking repeatedly to both sides resulting in a finger-like double series of leaflets projecting forward; these leaflets with smooth lower and lobed forward margin, the margin of the latter in part bent back over marginal sori, and with open forking vein structure. An uncommonly handsome fern which seems to remain rather small in the Park, where it is known from only a couple of stations between 1700 and 2300 m, apparently the only localities in Alberta. It prefers 104-1 Rumex salicifolius, 104-2 Adiantum pedatum, 104-3 Asplenium viride, 104-4 Athyrium distentifolium, 104-5 Cystopteris montana. 469 seepage areas on lower boulder-strewn slopes or protected creek sides. Plants in the West have been referred to as subsp. aleuticum Calder and Taylor.

Asplenium A. viride Huds. (Green Spleenwort) Fig. 104-3 Leaves tufted, up to 15 cm long, consisting of a double row of leaflets along a green midrib. Leaflets about 5 mm wide, the margin smooth below but lobed on forward and lateral edges, each with 1-4 elongated sori along veinlets, the former initially covered by white indusium from outside or lower side; vigorous leaves when sori fully developed some times seem to have 1 large, confluent sorus. An inconspicuous and apparently rare plant, not only in Waterton but also in the southern Alberta Rocky Mountains in general. Two localities are known in the Park, in rock crevices below Bertha Lake and near the summit of Sofa Mtn. and apparently only a single additional one south of the Banff-Jasper area (Southfork Lakes Trail). It may easily have escaped notice elsewhere, but of its rarity in the region there is no doubt.

Athyrium Rather large ferns, with short, stout, creeping rootstocks and clustered leaves. Blade divided two or three times, the petiole scaly and coarse, remaining attached for years, the leaf cluster in a vase-like group. Sori round to elongate, borne on veinlets and surpassed by them, but these sometimes obscure (A. distentifolium); indusium semi-circular with frayed edge, and laterally attached, or absent.

KEY TO SPECIES Indusium more or less semi-circular but often frayed marginally, attached on lower or outer side of sorus; secondary leaflets 4-6 mm wide in immature leaves, the smallest veinlets clearly visible from below and running into margin. A. fdix-femina Indusium absent; secondary leaflets usually less than 4 mm wide in immature leaves, the veinlets more or less obscure from below. A. distentifolium

A. distentifolium Tausch Fig. 104-4 [A. alpestre (Hoppe) Ryl.] Plants similar to A. fdix-femina, differing as shown in key. Leaves tend to 105-1 Athyrium filix-femina, 105-2 Cheilanthes gracillima, 105-3 Cryptogramma crispa, 105-4 Cryptogramma stelleri. 471 be somewhat smaller and more finely dissected, sometimes almost skele tal in appearance. Open and frequently rocky places such as scree slopes and at alpine elevations. In Alberta, known from Waterton where three localities are documented, Crypt Lake, Goat Lake, and Mt. Lineham, and from a single record from Jasper National Park.

A. filix-femina (L.) Roth (Lady Fern) Fig. 105-1 Rootstock massive, ascending to erect, terminating in a tuft of leaves up to 2 m long, these erect in vase-like fashion; petioles relatively short, with large basal scales; outline of blade lance-shaped, tapering in both directions from the middle divided, two or three times, ultimate leaflets not stalked. Sori longer than wide, along veinlet which surpasses it, the veinlets obvious from below; sorus more or less semi-circular, usually with frayed margin covering part of the sorus from below or the outside. A common fern of moist protected places at elevations up to about 2300 m.

Cheilanthes C. gracillima Eaton Fig. 105-2 A very small fern, mostly less than 12 cm tall, with densely tufted leaves from short crowded rootstocks. Petioles and midribs dark brown, some what hairy at first but the former becoming rather shiny and smooth, the midribs remaining hairy, some long, flat hairs being prominent; petiole at least as long as blade which is narrowly triangular in outline, twice divided, the ultimate leaflets up to 2 mm long, elliptical, with smooth curled-over margin, with some flat white hairs on top and woolly brown ones beneath; sori marginal, often obscured by margin. One of the rarest species in Alberta, where known only from a couple of small plants among rock crevices at Bertha Lake, this locality repre senting the extreme northeastern corner of its natural range. Another similar species of the same genus, which may be either C. feei Moore or C. lanosa (Michx.) Eaton, is known from a couple of localities in the Sheep River-Banff-Jasper area as well as west and south of our area, and should also be looked for. Its blade is somewhat more long-hairy, but the long flat hairs mentioned above are lacking.

Cryptogramma (Rock Brake) Evergreen ferns, from short or slender creeping rootstocks, with separate fertile and sterile leaves, fertile leaves longer, their leaflets with curled margins covering the marginal sori, sterile leaves distinctly shorter, leaflets flat and green. 472

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves densely tufted, the blades thick and opaque; fertile leaflets up to 3 mm wide, with opaque greenish inrolled margin. C. crispa Leaves from a slender creeping rootstock, few and scattered; fertile leaflets 3-5 mm wide, with translucent inrolled margin. C. stelleri

C crispa (L.) R. Br. (Parsley Fern) Fig. 105-3 [C. acrostichoides R. Br.] Numerous erect leaves, densely clustered from tip of short stout rootstock. Fertile leaves commonly up to 2 dm high, more than half of which is petiole; blade rather narrow in outline, twice divided into narrow leaflets up to 1 cm long, these appearing thick because of curled smooth margins over long marginal sori. Sterile blades scarcely reaching fertile ones and often somewhat shorter and broader, leaflets flat and bright green, with toothed margin. A handsome fern, rather common from 2000-2300 m in the southern and western part of the Park, preferring rocky open meadows and moder ately protected rock crevices. Plants from North America belong to var. acrostichoides (R. Br.) Clarke.

C. stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl Fig. 105-4 Rather delicate, light green fern, with few scattered leaves from a slender creeping rootstock. Fertile leaves mostly less than 2 dm long, with rather few and flat leaflets up to 1.5 cm long and 3-5 mm wide, with inrolled margin over sori, the margin with translucent seam; sterile leaves some what shorter, leaflets broader and flatter; intermediate leaves occur occasionally, sterile below, fertile above. An inconspicuous but attractive fern known from protected mossy banks in Red Rock Canyon and along the shore of Waterton Lake south of the townsite.

Cystopteris Delicate plants, with short or elongated creeping scaly rootstocks; blades twice or several times divided; sori on the back of small veinlets, distinct, with very delicate hoodlike or arched indusium from below which withers early.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves arising singly from a blackish rootstock, the blade about as wide as long. C. montana 106-1 Cystopteris fragilis, 106-2 Dryopteris austriaca, 106-3 Dryopteris filix-mas. 474 Leaves usually clustered, on very short, light brown rootstock, the blade several times as long as wide. C. fragilis

C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. (Bladder Fern) Fig. 106-1 Delicate brittle-leaved fern, with loosely tufted leaves, commonly up to 2.5 dm long, from a short creeping rootstock, petiole less than half of the blade, which is narrowly lance-shaped, twice divided, the ultimate leaf lets rather coarsely toothed. Sori on veinlets which beyond pass into margin; indusium pouch-like, covering the sorus from below and with lacerated margin. The most common fern in the Park, in a great variety of exposed to protected habitats throughout, up to at least 2500 m. The plant is very easily confused with Woodsia oregana which is more tufted, less fragile, and more restricted to open and dry places. The indusial differences are reliable but may easily escape detection; a consistent feature appears to be the terminal versus subterminal position of the sorus on its veinlet in Woodsia and Cystopteris, respectively.

C. montana (Lam.) Bernh. (Mountain Bladder Fern) Fig. 104-5 Plants with blackish creeping rootstock, leaves few and separate, mostly reaching 4 dm in height; petioles dark brown below, longer than blade. Blade more or less triangular in outline, complexly divided to the tip, the lowest two leaflets obviously asymmetrical and longer than others. Sori round, with delicate basal indusium when young. This fern is somewhat reminiscent of a small and finely dissected Bracken Fern. The single report from the Park is unsubstantiated and perhaps not reliable, but the species is included since, in addition to several localities in central Alberta, it is also known from Glacier National Park.

Dryopteris Leaves borne in a crown, from a massive short creeping rootstock, rather large, the fertile and sterile ones similar. Sori round, on veinlets surpassing them, the indusium rounded to heart-shaped.

KEY TO SPECIES Blades mostly divided twice or three times, broadest at or near the base; the marginal teeth sharp. D. austriaca 107-1 Gymnocarpium dryopteris, 107-2 Polypodium hesperium, 107-3 Polystichum lonchitis. 476 Blades mostly divided twice, broadest at or near the middle; the marginal teeth mostly blunt. D. filix-mas

D. austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar (Shield Fern) Fig. 106-2 [D. dilatata of American authors; D. spinulosa Kuntze var. dilatata Underw.] Leaves occasionally up to 1 m long, up to half of which is a scaly petiole; blade divided twice or three times, broadest at or near the base, the basal two segments very asymmetrical; marginal teeth sharp and rather slender; sori rather small, the indusium often shrivelling easily. Protected, shaded, moist places, at Bertha and Cameron Lakes, but apparently quite rare.

D. filix-mas (L.) Schott (Male Fern) Fig. 106-3 A rather large fern, leaves up to 1 m long, the scaly petiole about half as long as the lance-shaped blade which is broadest at or near the middle, divided mostly twice, the two basal segments each symmetrical; mar ginal teeth rather blunt; sori rather large, with prominent, persistent, round to heart-shaped indusium. A handsome fern known from Crypt Lake, Bertha Lake, Mt. Rowe, and sporadically lower down, as near the Chief Mountain Customs, but apparently not elsewhere in the province. It prefers stream banks and other moist protected spots.

Gymnocarpium G. dryopteris (L.) Newm. (Oak Fern) Fig. 107-1 A delicate fern, with creeping rootstocks, leaves few and separated, up to 4 dm long, the slightly scaly erect petiole usually longer than the more or less horizontal blade. Outline of blade broadly 3- or 5-cornered, about as wide as long, the first pair of segments strikingly large and long-stalked, blade as a whole divided twice or three times, the marginal lobes blunt or rounded. Sori without indusia, small, surpassed by veinlets on which they are placed, these veinlets running into margin. A very attractive fern known from Bertha and Cameron Lakes and from the northeastern corner of the Park, but probably occurring else where in moist shaded mature forest at middle elevations.

Polypodium P. hesperium Maxon (Licorice Fern; Polypody) Fig. 107-2 [P. vulgare L. var. columbianum Gilbert] Leaves evergreen, commonly less than 15 cm long, few, spread along 477 thick brown-scaly rootstock, the blade usually somewhat longer than the smooth petiole, divided into elongated round-tipped leaflets up to 20 X 8 mm, the margin only very shallowly toothed. Sori large, round, in double row on leaflets, the lowest leaflets usually without; indusium absent. Rather protected to moist habitats in several places at middle eleva tions, in one case (Bertha Lake) at 2300 m. P. hesperium is part of a taxonomically difficult complex which collectively is often called P. vulgare L.

Polystichum P. lonchitis (L.) Roth (Holly Fern) Fig. 107-3 Stout, prickly, evergreen leaves in a dense cluster, from a very heavy more or less erect rootstock; petiole very short, it and the midrib with numerous large brown scales; blade broadly strap-shaped in outline, sometimes up to 4 dm long and 6 cm wide, tapering gradually at both ends, divided into short-stalked asymmetrical slightly curved leaflets with prominent basal lobe projecting forward, margins rather evenly spine-margined. Sori round, in double row on upper leaflets but often appearing confluent, each with shield-like, brownish indusium. An unmistakable fern of rocky slopes, often somewhat protected, from 1700 to 2500 m. Known from the Waterton-Castle River area, and again at Kananaskis Provincial Park, with a single record near Lake Louise.

Pteridium P. aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Bracken) Fig. 108-1 Leaves single, from deep rootstock, standing 3-20 dm high above ground; petiole smooth and erect blade spreading, broadly triangular in outline, at least twice divided, divisions grading from nearly strap-shaped tapered ones fused with "midrib" below and about 20 X 6 mm, to those much longer and broader but deeply and coarsely cleft below; margin always smooth, slightly curled over very slender marginal sori; lower surface of leaflets white-hairy. A common fern throughout much of western North America, but sur prisingly infrequent in the Park and in Alberta, apparently limited to south of the Crowsnest Pass except for one Banff record. Records are available from the Twin Falls-Crypt Landing area and, across the lake, from Lakeshore Trail and near the Cameron Lake road junction and, finally, from the Rowe Lakes Trail at about 2000 m. Elsewhere south of the Crowsnest Pass the fern is equally infrequent, only one additional specimen having been seen, south of the West Castle ski area. Our plants may be more precisely referred to subsp. aquilinum var. pubescens Underw. 108-1 Pteridium aquilinum, 108-2 Woodsia oregana, 108-3 Woodsia scopulina. 479 Woodsia Small ferns, with densely tufted leaves from short ascending rootstocks; leaves mostly up to 15 cm long, blades narrow and slowly tapering to the tip, petiole shorter than blade, smooth except for a few scales at the very base. Sori terminating veinlets, round, with lacerated or fringed indusium appar ently below and around sorus.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves and midrib hairless or with scattered, short-stalked glandular hairs. W. oregana Lower leaf surface with numerous short-stalked glandular and simple long white hairs. W. scopulina

W. oregana Eaton Fig. 108-2 Plants as above, petiole dark brown below, becoming straw-colored above, both hairless; leaflets with scattered short-stalked glandular hairs below but lacking other hairs; deeply lobed margin of secondary leaflets curled around sori somewhat when dry; indusium a fringe of short twisted hairs surrounding sorus. A rather rare fern known from two or three damp spots at middle and higher elevations. Similar to W. scopulina (see key), but also often diffi cult to distinguish from Cystopteris fragilis (see comments under that species).

W. scopulina Eaton Fig. 108-3 Similar to W. oregana, but in addition to short glandular hairs also with long simple ones, both along midribs and on under surface of leaflets. Known from several places above 2200 m in the Park, and elsewhere in southern Alberta ascending to 2700 m, usually on exposed rocky slopes or ridges.

Portulacaceae (Purslane Family) Small hairless annuals or perennials, often succulent; leaves simple, 1 per node or paired, lacking stipules. Flowers solitary •or in rather small clusters, stalked, bisexual; sepals 2, mostly distinct and greenish; petals 4-8, distinct or nearly so, white to 480 pink; stamens 2-12, inserted on base of petals; ovary one, placed beyond base of petals, with 2-8 styles and stigma lobes. Fruit a small pod with 2 to many seeds liberated by means of 3 longitudinal or 1 basal, circular slit. As a group, the native members of this family are heavily concentrated in southwestern Alberta, only two species being known north of the Crowsnest Pass, one of these by only two localities.

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES Plants with cluster of leaves at or near base of stem; if leaves strap-shaped, these mostly clustered. Flowering stalks several times as long as leaf cluster, with numerous, small leaves. Montia parvifolia Flowering stalks not or scarcely surpassing basal leaf cluster, with no more than a pair of small leaves, these directly below flowers. Leaves mostly broadly spoon-shaped, numerous and densely crowded; fruit splitting Claytonia 3 ways from tip; petals usually 5. megarrhiza Leaves mostly strap-shaped or nearly so, rather few; fruit splitting around its base; petals usually about 7. Lewisia pygmaea Plants lacking cluster of leaves at the base; if leaves strap-shaped, these mostly along stem(s). Leaves 2 per (unbranched) stem, paired, broadly lance-shaped; perennial with underground Claytonia tuber. lanceolata Leaves several per (frequently branched) stem, 1 per node, narrowly strap-shaped; annual. Montia linearis

Claytonia Low hairless perennials, with rather succulent leaves and stems. Leaves simple, in dense basal cluster or not, flowering stalks with one pair of leaves just below flowers, petioles lacking or nearly so. Flowers rather showy, white to pink; sepals 2, persistent; petals 5, blunt or very slightly notched; stamens 5; style 3-cleft. Pod with 3 slits, releasing 3-6 seeds. 109-1 Claytonia lanceolata, 109-2 Claytonia megarrhiza, 109-3 Lewisia pygmaea, 109-4 Montia linearis, 109-5 Montia parvifolia. 482

KEY TO SPECIES Plants with 1 to several stems from a small round tuber, each stem bearing 1 leaf-pair; meadows. C. lanceolata Plants with a dense cluster of basal leaves from a massive root; scree slopes. C megarrhiza

C. lanceolata Pursh (Spring Beauty) Fig. 109*1 Plants up to 2 dm tall, with 1 or a few stems, from a small round tuber up to 2 cm in diameter. Each stem with a pair of lance-shaped leaves commonly 2-7 cm long beyond which there are several erect stalked flowers; sepals ovate, up to 4 mm long; petals up to about 1 cm long, usually slightly notched, white to pink. Pod nodding, about 4 mm long, the seeds black and shiny. A very attractive and abundant plant, from low elevations to about 2500 m. At the valley floors it is one of the earliest flowers, beginning towards the end of April; at high elevations it may be in full flower up to the end of June, especially below retreating snowfields. It grows in open places beneath pines or larches, in exposed alpine meadows, scree slopes, and similar habitats. The small tubers are edible when cooked. Not mentioned above is the fact that one or more very elongated narrow leaves may grow directly from the tuber; this feature usually escapes notice. Our plants belong to var. lanceolata.

C. megarrhiza (Gray) Parry Fig. 109-2 Dense, fleshy perennials, from a very massive taproot, the reddish-green leaves densely crowded, spoon-shaped, commonly up to 5 X 1 cm, most of which is a broad petiole. Flowering stalks numerous, not or only slightly surpassing leaves, each with 1 pair of narrow leaves below flowers; sepals 4-7 mm long; petals 6-8 mm long, white or pink; pod 4-6 mm long, with up to 6 black seeds. Alpine scree slopes and loose rocky ridges above 2200 m, always fully exposed. An unmistakable plant which flowers in mid-summer. In Alberta it appears limited to the area south of the Highwood Pass, being known from that Pass, the Livingstone Front Range, Southfork Lakes, and Loaf Mtn., plus about half a dozen records from Waterton.

Lewisia L. pygmaea (Gray) Robins. Fig. 109-3 Dwarf perennial, from a fleshy taproot, the narrowly spoon-shaped to strap-shaped leaves clustered, up to 7 cm long, with prominent petiole having broad membranous base. Flowering stalks several, not surpassing 483 leaves, each with 1-3 flowers; sepals 2, rather blunt-tipped, the margin with small gland-tipped teeth; petals pink to purplish-red, 6-8, far ex ceeding sepals; stamens 4-12. Pod with a circular slit around the base, seeds 10-40. An inconspicuous plant of moist spots with full exposure, from 1700 to 2300 m, in Alberta known exclusively from Waterton, where only 3 localities are so far known: Sofa Mtn., Vimy Peak, and the Red Rock Canyon area. Flowers mostly in June.

Montia Annual or perennial, hairless plants with simple leaves, these clustered at base or not; flowering stalks with several leaves which are 1 per node. Sepals 2, persistent; petals 5, lance- shaped; stamens 3 or 5; style 3-parted above. Pod splitting into 3 spreading segments, 1-3 seeded.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves strap-shaped, mostly along the stems, which often branch; flowers nodding, petals not or only slightly surpassing sepals. M. linearis Leaves lance-shaped, the largest ones in central basal cluster, the stems unbranched; flowers erect, petals at least twice as long as sepals. M. parvifolia

M. linearis (Dougl.) Greene Fig. 109-4 Small annual, mostly less than 2 dm high, sometimes flowering when 3-4 cm. Leaves strap-shaped, up to 5 cm long and 2 mm wide, 1 per node on the simple or branched stem, the membranous base clasping the stem. Flowers stalked, along one side of stem-tips, commonly 3-10 per cluster, nodding; sepals 2, about 3 mm long but growing somewhat in fruit, rather blunt-tipped, smooth-margined; petals 5, white, not or only slightly longer than sepals; stamens 3. This delicate and inconspicuous plant in Alberta is known from the Park only, except for one record from the Twin Butte area just to the north. The latter record, and one from Lonesome Lake, are unusual in being from a low elevation, while other records from Waterton are distinctly alpine (1800-2300 m). The several habitats represented appear to have little in common except for full exposure. Flowers in June and early July.

M. parvifolia (Moc.) Greene Fig. 109-5 Perennial, with cluster of succulent leaves, up to 2 cm long, the lance- 484 shaped blade about half as long and up to 1 cm wide, with several of the lower leaves each subtending one slender ascending flowering stalk up to 2 dm long, these sparsely leafy below and bearing several showy, white to pink flowers above, the leaves always 1 per node, those along stalks often with fleshy deciduous buds. Sepals 2, about 2 mm long, blunt and smooth- margined; petals lance-shaped, 6-10 mm long; stamens 5. Like the previous species, M. parvifolia in the province appears restricted to southwestern Alberta, no records from outside the Park being known. Within Waterton it is known from Crypt Lake, Cameron Lake, and Bertha Lake, at elevations from 1900 to 2200 m, preferring spots which are moist in early summer but may dry up later. Flowers in mid-summer.

Potamogetonaceae (Pondweed Family) Potamogeton (Pondweed) Submerged and/or floating plants overwintering by means of dense leafy buds, stems rooting at base. Leaves 1 per node, simple, usually with parallel veins, floating leaves (where present) with petioles, all leaves with prominent membranous stipule-sheaths. Flowers on unbranched erect stalk, above the water, in spike-like, dense or interrupted, whorled arrange ment, small and greenish, bisexual, with 4 small stalked flower segments each with a short stamen fused to its base; ovaries 4, placed beyond flower segments, with short often curved style. Fruit dry, one-seeded, often somewhat compressed and keeled. Plants of ponds and sluggish shallow, streams, flowering in mid-summer, developing annually from buds or seeds. The family is frequently united with several other genera and is then called Najadaceae.

KEY TO SPECIES All leaves submerged and less than 4 mm wide. Base of leaf attached directly to node, the stipule-sheath being free from it. P. pusillus Base of leaf attached to top of stipule-sheath, the separate stipules extending only slightly beyond. P. filiformis Submerged leaves more than 4 mm wide; some leaves floating, or all submerged. 110-1 Potamogeton alpinus, 110-2 Potamogeton filiformis, 110-3 Potamogeton gramineus, 110-4 Potamogeton pusillus, 110-5 Potamogeton richardsonii. 486 All leaves submerged and lacking petioles, base of blade clasping stem. P. richardsonii Leaves usually of two kinds, submerged and floating, the latter with petioles, the former without clasping base. Floating leaves (if any) not markedly different from the submerged, the latter 7-20 cm long; plant often reddish-green. P. alpinus Floating and submerged leaves markedly different, the latter often less than 7 cm long; plants green. P. gramineus

P. alpinus Balbis Fig. 110-1 Plants often reddish-green, sparsely branched or simple. Submerged leaves without petiole, very thin, usually with 7 parallel veins, narrowly lance-shaped but tapering to a narrow base, 5-20 cm long and 7-20 mm broad, stipules free from the leaf, 2-3 cm long; floating leaves (if any) 1-2 cm wide, shorter than others, with short petiole. Flower stalks 6-12 cm long, with a dense spike 1.5-3 cm long and about 7 mm wide in fruit. Fruits reddish, 3-4 mm long, with rather prominent and sharp dorsal keel. An infrequent plant of ponds at low elevations, as in Crooked Creek Pond and Marquis Hole. Our plants belong to var. tenuifolius (Raf.) Ogden.

P. filiformis Pers. Fig. 110-2 Delicate, submerged, much-branched plants, leaves narrowly strap-like, up to 12 cm long and 2 mm wide, most of the midvein distinct but often lateral cross-veins visible, blade attached to upper end of stipule-sheath, the free stipules extending slightly beyond. Flower stalks slender, up to 15 cm long, with 2-5 whorls of flowers. Fruits 2-3 mm long, with low rounded dorsal keel. Similar to P. pusillus, and in the same kind of habitat, distinguishable mostly on the basis of stipule features. Both species are very inconspicu ous and apparently infrequent.

P. gramineus L. Fig. 110-3 Stems branched, elongated. Submerged leaves broadly grass-like, not clasping the stem, more than 4 mm wide, 1-12 cm long, with 3-9 veins; floating leaves thicker with distinct petiole, blade lance-shaped, 2-5 cm long and up to 2 cm wide; stipules free from leaf, 2-3 cm long. Spikes com pact, 2-4 cm long, about 5 mm thick in fruit. Fruits about 2-5 mm long, with indistinct keel. 487 Beaver ponds, lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn. A variable species, with several varieties recognized on the basis of leaf shape.

P. pusillus L. Fig. 110-4 Slender, branched, submerged plant, leaves strap-like, mostly up to 6 cm long and 2 mm wide, with prominent midvein and 2 sometimes obscure minor veins, the leaf attached directly to the node, stipule-sheath free from leaf, membranous, often deciduous. Flower stalks slender, 1-6 cm long, with 1-5 whorls of flowers. Fruits 2-2.5 mm long, rounded, with very slight or no keel. Shallow ponds and sluggish streams at low elevations, in the Park known from the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn. Very similar to P. filiformis, distinguishable by stipule differences.

P. richardsonii (Bennett) Rydb. Fig. 110-5 [P. perfoliatus L. var. richardsonii Bennett] A submerged leafy plant, sparsely branched; leaves ovate, the base clasping the stem, tip slenderly pointed or rather blunt, 3-12 cm long and mostly at least 1.5 cm wide, with several prominent veins; stipules about 2 cm long, free from blade, becoming fibrous. Flower stalks rather short, up to 6 cm long, the spike dense, 2-3 cm long, 4-5 mm thick in fruit. Fruit about 3 mm long, with faint rounded keel. Ponds in Buffalo Paddocks, at Marquis Hole, in Maskinonge Lake, and probably elsewhere in similar habitats.

Primulaceae (Primrose Family) Annual to perennial plants, leaves simple and mostly smooth- margined, clustered at base or paired (sometimes seemingly whorled) along stem, lacking stipules. Flowers bisexual; sepals mostly 5, partly united or nearly free; petals usually 5, fused at base where often forming a distinct tube; stamens of the same number as petals, and inserted opposite on base of them; ovary placed beyond petal and sepal insertion, simple, with one straight style. Fruit a dry pod, spherical to narrowly spindle-shaped, splitting transversely and/or longitudinally at the tip. It is rather surprising that the Mealy Primrose (Primula incana Jones) has not yet been recorded for the Park or, indeed, for the area north to Banff. It is quite common else- 488 where in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and also from cen tral Montana into Colorado, and is even recorded from the Cypress Hills to the east. It has lilac flowers, and prefers moist ledges and alpine meadows.

KEY TO GENERA Flowers nodding, petals mostly bright purplish- red (rarely white), reflexed, at least 1 cm long. Dodecatheon Flowers not nodding and petals not so colored, spreading or at least not reflexed, less than 1 cm long. Stems leafy, the leaves in pairs, flowers single in leaf axils, golden yellow. Lysimachia Leaves in basal cluster, flowers single, or in terminal clusters supported by bracts; petals not golden yellow. Flowers usually single, the petals pinkish-red, blunt-tipped to slightly notched. Douglasia Flowers in terminal clusters supported by bracts; petal tips rounded. Androsace

Androsace Annual to perennial plants, with more or less entire leaves in dense basal clusters. Flower stalks 1 to numerous, un branched, and leafless except for some small bracts at the tip where several to many, short to long-stalked flowers are attached. Sepals 5, partly fused, persistent; petals 5, fused into tube below, the free lobes spreading or ascending from a somewhat constricted throat, whitish; stamens 5, within the tube; style simple, short. Fruit dry, more or less spherical, splitting from above, with few to numerous seeds.

KEY TO SPECIES Annuals or biennials, not conspicuously hairy; flowers white or pinkish, the individual stalks longer than the flowers. A. septentrionalis Perennials, from a creeping rootstock, forming small open mats, densely soft-hairy; individual flower stalks mostly shorter than the flowers, the latter whitish with yellow eye. A. chamaejasme 111-1 Androsace chamaejasme, 111-2 Androsace septentrionalis, 1111-3 Dodecatheon conjugens, 111-4 Dodecatheon pulchellum, 111-5 Douglasia montana, 111-6 Lysimachia ciliata. 490 A. chamaejasme Host Fig. 111-1 [incl. A. lehmanniana Spreng.] Creeping, soft-hairy perennials, 2-7 cm high, from slender rootstocks bearing dense tufts of leaves, forming small loose mats. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, up to 1 cm long and about 2 mm wide, margin long-hairy. Flowering stalks 1 per leaf cluster, unbranched and leafless except for small leafy bracts below the several short-stalked flowers; sepals 5, not keeled; petals 5, fused in a tube below, the rounded lobes spreading, creamy white with yellow eye in center of flower, the latter 5-7 mm across. Dry mountain meadows and ledges from middle elevations to at least 2400 m, but surprisingly infrequent in the Park, being apparently limited to the northeastern flanks. A beautiful plant, ours belonging to subsp. lehmanniana (Spreng.) Hult. Flowers from mid-May to the end of July.

A. septentrionalis L. (Fairy Candelabra) Fig. 111-2 Annual or biennial plants, often reddish-green, from dwarf plants up to 2 dm high, very short-hairy. Leaves numerous in dense basal cluster, up to 30 X 4 mm, narrowly lance-shaped, margin entire or shallowly toothed. Flowering stalks several to numerous, each terminating in an open cluster of flowers on slender, long, ascending to spreading unequal stalks, the cluster with several small bracts at base. Sepals 5, keeled, fused at least halfway into a funnel-shaped structure; petals 5, white to pink, forming a short tube with 5 upturned lobes 2 or 3 mm long. A rather common but inconspicuous plant of dry meadows and alpine slopes throughout the Park, from the lowest elevations to occasionally more than 2700 m. It is variable especially in size and profusion of flowers, but can scarcely be mistaken for any other plant. Flowers in spring and early summer, sometimes as early as the first days of May.

Dodecatheon (Shooting Star) Perennials, with fibrous roots and entire smooth-margined leaves clustered at base only, petioles flat, blades lance-shaped to nearly ovate and broader above the middle. Flowering stalks 2-20 cm high, mostly 1, erect and leafless except for small bracts below flowers. Flowers 1 to several per cluster, erect when in bud and fruiting, but nodding when open; sepals 5, deeply parted, narrow, persistent in fruit; petals 5, reflexed from united base, the free lobes rather narrow, slightly twisted, mostly 1-1.5 cm long and bright purplish-red, the base whitish with irregular purple line around the flower; stamens 5, filaments broad, orange-yellow, marginally fused, the anthers long and pointed, deep purple with lighter tip, the mid-portion (connective) smooth, convoluted, or longitudin- 491 ally pleated; style slender, just protruding beyond anthers. Fruit dry, narrowly spindle-shaped, many-seeded, opening by means of a transverse or several longitudinal slits at the tip. The Shooting Stars are among our most beautiful and best known wildflowers. There are two species in the Park, which are by no means easily distinguished. Occasionally (especially in the Oil Basin area) white-flowered plants are seen which, however, differ in no other respects. Both species are spring- flowering, the leaves withering by the middle of the summer.

KEY TO SPECIES Mid-portion of anther convoluted, pod valves with blunt tips; leaves (especially the margins) with minute glandular hairs, or hairless. D. conjugens Mid-portion of anther smooth, or longitudinally pleated upon drying; pod valves with point tips; leaves hairless. D. pulchellum

D. conjugens Greene Fig. 111-3 As under the above description of Dodecatheon; leaves hairless or with very short and small gland-tipped hairs, especially on the margins; mid- portion of anther mostly convoluted in irregular or transverse waves. Pod opening by means of a small terminal cap, the subsequent longitudinal slits below thus leaving blunt-tipped teeth. A common plant on meadows and rather dry or somewhat protected slopes at low elevations, and up to 2300 m as very small (often 1-flowered) individuals in sheltered spots on alpine ridges.

D. pulchellum (Raf.) Merrill Fig. 111-4 [incl. D. pauciflorum (Durand) Greene, D. radicatum Greene] As under the above description of Dodecatheon; leaves lacking gland- tipped or other hairs; mid-portion of anther more or less smooth or with clearly discernable longitudinal pleats when dry. Pod opening by means of longitudinal terminal slits only, thus leaving sharp-tipped teeth. Common, often characterized by rather narrow and somewhat bluish leaves when fresh, and often preferring rather moist spots; again more frequent at low elevations but also encountered once in a while up to 2400 m.

Douglasia D. montana Gray Fig. 111-5 Low, cushion-forming perennials, reminiscent of Moss Phlox, hairs very 492 short and sparse (leaves and sepals) or short and branched and fairly abundant (flowering stalks), plants no taller than a few centimeters. Leaves awl-shaped, 3-4 mm long, clustered. Flowers single, on erect leafless stalks except for some small bracts directly below flower; sepals 5, somewhat keeled, fused halfway, the free lobes needle-like; petals 5, bright pink, forming a tube below, the free lobes about 4 mm long, rather wedge-shaped with blunt or slightly notched tip. Pod about half as long as sepals, with 1-3 seeds. This attractive cushion plant is known from what appears to be a single population on the northeastern side of Mt. Crandell at about 2300 m, the only known locality in Alberta and indeed in Canada. Superficially similar to Phlox hoodii, it lacks the tatter's paired hairy leaves and sepals, nearly stalkless flowers, and rounded petals. Flowers in late June and early July.

Lysimachia L. ciliata L. (Loosestrife) Fig. 111-6 [Steironema ciliatum (L.) Raf.] Erect, leafy, scarcely branched and nearly hairless plants, from a slender rootstock, leaves paired or apparently whorled in fours, up to 12 cm long and 4 cm wide, petiole up to 3 cm long, both leaf margin and especially petiole margin fringed with white hairs, blade ovate to lance-shaped in outline, sharp-tipped; short, small-leaved branches sometimes in leaf axils. Flowers solitary in leaf axils, on long slender leafless stalks; sepals 5, narrow and distinct nearly to the base, the free lobes about 5 mm long; petals 5, spreading and mostly free, as wide as long, bright yellow with purple base; stamens 5, the anthers 2-3 mm long on somewhat shorter filaments; ovary simple and rather flat, with simple straight style; center of flower, including filaments and base of style, with numerous short thick-headed glandular hairs. Pod short and rounded, with longitudinal slits. Moist to boggy places at low elevations along the northeastern flanks of the Park, flowering in July and early August.

Ranunculaceae (Buttercup Family) Herbaceous annuals or perennials, rarely climbing shrubs, variably hairy. Leaves 1 per node or paired, simple to elaborately divided, lobed, cleft," or toothed, mostly without stipules but sometimes with a membranous expansion of the petiolar base. Flowers with 1 or 2 whorls of petal- or sepal-like 493 elements (if one whorl only, these here called petals though elsewhere sometimes sepals or tepals); flowers bilaterally or radially symmetrical, variously colored or greenish, some times the petals with nectar spurs, at other times with basal glands or scales; stamens numerous, sometimes with peri pheral whorl of glandular organs (staminodes); pistils 1 to numerous, above other floral organs, becoming 1-seeded, dry (rarely fleshy) fruits or several- to many-seeded pods, the former sometimes with plume-like, elongated style. The inexperienced botanist may easily confuse some members of this family with Saxifragaceae or Rosaceae; a brief differentiation is given under those two families. A con sistent contrast with Rosaceae is their stipules (except for Spiraea where lacking).

KEY TO GENERA Woody climber with paired leaves divided into stalked leaflets. Clematis Herbaceous; leaves not paired. At least 1 of sepals or petals extended into conspicuous spur. Spur 1, flowers bilaterally symmetrical, blue. Delphinium Spurs 5, flowers radially symmetrical, yellow or blue. Aquilegia No petals or sepals spurred. At least stamens longer than petals or sepals, these sometimes missing; leaves divided into numerous broad and often stalked leaflets. Flowers bisexual, petals white; leaflets sharply toothed; fruit a bright red or white berry, 1 per flower. Actaea Flowers (and plants) unisexual, the female without sepals/petals, those of the male green; leaflets round-toothed; fruits dry, 1-seeded, several per flower. Thalictrum Either or both sepals and petals present and longer than at least the stamens; leaves simple or cleft, but not with numerous broad and stalked leaflets. Flowers solitary on stalks much elongating in fruit; stamens surrounded by whorl of small, glandular, yellow, spoon-like 494 structures; fruit clustered, each a several- seeded pod. Trollius Flowers 1 to many, stalks elongating or not; stamens surrounded only by petals and/or sepals; each flower producing numerous 1-seeded fruits, sometimes hairy. Whorl of stem-leaves below flowers; fruits hairy; petals never golden yellow. Anemone Stem-leaves never whorled; fruits never obviously hairy; petals golden yellow at least in terrestrial plants. Ranunculus

Actaea A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. (Baneberry) Fig. 112-1 Rather robust nearly hairless plants, often up to a meter in height, from very stout rootcrown. Leaves along the stem, few, with long petioles especially below, the blade 2-3 dm wide and long, 3-forked three times in succession, the leaflets variable in size and variably cleft, their margins sharply, irregularly toothed. Flowers in a single, rather small and rounded cluster above leaves, white, on short stalks; sepals and petals whitish, up to 5 or 6, the sepals falling early, 2-3 mm long, the latter slightly longer and more slender; stamens many, twice as long as petals or more; pistil one, style lacking, stigma button-like. Fruit a brilliantly red or pearly white shining berry on elongated stalk, with several seeds. Lightly shaded and protected places, often moist at least in spring, at lower elevations, flowering from late May to the end of June. The red- berried form is the more common, but the white-berried form also occurs in the Park (it is sometimes called forma neglecta (Gillman) Robins, but belongs to A. rubra). The berry is said to be very poisonous.

Anemone (Anemone; Windflower) One- to few-flowered, hairy to nearly hairless plants, tufted from branching rootstocks or rootcrowns. Basal leaves long- petioled, often complexly divided and/or cleft or toothed; blades often divided or lobed in three, each segment divided or lobed into three once or twice more; main veins and/or leaflets tending to converge at tip of petiole. Stems 1 to several, leaf less except for a whorl of 3 reduced leaves (bracts) partway up the stem. Flowers 1 to several per stem, in the latter case addi tional ones sometimes with separate reduced bracts; flower ing stems much elongating in fruit. Flowers with 1 whorl of colored elements (here called petals, elsewhere sometimes sepals), usually showy; stamens and pistils numerous, ovaries 495 hairy, forming densely woolly fruit-clusters, in 2 species the hairy style much elongating; fruit rather small, 1-seeded.

KEY TO SPECIES Styles long and hairy, much elongating in fruit; petals up to 4 cm long. Petals purple to blue; bracts lacking petioles. A. patens Petals creamy white; bracts with short petioles. A. occidentalis Styles short, not feathery, not elongating in fruit; petals up to 2.5 cm long. Petioles of bracts 1.5-4 cm long; fruit cluster long-cylindrical. A. cylindrica Petioles of bracts 1 cm long or less; fruit cluster spherical to ovate, not cylindrical. Leaves divided into 3 broad, somewhat wedge- shaped leaflets, these only slightly lobed. A. parviflora Leaves and leaflets divided or cleft more deeply into many narrow segments. Flowers 1-4 per stem; petals creamy white, usually with reddish-purple but not bright blue back; bracts 3 X lobed or cleft. A. multifida Flowers usually 1 per stem; petals often bright blue on back; bracts 2 X lobed or cleft. A. drummondii

A cylindrica Gray Fig. 112-2 Plants soft-hairy throughout, with several stems from a cluster of basal leaves, plants reaching 5 dm in height when fruiting. Basal leaves with petioles up to 2 dm long, blades up to 7 cm in diameter, divided into 3 leaflets, the two lateral ones cleft nearly to base, all segments deeply and irregularly cleft and toothed; bracts smaller, several, with petioles 1.5-4 cm long; flowers 1 to several, some with a very small low set of bracts, all on very long straight stalks. Petals greenish or creamy white 5-15 mm long; fruiting cluster narrowly cylindrical, up to 2 cm long, with numerous densely woolly fruits in compact arrangement. Fairly common in low protected, rather damp places, flowering about July. It may be mistaken for A. mutlifida which may intermingle, but the petioled bracts and elongated fruiting clusters set it apart.

A. drummondii Watson Fig. 112-3 A usually tufted plant, up to 15 cm high, slightly hairy, from a thick, 496 branched rootstock. Basal leaves numerous, with petiole up to 6 cm long, blade 2-4 cm wide and long, divided primarily in 3 parts but ultimately into deeply cleft segments. Flowers single, petals creamy white with blue back, 1-2 cm long. Fruits in short round clusters, black with densely woolly yellowish hair, style about 2 mm long. An elegant alpine plant above 2200 m, frequently seen on exposed alpine slopes and meadows. Flowers from early June to mid-July.

A. multifida Poir. Fig. 112-4 Erect, hairy plants, reaching 4 dm in height, several-stemmed from strong rootcrown. Basal leaves numerous, petioles up to 15 cm long; blades up to 6 cm wide but not held flat, repeatedly divided into 3, finally with long narrow strap-shaped pointed segments. Bracts 3, in 1 whorl, their petioles 1 cm long or less; flowers on long rigidly erect stalks elongating in fruit, often with additional ones bearing very small bracts a few cm above main bracts. Petals creamy white, often with purplish back. Fruits densely off- white woolly in round or ovate head of about 1 cm. Our most common anemone, and often rather leafy and inconspicu ous, of dry open meadows from the lowest elevations sometimes up to 2700 m, flowering in late May and June. See comments under A. cylindrica.

A. occidentalis Watson (Mountain Pasque Flower; Chalice Flower) Fig. 112-5 Densely white-hairy plants when young becoming less so in age, when flowering often no more than 5 cm tall but elongating in fruit up to 5 dm or more, from a stout, somewhat branched rootcrown. Basal leaves few, developing after flowering, petioles up to 15 cm long, the blade 5-7 cm in outline, very complexly divided into very sharp and narrow segments; bracts with very short petioles, otherwise similar to basal leaves. Petals 2-3 cm long, broadly elliptic or ovate, creamy white with somewhat purple, long-hairy back. Styles hairy, developing into a large shaggy cluster of one-seeded fruits, the greenish-white hairy styles then about 4 cm long and hanging down irregularly. A striking, rather common plant of sloping meadows and damp scree- slopes between 2200 and 2500 m, often the first plant to flower behind a retreating snow bank (late June and July). Its fruiting cluster is similar to that of A. patens but more greenish, more elongated, and the "tails" more drooping; also, the leaves are much more finely divided.

A. parviflora Michx. Fig. 113-1 A rather small, nearly hairless to somewhat hairy plant, rarely elongating 112-1 Actaea rubra, 112-2 Anemone cylindrica, 112-3 Anemone drummondii, 112-4 Anemone multifida, 112-5 Anemone occidentalis. 113-1 Anemone parviflora, 113-2 Anemone patens, 113-3 Aquilegia flavescens, 113-4 Aquilegia jonesii. 499 to 3 dm when fruiting, single on rootstocks or in small tufts. Basal leaves few, with slender petioles up to 5 cm, blades 2-3 cm wide, divided into 3 leaflets which are often cleft halfway, and with bluntly toothed margin. Bracts about halfway up stem at flowering, less at fruiting, 3-lobed, lobes entire or toothed. Petals creamy white, usually with blue-purple back, up to 1 cm long. Fruiting cluster round, about 1 cm, fruits very dark but with dense white woolly hair. A rather delicate attractive alpine plant of moist stable meadows and creek-sides between 1700 and 2300 m. It resembles A. drummondii but has simpler leaves, the leaflets being wedge-shaped on the flanks. Flowers as early as the first week in May at the lowest, as late as mid-August at the highest levels.

A. patens L. (Prairie Crocus; Pasque Flower) Fig. 113-2 [A. nuttalliana DC] Plants from heavy branched rootcrowns, in fruit reaching up to 4 dm in height, densely hairy when young, thinly so in age. Leaves following flowers, with petioles up to 15 cm long, blade about 5 cm wide, triply di vided into long strap-like segments; bracts very hairy at base, similarly divided but without petiole. Stems 1 or several, each 1-flowered. Petals pale yellow inside and purple on back, or purple on both sides, up to 3 X 1.5 cm; styles hairy, growing into grey plumes 3-4 cm long extending in all directions from a round cluster. One of the best-known North American (and Eurasian) plants, the most common name an unfortunate misnomer, as true Crocus does not occur here and is quite unrelated. It is one of the earliest flowering plants; occasionally it is in full flower on lower south-facing meadows even in the last days of April. At higher elevations (up to 2000 m upon occasion) it may still flower in mid-June on north-facing stable slopes. Our plants are var. wolfgangiana (Besser) Koch; see also the comments under A. occidentalis.

Aquilegia (Columbine) Perennials, from stout branched rootstocks; most or all leaves basal but 1 per node, with rather long petioles, blade divided into stalked units each divided into 3 broad cleft or lobed leaf lets. Flowers 1 to several, erect or nodding; sepals 5, broadly lance-shaped, spreading; petals erect, with rather broad curved blunt portion projecting away and long slender spur (nectar- filled) projecting back; stamens numerous, sometimes partly sterile; pistils 4-6, developing into as many erect clustered many-seeded pods opening along one slit, the slender style remaining attached. 500

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers yellow, nodding, 1 to several per stem; plants usually more than 2 dm high, the leaves with spreading bright green leaflets. A. flavescens Flowers blue, erect, single; plants rarely reaching 2 dm in height; leaves with crowded, bluish leaflets. A. jonesii

A. flavescens Watson (Yellow Columbine) Fig. 113-3 Tall plants, hairless or nearly so, reaching 6 dm in height from a stout rootcrown. Leaves few, nearly all basal, with long petioles divided into 3 above, each of these again divided into 3 converging leaflets; the latter broad, up to 4 cm in length, deeply lobed or cleft, with short stalk, especi ally the terminal one. Stem-leaves very few and much reduced. Flowers 1 to several, nodding, sepals and petals pale yellow, rarely with a touch of pink; spurs 10-15 mm long; inner stamens sterile. Fruit usually of 5 clustered erect pods about 2 cm long plus a long slender style. A very common wildflower in protected and damp places from the lowest elevations to 2300 m, flowering from June to early August. Plants with pinkish sepals (as, for example, along the Crypt Lake trail) are said to show evidence of hybridization with the red-flowered A. formosa Fisch. from British Columbia, which does not occur in Alberta.

A. jonesii Parry (Jones' Columbine) Fig. 113-4 A dwarf, tufted plant, from a stout, somewhat branching rootcrown, very lightly hairy, bluish-green leaves usually no more than 5 cm long, the blade about 1 cm wide, divided into very small cleft or lobed and densely clustered segments. Flowers 1, erect, the stem leafless, mostly less than 10 cm high; sepals and petals deep blue; spur 5-10 mm long; all stamens fer tile; fruit of 4-5 clustered pods 15-20 mm long, plus long slender style. One of the rarest and most remarkable plants of the Park, known from a few localities in the Sofa Mtn. area with isolated observations on Crandell Mtn., Horseshoe Basin, and possibly Mt. Lineham. It prefers dry rocky limestone screes from 2000 to 2500 m, where it flowers in June.

Clematis (Clematis; Virgin's Bower) Climbing plants, with weak woody stems, the stalks of leaflets twisting around objects. Leaves paired, with 3-7 stalked leaf lets with toothed margin. Flowers single or in small open clus ters, with 1 whorl of white or blue petal-like organs; stamens numerous; pistils also numerous, lacking in plants which are male, styles hairy and elongating to a long white feather, at tached to the one-seeded hairy fruit. 501

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers creamy white, erect; petals spreading, less than 2 cm long, blunt-tipped. C. ligusticifolia Flowers blue to purple, nodding; petals enclosing rest of flower, more than 2 cm long, pointed. C. columbiana

C. columbiana (Nutt.) Torrey & Gray (Blue Clematis) Fig. 114-1 [C. verticillaris DC. var. columbiana (Nutt.) Gray; C. occidentalis (Hornem.) DC. subsp. grandeserrata (Rydb.) Taylor & MacB.] Rather small climbing shrubs, with slender strong stems, the longer ones lacking flowers the first year; leaflets 3, broadly ovate, occasionally with 1 or 2 large teeth but commonly smooth-margined, up to 8 X 4 cm. Flowers nodding, bisexual, singly at the tip of short 2-6-leaved axillary branches on year-old growth; petals 4, 3-5 cm long, purplish blue, sharply pointed, obscuring other parts; stamens and pistils numerous; fruit with greyish-white feather about 4 cm long. A common and very beautiful flower at elevations occasionally up to 2300 m on steep north-facing slopes, but much more typical of aspen groves and similar open forest at lower elevations. Flowers in late May and June. Our plants may be called var. columbiana.

C. ligusticifolia Nutt. (Western Clematis) Fig. 114-2 A large and very leafy scrambler, with very long stout flexible stems losing their brown bark in strips. Leaflets mostly 5-7, up to 7 X 4 cm, more or less lance-shaped or ovate, but the larger ones often deeply cleft; margin coarsely and irregularly toothed. Flowers on current year's growth, in single, axillary open clusters of few to many flowers, and few simple, small, green bracts. Petals creamy white, up to 1 cm long, spreading, blunt-tipped; stamens numerous, some of which may be sterile; pistils numerous, the style white-hairy and elongating into off- white feathers 2.5-5 cm long. A common plant at low elevations elsewhere, in protected shrubby places, but in Waterton noted only at Linnet Lake and a few other places a little further north. The flowers on a single plant may be either male or bi sexual, purely female flowers being difficult to find or perhaps non existent. The plant flowers about July on the nearby prairies, and is especially visible when in fruit.

Delphinium D. bicolorHutt. (Low Larkspur) Fig. 114-3 A rather stout 1-stemmed plant, very lightly hairy, rarely up to 3.5 dm but more commonly 1.5-2.5 dm, from a cluster of black thick roots. Leaves 1 per node, few, crowded mostly near the base, petioles up to 1 dm long, 114-1 Clematis columbiana, 114-2 Clematis ligusticifolia, 114-3 Delphinium bicolor. 503 blade 2-6 cm wide, divided into convergent, deeply cleft leaflets, the segments strap-like. Flowers 3-12, in an open arrangement along upper stem, with separate stalks 1-4 cm long. Sepals 5, deep blue-purple, up to 2 X 1 cm, broadly lance-shaped, the upper one extending back as a long, blue spur; petals 4, smaller and of 2 kinds, the lower dark blue and hairy, the upper 2 smallest, creamy-white when fresh with purple veining, hair less. Stamens numerous, pistils usually 3, maturing into an erect cluster of pods 1.5 cm long or more. A strikingly handsome but poisonous plant, growing from open moist meadows at prairie level to exposed alpine ridges at 2500 m, and flower ing from mid-May to late July, depending on elevation. The very similar D. nuttallianum Pritz and D. depauperatum Nutt., both with deeply notched lower petals, are said to occur in southwestern Alberta, but have not yet been reported for the Park.

Ranunculus (Buttercup; Crowfoot) Perennials, often of moist places, hairless or hairy; leaves 1 per node, entire, lobed, toothed, or variously divided or cleft. Flowers golden yellow or white, long-stalked, single or in very diffuse, bracted arrangement. Sepals usually 5, greenish- yellow, sometimes falling when the mostly 5 petals expand, these with minute yellow, scale-like nectary above base; sta mens numerous, yellow; pistils numerous, crowded above sta mens, and developing into 1-seeded fruits with straight to curved style still attached. Some species of Ranunculus are often confused with Potentilla (Rosaceae), the latter differing in having additional bractlets between sepals, conspicuous stipules, and articulate styles.

KEY TO SPECIES Immersed floating water plants with leaves divided into hair-like filaments; petals white. R. aquatilis Plants usually erect or creeping, only in one sometimes floating but leaves not divided into hair-like segments; petals yellow. R. gmelinii Basal (largest) leaves heart-shaped, elliptical, or narrowly lance-shaped, no more than marginally (shallowly) toothed or scalloped. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped; flowers from creeping stems; plants of muddy places. R. flammula 504 Leaves much broader, flowers on erect stems; plants of dry or muddy places. Fruits hairless, longitudinally ribbed; plants of muddy shores, with creeping rooting stems. R. cymbalaria Fruits hairy or hairless, but not ribbed; plants not found on muddy shores, lacking creeping stems. Petals 1.5-3 mm long, shorter and narrower than sepals. R. abortivus Petals 3-15 mm long, longer and wider than sepals. Fruits in a globose cluster, hairless; low- growing plants flowering early. R. glaberrimus Fruits in a cylindrical cluster, densely hairy; taller plants, flowering later. Petals 3-8 mm long; base of blade usually tapered; nectary scale with smooth, hairless margin. R. inamoenus Petals 8-15 mm long; base of blade usually heart-shaped; nectary scale with hairy fringe. R. cardiophyllus Basal leaves deeply cleft or divided, or lobed for at least 4 mm. Aquatic, or resting on muddy shores, with creeping stems rooting at the nodes. R. gmelinii Plants not aquatic though rarely iii very wet places; stems erect, not rooting at the nodes. Petals less than 5 mm long. Terminal leaf segment of large leaves stalked; erect and creeping, rooting stems. R. macounii Terminal leaf segment of large leaves not stalked, often fused with other segments; creeping, rooting stems lacking. Fruit hairy, with distinctly curled beak, in spherical cluster. R. uncinatus Fruit hairless, usually lacking distinctly curled beak (though sometimes curved), in elongated cluster. Fruit with very short blunt beak, or nearly beakless, with somewhat swollen 505 margin; lobes of upper stem leaves lobed or cleft. R. sceleratus Fruit with sharp, somewhat curved beak, lacking swollen margin; lobes of upper stem leaves simple. R. verecundus Petals more than 5 mm long. Lower petioles sparsely or obviously hairy; beak of fruit short and curved, not slender, less than 0.5 mm. Basal leaves (often irregularly) cleft into 5-7 main segments which are simple or slightly lobed; terminal segment cleft or toothed less than halfway; lower petioles sparsely hairy; fruit cluster elongate. R. pedatiftdus Basal leaves deeply 3-lobed, the lateral segments again divided nearly to base, terminal segment cleft more than halfway; lower petioles obviously hairy; fruit cluster more or less round. R. acris Lower petioles hairless; beak slender, more or less straight when mature, extending 0.5 mm. R. eschscholtzii

R. abortivus L. Fig. 115-1 Plants up to 6 dm high, hairless or nearly s6, without creeping stems, biennial or short-lived perennial. Leaves mostly basal, where petioles up to 1 dm long, blades up to 4 cm broad and slightly shorter, broadly ovate, base very blunt or slightly heart-shaped, forward margin scalloped shal lowly; stem leaves rapidly losing petioles and becoming deeply cleft into a few narrowly lance-shaped segments. Flowers numerous, in very diffuse arrangement; petals shorter and narrower than sepals, 1.5-3 mm long. Fruit in rather small clusters up to 5 mm wide and slightly longer, hair less, with very small beaks. Moist places in open forests and in damp meadows at lower eleva tions, flowering from late June into August.

R. acris L. Fig. 115-2 Tall perennial, commonly up to 6 dm high or more, without creeping stems, slightly hairy. Leaves with petioles up to 20 cm long, blades 4-7 cm wide, very deeply cleft into 3 or 5 main parts, these further cleft; stem leaves much reduced and few. Flowers long-stalked and rather large, petals golden yellow, 8-16 mm long, very broad at the tip. Fruits hairless, 115-1 Ranunculus abortivus, 115-2 Ranunculus acris, 115-3 Ranunculus aquatilis, 115-4 Ranunculus cardiophyllus, 115-5 Ranunculus cymbalaria. 507 compressed, with very small curved beak, in round cluster about 7 mm in diameter. A European weed now commonly established in moist open meadows and road sides at low elevations, flowering from June well into August. It can be readily confused with our native R. macounii of similar habitats, the latter species being hairier, having smaller flowers, creeping stems, and a clearly stalked terminal leaflet.

R. aquatilis L. Fig. 115-3 Delicate plants, submerged in standing water except for the flowers, with roots at older nodes; leaves 2-3 cm wide, with short petioles, finely divided into hair-like green filaments, emergent leaves sometimes much smaller and merely lobed. Flowers singly in leaf axils; sepals falling off early; petals white with yellow basal spot, 4-8 mm long; fruits in small rounded clusters, hairless or nearly so, the beaks no more than a small protuberance. Often seen in the standing water of beaver ponds at low elevation, only the flowers emerging from the water; flowering from late June into August. The only other floating Ranunculus is R. gmelinii with yellow petals and leaves with much broader segments. Waterton plants belong to var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.

R. cardiophyllus Hook. (Heart-leaved Buttercup) Fig. 115-4 Usually short-stemmed hairy plants, without creeping roots, up to 4 dm in height. Basal leaves up to 15 cm long, the blade up to 5 X3.5 cm, heart- shaped to ovate, rather coarsely toothed or cleft; stem leaves much reduced upwardly, those subtending flowers lacking petioles and cleft into 3-7 narrow strap-like segments often 2-4 cm long. Flowers few and large, on long stout stalks, the petals 8-15 mm long, the nectar-scale with hairy fringe; fruiting cluster elliptical, 1-1.5 cm long; fruits short-hairy, slightly compressed, the beak nearly straight to quite curved. Rather dry grassy meadows at low elevation, flowering from late May to the end of June. Superficially similar to R. inamoenus and R. pedatiftdus but with different basal leaves, with a fringed nectary scale, and larger flowers; also different from the latter in having densely hairy fruits.

R. cymbalaria Pursh Fig. 115-5 A small and delicate perennial, hairless or nearly so, with mostly basal leaves but also spreading by runners rooting at the nodes, commonly no more than 1 dm high. Largest leaves up to 8 cm long but blades usually no more than 2 X 1.5 cm, ovate to heart-shaped, with scalloped margin. 508 Flowers few on each leafless stem; petals yellow, 3-5 mm long; fruits in elliptical clusters about 1 cm long, each with short rather straight beak and prominent longitudinal ribs. A plant of muddy shores of lakes and rivers, in the Park noted only from the beaver ponds north of Sofa Mtn. Flowering from late June into early August.

R. eschscholtzii Schlecht. Fig. 116-1 Perennial, without creeping stems, one-stemmed or in small tufts, hair less, rarely reaching 3 dm in height. Basal leaves up to 8 cm long but blades only about 3 cm wide and slightly shorter, held in somewhat folded, upright position when fresh, shallowly 3-lobed to (more com monly) 2-3 times cleft into rather long segments; stem leaves usually much reduced, eventually lacking petiole and with 3-7 long, narrow seg ments. Flowers few; sepals tinged with lavender on back; petals golden yellow, 7-15 mm long and nearly as broad; fruits in nearly 1 cm long, elliptical cluster, hairless or somewhat hairy, the beak approximately straight when mature, slender, about 0.5 mm long. A very common species of damp and sheltered places at middle elevations and higher, sometimes to 2700 m or more, flowering from late June to early August. It is extremely variable in stature and flower size.

R. flammula L. (Creeping Spearwort) Fig. 116-2 A very delicate perennial, with fragile creeping stems rooting at the nodes, hairless or slightly hairy. Leaves up to 6 cm long, narrow and strap like or up to 3 mm wide. Flowers on long stalks at the tips of branches which may be several dm long. Petals golden yellow, mostly 3-5 mm long; fruits rather few in small round cluster, hairless, beak short and stout, curved. An inconspicuous plant of muddy shores at low elevations, flowering in July and August. In the Park known from various places along the northeastern boundary.

R. glaberrimus Hook. (Early Buttercup) Fig. 116-3 Perennial, hairless plants, in small clusters, or solitary, mostly less than 1 dm tall, from rather fleshy roots. Basal leaves up to 12 cm long, the blade usually entire, broadly elliptical, up to 3 X 2 cm; stem leaves much reduced, cleft into 3 simple lobes or entire. Flowers few, golden yellow, petals 6-15 mm long; fruits in round clusters 8-10 mm wide, nearly hair less, with short, curved beak. Perhaps the most attractive species of Ranunculus, growing in moist spots at low elevations and especially obvious at Red Rock Canyon where 116-1 Ranunculus eschscholtzii, 116-2 Ranunculus flammula, 116-3 Ranunculus glaberrimus, 116-4 Ranunculus gmelinii, 116*5 Ranunculus inamoenus. 510 it flowers at the last week of April, probably lasting until early June. The species in Alberta seems to be restricted to the area from Waterton Lakes to the Castle River, as well as the Cypress Hills. Alberta plants belong to var. ellipticus Greene.

R. gmelinii DC (Yellow Water Crowfoot) Fig. 116-4 Weak-stemmed perennial, floating in standing water or resting on mud, hairless or nearly so, rooting at nodes. Leaf blades 1-4 cm broad, more or less round in outline, variously dissected from halfway to near the base, in the latter case with strap-shaped segments, petioles mostly less than 3 cm long. Flowers 1 or several at the tips of creeping branches. Petals yellow, 3-7 mm long; fruits with stout, scarcely curved beak, nearly hair less. An occasional plant in standing or slow-moving water, or muddy shores, always at low elevations as on the lower slopes of Sofa Mtn. It flowers mostly in July. Possibly all material from our area is var. hookeri (G. Don) Benson.,

R. inamoenus Greene Fig. 116-5 Perennials, lacking creeping stems, hairless or very lightly hairy, up to 3 dm in height, stems 1 to several. Basal leaves up to 15 cm long, half to three-quarters which is a stout petiole with ensheathing base; blade up to 4x4 cm, broadly ovate to nearly round in outline, often with fan-shaped base, margin coarsely scalloped to deeply lobed or cleft, transitional to stem leaves which lack petioles and are progressively more deeply cleft until divided into strap-like segments. Flowers several, among, or only slightly above upper leaves. Petals yellow, 2-8 mm long; fruits in ovoid cluster about 1 cm long, densely hairy, with rather short and broad beak. Rather common on open meadows which are moist early in the year, at elevations occasionally up to 2000 m, as at Alderson Lake. Flowers from mid-May well into July. A distinctive species because of its striking basal leaves and hairy fruit.

R. macounii Britt. (Macoun's Buttercup) Fig. 117-1 Rather stout, very hairy perennials (sometimes annuals?), with 1 to several stems occasionally up to 6 or 7 dm high, sometimes with lodged rooting stems. Largest leaves up to 3 dm long with blades up to 10 cm wide, divided into 3 conspicuously stalked leaflets themselves deeply cleft and toothed; stem leaves only slightly reduced. Flowers several to numer ous, rather long-stalked; petals yellow, 5-7 mm long, only slightly longer than sepals; fruits in round cluster 1 cm in diameter, rather large, hair less, with nearly straight stout beak. 117-1 Ranunculus macounii, 117-2 Ranunculus pedatifidus, 117-3 Ranunculus sceleratus. 512 Low elevations along the northeast flanks of the Park, in moist meadows, flowering in June and July. The very distinctive stalked ter minal leaflet, and also the hairy petioles and lower stem, provide contrast ing features to the otherwise similar R. acris.

R. pedatifidus Smith (Northern Buttercup) Fig. 117-2 Sparsely hairy perennial, often tufted, with erect stems, occasionally up to 4 dm high. Basal leaves commonly 1 dm long or less of which the blade is 2-5 cm long, heart-shaped in outline, rather irregularly and deeply cleft into 5-7 strap-shaped, sometimes incised segments; stem leaves few, reduced, with 3-5 segments. Flowers 1 or a few per stem; petals golden yellow, 8-10 mm long; fruits in a cylindrical cluster up to 1 cm long, hair less or finely hairy, with rather slender curved beak. Lower and middle elevations; occasional in rather protected or open spots, and flowering in June and July. Easily mistaken for the somewhat stouter R. cardiophyllus (see comments under that species).

R. sceleratus L. Fig. 117-3 Annuals, with 1 to several erect, leafy, and branching hollow stems, 3-5 dm tall, slightly hairy to hairless. Largest leaves up to 15 cm long with blades up to 4 cm long and slightly broader, heart-shaped in outline, deeply cleft into 3 main parts, these further cleft and bluntly toothed; petiole base with large membranous stipules; leaves gradually reduced upwards. Flowers usually numerous and rather small; petals yellowish, 2-4.3 mm long, falling off early; fruits nearly beakless, plump with some what swollen edges, in elliptical head about 8 mm long. A rather rare and inconspicuous species known from wet shores at low elevations, flowering in June and July. Waterton plants may be placed in var. multiftdus Nutt.

R. uncinatus D. Don Fig. 118-1 Erect, 1- or few-stemmed, sparingly branched plants, 2-6 dm tall, with hairy stems and petioles. Basal leaves up to 20 cm long, the blade 3-7 cm wide and slightly shorter, cleft nearly to the base into 3 parts, these often 3-cleft and few-toothed, stem leaves gradually reduced upwards. Flowers small and numerous on delicate stalks in diffuse arrangement. Petals yellow, 2-3 mm long, fruits in round cluster 5 mm wide without the deli cately curved, 1.5 mm long beaks, the fruit itself hairless but for a few white hairs around the margin. Lower elevations to about 2000 m, in moist and protected sites, and flowering from late June through July. A distinctive species because -J" its 118-1 Ranunculus uncinatus, 118-2 Ranunculus verecundus, 118-3 Thalictrum dasycarpum. 514 rather simple leaves and especially because of its graceful fruit. In our area plants are referable to var. parviflorus (Torr.) Benson.

R. verecundus Robins. Fig. 118-2 Rather slender, nearly or quite hairless perennial, with 1 to several stems, spreading but not rooting, reaching up to 2 dm in height. Leaves mostly basal, about 5 cm long, blades 1-2 cm long and slightly wider, broadly heart-shaped in outline, margin somewhat 3-lobed, these parts again mar ginally lobed or scalloped; stem-leaves few and much reduced to 3-4 elon gated segments. Sepals tinged with lavender on back or margins; petals yellow, 4-5 mm long; fruits in elongate cluster, with rather short curved beak, hairless. A rare species in the Park known only from scree slopes in the Lost Lake area at 2300 m, and Crypt Lake at 2200 m, where it is in flower in July and August. It is very similar to R. eschscholtzii, even to the lavender- tinged sepals, but the latter species usually has deeply cleft basal leaves held in a characteristic folded position, often has much larger petals, and always has a slender, nearly straight beak.

Thalictrum (Meadow Rue) Erect, mostly hairless perennials, with single stem, from stout rootstocks; leaves few, mostly along lower stem, with long petiole, the blade divided into 3 parts, and these again, and a third time, the broad green and thin ultimate leaflets being of the third order. Flowers mostly either male or female, these separated on different plants; flower cluster often compact when young, diffuse in age. Sepals 4-5, greenish, falling off early; male flowers with many stamens; with very slenderly spindle-shaped anthers on delicate White or purple filaments; female flowers usually wit£i less than 10 separate ovaries maturing into grooved, often flattened, spindle-shaped 1-seeded fruits. Another species, with bisexual flowers-, may also be found in our area (T. sparsiflorum Turcz.); less likely to be present is the minute T. alpinum L. Both of these species are known from areas to the north and south of the Park. The foliage of larger plants is very similar to that of Aquilegia.

KEY TO SPECIES Stem-leaves without petiole or nearly so, stalks of the 3 primary divisions converging at the axil; leaflets distinctly narrower than long, many broadly lance-shaped. T. dasycarpum 515 Stem-leaves with long petioles; leaflets mostly as wide as long or wider, not lance-shaped. Fruits spreading to drooping, mostly 5-8 mm long, half as broad or less; stigma purplish; leaflets 1.5-3 cm long. T. occidentale Fruits often erect to ascending, 3-4 mm long, more than twice as long as broad; stigma usually not purplish; leaflets mostly 1-2 cm long. T. venulosum

T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. Fig. 118-3 Plants reaching 1 m or more height, with stout, often purplish-green stems. Leaves rather large, those on stem lacking petiole, dividing from the axil; leaflets up to 3 cm long, all but terminal ones broadly lance- shaped, rarely more than with 2 or 3 large teeth, dark green above, lighter green below. Fruits 4-6 mm long, rather dark, often with very sparse hairs. A rather rare plant in the Park, known from wet protected places at the lowest parts of the Park; flowering about July.

T. occidentale Gray Fig. 119-1 Plants 5-10 dm high, with green stems. Leaves with conspicuous petioles; leaflets 1.5-3 cm long, often more or less round in outline or broader, the forward margin with scalloped edge, leaflets with stalks only rarely less than 2 mm long; female flower cluster rather open and leafy; stigma usually purple. Fruits spreading to drooping, usually 5-8 mm long, half as broad or less. A fairly common species in a great variety of habitats throughout the Park. Difficult to distinguish consistently from the next species (see comments under that species); in flower in June and July.

T. venulosum Trelease Fig. 119-2 Very similar to T. occidentale but often smaller and more delicate. The two species are much more difficult to tell apart than published accounts indicate. The extremes pose few problems: plants with small leaflets (some of these nearly without stalks), short and thick fruits and congested female flower cluster are T. venulosum; those with large leaflets (all with considerable stalks), and long fruits (longer than 6 mm) and open leafy flower cluster (stigmas purple when young) are T. occidentale. Even many female plants, however, are difficult to place; the identification of many male plants not belonging to either extreme often degenerates into a 119-1 Thalictrum occidentale, 119-2 Thalictrum venulosum, U9-3 Trollius laxus. 517 guessing game. T. venulosum also flowers in June and July, and is found in protected and open, moist places up to timberline.

Trollius T. laxus Salisb. (Globeflower) Fig. 119-3 [T. albiflorus (Gray) Rydb.] Rather stout, hairless plants, often no more than 1 dm tall when flowering but elongating to up to 4 dm in fruit, from a heavy short rootstock. Leaves few, the basal 1 or 2 from long membranous sheaths, with petioles up to 2 dm long; blade more or less round, up to 9 cm in diameter but very deeply lobed or quite divided into 5 parts, each broadly lance-shaped and deeply, irregularly cleft. Stem leaves 1 or 2, similar but reduced, the uppermost one without petiole. Flowers long-stalked, 1 (rarely 2) per stem. Petals (sepals) 5-9, broadly ovate, 1-2 cm long, creamy-white, followed by a series of yellow, narrowly spoon-shaped structures (staminodes), numerous stamens, and 10 or more distinct pistils, each becoming a dark brown beaked pod about 1 cm long. A beautiful anemone-like plant of alpine boggy places, frequently flowering just below edges of retreating snow-banks from June to the middle of July. It differs from Anemone mostly in its peculiar staminodes and pod-like fruits. Our plants may be referred to var. albiflorus Gray.

Rhamnaceae (Buckthorn Family) Spreading shrubs, deciduous or evergreen, with prominently veined, simple petiolate leaves 1 per node, margins finely toothed, stipules small and falling early. Flowers in small or larger axillary clusters, rather long-stalked, mostly with 5 sepals, petals and stamens, but in one species petals lacking; sepals fused with broad base of ovary which is partly or mostly beyond other parts; stamens alternating with sepals around prominent disk; style 1, stigma 3-lobed; flowers bi sexual or flowers (and plants) unisexual. Fruit a dry pod or 1-seeded berry.

KEY TO GENERA Evergreen shrubs, the leaves mostly blunt-tipped, shiny above, with 3 prominent veins; flowers creamy white, in terminal clusters on side branches; fruit a dry pod. Ceanothus 120-1 Ceanothus velutinus, 120-2 Rhamnus alnifolia, 120-3 Amelanchier alnifolia, 120-4 Crataegus columbiana, 120-5 Crataegus douglasii. 519 Deciduous shrubs, the leaves sharp-pointed, not shiny, with numerous prominent veins; flowers greenish, in small clusters in leaf axils; fruit black, berry-like. Rhamnus

Ceanothus C. velutinus Hook. (Buckbrush; Snowbrush) Fig. 120-1 Spreading shrubs, up to 3 m high, twigs yellowish-green, sticky and scented when fresh. Leaves evergreen, dark and shiny above, lighter and dull below, with 3 very large veins converging at the base of the blade, the latter rarely larger than 5x3 cm, ovate, with fine gland-tipped teeth along margin; petiole up to 1 cm long. Flower cluster creamy white, open, at tips of small-leaved axillary branches. Flowers on long hair-like stalks, about 4 mm broad when open; sepals 5, their lower half forming a cup- shaped base with the ovary; petals 5, narrowly stalked below, the upper broad part hood-like; stamens one at base of each petal; ovary partly sunk in flower base, with disk between stamens and style terminating in 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a blunt green 3-lobed pod. This unmistakable shrub in Alberta seems to occur only south of the Crowsnest Pass, and prefers fully exposed dry south slopes between 1300 and 1800 m. In Waterton it has been recorded from several places in the vicinity of Mt. Crandell and Bellevue Ridge. Flowers in June and early July, with a heavy sweet perfume.

Rhamnus R. alnifolia L'Her. (Buckthorn) Fig. 120-2 Spreading shrubs, often covering large patches, up to 2 m high, the older branches dark greyish-brown. Leaves lance-shaped, with numerous prominent lateral veins, up to 12 X 4 cm, margins very shallowly toothed; petiole less than 1 cm long. Flower clusters small, in axils of lower leaves, few-flowered. Flowers green, flat, about 4 mm broad, on stalks several mm long; flowers functionally unisexual (sexes on separate plants) but aborted organs of the opposite sex present; sepals usually 5, petals lack ing; stamens as sepals and alternating with them, around a large central disk; ovary placed above other flower organs, with short style and 3-lobed stigma. Fruit a black 1-seeded berry about 8 mm in diameter. Open to slightly shaded spots, such as aspen groves, usually rather protected and moist; apparently rather rare in the Park, known from Mt. Rowe, the Red Rock Canyon area, and the mouth of Cameron Creek. The fruit is said to be poisonous; flowering in June. South of the Crowsnest Pass only, except for an isolated population in the Lac La Biche area. 520 Rosaceae (Rose Family) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, leaves simple or divided, 1 per node, usually with stipules when young. Flowers in various clusters or single, always stalked. Sepals 5, in some with 5 additional, alternating bractlets appearing to be sepals; petals usually 5; stamens numerous (5 in Sibbaldia) ovary above or below petals, one or several, and variously united or free. Fruit small, dry, opening pods (e.g. Spiraea), 1-seeded dry fruits (achenes: e.g. Geum, Potentilla, and the "seed" of strawberry, Fragaria), or various fleshy fruits such as berries (Amelanchier), rasp berries (Rubus), cherries (Prunus), and rose hips (Rosa). A large family, represented by some 40 species in the Park, more than one-third of which are members of the diffi cult genus Potentilla). Confusion with Saxifragaceae is common, and the follow ing points will be of assistance in the Park. (1) Even though stipules in Rosaceae may fall early, they are nearly always present (exception: Spiraea) on young growth, and do not occur in Saxifragaceae except for those in Heuchera, Litho- phragma, and Suksdorfta. (2) Leaf variation is considerable in both families, but in the four cases where leaves of Saxifra gaceae are divided into leaflets, the latter are attached at a common point and never spread along the midrib (the four cases are found in Lithophragma, Tiarella, and Suksdorfta ra- nunculifotia). (3) The floral bractlets alternating with sepals of many Rosaceae are never found in Saxifragaceae. (4) Sta mens in our Rosaceae are always more than 10, (5 in Sibbaldia), in Saxifragaceae 10 or less, with the solitary excep tion of Philadelphus of the latter family, having 20-40 sta mens; this rare erect shrub is unlike any other member of either family in having paired simple leaves (not leaflets!). (5) One-seeded fruits do not occur in our Saxifragaceae; in fact all species in the family have dry opening fruits except for the gooseberries and currants (Ribes) which have many-seeded berries. With regard to Ranunculaceae (especially with respect to Ranunculus vs. Potentilla) the first and third of the above dif ferences also apply, and only one species (Actaea rubra) of that family has a fleshy fruit.

KEY TO GENERA Plants with woody, erect, leafy stems at least I dm high or, if shorter, with many prickles. 521 Non-flowering stems with short rigid thorns. Crataegus Stems lacking thorns. Stems with fine stiff prickles along stem and/or at the leaf-nodes. Leaflets 3 or 5; petals white; raspberry. Rubus idaeus Leaflets 5 or more; petals red or pink, rarely white; roses. Rosa Stems and leaf-nodes lacking any stiff prickles. Leaves divided into leaflets. Leaflets 3 or 5 per leaf. Potentilla fruticosa Leaflets 7 or more per leaf. Sorbus Leaves not divided into leaflets. Petioles and flower stalks with glandular hairs; leaves large, up to 30 X 20 cm, 5-lobed on petiole up to 10 cm long; fruit raspberry-like. Rubus parviflorus Petioles and flower stalks lacking glandular hairs; leaves no more than 10 cm long (usually shorter), 3-lobed or simple; fruit not raspberry-like. Leaves mainly 3-lobed; fruit a flattened clustered dry 2-seeded pod about 5 mm long, hairy, opening along 2 slits; bark commonly peeling off in strips. Physocarpus Leaves merely toothed or smooth around margins; fruit a dry shiny 4-seeded pod opening along the inner side, usually 2-4 mm long (as in Spiraea), or a fleshy, 1- to many-seeded berry; bark not exfoliating in strips. Petals less than 3 mm long, white or red; fruit dry. Spiraea Petals more than 3 mm long, white; fruit fleshy. Petals usually 10-20 mm long; leaves rather blunt-tipped, only the far half with toothed margin. Amelanchier Petals usually less than 8 mm long; leaves sharp-tipped, toothed all around margin. Prunus 522 Plant with herbaceous stems, creeping or tufted, the largest leaves often from the base, or with somewhat woody base less than 1 dm and lacking prickles. Leaves not divided; margin scalloped or blunt- toothed. Dryas Leaves divided, with sharp teeth along margin and/or tip. Leaflets 3 and margins smooth, with 3 prominent teeth at the tip. Sibbaldia Leaflets 3 or more, toothed all along margin. Plants with runners or creeping rootstocks, often rooting at the nodes. Leaflets more than 7; flowers mostly or all on stalks in leaf-axils of runners, petals yellow. Potentilla anserina Leaflets 7 or less; flowers not along runners, petals not yellow. Short upright leafy stems from creeping brown rootstocks; fruit raspberry-like. Rubus Stemless except for slender reddish runners rooting at the tips; fruit a strawberry. Fragaria Plants without runners or creeping rootstocks. Style slender, attached to tip of ovary, straight to jointed at a sharp bend, persistent in fruit but if jointed, upper portion often shedding; leaflets usually alternating small and large, never 3 (basal leaves only). Geum Style slender or thick at base, attached to tip, sides, or base of ovary, straight and not jointed except at base, where readily breaking off; leaflets not alternately large and small, 3 or more per leaf. Potentilla

Amelanchier A. alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. (Saskatoon; Serviceberry) Fig. 120-3, Plate 3 Shrub, forming extensive colonies by spreading rootstocks, on exposed 523 slopes sometimes flowering when 1 dm high, rarely growing into small tree, twigs purplish-brown becoming grey when older. Leaves 1 per node, simple, broadly elliptical but often broader distally, margin coarsely toothed except at lower half, more or less hairless when mature, up to 4 X 2.5 cm including a 1 cm petiole, base of blade abrupt, lateral veins extend ing into teeth. Flowers white, stalked, in a dense cluster in late May to early June; sepals 5, green, simple; petals white, narrowly spoon-shaped, mostly more than 10 mm long; stamens about 20; styles usually 5. Fruit a purplish-blue berry 6-10 mm in diameter, juicy and sweet, with a few rather large seeds. The Saskatoon is too common and well known to require much comment. It is a favorite wild fruit (early July into August), much used by early Indians and indeed today; its wood was preferred for arrows. The somewhat similar chokecherry and pin cherry have only 1 seed per fruit, more finely toothed leaves, and much shorter petals.

Crataegus (Hawthorn) Shrubs, up to several meters high, with stout sharp thorns on some branches. Leaves 1 per node, simple, marginally toothed, the teeth gland-tipped. Sepals 5, narrow, simple but with small gland-tipped teeth, often hairy; petals 5, white, broad, mostly less than 7 mm long; stamens 5-25, styles mostly 2-5. Fruit smooth, fleshy but rather dry, tasteless, berry-like, with 2-5 bony seeds. Hawthorns are unmistakable in Waterton as there are no other woody plants with large thorns.

KEY TO SPECIES Thorns 1-2.5 cm long; lower leaf surface (incl. veins) mostly hairless (sometimes hairs in angles between veins); ripe fruit purplish-black. C. douglasii Thorns 3-7 cm long; hair on at least the veins of lower leaf surface; ripe fruit dark red. C. columbiana

C. columbiana Howell Fig. 120-4 [C. chrysocarpa Ashe] Leaves broadly ovate or distally broadening, doubly toothed except at base, mostly 2.5-6 cm long, with short petiole, usually slightly hairy on both sides even when mature, but in any case lower veins hairy. Fruit dark red when ripe. Reported from near the Waterton River bridge but in need of confirm ation. 524 C. douglasii Lindl. Fig. 120-5 Similar to C. columbiana, but differing primarily in thorn length, leaf hairiness, fruit color and the less conspicuously gland-tipped leaf teeth (see key). Its thorns are consistently straight or nearly so. Protected places in southern Alberta, known from several localities in the Park.

Dryas (Mountain Avens) Creeping, densely matted plants of exposed places, leaves white-hairy beneath, evergreen, with scalloped rolled margin, 1 leaf per node. Flowers solitary on elongated stalks without expanded leaves; sepals and petals 8-10, the sepals narrow or lance-shaped, the petals white or yellow, rather large; stamens numerous; styles numerous, the attached ovary and most of the style hairy, the latter elongating to form a long plume with white perpendicular bristles, the narrow fruits 1-seeded; fruiting stalk much elongated.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers yellow, often nodding until after flowering; petals not spreading; flower stalks with 1-4 minute bracts; base of blade commonly tapered into petiole. D. drummondii Flowers white, erect; petals spreading; flower stalks without or with 1 minute bract; leaf base abruptly contracted to petiole. D. octopetala

D. drummondii Hook. (Yellow Mountain Avens) Fig. 121-1 Leaves up to 5 X 1.5 cm, about half petiole; blade felt-like below, with scalloped or toothed margin, lance-shaped or elliptical but mostly tapered to petiole. Flower stalk with 1 to several minute bracts, mostly at least 6 cm long when flowering, the flower at first nodding but becoming erect in fruit. Sepals lance-shaped, densely covered with long reddish-brown glandular hairs and shorter white hairs; petals yellow, 10-12 mm long, not spreading. Fruit and bristles reaching 3-4 cm in length, greenish- white, on stalks of 15 cm or more. A very attractive creeping plant of gravelly river banks and similar sites at middle and lower elevations. Flowers in June and July.

D. octopetala L. (White Mountain Avens) Fig. 121-2 [D. hookeriana Juz.] Leaves mostly up to 4 X 1 cm, about half petiole; blade felt-like below. 121-1 Dryas drummondii, 121-2 Dryas octopetala, 121-3 Fragaria vesca, 121-4 Fragaria virginiana. 526 with scalloped margin, more or less elliptical, the base abruptly con tracted to petiole. Flower stalk lacking bracts, it and the narrowly lance- shaped sepals covered with long, reddish glandular hairs and short, white ones; petals white or very pale yellow, 8-15 mm long and about half as wide, spreading, the flower erect. Fruit and bristles reaching about 3 cm in length, dirty white, the fruiting stalks usually less than 1 dm long but occasionally up to 15 cm. A common and striking plant on open, dry meadows and ridges from about 2000 m to the highest elevations, and occasionally established on gravel banks lower down. Flowers from the middle of June into early August.

Fragaria (Strawberry) Perennial, stemless plants, spreading by means of naked reddish runners which establish new plants at the nodes. Leaves long-petioled, with 3 leaflets, margin toothed. Flowers in small, very open cluster; sepals green, narrowly pointed and 5, but alternating with 5 lance-shaped green bractlets (which sometimes replaced by 2 very narrow ones); petals 5, broadly ovate, contracted to narrow base; stamens and ovaries numerous, the latter developing into 1-seeded fruits (" seeds") on the surface of the red swollen receptacle which is the strawberry "fruit."

KEY TO SPECIES Terminal tooth of each leaflet projecting beyond neighboring teeth; upper side of leaflets nearly always thin-hairy; flowers usually at or above the leaf-tips. F. vesca Terminal tooth of each leaflet shorter than neighboring teeth; upper side of leaflets nearly always hairless; flowers usually at or below leaf- tips. F. virginiana

F. vesca L. Fig. 121-3 Very similar to F. virginiana, differing mostly as shown in the key. F. vesca tends to be somewhat more slender and hairy, the leaves light green and never bluish-green, with a leafy bract below the lowest flower, and it prefers protected and moist habitats. In fact, the species in the Park is known only from the lower Bertha Creek area, where it flowers in May and June. Our material is referable to var. bracteata (Heller) Davis, and does not seem to occur elsewhere in Alberta. 527 F. virginiana Duchesne Fig. 121-4 [F. glauca (Wats.) Rydb.] Leaves green or (where fully exposed) often bluish-green above, ranging from weakly hairy to covered (especially lower surface and petiole) with loose spreading hairs. See further characteristics in the key, and comments under F. vesca The most common wild strawberry in western North America, it is extremely variable in appearance, and wide in ecological preference. It may be found in moist shaded situations at low elevations, but seems equally at home on dry south-facing exposed meadows and slopes from middle elevations to about 2300 m. It may be seen in flower from early May until at least late July, depending on elevations.

Geum (Avens) Perennial, hairy plants, from short crowns, the leaves mostly basal, with smaller ones singly or paired along the flowering stalk; leaf blade divided, large and small leaflets usually alternating. Flowers in small diffuse clusters, as few as 3 per stalk. Sepals greenish, 5, alternating with 5 greenish bractlets; petals 5, yellow to purple; stamens and ovaries numerous, the latter and its style variably hairy; style of some species with a stiff, hook-like portion beyond which style falls away. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with persistent (portion of) style. The genus is easily confused with Potentilla, but the separation at the end of the key to the genera should leave little room for doubt.

KEY TO SPECIES Sepals reflexed in mature flower. Lower (persistent) part of style lacking glandular hairs, often hairless or nearly so; terminal leaflet of basal leaves slightly larger than any lateral one but with similar wedge-like base, divided more than half-way. G. aleppicum Lower (persistent) part of style with gland- tipped hairs; terminal leaflet of basal leaves many times larger than any lateral ones if divided less than half-way; its base rounded or even heart-like. G. macrophyllum Sepals erect (i.e. pointing forward). Bracts on flowering stalks paired; bractlets between sepals from slightly shorter to 122-1 Geum aleppicum, 122-2 Geum macrophyllum, 122-3 Geum rivale. 529 exceeding them; fruiting plumes sinuous but lacking hook, not spreading. G. triflorum Bracts on flowering stalks single; bractlets between sepals about half their length; fruiting plumes hooked, somewhat spreading on top of head. G. rivale

G. aleppicum Jacq. Fig. 122-1 A rather coarse and leafy plant, up to 1 m high, hairy throughout, basal leaves mostly up to 30 cm long, lacking obvious stipules, blades oblong to ovate in outline, the terminal leaflet divided more than half-way, all leaflets coarsely toothed; stem leaves smaller and simpler, contracted, but with large leafy stipules. Flowers usually about 6-8, eventually on long stalks; sepals broadly lance-shaped, about twice the length of the bractlets; petals yellow, 6-8 mm long, nearly round except for the stalk like base. Style with strong hook well above midlength, the hairy portion above falling, the mostly hairless portion below attached to the flattened hairy fruit. This species, which occurs in damp places throughout the lower portions of the Park, is easily confused with G. macrophyllum (see differ entiation in the key.) It flowers from late June to early August. North American plants are sometimes referred to var. strictum Fern.

G. macrophyllum Willd. (Yellow Avens) Fig. 122-2 [incl. G. perincisum Rydb.] Much like G. aleppicum in size and general appearance. Basal leaves up to 3 dm long, with increasingly large leaflets above middle; terminal leaflet unusually large, varying from almost entire to doubly incised less than halfway. Stem leaves much reduced, with green stipules, the upper ones clearly divided into 3 leaflets. Flower number and arrangement as in G. aleppicum. Sepals rather large and triangular, bractlets about half as long and strap-shaped; petals yellow, 4-6 mm long, rounded. Style with strong hook far above mid-height, the upper portion somewhat hairy, not always falling; lower portion with gland-tipped hairs attached to the compressed white-hairy fruit. A common plant from low elevations to about 2000 m, in protected moist and even boggy situations; flowering from early June into August.

G. rivale L. (Purple Avens; Water Avens;) Fig. 122-3 A leafy plant, sometimes reaching 1 m in height; basal leaves up to 3 dm long, with 3 very large terminal leaflets and several much smaller ones; malvaceus, 123-3 Potentilla anserina, 123-1 Geum triflorum, 123-2 Physocarpus 123-4 Potentilla arguta. 531 stem leaves much reduced, usually with 3 leaflets and 2 leafy stipules. Flowers somewhat nodding, rather few; sepals not spreading, purplish- green, sometimes yellowish; bractlets half as long as sepals or less, strap- shaped or nearly so, also purplish; petals somewhat shorter (ca. 1 cm) than sepals, very broad above, much contracted below, dull yellow with purple tinge. Style strongly hooked near its tip, the terminal portion sparsely hairy and falling, the lower portion with gland-tipped and long white hairs attached to the white hairy ovary. Boggy shores along the northeast flanks of the Park. Flowers in June and July.

G. triflorum Pursh (Old Man's Whiskers; Prairie Smoke) Fig. 123-1 A soft, hairy, rather delicate species from a very short creeping rootstock. Basal leaves up to 2 dm long, the upper two-thirds with numerous straight-flanked leaflets increasing in size to the rounded tip, largest leaflets deeply incised. Flowering stalks commonly up to 3 dm high, lacking expanded leaves but with a pair of sheathing bracts, deeply cleft into strap-shaped lobes, about halfway up the stalk; a much smaller but similar pair of bracts subtends the lateral flowers. Flowers nodding, 1 terminal one flanked by 2 later ones each with very small pair of bracts. Sepals and bractlets purple, about equally long (ca. 1 cm), the former long- triangular, the latter strap-shaped. Petals dull yellow, slightly shorter than sepals, more or less elliptical. Styles not hooked, elongating to a plume of 2-4 cm, dull white with purplish tinge. The most common Avens of the Park, distinctive because of its almost fern-like foliage, its 3 nodding flowers and plumose fruiting head some what similar to that of Anemone patens, with which it is often inter mingled. Elevations up to 2000 m, in protected or dry exposed habitats, and flowering from late May to the end of June.

Physocarpus P. malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze (Ninebark) Fig. 123-2 Much branched shrub, up to 2 m high, the bark falling off in strips. Leaves 1 per node, petiole about 1 cm, blade up to 3.5 X 3.5 cm, ovate in general outline but usually with 3 main lobes with irregularly scalloped margin, stipules elliptical, greenish; all green parts densely covered with short white star-shaped hairs. Flowers few to many in rounded open cluster; sepals triangular, base of flower cup-like, bractlets lacking; petals creamy white, about 4 mm long, rounded, extending well beyond sepals; stamens numerous, at least as long as petals; styles 2 or 3, from a common hairy ovary. Fruit as many fused pods as styles, with two slits and usually 2 seeds. An unmistakable shrub, rather common west of the Divide, but in 532 Alberta known only from the flanks of Vimy Peak, from the trail forming the northern approach along the lake to Crypt Landing up to Twin Falls. Flowers from June to early July.

Potentilla (Cinquefoil) Mostly perennials (shrubs in P. fruticosa, annual-biennial in P. rivalis), variously hairy. Leaves 1 per node, with prominent often lobed or cleft green stipules, often mostly clustered at base, divided into 3 to numerous leaflets, these crowded at tip or spread along upper part of petiole or midrib, often with toothed margin. Flowers solitary or in branching clusters, yel low or white, sometimes purplish. Sepals and petals 5, the sepals alternating with often smaller bractlets often enlarging in fruit; stamens few to many; ovaries numerous, producing 1 seed each, the style attached to its side or top, eventually fall ing off; fruit interspersed with white hairs. A notoriously difficult genus, many of its species with ill- defined boundaries. It is here treated as having at least thir teen species in the Park. However, several other species are thought to occur in southwestern Alberta (P. flabellifolia Hook., P. drummondii Lehm., P. hookeriana Lehm., and P. quinquefolia Rydb., The latter also known as P. nivea L. var. pentaphylla Lehm. or var. quinquefolia Rydb.). No material corresponding to these species has been seen from Waterton. The small cushion-forming alpine plants of Potentilla are an especially controversial group in many respects, and badly in need of careful work. In Waterton there seem to be two dis tinguishable entities, which are here called P. ledebouriana Porsild and P. nivea L. in agreement with the most recent studies. Beginning students often confuse some species with but tercups (Ranunculus); characters to be looked for in Potentilla are stipules, floral bractlets, and the articulated, deciduous style.

KEY TO SPECIES Shrubs; ovaries and fruits densely hairy. P. fruticosa Herbaceous plants; ovaries and fruits hairless. Plants with red runners which bear most or all flowers, these solitary. P. anserina Plants lacking runners; flowers solitary or in open clusters. 533 Leaflets all attached to tip of petiole. Annual or biennial, erect and leafy plant, petals shorter than sepals. P. rivalis Perennial, short and stout or ascending plants, petals mostly longer than sepals. Leaflets 3. Petioles usually longer than blade, with matted woolly hair; flowers ca. 1.5 cm in diameter. P. nivea Petiole usually shorter than blade, with dense spreading, but not matted, woolly hair; flowers ca. 2 cm in diameter. P. ledebouriana Leaflets 5 or more. Stems 3-7 dm long, petioles mostly 10-25 cm long. P. gracilis Stems less than 4 dm long; petioles mostly less than 1 cm long. Leaves never matted-woolly underneath; plants 1.5-4.5 dm tall, ascending. P. diversifolia Leaves matted-woolly underneath; plants often less than 1.5 dm tall, low and spreading. P. concinna Leaflets spread along part of petiole. Petals pale creamy white to pale yellow; style attached below middle of ovary. Flowering branches of one stem closely appressed or parallel to each other, the flowers in rather crowded clusters; sepals mostly 6-8 mm long in flower; plants mostly more than 4 dm tall. P. arguta Flowering branches of one stem spreading, the flowers spaced apart; sepals often less than 6 mm long in flower; plants mostly less than 4 dm tall. P. glandulosa Petals bright yellow; style attached above middle of ovary. Style slightly longer than mature achenes, tapered to the tip, its base thickened and glandular-warty or tubercular; stipules along stem usually deeply cleft. P. pensylvanica 534 Style considerably longer than mature achene, slender, only slightly if at all tapered, not glandular-warty at base; stipules mostly entire or only shallowly lobed or toothed. Leaflets usually elongated, 2-5 cm, with matted grey hairs beneath and more loosely grey-hairy above, rarely toothed over halfway to midvein; plants often over 3 (and rarely less than 2) dm tall. P. hippiana Leaflets usually less than 2 cm long or otherwise not as above, often either greenish or dissected much more than halfway to midvein; if with grey or matted hairs then plants less than 2 dm tall. Leaflets mostly 5-7, crowded at tip of petiole, obovate to oblong, mostly 1-3 cm long, usually greenish on both surfaces (never with matted hairs); plants commonly 1.5-4.5 dm tall. P. diversifolia Leaflets either more numerous, or with matted hair at least beneath; plants often less than 1.5 dm high. Leaflets usually 5-7; plants low and spreading, with an upright, often simple crown. P. concinna Leaflets usually 9-21; plants often erect, or with a branched crown and short rootstocks. P. plattensis

P. anserina L. (Silverweed) Fig. 123-3 Creeping perennial plants, lacking upright stems, spreading by means of strawberry-like reddish-green runners rooting at the nodes. Leaves silky white below, hairless or (more commonly) somewhat hairy above, up to 20 X 6 cm, the lowest third to a quarter petiole; leaflets gradually increasing from the lowest (5-8 mm) to the ones at the tip, sharply toothed nearly halfway to midrib, and usually alternating with very small ones. Flowers solitary on long leafless stalks in leaf axils of the runners. Sepals and bractlets silken-hairy, the latter somewhat narrower and shorter than the former, sometimes cleft at the tip; petals bright yellow, ovate with broad rounded tip, 8-12 mm long, much longer than sepals. Style slender and smooth, attached to side of ovary, the fruit slightly wrinkled. 535 An unmistakable species of the margins of ponds and streams at lower elevations, flowering from late May to the beginning of August.

P. arguta Pursh Fig. 123-4 Erect, rather coarse perennial, with short glandular and longer white hairs especially in upper parts, growing to a height of 4-10 dm, usually 1 or few stiffly erect stems per plant, upper branches closely appressed or parallel to each other, or flowers in compact cluster. Largest leaves basal, up to 25 cm long, long-petioled with 7-11 broadly ovate, rather large- toothed leaflets; stem leaves becoming reduced upwardly. Sepals about 6-8 mm long in flower, enlarging in fruit; petals creamy white, mostly somewhat longer than sepals, rounded; style attached laterally below the middle of the ovary, fleshy and glandular-tubercular most of its length, which is far greater than that of the fruit. A rather common species often seen in rather dry open meadows at lower elevations, flowering in June and July. See comments under P. glan dulosa.

P. concinna Richards. Fig. 124-1 [incl. P. saximontana Rydb., P. macounii Rydb.] Perennials, from rather short, often branching rootstock, the lodged or ascending branches mostly less than 1.5 dm long. Leaves matted with dense white hairs beneath, variably hairy above, mostly basal, leaflets mostly 5-7, spread along upper 2 cm of the midrib or crowded at its tip, leaves up to 8 cm long most of which is petiole; stem leaves few and much reduced. Flowers few but several stems per plant; sepals and bractlets densely white-hairy, bractlets only slightly smaller; petals golden yellow, about 5x5 mm and shallowly notched at the tip; style not swollen, attached below tip of ovary. A common but variable species in exposed meadows from prairie area to at least 2200 m. Flowering at low elevations starts as early as the beginning of May, perhaps not extending beyond July. At least four varieties have been distinguished on the basis of leaf shape, all reported for southwestern Alberta, but apparently intergrading completely. The matted woolly lower leaf surface sets even the dissected forms apart from such species as P. plattensis.

P. diversifolia Lehm. Fig. 124-2 [incl. P. multisecta (Wats.) Rydb.] A lightly hairy to nearly hairless plant, from a heavy branched rootcrown, the several stems ascending to 1.5-4.5 dm. Leaves nearly all basal, up to 10 cm long, more than half of which is petiole; leaflets 5-7, often narrowly 124-1 Potentilla concinna, 124-2 Potentilla diversifolia, 124-3 Potentilla fruticosa, 124-4 Potentilla glandulosa. 537 wedge-shaped below and deeply toothed above, spread along upper 2 cm of midrib to (more commonly) crowded at its tip; stem leaves few and much reduced, the stipules simple. Flowering stalk slender, often reddish, the flowers in very open arrangement. Bractlets narrower and somewhat shorter than sepals, which are about 5 mm long; petals bright yellow, about 8x7 mm, shallowly notched; style slender, longer than fruit and attached below its tip. Also a common and variable species, preferring exposed rocky ridges and slopes from about 1700 m to well over 2700 m. Flowering starts in June at lower elevations but runs into August higher up.

P. fruticosa L. (Shrubby Cinquefoil) Fig. 124-3 Small much-branched shrubs, 3-10 dm high, the bark peeling off in long strips. Leaves numerous and crowded, 2-4 cm long, with long membran ous stipules and short petioles; leaflets mostly 5, somewhat lance-shaped, lightly hairy especially below, margin smooth and often curled. Flowers solitary or in very small open clusters. Sepals broad, about 8 mm long, bractlets often slightly longer or as long, but narrower, sometimes deeply cleft or even double; petals bright to golden yellow, about 10 X 8 mm, rounded; style rather stout, laterally attached to ovary which is densely covered with short white bristles. The only Potentilla which is shrubby, and quite unmistakable. Flowers from June into early August. Flowers may be much smaller than indicated (about 1 cm in diameter, and usually quite pale at low eleva tions) or much larger (3 cm in diameter and golden yellow, at high eleva tions) than indicated above. Shrubby Cinquefoil may be found from prairie level to well above 2700 m in a great variety of habitats.

P. glandulosa Lindl. Fig. 124-4 Perennial plants, usually less than 4 dm high, from branching coarse rootstocks, glandular-hairy on all green parts. Leaves mainly basal, usually less than 15 cm long, the 5-9 broadly ovate, toothed leaflets widely spaced; stem leaves few and much reduced. Flowering stems erect, the rather few flowers spaced apart on spreading branches. Sepals 4-8 mm long but sometimes nearly doubling in fruit, bractlets smaller; petals creamy white, 7-10 mm long and nearly as broad, rounded; style attached below middle of ovary, fleshy and glandular-tubercular most of its length, which exceeds that of the fruit. A fairly common plant in dry exposed places as high as 2700 m, flowering from mid-May into July. It is often difficult to distinguish from P. arguta with which it intergrades in our area. In addition to the separa tion in the key, P. glandulosa is generally more delicate or wiry and some what more glandular. The common form has been referred to var. pseudorupestris (Rydb.) Breit. (subsp. pseudorupestris (Rydb.) Keck). 538 P. gracilis Dougl. Fig. 125-1 [incl. P. flabelliformis Lehm., P. pulcherrima Lehm.] A large several-stemmed perennial, up to 6 or 7 dm high, from a thick scaly rootcrown, plants light-hairy throughout but lower leaf surface often densely covered with silver matted and longer hairs. Leaves mostly basal, frequently up to 2 dm long or longer, the 5-9 leaflets attached at the tip of the petiole, each up to 8 cm long, the margin toothed or cleft to various depths, often into strap-shaped lobes. Stem leaves few and re duced, stipules long, entire. Flowers numerous, in widely spreading arrangement tending to be flat-topped. Sepals rather broad, bractlets shorter and narrower, petals up to 8 mm long and nearly as wide; shal lowly notched, bright yellow; style rather slender but slightly swollen and tubercular at base, usually as long as or longer than mature greenish fruit. A very common and attractive species, found in a variety of dry to damp, open to shaded habitats all through the Park, from the lowest parts to middle elevations, and flowering from late June to early August. Its great variability has given rise to numerous varietal names, several of which are applicable to Waterton material but which intergrade com pletely.

P. hippiana Lehm. Fig. 125-2 [incl. P. effusa Dougl.] A perennial of felt-like grey appearance, with matted and long whitish hairs on all green parts, upper leaf surface no greener or only a little greener than lower surface; stems several, ascending from stout scaly rootcrown to a height of about 4 dm or less. Leaves mostly basal, up to 2 dm long, about half of which petiole; leaflets mostly 7-11, spread along upper half, lance-shaped, margin coarsely toothed about halfway to mid rib. Stem leaves few and reduced, with frequently deeply cleft or toothed stipules. Flowers in diffuse open arrangement, numerous. Sepals only slightly broader and longer than bractlets, or the latter short and very narrow; petals exceeding sepals, about 8 mm long and nearly as wide, shallowly notched. Style very slender, longer than fruit to which it is at tached just below the tip. A rather easily recognized species of open prairies, occasionally found as high as 2000 m. Flowers during June and July.

P. ledebouriana Porsild Fig. 125-3, Plate 4 [P. uniflora Ledeb.] Very compact perennial, forming solid cushions up to 2.5 dm in diameter, the old leaves and stipules remaining attached to the short stout stems. 125-1 Potentilla gracilis, 125-2 Potentilla hippiana, 125-3 Potentilla ledebouriana, 125-4 Potentilla nivea. 540 Leaves up to 3 cm long, two-thirds or more of which is petiole; leaflets 3, about 1 cm long and somewhat less wide, margin cleft into strap-shaped teeth about halfway to midrib; both leaf surfaces (and other green parts) with long white hairs, lower leaf surface additionally with dense but not really matted white hairs. Flowers 1, more rarely 2, or even 3 per stalk, this with 1 or 2 much reduced leaves and commonly reaching only 5 or 6 cm in height. Sepals about 6 mm long, bractlets shorter and narrower; petals golden yellow, about 1 X 1 cm or less, shallowly notched; style slender but slightly swollen and tubercular at base, somewhat longer than fruit. A splendid alpine plant which may be covered almost completely with its brilliant flowers. It is characteristic of windswept rocky ridges from 2200 to over 2700 m, where it may be seen in flower from early June to mid-July. It is difficult to tell apart from P. nivea (see key) with which it often intermingles. The hair-cover on the lower leaf surface provides a difference which becomes clear only when the two species are compared.

P. nivea L. Fig. 125-4 Dense, perennial alpine plants, forming small compact colonies from short and stout branching stems; plant with long white hairs throughout and additional thick matted white hair on lower leaf surfaces. Leaves basal, up to 7 cm long, most of which is petiole; leaflets 3, up to 2 X 1.5 cm, with sharp marginal teeth commonly less than halfway to midrib. Flower ing stalk up to 1.5 dm long, ascending to erect, with several flowers. Sepals about 4 mm long, bractlets shorter and rather narrow; petals golden yellow, about 7x7 mm and shallowly notched; style rather slender, slightly swollen and tubercular at very base, where attached just below tip of ovary; style slightly longer than fruit. An attractive alpine plant sometimes difficult to distinguish from neighboring P. ledebouriana (see comments above and in key). In the Park it is known from various exposed ridges above 2300 m, where it flowers from early June to late July. The var. pentaphylla Lehm. reported from the Park by Breitung is also known as P. quinquefolia Rydb., to which reference has been made under the generic heading.

P. pensylvanica L. Fig. 126-1 [incl. P. bipinnatiftda Dougl.] Erect perennials, mostly less than 5 dm high, from a stout scaly root crown, with 1 to several stems; green parts variously hairy, sometimes matted-woolly on lower leaf surface. Leaves mostly basal, up to 15 cm long, about half or more of which petiole; leaflets 5-9, along upper part of midrib, 2-8 cm long, deeply cleft into strap-shaped lobes; stem leaves few and reduced, their stipules also deeply cleft. Flowers rather few, in open 541 arrangement. Sepals and bractlets 3-6 mm long, the latter usually shorter and narrower; petals yellow, from slightly shorter to slightly longer than sepals; styles about as long as the mature fruit and attached just below its top, swollen and glandular-tubercular below and tapering to tip. Occasional in lower prairie areas, flowering in June and July. P. bipinnatiftda is sometimes regarded as a separate species on the basis of its shorter petals, smaller leaflet number, and other features.

P. plattensis Nutt. Fig. 126-2 Alpine perennial, from stout, scaly, branched rootstock, densely silver- hairy especially on leaves, with several spreading stems up to 2 dm long. Leaves practically all basal, with short petiole, 2-5 cm long, leaflets 7-15, the larger ones deeply cleft. Stem leaves 1 or 2, much reduced, with simple stipules. Flowers few, on slender long stalks. Sepals about 5 mm long, bractlets much shorter and very narrow; petals bright yellow, about 7X5 mm, rounded or very shallowly notched; styles slender and smooth, somewhat larger than fruit and attached just below its tip. A rather slender species of open and dry ridges and rocky places up to about 2000 m, flowering in May and June. It was previously reported by Breitung as P. ovina Macoun, a species growing to the west of our area, but which probably should be included in P. plattensis.

P. rivalis Nutt. Fig. 126-3 Annual or biennial, with 1 to several ascending or erect, leafy and branching stems from a weak root, mostly 2-5 dm tall; green parts with loose long hairs. Leaves mostly along the stem, the few basal ones soon withering, up to 15 cm long, two-thirds of which is petiole, leaflets 3-5, up to 3 x 2 cm, rather large-toothed less than halfway to midrib, stipules large and simple; leaves gradually reduced upward. Flowers numerous, rather short-stalked; sepals and bractlets broad, about 6 mm long but much enlarging in fruit; petals pale yellow, ovate and rounded, much shorter than sepals; style fleshy especially at base where slightly tuber cular, attached just below tip of fruit and no longer than it. Damp, often somewhat disturbed places, on lake and river shores, at low elevations. An easily identified species, but quite variable, probably mostly according to ecological circumstances. Flowers from June some times into early September.

Prunus (Cherry) Shrubs or small trees, spreading from roots, hairless or nearly so, leaves 1 per node, simple, margin finely toothed, the teeth (and those of the deciduous stipules) gland-tipped. Flowers 126-1 Potentilla pensylvanica, 126-2 Potentilla plattensis, 126-3 Potentilla rivalis, 126-4 Prunus pensylvanica, 126-5 Prunus virginiana. 543 white, stalked, in rounded or elongated clusters; sepals 5, small, greenish, deciduous, petals 5, white, rounded; stamens about 20, often about as long as petals; style 1, about as long as stamens, attached to a single ovary in middle of flower "cup." Fruit a small cherry.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers in narrow elongating clusters subtended by several leaves; leaf teeth sharply pointed; fruit oval, deep red to purple or black. P. virginiana Flowers in small rounded clusters, these not elongating, and lacking green leaves; leaf teeth rounded except for gland; fruit spherical, light red. P. pensylvanica

P. pensylvanica L.f. (Pin Cherry) Fig. 126-4 Shrubs, in our area rarely more than 3 m high, with purplish-brown bark. Leaves with short and slender petioles, the blades hairless or nearly so, 3-8 cm long and no more than half as wide, the marginal teeth fine, rounded on the outside, with conspicuous yellowish or reddish gland at the tip. Flowers in rounded to flat, open clusters of 4-12 each, on slender straight stalks about 2 cm long, the cluster not subtended by green leaves; petals and sepals 5, the former white, about 5 mm long and nearly as wide, rounded. Fruit a spherical light red cherry 4-7 mm in diameter, rather acid. In thickets on the edges of woods, but never very common, usually in rather dry habitats at low elevations, occasionally up to 2000 m. In flower it is superficially reminiscent of Physocarpus malvaceus, which has lobed leaves and dry fruits, and of the following species, differentiated as in the key. Flowers from early May through June, the fruits ripening in August.

P. virginiana L. (Choke Cherry) Fig. 126-5 Shrubs or small trees, occasionally reaching 10 m in height, with dark purple bark. Leaves with stout petioles up to 2 cm long, the blades commonly less than 9x5 cm, the sharp marginal teeth rather straight- sided, the glands at the tip at most very inconspicuous. Flowers on stalks less than 1 cm long, numerous, in an elongated narrow cluster, the base of the cluster with several green leaves. Petals white, about 4 mm long and slightly less wide, rounded. Fruit an ovate cherry, about 8 mm long, purplish black, astringent. A common and well-known plant in damp but open places at lower elevations, rarely up to 2000 m. Flowers in May and June, the fruit ripen- 544 ing in August. In some places, as along the road to Red Rock Canyon, this species is strikingly malformed by a parasitic fungus, Dibotryon morbosum (Schw.) T. & S., which forms hard, dark, irregular masses on the stem. See also comments under P. pensylvanica.

Rosa (Rose) Shrubs, with prickles on stems and lower leaf-midribs, variously but lightly hairy, including short-stalked glandular hairs. Leaves 1 per node, with rather large toothed leaflets along the midrib, and with two large greenish stipules mostly fused with petiole. Flowers large, mostly reddish, solitary or in very small clusters. Sepals 5, large, green, long-tapering; bractlets absent; petals 5; stamens numerous; ovaries numer ous, each slender style with white hairs and terminating in broad stigma. Base of flower a stout urn-shaped structure, the sepals, petals, and stamens attached to its rim, the ovaries to the lower inside, this structure becoming fleshy and red in fruit (the hip), at least the sepals persisting.

KEY TO SPECIES Plants usually less than 4 dm high; leaflets usually 9-11; flowering into August, the flowers on old stems as well as on youngest canes. R. arkansana Plants usually more than 5 dm high; leaflets 5-9; not usually flowering after July, the flowers only on older stems. Prickles just below stipules absent or more or less of the same size as elsewhere on stem; leaflets commonly 5-7 and often 3-4 cm long. R. acicularis Prickles just below stipules usually present, and clearly larger than those elsewhere on stem, if any; leaflets usually 5-9 and 1-3 cm long. R. woodsii

R. acicularis Lindl. (Prickly Rose) Fig. 127-1 Much-branched shrub, usually less than 2 m high, often forming large colonies from the roots; stem densely covered with prickles, those at the nodes more or less equal to others. Leaflets 5-7, most commonly 5, rather coarsely toothed, usually 3-4 cm long. Flowers solitary, petals bright pink, 2-3 cm long; fruit globose to nearly pear-shaped, 1-2 cm long. Damp to somewhat protected places in wooded areas at all lower elevations, flowering from late May to early July. Not always ea.y to distinguish from R. woodsii, the species is the provincial emblem oi Alberta even though it is circumpolar in distribution. 127-1 Rosa acicularis, 127-2 Rosa arkansana, 127-3 Rosa woodsii, 127-4 Rubus arcticus. 546 R. arkansana Porter (Prairie Rose) Fig. 127-2 Plants usually less than 4 dm high, dying back partially each year, and forming diffuse colonies; stems densely covered with thin prickles, those at the nodes similar to others. Leaves usually with 9-11 leaflets, sharply toothed, mostly 1-3 cm long. Flowers solitary or in small clusters; petals from nearly white to deep pink, 2-3 cm long; fruit globose. A dwarf rose from the prairies, known from dry hillsides along the northeast flank of the Park. Flowers from early June into August.

R. woodsii Lindl. (Common Wild Rose) Fig. 127-3 Branching shrub, up to 1.5 m high, spreading into colonies from the roots; stem with scattered prickles, those at nodes (if any) much larger than others. Leaflets usually 5-9 and often rather narrow, 1-3 cm long, rather evenly toothed. Flowers mostly solitary, petals bright pink, 1.5-2 cm long; fruit spherical or nearly so. A very common rose at lower elevations, in ecological preference somewhat between the other two, and not infrequently growing with either. Flowers in June and July.

Rubus Nearly hairless to prickly perennials, spreading from rootstocks. Leaves entire, or divided into several large leaflets, with toothed margins, petioles long. Flowers solitary or in small open clusters, sepals and petals 5 (rarely 6), bractlets absent; stamens numerous; ovaries numerous, on the raised flower-base, each becoming fleshy and juicy with a single em bedded seed, together forming a raspberry-like fruit. A large and difficult genus elsewhere, but with only 4 clearly distinct species in the Park.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves entire. R. parviflorus Leaves divided into leaflets. Plants flowering only from year-old canes, which are variously covered with fine prickles; leaflets 3-5 (often 5 or 7 on new canes); petals white; raspberry. R. idaeus Plants flowering from new growth, always lacking prickles; leaflets 3; petals white to red. Petals less than 10 mm long, white; leaflets sharply pointed. R. pubescens 547 Petals 10-15 mm long, rose-red; especially lateral leaflets often rounded. R. arcticus

R. arcticus L. (Dewberry; Dwarf or Arctic Raspberry) Fig. 127-4 [R. acaulis Michx.] Low perennial, shoots tufted from slender creeping rootstock, up to 1.5 dm tall, very slightly hairy. Leaves 2 to several per stem, up to 10 cm long; leaflets 3, usually broadly ovate, rounded, up to 4 X 3 cm, rather coarsely and irregularly toothed, the lower portion of middle leaflet with smooth and rather straight margin. Flowers usually single and terminal; sepals and petals 5 (or more commonly 6), the former with narrow elongated tip, the latter 10-15 mm long, narrowly elliptical with long-tapered base, rose- colored; stamens of same color as petals, ribbon-like; fruit raspberry-like, reddish, rather small. Known only from boggy margins of beaver ponds on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn., becoming more common further north in the prov ince. Flowers in June and July.

R. idaeus L. (Wild Raspberry) Fig. 128-1 [R. melanolasius Focke] Herbaceous plants, of shrubby appearance, spreading from rootstocks which first produce leafy canes commonly 3-20 dm tall which flower only the second year, especially young stems with small, soft prickles later shed, with strip-like yellow-brown bark, often also glandular-hairy. Leaves mostly with 3 leaflets, on young canes often 5, rarely 7, the leaflets more or less ovate, commonly about 5X2 cm with coarsely toothed margin, the terminal on stalk, petiole several cm long; stipules very slender, ribbon like. Flowers in small open clusters terminating lateral branches; sepals 5, about 1 cm long, slenderly tapering; petals 5, white, about as long as sepals or slightly shorter, narrowly elliptical but tapering to base; stamens numerous, white. Fruit a raspberry. This is the wild relative of the domesticated raspberry, and fre quently indistinguishable from it. It may be found in damp, somewhat protected spots, especially at lower elevations, but surprisingly some times also in scree slopes at higher elevations. Flowers in June and July.

R. parviflorus Nutt. (Thimbleberry) Fig. 128-2 Rather large shrub-like perennials, spreading from rootstocks; newest stems often leafy only, flowering the second year on smaller side-shoots; green parts with gland-tipped hairs (leaf surfaces very sparsely so), here and there with some white hairs. Leaves very large, sometimes up to 30 X 20 cm, petiole up to 10 cm long; blade approximating a maple leaf with 5 128-1 Rubus idaeus, 128-2 Rubus parviflorus, 128-3 Rubus pubescens, 128-4 Sibbaldia procumbens. 549 large lobes, each coarsely and irregularly toothed; largest veins converg ing at base; stipules thin, light green. Flowers in small open clusters; sepals 5, at least 1 cm long, the terminal half slender, strap-shaped; petals 5, white, 1.5-2.5 cm long, very broad, rounded. Fruit raspberry-like, red, rather short and flat. Damp protected places at middle elevations, flowering in late June and July. An unmistakable plant through its large flowers and leaves and its tasty fruit.

R. pubescens Raf. (Dewberry) Fig. 128-3 Perennial, spreading by slender creeping stems, from which erect leafy flowering branches reach up to 2 dm in height, thinly hairy on all green parts, gland-tipped hairs on sepals and nearby parts. Leaves along young creeping stems and upright stems, up to 15 cm long half of which petiole, stipules broad and blunt below, narrow and pointed above; leaflets 3, more or less diamond-shaped but lateral ones asymmetrical, coarsely toothed, with pointed tip; terminal leaflet with 5-10 mm long stalk. Flowers 1-3, usually on upright stems; sepals 5, about 4 mm long, rather broad and pointed; petals 5, about 6-10 mm long, narrowly elliptical with tapered base. Fruit deep red, globose, about 1 cm wide. Damp poplar groves and coniferous woods at lower elevations in the Belly River area and north of Sofa Mtn. and Vimy Peak. The other Dew berry, R. arcticus, is red-flowered, has rounded leaflets, and usually has 6 petals and sepals. Flowers from early June to early July.

Sibbaldia S. procumbens L. Fig. 128-4 Low, creeping, frequently matted alpine plant, sparsely long-hairy, usually much less than 1 dm high. Leaves 1 per node, with large brown stipules, up to 7 cm long, about two-thirds petiole; leaflets 3, nearly wedge-shaped with curved sides and 3 prominent terminal teeth. Flowers several in open cluster, among leaves or nearly so; sepals green, broad, about 3 mm long but enlarging somewhat in fruit; bractlets narrow, much shorter; petals yellow, elliptical, about half as long as sepals; stamens 5, alternating with petals; ovaries mostly 5-15, the slender style attached to its side; fruit dry, ovate, slightly more than 1 mm long. An inconspicuous plant preferring exposed stable slopes above 2200 m and flowering in June and July.

Sorbus (Mountain Ash) Low shrubs, with 1 leaf per node, these with numerous leaflets along midrib, margins toothed, stipules simple. Flowers in 550 rather large flat-topped or slightly rounded clusters; sepals 5, triangular, green, persistent, bractlets absent; petals 5, white, broadly ovate to elliptic, tapering below; stamens 15-25, shorter than petals; styles 2-5, attached to an ovary mostly below the petals which develops into a mealy orange to reel berry. The two native species are similar to, but much smaller than the European Mountain Ash (Rowan Tree) which is frequently planted but grows into a tree. Our species appear to be much less distinct than reported in other works.

KEY TO SPECIES Winter buds, expanding stems and smallest flower stalks sparsely white-hairy; leaflets 9-13, sharp-tipped, usually less than one-third as broad as long. S. scopulina Winter buds, expanding stems, and smallest flower stalks sparsely or densely rusty-hairy; leaflets 7-11, mostly blunt-tipped, usually at least one-third as broad as long. S. sitchensis

S. scopulina Greene Fig. 129-1 Sparsely branched shrubs, 1-4 m high; leaflets most commonly 11-13, about 5X2 cm, lance-shaped with sharp tip, as a rule at least 3 times as long as wide; white hairs on young growth, flower stalks and especially winter buds. Flowers and fruits as described above, the berries nearly 1 cm in diameter, orange to scarlet, without waxy bloom. The more common Mountain Ash iii the Park, found in damp shaded sites at middle elevations, sometimes becoming nearly alpine. Flowers in June and July, with a strong, sweet fragrance.

S. sitchensis Roemer Fig. 129-2 [S. occidentalis (Wats.) Greene] Very similar to S. scopulina, differing mostly as in the key. The leaflets tend to be fewer, blunter, and broader than that species. Berries 1 cm in diameter, more distinctly red, and with a waxy bloom. Known from the Bertha and Alderson Lake areas, but rare.

Spiraea (Spiraea; Meadowsweet) Small shrubs, hairless or nearly so, from rootstocks, some times growing somewhat like perennials; leaves entire, toothed, lacking stipules. Flowers small, and numerous, in 129-1 Sorbus scopulina, 129-2 Sorbus sitchensis, 129-3 Spiraea betulifolia, 129-4 Spiraea densiflora. 552 rounded to flat-topped terminal clusters; sepals 5, bractlets lacking; petals 5, red or white; stamens 15 or more, prominent; ovaries commonly 5, the styles shorter than the stamens, each ovary growing into a small, few-seeded pod.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers (including stamens) red; leaves up to 4 X 2 cm, marginal teeth 1 mm or less. S. densiflora Flowers creamy white; leaves up to 8 X 4 cm, marginal teeth often 2 mm or more. S. betulifolia

S. betulifolia Pall. Fig. 129-3 [S. lucida Hook.] Rigidly erect, small shrub, stems widely spaced through rootstocks, rarely reaching more than 1 m in height, twigs cinnamon brown. Leaves up to 8 X 4 cm, broadly lance-shaped to ovate, the far half with coarse marginal teeth. Flowers creamy; petals more or less ovate, about 2 mm long. Common in rather dry woods, but also in damper sites such as streambanks, up to 2000 m. Flowers from late June to early August. Many flowers are often malformed into green swollen insect galls which can be mistaken for fruits.

S. densiflora Nuttall Fig. 129-4 Shrubs up to 1.5 m high, much-branched and densely clustered, twigs light brown becoming chestnut brown. Leaves up to 4 X 2 cm, the far half with rather small marginal teeth. Flowers and stamens red; petals ovate, 1.5-2 mm long. A very attractive but rare species known from several boggy places in the Park, all between 1800 and 2200 m, and each representing small, localized populations; apparently not found elsewhere in Alberta. Our plants may be assigned to var. splendens (Baum.) Hitchc. Flowers from late June to early August.

Rubiaceae (Madder Family) Galium (Bedstraw) Perennial plants, from underground rootstocks, stems some what 4-angled; leaves simple, without petiole, in pairs or 553 whorls of 4-8. Flower clusters branched; flowers small, sepals absent, petals 3 or 4, distinct, crowning the ovary; stamens as many as petals, alternating with them; styles 2. Fruit dry, of two 1-seeded, rounded, densely bristly or smooth parts. In addition to the species below, the annual G. bifolium Watson may possibly occur in the Park, as it grows in the West Castle River drainage, the only documented locality in the province. It is a slender, erect annual with 2 or 4 leaves per whorl, hairless, with solitary axillary flowers, the fruits nodding and with hooked hairs. It should be looked for in the shade of alders and other plants on moist rocky slopes between 1800 and 2300 m. The weedy annual G. aparine L. is also to be expected on disturbed, moist ground at lower eleva tions; it is generally similar to G. triflorum but coarser, with straight ovary hairs and abundant stiff down-curved hairs on leaves and stems.

KEY TO SPECIES Ovary with white hairs; larger leaves more than 2 cm long, tips sharply pointed. Ovary hairs hooked; stems not erect; larger leaves in whorls of 5 or 6; flowers mostly in groups of 3. G. triflorum Ovary hairs straight; stems erect; larger leaves in whorls of 4; flowers in larger groups. G. boreale Ovary hairless; leaves less than 2 cm long, tips rounded. G. trifidum

G. boreale L. (Northern Bedstraw) Fig. 130-1 Erect plant, very short-hairy on leaf margins and nodes, mostly less than 5 dm high, from slender rootstocks, usually with smaller lateral branches; leaves in whorls of 4, the largest up to 45 X 6 mm, very narrowly lance- shaped, with 3 prominent veins. Upper part of plant profusely branched, bearing numerous white flowers. Petals 4, 1.5 mm long, fused at the base and crowning the densely white-hairy ovary. Mature fruit-half about 1 mm wide and slightly longer, brownish with dense white hairs. A ubiquitous plant in a great variety of open and slightly shaded habitats, dry or moist, up to at least 2400 m. Flowers from late June into August.

G. trifidum L. (Small Bedstraw) Fig. 130-2 A very delicate perennial, with weak, somewhat branching stems up to 3 130-1 Galium boreale, 130-2 Galium trifidum, 130-3 Galium triflorum, 130-4 Populus balsamifera, 130-5 Populus tremuloides. 555 dm long, leaf margins and stem ridges with very short, downward-point ing hairs. Leaves in fours, mostly 10x2 mm or less, very narrowly ellip tic with one vein. Flowers in axillary, long-stalked groups of up to 3; petals 3, white, about 0.5 mm long and wide; ovary shorter than petals, hairless and smooth; fruit brown, smooth and round, slightly larger than 1 mm. An inconspicuous plant of moist spots, often in the shade, known from Cameron Lake and the Belly River area, but likely to exist else where. Flowers from June into August.

G. triflorum Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw) Fig. 130-3 Perennial, with weak, sparsely branched or unbranched stems sometimes up to 1 m long, with sparse short hairs only along leaf margins and stem ridges. Leaf whorls of 5 or 6, far apart; leaves up to 4 X 1 cm, narrowly lance-shaped, 1-veined. Flowers 3 per long-stalked axillary group; petals 4, whitish-green, often with purple tinge, 1.5 mm long, on ovary about as long, covered with white hooked hairs, the hairy fruit becoming 2-3 mm long. Moist and shaded habitats throughout the Park, at lower and middle elevations; flowering in mid-summer.

Salicaceae (Willow Family) Trees or shrubs (in some willows creeping or matted on ground), leaves simple, 1 per node, with stipules but these often falling early. Flowers unisexual and on separate plants, arranged in expanding catkins, each flower solitary in axil of a bract-like scale; sepals and petals absent; stamens 1 to many, distinct; pistil 1, stigmas 2-4 (often 2-lobed), the ovary 1-chambered, maturing into a small capsule splitting from the tip into 2-4 segments and releasing numerous minute seeds, each with tuft of silky hair.

KEY TO GENERA Trees (at least at lower elevations); winter buds often resinous, with several scales; stamens usually several to more than 10 per flower; flowers on broad cup-like basal disk also recognizable in fruit. Populus 556 Mostly shrubs; winter buds non-resinous, with one scale each; stamens few, typically 2 per flower; flowers and fruits without basal disks. Salix

Populus (Poplar) Trees, sometimes remaining shrubby at high elevations, the bark at first smooth but eventually becoming deeply furrowed at least at the base of the tree; buds often resinous, scented in spring. Leaves relatively broad, margins toothed or scalloped, stipules falling early. Flowers in drooping catkins, expanding with or just before the leaves, wind-pollinated; flower scales with lacerate or lobed margin; stamens usually several to many; ovary conical to ovoid; all flowers with broad cup- shaped disk below; stigmas 2-4; fruit opening by means of 2-4 slits.

KEY TO SPECIES Petioles flattened laterally; leaf-blades about as wide as long, tending to be circular in outline except for the small tip; bark of young tree smooth, pale green, becoming furrowed and nearly black below in age. P. tremuloides Petioles not so flattened, rather cylindrical; leaf- blades much longer than wide, more or less ovate; bark of young and old trees greyish, eventually very deeply furrowed. P. balsamifera

P. balsamiferaL. (Black Cottonwood; Western Balsam Poplar) Fig. 130-4 [P. trichocarpa T. & G.] Trees up to about 20 m high (much taller elsewhere), the bark becoming deeply furrowed and grey rather early, younger bark greyish often with tinge of yellow. Leaf-blades longer than wide, gradually tapering to a sharp point, more or less ovate, lower surface conspicuously lighter than upper surface and often brown-streaked with resin, 6-12 cm long, petiole not flattened laterally. Stigmas 3; fruit stout, short-hairy. A well-known tree along creek-beds and shores of rivers and lakes at low elevations, or in seepage areas. Expanding buds are strongly balsam- scented. The trees are referred to as P. trichocarpa in most treatments but probably are better called P. balsamifera L. subsp. trichocarpa (T. & G.) Brayshaw. 557 P. tremuloides Michx. (Trembling Aspen) Fig. 130-5 Trees up to 20 or 25 m high, young bark light greyish-green, base of older trees developing coarsely furrowed, nearly black bark. Leaf-blades rather small and more or less round in outline except for small tip (often quite blunt); petioles laterally flattened, relatively long, resulting in "quaking" movement; fruit slenderly conical, 3-5 mm long, warty. A very common and well-known tree at low elevations, usually form ing groves by suckering from the roots; occasionally dwarfed plants may be found on protected slopes just below timberline.

Salix (Willow) Shrubs (in our area only rarely small trees), of moist cool habi tats, some alpine species very low and creeping; winter buds covered by one single dry scale each; terminal buds absent. Leaves 1 per node, often with stipules which may fall away early, with petioles, the blade simple, margin smooth to some what toothed; leaves and twigs variously hairy or hairless. Flowers in more or less erect catkins emerging before or with (after) the leaves, minute, unisexual and on separate indi viduals, pollinated by insects and wind, each flower in axil of a usually hairy scale-like bract that may persist or be shed early; petals and sepals lacking, but one or more nectar glands present at the base. Male flower consisting of 2 stamens (3 or more in S. lasiandra and S. serissima) with elongated filaments; female flower with elongated, often stalked ovary tapering into slender style with forked stigma. Fruit a small pod splitting into 2 valves to release the numerous minute downy seeds. A notoriously difficult genus, partly because of the fact that the characteristics needed to properly identify a species are often not available at any one time or on any one individ ual, and partly because of excessive variability and reproduc tive irregularities in some species. The key and descriptions below are adapted from Catkin-Bearing Plants of British Columbia by T.C. Brayshaw of the British Columbia Provin cial Museum, that author also having allowed me to use his illustrations. The key goes far in avoiding (or at least postpon ing) some of the above pitfalls, but reference to species de scriptions and, if possible, authenticated specimens is strongly advised. After the treatment below had been completed, Dr. George Argus pointed out that S. barclayi Andersson, a species rather similar to S. commutata, is also known from the Park. 558

KEY TO SPECIES Low-growing dwarf shrubs of alpine tundra, with prostrate or subterranean rooting branches, often forming loose mats; flowers and leaves developing simultaneously, or flowers later. Leaf veins usually strongly impressed and raised on upper and lower surfaces, respectively; leaf bluish below, its margin curled; glands 2 (or 1 forked) per flower, fruit normally hairy. S. nivalis Leaf veins not or only lightly impressed-raised; glands usually 1 per flower. S. arctica Normally small trees or shrubs at least 20 cm high (sometimes depressed in exposed alpine situations), the branches not rooting. Colonial shrub of beaches or river banks, with erect shoots from long horizontal roots; leaf pale greyish-green; petiole 3 mm long or less; catkin on leafy branchlets. S. exigua Non-colonial shrubs or trees with single rootcrowns. Leaves lance-shaped, sometimes broader above the middle blade, usually sharp-tapered at tip and sharp to rounded at base, margin with fine and even teeth, shiny above even when hairy; twigs and buds usually yellowish; fruit smooth; tall shrubs or trees. Leaf with minute glands at junction of petiole and blade; stipules conspicuous; bracts often falling early; floral glands 2, stamens 5. Leaf blade broadest at or below middle, long-tapered or sharp at tip; catkins 5 cm or more long. S. lasiandra Leaf blade broadest above middle, sharp- tipped; catkins usually no more than 3.5 cm long. S. serissima Leaf without glands at junction of petiole and blade; floral gland 1. S. rigida Leaves various, but not with the above combination of characteristics; twigs and buds usually not yellow; bracts persistent. 559 Underside of mature leaves concealed by densely matted white hairs. S. Candida Underside of mature leaves smooth, or if with hairs these not matted and concealing the surface. Leaf blade broadly elliptic, veins net-like, deeply impressed and raised on upper and lower surfaces, respectively, the latter whitened with abundant long silky hairs; floral glands 2. S. vestita Leaf blade otherwise. Mature leaf with persistent band of short hairs on upper side of midvein and petiole; fruit hairless. Leaves ovate to slenderly lance-shaped, often broadest above the middle, at least 3.5 times as long as wide; stipules often large, round or ovate; fruit stalk usually at least 2 mm long. S. rigida Leaves elliptic, or ovate and broadest above the middle, no more than 3 times as long as wide; fruit stalk usually no more than 2 mm long. Mature leaf equally hairy on both sides, or hairless; catkins formed after the leaves, on leafy branches. S. commutata Mature leaf hairless below, upper surface losing most or nearly all hairs, or with persistent hairs; if hairless, catkins early. S. monticola Mature leaf not differently hairy on the upper side of midvein from rest of leaf surface, or if so the fruit normally hairy. Mature leaf satiny beneath with appressed, parallel, lustrous hairs. Twig with distinctive bluish-grey waxy bloom, hairless. S. drummondiana Twig not so. S. bebbiana Mature leaf hairless beneath, or with hairs which are not appressed, parallel, or lustrous. 560 Mature leaf green and hairless beneath. Twig dark brown to purplish; bract 3-5 mm long, yellow to pale brown, hairy at base, hairless at tip; fruit 9-12 mm long, hoary; stamens hairy at base. S. maccalliana Twig greenish to yellowish-brown; bract at most 1 mm long, brown to black-hairy; fruit 3-6 mm long, hairless; stamens hairless. S. myrtillifolia Mature leaf bluish-green and hairless to slightly hairy beneath. • Mature leaf hairless beneath. Bract light brown throughout; fruit stalk 2-5 mm long. S. bebbiana Bract dark at least at tip. Bract dark at tip, pale below. Twig purplish; leaf blade more or less obliquely 4-sided, 3 to 5 times as long as wide; fruit hairy; catkins preceding leaves, without stalk or nearly so. S. planifolia Twig reddish-brown; leaf blade elliptic to lance-shaped, 2 to 3 times as long as wide; fruit hairless; catkins on leafy branchlets. S. hastata Bract dark throughout. Mature twig (sometimes sparsely) greyish-hairy or, if hairless, the blade distinctly inverted-ovate, blunt to rounded at tip and tapering to base; fruit stalk 0.5-1.5 mm long; style at most 0.5 mm long. S. scouleriana Twig hairless or becoming so at maturity. Blade tapering to base; fruit hairy; catkins preceding leaves. Blade 2-4 times as long as wide, sharp-tipped, usually dull 561 above, smooth-margined or with coarse blunt teeth; fruit stalk 1.4-2.4 mm long; style 0.8 mm long; stamens hairy at base. S. discolor Blade 3-5 times as long as wide, shiny above, with smooth or finely toothed margin; stamens hairless; style 0.5-1.8 mm long. S. planifolia Blade with rounded to heart- shaped base; fruit hairless. S. monticola • Mature leaf with at least some hairiness beneath. Leaves pale or greyish-green above even when not densely hairy; fruit usually greyish-hairy. Petiole 4-10 mm long and exceeding its bud; catkins 3-5 cm long, densely flowered. S. glauca Petiole 1-4 mm long, often shorter than its bud; catkins usually shorter than S. glauca or loosely flowered if as long. S. brachycarpa Leaves deep or bright green above. Blade lance-shaped, 3-8 times as long as wide, sharp-tipped. S. planifolia Blade elliptic, or ovate to lance- shaped and broadest above the middle, 2-3 times as long as wide, with sharp or rounded tip. Bract pale brown or yellowish, usually shorter than the 2-5 mm long fruit stalk; stamens hairy. S. bebbiana Bract medium brown to black, about as long as or longer than fruit stalk; stamens hairless, or sparsely hairy at base. S. scouleriana

S. arctica Pallas Fig. 131-1 A dwarf shrub, often matted, greyish-green. Leaves 2-8 cm long, more or 131-1 Salix arctica, 131-2 Salix bebbiana, 131-3 Salix brachycarpa. 563 less lance-shaped to elliptic, smooth-margined, hairless at least at matur ity, paler beneath, petioles 4-12 mm long. Stipules minute or lacking. Catkins on leafy shoots, the male and female up to 5 and 9 cm long, re spectively. Bracts about 2 mm long, brown to black, long-hairy. Stamens 2, hairless; fruit 6-10 mm long, slightly hairy when mature; stalk very short or lacking; style up to 2 mm long, red-tinged. Alpine meadows above 2200 m, often near late-melting snow. A variable species, often subdivided into many subspecies.

S. bebbiana Sargent (Bebb's or Beaked Willow) Fig. 131-2 Coarse shrub or small tree, of greyish-green appearance, the crown narrow, its branches ascending; twigs thinly to densely hairy, bark later grey-brown, eventually becoming fissured. Stipules small and shed early on most branches, but large, broad, and persisting on vigorous shoots. Leaf blade smooth-margined, lance-shaped but often wider above the middle, 4-8 cm long, 2-3 times as long as wide, thin, greyish or bluish green beneath and variably hairy, green and eventually hairless above. Catkins before or with leaves, on short branches with small leaves, the male and female about 2 and 3-5 cm long, respectively. Bracts light brown to yellowish, hairy. Stamens 2, hairy at base; fruit 5-9 mm long, usually thinly short-hairy, stalk 2-5 mm long, surpassing the bract; style very short or none. A rather common willow at low elevations, the female striking because of its long-stalked fruit.

S. brachycarpa Nuttall Fig. 131-3 Small shrub, up to 1 m high, greyish-green, twigs grey-hairy over a chestnut-brown surface, becoming smooth and in later years finely grey- barked. Stipules usually small, shedding. Leaf blade mostly 1-3 cm long, 2-4 times as long as wide, lance-shaped, smooth-margined, densely hairy beneath with long straight hairs, above hairy or hairless at maturity; petiole up to 3 mm long, often shorter than bud. Catkins before or with leaves, on short leafy branches, often nearly spherical, the male and female 1-1.5 cm and 1.5-2 cm long, respectively. Bracts greenish to light brown, often dark-tipped, hairy. Stamens 2, hairy below; fruit without stalk 3-5 mm long, grey-woolly, style short. A common willow at middle elevations, our material belonging to subsp. brachycarpa.

S. Candida Willd. (Hoary Willow) Fig. 132-1 Shrub, up to 1.5 m high, grey, twigs with dense appressed white hair against dark stem later becoming smooth, yellow and grey. Vigorous 564 shoots with large persistent stipules. Leaves lance-shaped, the margins nearly parallel, smooth; petioles 5-10 mm long, hairy; blade 4.5-15 cm long, 4-10 times as long as wide, white-felty beneath, hairy mostly on veins above, the two surfaces in striking color contrast. Catkins with the leaves in spring, on short stalks or nearly stalkless, with or without small leaves. Bracts brown, woolly. Stamens 2, hairless, the anthers dark purple; fruit 6-7 mm long, densely short-hairy, very short-stalked; style less than 2 mm long, dark reddish. A striking but apparently rare willow, known in the Park only from beaver ponds along the Chief Mtn. road.

S. commutata Bebb. Fig. 132-2 Shrub, up to 3 m high, the dark twigs with hairy covering. Stipules large and green, eventually falling. Leaf elliptic to more or less lance-shaped, with rounded base and variable tip, more or less smooth-margined, pale green on both sides, somewhat hairy when young but becoming smooth except for a band of persistent hairs on upper midvein and petiole, blade 4-8 cm long, and a third to two-thirds times as wide; petiole 3-10 mm long. Catkins in summer when leaves mature or earlier, on leafy twigs, the male and female 1.5-3 cm and 3-6 cm long, respectively. Bracts light brown, small, with long tangled hair. Stamens 2, hairless; fruit 3-6 mm long, more or less hairless, often reddish, the stalk up to 1.5 mm long; style about as long as stalk. Apparently limited to the southwestern corner of the province, known from boggy areas such as those near Cameron Lake.

S. discolor Muhl. (Pussy Willow) Fig. 132-3 Coarse shrub or small tree, with twigs hairless or becoming so. Stipules prominent only on vigorous shoots. Leaves 3-10 cm long and 1-3 cm wide, more or less lance-shaped but often widest above middle, sharp at both ends, margin smooth or shallowly scalloped, hairless or with thin brown ish hairs when young; waxy beneath; petioles 0.5-3 cm long. Catkins before leaves, short-stalked, leafless or nearly so, the male up to 5 cm, the female elongating to 12 cm and becoming 3 cm thick in fruit. Bracts dark, long-hairy. Stamens 2, short-hairy near the base; fruit 5-12 mm long, short-hairy, on stalk about 2 mm long; style less than 1 mm long. Rather common along the shore of Waterton Lake, and probably else where at low elevations.

S. drummondiana Barratt Fig. 132-4 Shrubs, up to 4 m high, twigs with smooth dark purplish-brown bark often with waxy bloom. Stipules slender and small, falling early. Leaves 132-1 Salix Candida, 132-2 Salix commutata, 132-3 Salix discolor, 132-4 Salix drummondiana. 566 more or less lance-shaped, 4-9 cm long, 3-6 times as long as wide, sharp at both ends, margin smooth or nearly so, dark green and very finely hairy above, whitish and satiny-hairy below. Catkins before leaves, male 1-3 cm long, female in fruit up to 8 X 1 cm, nearly without stalk and mostly leafless. Bract dark, long-hairy. Stamens 2, hairless; fruit 4-5 mm long, with short appressed hairs, stalk and style each about 1.4 mm long. Middle and higher elevations, frequently along running water.

S. exigua Nutt. (Sandbar Willow) Fig. 133-1 [incl. S. interior Rowlee, S. melanopsis Nutt.) Colonial shrubs, up to 3 m high, spreading from the roots, the slender stems grey to greyish-brown, normally finely hairy at least when young. Stipules minute, not persisting. Leaves very long and slender, up to 15 cm long and 5-20 times as long as wide, with sharp ends, margin smooth or nearly so; petioles 2-4 mm long. Catkins after or with the leaves, with rather small leaves below, slender, several cm long. Bracts yellowish, hairy, usually shedding early. Stamens 2, rather long-hairy below; fruit 3-8 mm long, stalk 1 mm or less long; style none. A distinctive willow of sand and gravel bars along rivers and larger creeks.

S. glauca L. Fig. 133-2 Small shrub, of pale greyish-green appearance, the twigs grey-hairy when young. Size and persistence of stipules variable. Leaves lance-shaped, margin entire or nearly so, grey-hairy when young but becoming almost hairless when mature, pale green above and pale waxy-green beneath; petioles 4-10 mm long. Catkins with leaves in spring, on leafy twigs, male and female up to 4 and 5 cm long when mature. Bracts brownish, with short or long hairs. Stamens 2, with or without hairs at base. Fruit white- hairy or becoming nearly hairless, stalk no longer than 1.5 mm, style shorter. A variable species, our plants apparently belonging to var. villosa (Hooker) Andersson; mostly on rather moist open slopes at rather high elevations.

S. hastata L. Fig. 133-3 [incl. S. farrae Ball] Shrub, up to 2 m high, twigs yellowish, finely hairy, later becoming smooth, reddish-brown. Stipules small or absent. Leaf blade more or less lance-shaped, 3-7 cm long, 2-3 times as long as wide, more or less smooth- margined, pale yellowish-green above, slightly waxy beneath. Catkins on leafy twigs; the male and female up to 3 and 3.5 cm long, respectively, the 133-1 Salix exigua, 133-2 Salix glauca, 133-3 Salix hastata, 133-4 Salix lasiandra. 568 latter up to 6 cm long in fruit. Bracts about 1 mm long, dark-tipped, with sparse, long hairs or without. Stamens 2, hairless, fruit 4-6 mm long or longer, hairless, its stalk about 1 mm long; style about 0.5 mm long. Subalpine areas of southwestern Alberta, but rare; known from boggy thickets on the lower east slope of Sofa Mtn. Our plants are said to belong to var. farrae (Ball) Hulten; the correct name for the species may be S. farrae Ball (Dr. George Argus, personal communication).

S. lasiandra Benth. (Pacific Willow) Fig. 133-4 [incl. S. caudata (Nutt.) Heller] Large shrub or small tree, 4-8 m high, twigs yellow, bark becoming brown and then fissured, yellowish-brown. Stipules prominent and broad, eventually shedding, petiole 3-15 mm long, with stalked glands near blade. Leaf blade lance-shaped, 5-15 cm long, large ones long- tapering at tip, rather abruptly contracted at base, shiny above, margin very finely toothed. Catkins with leaves in the spring, their short branches with small leaves, the male and female up to 7 and 12 cm long, respec tively; axis hairy. Bract yellowish, hairy, shedding early. Stamens 3-8 (usually 5), hairy at base; fruit hairless, 4-8 mm long, the stalk and style 1 mm long each. Rare, but known from several trees in moist poplar woods near the main gate. Several varieties have been described.

S. maccalliana Rowlee Fig. 134-1 Erect shrub, up to 2 m high, branches becoming dark purplish-brown. Stipules minute or absent. Leaf blade elliptic to lance-shaped or nar rower, up to 8 X 2.5 cm, with rounded or sharp tip and base, finely hairy when young only, margin mostly finely scalloped, bright and paler green above and below, respectively, with short yellowish midrib, somewhat leathery when mature. Catkins with leaves in spring, with rather small narrow blunt leaves, the male and female up to 2-3 X 1.5 cm and 5x2 cm, respectively. Bract 3-5 mm long, yellowish brown, sparsely hairy below. Stamens 2, hairy on lower half; fruit up to 12 mm long, densely hairy, the stalk up to 2 mm long; style 1 mm long. Beaver ponds at Sofa Mtn.; apparently infrequent.

S. monticola Bebb Fig. 134-2 [incl. S. pseudomonticola Ball, S. padophylla Rydb.] Shrub, 1-4 m high, twigs hairy and yellowish green, becoming dark reddish-brown and hairless. Stipules 1-12 mm long, hairless; petiole 6-20 mm long, often reddish. Leaf blade elliptic to more or less lance-shaped but base distinctly rounded or even heart-shaped, tip broadly pointed; 134-1 Salix maccalliana, 134-2 Salix monticola, 134-3 Salix myrtillifolia, 134-4 Salix nivalis, 134-5 Salix planifolia. 570 margin shallowly lobed; upper surface of petiole and adjacent midrib finely hairy. Catkins before leaves, at most on short stalk with very small leaves, 4-9 cm long. Bracts 1-2.5 mm long, sparsely long-hairy on both sides. Stamens 2, hairless; fruit hairless, about 6 mm long, brown, its stalk 1-2 mm long; style about 1 mm long. Occasional in the main valleys at lower elevations; our material appears to belong to var. padophylla (Rydb.) Brayshaw. Dr. George Argus considers the correct name for this species to be S. pseudomonticola Ball.

5- myrtillifolia Anderss. Fig. 134-3 [incl. S. pseudocordata (Anderss.) Rydb., S. novae-angliae Anderss.] Small shrub, up to 1.5 m high, with erect to spreading brownish branches, the young twigs green. Stipules variable or lacking; petiole mostly 3-5 mm long. Leaf blade small, 1-5 cm long, elliptic to lance-shaped, with finely toothed margin, typically blunt at both ends, bright green and more or less hairless on both sides. Catkins with leaves in spring, on short small-leaved twigs, the male and female 1.5-2.5 cm and 2-3 cm long, re spectively. Bract less than 1 mm long, brown with short or long hairs. Stamens 2, hairless; fruit 3-6 mm long, rather short, hairless, on short stalk. A willow of bogs and similar wet places at low elevations.

S. nivalis Hooker Fig. 134-4 [S. reticulata L. var. nivalis (Hook.) Kelso] Matted dwarf-shrub, usually no more than a few cm above ground, rooting from the stem. Stipules minute or none; petiole slender, red or yellow, up to 7 mm long. Leaf blade broadly elliptical but often broadest above middle, rounded to notched at tip; blade 0.5-3 cm long, hairless, upper and lower surface dark and waxy green, respectively, the net-like veins prominent especially below; margin smooth, slightly curled under. Catkins terminal, following and beyond leaves, very small, with up to 25 flowers. Bract with or without hairs, 1-2 mm long. Stamens 2, hairy at base; fruit without stalk, 2-4 mm long when mature, grey-hairy, style 0.5-1 mm long. A remarkable dwarf willow, Iput often not recognized as a willow. Moist and stable exposed alpine meadows above 2200 m.

S. planifolia Pursh Fig. 134-5 Shrub, up to 4 m high, the sparsely hairy purplish twigs becoming hair less in age. Stipules variable. Leaf blades more or less lance-shaped, sharp-tipped, margin smooth or finely toothed, more or less hairless, 2-5-7 cm long, 3-5 times as long as wide, shiny and waxy green above and beneath, respectively. Catkins before the leaves, the stalk absent or short 571 with very small leaves, the male and female 1.5-3.5 cm and up to 7 cm long, respectively. Bract blackish at least above, hairy. Stamens 2, hair less; fruit 5-8 mm long, short-hairy, its stalk 1 mm long or less; style 1-2 mm long. A complex species of lake shores and river banks at low elevations. Our material apparently belongs to subsp. planifolia (S. phyllicifolia L. subsp. planifolia (Pursh) Hiitonen).

S. rigida Muhl. Fig. 135-1 [incl. S. lutea Nutt., S. mackenzieana (Hook.) Barratt] Tall shrub, up to 4 m or more tall, branches yellow-brown. Stipules most ly conspicuous, kidney-shaped. Leaf blade lance-shaped, 3.5-10 cm long, 2-4 times as long as wide, with finely toothed margin, hairless but often with fine hairs along top of petiole and adjacent midrib, sharp-tipped, base rounded or heart-shaped. Catkins before leaves, on short stalks with 2-3 very small leaves, male and female 2-5 cm and 3-5 cm long, respec tively, the axis often with wavy hairs 2-3 mm long. Bract about 1 mm long. Stamens 2, hairless, the basal half of the filaments joined; fruit 3-7 mm long, hairless, its stalk 1-4 mm long, also hairless; style about 0.5 mm long. A very complex species, frequently subdivided; for details, see Bray- Shaw's treatment as cited under the generic description. Shores at low elevations.

S. scouleriana Barratt Fig. 135-2 Rather coarse shrub or small tree, up to 8 m high. Stipules small, pointed, mostly shedding early. Leaf blade somewhat lance-shaped but clearly broadest above middle, often rounded or blunt at tip and striking ly tapered at base, variable in size, margin more or less smooth, usually hairless above at maturity but brown-hairy at least when young beneath. Catkins normally before the leaves and stalkless, the male and female 2-4 cm and 2-6 cm long, respectively. Bract dark, 4-5 mm long, with long straight hairs. Stamens 2, with no or few hairs near the base; fruit 5-8 mm long, short-hairy, the stalk up to 1 mm long, style shorter. A rather distinct willow, common at lower elevations, often in open forest.

S. serissima (Bailey) Fern. (Autumn Willow) Fig. 135-3 Shrubs, up to 4 m high, twigs hairless, shiny, yellowish-brown. Petiole with small glands near blade. Leaf blade 5-10 cm long, 3-4 times as long as wide, more or less lance-shaped but often widest above the middle, hairless, dark green above and waxy green beneath; tip sharp, base rounded to sharp, margin finely toothed. Catkins before or with leaves, on 135-1 Salix rigida, 135-2 Salix scouleriana, 135-3 Salix serissima, 135-4 Salix vestita. 573 leafy branches, the male and female 1-2 cm and 2-3.5 cm long, respec tively, and up to about 2 cm thick. Bract yellowish, short-haired, up to 2.5 mm long, shedding early. Stamens usually 5, the filaments thinly hairy below; fruit hairless, up to 10 mm long, stalk 1-2 mm long; style less than 0.5 mm long. Very similar to S. lasiandra but leaf-tips less slenderly tapered, the blades widest above the middle, and a few other features. Known from the lower Belly River and Waterton River areas.

S. vestita Pursh. (Rock Willow) Fig. 135-4 Rather gnarled dwarf-shrub, up to 1 m high, twigs with or without hairs, becoming smooth and dark brown, later grey. Stipules none; buds very large. Leaf blade elliptic, 2.5-9 cm long, often broadest above middle, tip rounded, base often somewhat tapered; margin shallowly lobed, curled under, upper and lower surface bright and pale green, respectively, the veins very prominent, giving a leathery appearance, silky-hairy below. Catkins following leaves terminal, 2-4 cm long. Bract brown, 1-1.5 mm long, hairy. Stamens 2, hairy at base; fruit ovate, greyish-hairy, 3-5 mm long, scarcely tapered, style nearly absent. A distinctive alpine willow; occupying moist open habitats above 2200 m. Our plants may be, assigned to var. erecta Anderss.

Santalaceae (Sandalwood Family) Leaves lacking stipules, 1 per node, on upright annual stems attached to long underground rootstocks, these bearing roots with pale brown to white sucker-like organs by means of which roots, etc., of other plants are attacked; tip of rootstocks bent back. Petioles more or less absent, blade simple, margin smooth. Flowers in terminal branched clusters or in a few very small axillary clusters; sepals absent; petals 5, persis tent, distinct, or basally fused into a cup, on the lobed rim of which are 5 short stamens axillary to petals, each petal with a tuft of hairs behind the stamen; ovary below petals, topped by a single style and simple stigma. Fruit 1-seeded, berry-like, with abundant, white nutritive tissue.

KEY TO GENERA Flowers in axillary groups of 3-4, below stem tips; leaves thin, bright green, blunt-tipped; fruit scarlet. Geocaulon 574 Flowers in branched, terminal clusters; leaves bluish-green, somewhat leathery, sharp-tipped; fruit greenish. Comandra

Comandra C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. (Bastard Toadflax) Fig. 136-1 [C. pallida A. DC] A hairless, blue-green perennial, sometimes somewhat clustered, spread ing from a thick white rootstock often blue when broken, plants reaching 1-2 dm in height; stems mostly of 2 types, unbranched, sterile ones and flowering ones which branch above. Leaves numerous, lance-shaped, mostly 1-3 cm long and less than one-third as wide. Flowers in rounded or flat-topped cluster, whitish-green, often with pink tinge; petals 5, about 2 mm long, separate above, fused into small funnel below which surmounts the conical ovary and is continuous with it; style arising from a depressed 5-lobed disk. Fruit a round green, rather dry berry 4-8 mm in diameter. A common plant of dry open places at lower elevations. Flowering starts by the middle of May at low elevations, but since flowers do not change obviously afterwards, it is difficult to determine the close of the flowering period. Plants of the Park belong to ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl.

Geocaulon G. lividum (Richards.) Fernald Fig. 136-2 [Comandra livida Richards.] Inconspicuous smooth perennial, mostly up to 2 dm tall, unbranched, the rootstock rather thick, brownish. Leaves numerous, evenly spread along the stem, broadly lance-shaped with short petiole and usually blunt tip, bright green and thin, up to 1.5 X 4 cm. Flowers in several long-stalked axillary clusters of 3-4 flowers each, well below the stem tips. Petals purplish-green, triangular, spreading, 1.5 mm long, the open flower flat; style very short, ovary inconspicuous. Fruit scarlet, nearly 1 cm in diameter, the outer layer fleshy, kernel about 4 mm in diameter. An exceedingly rare species, only recently discovered in the north west corner of the Park, on the Castle Divide at about 1800 m. This represents the only known Alberta locality south at least of the Crowsnest Pass, the plant becoming quite common especially in the Banff region. Geocaulon prefers shaded and often mossy coniferous forest, where it parasitizes perhaps any species within its reach. Flowers in late May and early June. 575 Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family) Perennial plants or shrubs, the latter sometimes with spiny or bristly stems. Leaves usually 1 per node (paired in Philadel- phus), entire to deeply dissected or divided, often all or mostly basal. Flowers single or in various arrangements; floral tube often well developed, tubular to rather flat; sepals 4 or 5, mostly distinct; petals of the same number (usually lacking in Heuchera cylindrica); stamens as many as petals, or twice as many, or numerous; ovary above or below other floral mem bers, or intermediate, with 2 styles in all but Philadelphus (where 4-5). Fruit a pod, capsule, or berry. For the beginning botanist this heterogeneous family is often difficult to separate from Rosaceae on the one hand and Ranunculaceae on the other. A brief guide to the first problem is given under the former family. Ranunculaceae have com pletely free 1 to many ovaries, while Saxifragaceae have mostly less than 3 (rarely 4) ovaries which are partly (some times completely) fused. In some Ranunculaceae the fruit is 1-seeded, which type is not known in our Saxifragaceae; in the latter family the stamens are 10 or less, while in the former there are always more than 10. Philadelphus is sometimes placed in a separate family (Hydrangeaceae), as it differs considerably from other Saxifra gaceae. It is of some interest that the attractive, red-flowered Saxifraga oppositifolia L. has never been found in the Park, even though it occurs in alpine areas far to the south, west, and north. In fact, the species is present within 5 km of the north boundary (Loaf Mtn.) Another plant which may occur in the Park is the inconspicuous Conimitella williamsii (Eaton) Rydb. which resembles Mitella, but has petals which are not lobed or divided; it is known from as far as Wyoming and Idaho, but also from the Sweetgrass Hills (Montana) and several records in southwestern Alberta. Heuchera richard sonii R. Br., finally, is rather common from the Bow River north, occurring also in the Porcupine and Cypress Hills and into Colorado, but apparently avoiding Alberta south of the Crowsnest Pass.

KEY TO GENERA Shrubs Leaves paired at nodes; petals 4, clear white; fruit dry, splitting along 4 sutures. Philadelphus 576 Leaves 1 per node; petals 5, at most greenish or creamy white; fruit a berry. Ribes Herbaceous perennials. Leaves shiny, hairless even on margins, with smooth margin. One or none on each erect stem; flowers 1 per stem. ~""~ Parnassia Not this combination of characters. Leaves shiny, evergreen, hairless, often flat on the ground except for one or two reduced stem leaves, margin toothed. Leptarrhena Leaves not shiny and evergreen, at least somewhat hairy on leaf margin or lower surface, along erect stem or clustered at base, but not flat on the ground; margin toothed, lobed, or deeply cleft. Petals deeply divided or lobed. Leaves deeply cleft to divided; petals white or pink; flowering stems with some leaves. Lithophragma Leaves no more than marginally lobed or toothed; petals greenish; all leaves basal, flowering stem leafless. Mitella Petals in no way divided or lobed, sometimes absent. Stem leaves with broadly flanged or expanded base or deeply cleft stipules. Suksdorfia Stem leaves absent, or not modified as above. Petals of different sizes, the two halves of the fruit unequally long, each with long hair-like tip. Tiarella Petals equal in size; different portions of the fruit more or less equal in size, lacking a long hair-like tip. Ovary 1, one-chambered, most of it below petals; leaves basal only, blades ovate or round; flowers in spike-like clusters. Heuchera Ovary 2, only partly fused at base, where two-chambered, most of ovaries above petals; leaves on stem, or basal, or both, the blades variously shaped; flowers in branched arrangement, or single, or very rarely in spike-like cluster. Saxifraga 136-1 Comandra umbellata, 136-2 Geocaulon lividum, 136-3 Heuchera cylindrica, 136-4 Heuchera parvifolia. 578 Heuchera (Alum Root) Perennials, from thick, scaly, branching rootstock, all leaves clustered at the base, lobed and/or toothed, with discrete petiole and sheathing, stipule-like base, large veins converging on top of petiole. Flowers in dense, rather narrow cluster along the end of the stem. Flower-base cup- or saucer-shaped beyond which the floral tube extends; sepals 5, along the cup's margin, petals 5, small or lacking; stamens 5, alternating with petals (if present), both attached to the cup's inside rim; floral tube attached to about the middle of the ovary, which is one- chambered and has 2 styles.

KEY TO SPECIES Sepals 2 mm or more long, petals usually absent; flower base rounded, bell-shaped. H cylindrica Sepals 1 mm or less long, petals slightly longer, yellowish-green; flower base funnel-shaped. H. parvifolia

H. cylindrica Dougl. Fig. 136-3 Stout plants, usually with several stems, reaching mostly up to 4 dm in height. Leaves up to 15 cm long, up to two-thirds of which is the nearly hairless petiole; blade up to 5 X 5 cm or somewhat longer than broad, hairless, margin lobed, the lobes bluntly toothed or scalloped. Upper stem and flowers with short glandular hairs; flower cluster 1-2 cm thick. Flower-base bell-shaped, with the sepals about 7 mm long; sepals 2 mm long, petals usually lacking. In open dry meadows and rocky places from prairie areas to high ele vations, occasionally up to 2700 m. Flowering time is difficult to determine as flowers scarcely change afterwards. It is probably early July to the middle of August; curiously, no plants of this species have yet been recorded from east of the main lakes except along the shore.

H. parvifolia Nutt. Fig. 136-4 [H. flabellifolia Rydb.] Slender plants; 1 to several stems per plant, reaching 3.5 dm in height. Leaves up to 6 cm long, two-thirds petiole; blades about 2x2 cm, often lobed halfway to the center, the lobes with rounded teeth. Leaves and especially upper stems with short glandular hairs; flower cluster no more than 1 cm wide, rather open below. Flower-base funnel-shaped, with the sepals about 4 mm long; sepals about 1.5 mm long; petals greenish yellow, lance-shaped, twice as long as sepals. 579 Lower mountains along the northeast flanks of the Park, flowering from late May to early July.

Leptarrhena L. pyrolifolia (D. Don) R. Br. (Leather-leaved Saxifrage) Fig. 137-1 Perennial, from creeping, branching rootstocks, hairless except for glandular hairs on upper stems. Leaves evergreen with dark shiny upper surface, 1 per node, clustered at base and appressed to the ground; petiole short and stout, sheathing the stem; blade elliptical, up to 6 X 3 cm, with toothed margin. Flower stalk 1 per plant with 1 (sometimes 2) reduced, clasping leaves partway up the stem, when flowering 10-20 cm high, elon gating somewhat in fruit; flowers numerous, at first in compact, narrow cluster, separating into distinct smaller clusters in age. Flower base very shallow with the 5 green sepals about 2 mm long, floral tube lacking, petals 5, white to pink, narrowly lance-shaped, they and the 10 stamens about 2.5 mm long; ovary almost entirely above other flower parts, consisting of 2 halves free nearly to the base. At first sight very similar to Saxifraga occidentalis, but different mostly in its creeping rootstock and evergreen leaves, and the distinctive stem leaves. Known from half a dozen localities in the Park, between 1800 and 2300 m. It prefers mossy or boggy stream banks, and flowers mostly during July.

Lithophragma Slender, erect perennials, with few leaves and flowers, the former basal as well as along the stem, with petioles deeply divided and/or lobed primarily into 3 leaflets. Flowers indi vidually stalked, along an unbranched stem; sepals 5, short and blunt; petals 5, white or pink, rather long, 3-5-cleft; stamens 10, short; ovary with its base below attachment of the short cup-shaped or conical flower tube, terminating in 3 styles.

KEY TO SPECIES Flower-base bell-shaped, with curved sides; especially lower stem leaves often with small axillary bulblets; stipules very broad, obviously fringed. L. bulbifera Flower-base funnel-shaped, straight-sided; leaf axils without bulblets; stipules narrow and (if at all) inconspicuously fringed. L. parviflora 137-1 Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, 137-2 Lithophragma bulbifera, 137-3 Lithophragma parviflora, 137-4 Mitella breweri, 137-5 Mitella nuda, 137-6 Mitella pentandra. 581 L. bulbifera Rydb. Fig. 137-2 Plants 1-2 dm high, with 1 or 2 stems from a bulblet-bearing root-crown, leaves hairless or nearly so, stem and other green upper parts densely covered with white glandular black-headed hairs. Basal leaves 2-3, about 3 cm long, the blade about 1.5 cm in diameter, more or less round in outline, divided primarily into 3 leaflets attached to tip of petiole, leaflets deeply cleft or lobed; stem leaves several, reduced upwardly, with mem branous pink frayed stipules and purple bristly axillary bulblets, even near the flowers. Flowers few but rather showy; flower base bell-shaped, with the sepals 3 mm long; petals pink, 4-6 mm long, cleft almost to the base. An attractive delicate plant known from only a single locality in the Park, a damp rocky outcropping at 2000 m on Mt. Rowe, where it flowered about mid-June.

L. parviflora (Hook.) Nutt. Fig. 137-3 Plants up to 3 dm high, usually 1-stemmed, lacking bulblets both at root crown and leaf axils, rather densely glandular-hairy on all green parts especially near flowers. Basal leaves several, up to 6 cm long, most of which is petiole; blade divided primarily into 3 converging leaflets but these divided or deeply cleft into rather narrow segments. Stem leaves several, reduced, with rather narrow, sometimes slightly frayed pink stipules. Flower-base funnel-shaped, straight-sided, with the sepals 4 mm long; petals white or very light pink, 7-8 mm long, commonly deeply 3-cleft about halfway to base. A beautiful plant of rather damp protected places between 1300 and 2300 m, known from about half a dozen places west of the main lakes; north to Banff. Flowers from late May to early July.

Mitella (Miterwort) Perennial, shade-loving plants, with creeping rootstocks, somewhat hairy, all leaves clustered at the base and with petioles, the large veins converging at tip of petiole, margin shallowly lobed and toothed; flowering stalks erect, leafless, 1 to several per plant. Flower-base shallow, sepals 5, short; petals 5, feather-like or deeply 3-cleft; stamens 5 or 10, in various positions; ovary one, 1-chambered, at least partly below the shallow cup, with 2 short styles, each 2-lobed. The dark brown shiny seeds may often be seen on the flat, green fruit as on a dish, one end of each seed attached. Leaves of at least some species (for example, M. nuda and M. triftda) seem to be evergreen. 582

KEY TO SPECIES Petals white to purplish, with 3 narrow lobes at tip; stamens 5 and alternate with petals. M. triftda Petals greenish, divided, feather-like; stamens 5 or 10, in various positions. Stamens 10; rootstocks slender, creeping. M. nuda Stamens 5; rootstocks short and thick. Stamens alternate with petals; leaf-blade round in outline, rather irregularly toothed. M. breweri Stamens opposite petals; leaf-blade longer than broad, shallowly lobed and toothed. M. pentandra

M. breweri Gray Fig. 137-4 Plants up to 3 dm high, leaf-blades nearly hairless but other green parts glandular-hairy. Petioles with sparse long brown hairs, up to 1 dm long, the large blades about 6 cm in diameter, round in outline but with deep heart-shaped base, held in an upright funnel-like position when fresh, margin irregularly and shallowly lobed or toothed. Flowers numerous; petals feather-like, about 2 mm long; stamens 5, alternating with petals. A rather common plant of shaded slopes from 1700 to at least 2300 m, flowering in June and July. M. breweri may be limited in Alberta to south of the Crowsnest Pass.

M. nuda L. Fig. 137-5 A small and delicate plant, less than 2 dm high, from slender rootstocks, and usually 1-stemmed. Leaves few, often appressed to the ground, up to 7 cm long, two-thirds of which is soft-hairy petiole; blade up to 3 cm in diameter, deeply heart-shaped at base, with sparse, rather long gland- tipped hairs and slightly scalloped margin. Flowers few, petals feather like, about 4 mm long; stamens 10, opposite each sepal and petal. A rare plant preferring damp mossy shaded places in mature spruce forests at lower and middle elevations; Sofa Creek area and one or two similar places, but much more common further north in Alberta. Flowers in June and early July.

M. pentandra Hook. Fig. 137-6 Plants up to 3 dm tall, several-stemmed, sparsely long-hairy below, with rather dense short glandular hairs above. Leaves several to numerous, petioles up to 10 cm long, leaf-blade up to 6 cm long and 5 cm wide, ovate in outline, with deep heart-shaped base, margin shallowly lobed and 583 toothed, leaf-tip mostly prominent and sharp. Flowers a dozen or more; petals feather-like, about 2 mm long; stamens 5, opposite the petals; top of ovary mostly brownish-purple. A common plant of moist shaded creek-sides and similar places, between 1700 and 2300 m; flowering in late June and July.

M. triftda Graham Fig. 138-1 [M. violacea Rydb.] A sparsely hairy plant below, becoming densely glandular-hairy above, reaching up to 4 dm high with several to numerous stems, from a rather large cluster of leaves. Petioles up to 10 cm long, largest leaf-blades 6 cm long and 5 cm broad, ovate in outline with deep, heart-shaped base, margin rather distinctly lobed and shallowly scalloped. Flower-base conical; flowers commonly 10-20, often mostly on one side of stalk. Petals pale mauve, about 2 mm long, very slender, with 3 narrow terminal lobes. A very common plant, almost exclusively west of the main lakes, in protected forested habitats at middle elevations. Flowers from late May into early July.

Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus) Hairless, 1-stemmed or clustered perennials, from short erect rootstocks, all petioled leaves at the base, the blade shiny, with several large veins convergent both at the base and at the tip of the leaf. Flower stalks with 1 clasping leaf or leafless with single, erect, white flower. Sepals 5, green, broadly ovate, strongly veined; petals 5, veined, entire or fringed on lower flanks, each accompanied by a yellowish, hand-shaped, gland- tipped structure (staminode); stamens 5, rather short, alterna ting with petals and at first curved over nearby ovary, becom ing erect one at a time; ovary very large, ovate and greenish, above other flower structures, the usually 4 styles very short or nearly lacking. Fruit an erect, usually 4-valved capsule with numerous small, rather angular seeds. The two largest species are among the most beautiful flowering plants; all species frequent boggy places, usually with running water.

KEY TO SPECIES Lower flanks of petals conspicuously fringed; leaf-blades with heart-shaped base. P. fimbriata Petals without fringes on flanks; leaf-blades not heart-shaped at base. 138-1 Mitella triftda, 138-2 Parnassia fimbriata, 138-3 Parnassia kotzebuei, 138-4 Parnassia palustris, 138-5 Philadelphus tewisii, 138-6 Ribes inerme. 585 Flowering stems usually leafless, rarely with small leaf very near base; petals 1-3-veined, not much longer, or slightly shorter than sepals; plants rarely more than 12 cm high. P. kotzebuei Flowering stems with one more or less clasping leaf at or slightly below middle; petals 5-9-veined, usually longer than sepals; plants usually more than 15 cm high. P. palustris

P. fimbriata Konig. Fig. 138-2 Plants reaching up to 4 dm in height; leaves numerous, the petioles up to 1 dm long tapering in a fan-like fashion into the base of the broadly heart- shaped blades which are up to 4 cm long and 6 cm wide, when fresh usually held erect in a funnel-like manner. Flowering stalks numerous with 1 clasping heart-shaped leaf halfway up. Flower 2-3 cm in diameter, petals fringed at the lower flanks, twice as long as sepals. Staminodes thick and fleshy, with keel-like outgrowth on the inside. Our most common Parnassia, often lining creeks at .the middle and higher elevations all through the Park. Flowering in late July and August; our plants are referable to var. fimbriata.

P. kotzebuei Cham. Fig. 138-3 Slender plants up to 15 cm high; leaves rather few, 3-4 cm long, about half of which is the slender petiole; blade broadly elliptical or ovate, up to 2 X 1 cm. Flowering stalks 1 to several, leafless. Flowers about 1 cm in diameter, the sepals and petals both 4-6 mm long. Staminode terminating in about 6 "fingers." A rare dwarf Parnassia observed only twice in the Park, at Crypt Lake and in the Alderson Lake area, both in seepage areas between 2200 and 2300 m. Our plants belong to var. kotzebuei and flower in July.

P. palustris L. Fig. 138-4 [P. montanensis Fern. & Rydb.] Similar to P. fimbriata but often somewhat smaller and more slender; leaves up to 6 cm long, the blade ovate, only rarely with slightly heart- shaped base, up to 3 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. Stem leaf one, clasping, halfway up the stem or lower. Flowers mostly about 2 cm in diameter, the petals 8-10 mm long, not fringed, somewhat exceeding the sepals; staminodes with long-stalked glands. This appears to be a species of low elevations, in the Park observed only on the lowest north slopes of Sofa Mtn., where it flowers in July and early August. 586 Philadelphus P. lewisii Pursh (Mock Orange) Fig. 138-5 Small, much-branched shrub. Leaves sparsely hairy, paired, petiole 2-3 mm, blade ovate to broadly lance-shaped, up to 4 cm long and 2 cm wide, margin smooth or very obscurely toothed. Long leafy stems developed one year, with short leafy lateral stems the next year, these terminating in small clusters of large white sweetly scented flowers. Ovary below sepals, bell-shaped, about 3 mm long, crowned by 4 pointed broad green sepals about 5 mm long. Petals 4, elliptical and spreading, about 1.5 X 1 cm; stamens numerous, of various length but less than half as long as petals; styles 4 (or 5), united about halfway down. Fruit a capsule opening with 4 valves, seeds numerous and small. Undoubtedly the most attractive shrub in Waterton, but also the rarest. It may be seen at Bertha Bay, and on the lower east slopes of Mt. Crandell in two places: just south of the Bear's Hump, and in a narrow steep canyon just to the north. Until recently this was thought to be the only locality in Alberta, but a collection has now also been made from just east of Mt. Darrah, north of the Castle River region. It is a common shrub of the drier parts of the interior of British Columbia, including the Rocky Mountain Trench south of Elko. Philadelphus is often placed in another family, Hydrangeaceae. P. lewisii in our area flowers in July.

Ribes (Currants, Gooseberries) Branching shrubs, some species with prickles along stems and especially at the nodes. Leaves 1 per node, variously lobed and toothed, the large veins radiating out from tip of petiole, the leaves often clustered on short spur-shoots along older stems. Flowers rather few, with individual stalks, arranged along a common axis. Ovary below 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 stamens which form a tubular or cup-shaped structure crowning it, stamens alternating with petals; styles 2, united at base. Fruit a berry, the rest of the flower often remaining attached. A large and difficult group elsewhere. The prickly- stemmed species are sometimes placed in the separate genus Grossularia, and both types sometimes in a distinct family, Grossulariaceae.

KEY TO SPECIES Ovary and fruit with long-stalked glandular hairs. Leaves with rounded lobes reaching less than halfway to the center; stems lacking prickles; flower tubular or bell-shaped; fruiting stalk erect. R. viscosissimum 587 Leaves with sharp-pointed lobes reaching halfway or further to the center; stems densely prickly; flowers rather flat; fruiting stalk drooping. R. lacustre Ovary and fruit lacking glandular and other hairs. Stamens often twice as long as petals, about as long as extended sepals; berry 7-9 mm in diameter, stems lacking prickles or with a few small ones, the nodes occasionally with 1, rarely 3 short ones. R. inerme Stamens about as long as petals, much shorter than extended sepals; berry 10-12 mm in diameter; stems usually bristly, with nodal spines present. R. oxyacanthoides

R. inerme Rydb. Fig. 138-6 [R. divaricatum Dougl. var. inerme (Rydb.) McMinn] Somewhat sprawling shrub, in our area mostly less than 1.5 m tall, branches usually smooth but occasionally with a few thin bristles, some times with 1, rarely 3 short nodal spines. Leaves nearly hairless except at margins up to 6 cm, half of which is petiole; blade as wide as long or slightly wider, 5-lobed at least halfway to center, far half of lobes deeply toothed. Ovary about 2 mm long, rather narrow, smooth; floral tube about 3 mm long, sepals and stamens 3-5 mm long; petals about half as long as sepals. Style nearly as long as stamens. Berry smooth, reddish-purple, 7-9 mm in diameter. The most common gooseberry in the Park, growing in moist pro tected spots from prairie level to an occasional plant in rock crevices at 2000 m or higher. Flowers in May and early June. See comments under R. oxyacanthoides.

R. lacustre (Pers.) Poir. (Prickly Currant) Fig. 139-1 More or less erect shrub, stems sparsely and finely bristly to rather densely so, the nodes usually with several short spines; leaves as in R. inerme but sometimes up to 10 cm long, virtually hairless. Ovary 1 mm long, with long-stalked, red glandular hairs; floral tube very flat; sepals 2-3 mm long and at least as broad; petals about half as long or slightly more, somewhat fan-shaped. Berry 6-8 mm in diameter, dark purple, glandular-hairy. A common currant of somewhat protected sites up to 2300 m. Flowers from late May to early July. 139-1 Ribes lacustre, 139-2 Ribes oxyacanthoides, 139-3 Ribes viscosissimum, 139-4 Saxifraga adscendens, 139-5 Saxifraga bronchialis, 139-6 Saxifraga caespitosa, 139-7 Saxifraga cernua, 139-8 Saxifraga debilis. 589 R. oxyacanthoides L. (Wild Gooseberry) Fig. 139-2 Similar to R. inerme in habit, leaves, and general flower shape; stems usually bristly, often densely so, nodal spines regularly present. Stamens and petals of about the same length (2-2.5 mm), both more than half as long as sepals. Styles varying from as long as stamens to nearly as long as sepals. Berry smooth, 10-12 mm in diameter, deep bluish-purple. A prairie and northern element only rarely found in the Park, as along Cameron Creek and the east end of Lakeview Ridge. It is difficult to tell apart consistently from R. inerme, and it may well be that the two species intergrade. Flowering probably not beyond June in the Park.

R. viscosissimum Pursh (Sticky Currant) Fig. 139-3 A soft-leaved, branching shrub, lacking any spines or bristles, mostly less than 1 m high. Leaves short-hairy, up to 10 X 7 cm, half of their length petiole; blade 3-, or rather obscurely 5-lobed, the lobes somewhat bluntly toothed. Flowers rather few and large; ovary 2 mm long, conical, densely covered with white and glandular hairs; floral tube broadly bell-shaped, about 5 mm long; sepals about 4 mm long, purple-tinged; petals and stamens about 3 mm long, the former whitish; style reaching as far as stamens. Fruit a glandular-hairy berry 10-12 mm long, deep bluish black. Protected damp places from middle elevations up to 2300 m, all through the Park, and flowering in May and June. Apparently not north of the Crowsnest Pass except for Todd Creek (Porcupine Hills).

Saxifraga (Saxifrage) Perennial plants, of variable habit and leaf-shape; leaves 1 per node (Waterton species), clustered at the base, or along the stem, or both. Flowers 1 or more in frequently open cluster. Sepals and petals 5, stamens 10; ovary 2- or 3-parted, with as many styles, the other floral parts attached below or partway up the ovary. Fruit a capsule with as many beaks as styles. A predominantly alpine group with many attractive species in our area. An additional red-flowered species with paired leaves (S. oppositifolia L.) may yet be discovered in the Park (see introductory comments to Saxifragaceae).

KEY TO SPECIES Largest leaves more or less round in general outline, with discrete, narrow petioles. Flowering stems with 1 terminal flower, the leaf-axils below usually with small bulblets. S. cernua 590 Several to many flowers per stem; axillary bulblets lacking along main stem but sometimes within the flower cluster. Plants less than 1 dm tall; leaf-blade less than 2 cm broad; flowers less than 3 per stem. S. debilis Plants more than 1 dm tall; leaf-blade more than 3 cm broad; flowers (sometimes replaced by bulblets) numerous. Each of the largest leaf-lobes generally 3-toothed; petioles soft-hairy, abruptly broadening to the heart-shaped base of the blade; often lower flowers replaced by clusters of bulblets. S. mertensiana Leaf-lobes not toothed; petioles hairless, with S. lyalli X S. broad, fan-shaped transition to the blade; odontoloma (see flowers not replaced by bulblets. under S. lyallii) Largest leaves not round in outline, but clearly much longer than wide, with or without discrete petiole. Leaves rigid, awl-shaped, with sharp tip. S. bronchialis Leaves otherwise. Leaves less than 2 cm long, 3-lobed or 3-toothed to entire. Plants clustered from a creeping, branching stem; middle leaf-lobe only occasionally more prominent than the other two; flower base with short-stalked glandular hairs. S. caespitosa Plants not clustered, 1-stemmed, from a cluster of basal leaves; middle lobe much more prominent than the other two (if leaf is lobed); flower base with long-stalked glandular hairs. S. adscendens Leaves more than 2 cm long, not 3-lobed or 3-toothed. Upper 3 petals with abruptly contracted base and 2 yellow basal spots; plantlets often replacing flowers; leaf base very broad, scarcely like a petiole. S. ferruginea All petals similar, with or without yellow spots; flowers never replaced by plantlets; petiole always distinct, at least below, even though sometimes broad. 591 Plants from creeping rootstocks; leaves fan- shaped, the teeth sharp and mostly 2 mm or more long. S. lyallii Plants without creeping rootstock, leaves mostly ovate, the teeth blunt and rarely more than 1 mm long. S. occidentalis

S. adscendens L. Fig. 139-4 A very small plant, sometimes flowering when less than 2 cm high, rarely reaching 8 or 9 cm in height, with a dense basal cluster of leaves and delicate root, probably a short-lived perennial; glandular-hairy on all green parts. Leaves about 1 cm long, entire and lance-shaped or with 3 terminal lobes or teeth, the middle one usually largest, when leaf tending to be wedge-shaped; stem leaves several, smaller, equally variable. Flowers 1 or more, held rigidly erect in an open branching arrangement. Flower base bell-shaped; sepals broad, often purple-tipped; petals white, about twice as long as sepals (3 mm); stamens as long as sepals; styles slender and about 1 mm long. An inconspicuous alpine plant, growing in mossy or wet places in crevices about 1700 m. It appears to be rare in the Park but undoubtedly has frequently escaped notice. Flowers in July and August.

S. bronchialis L. Fig. 139-5 Densely matted or cushion-forming plants. Leaves awl-shaped, about 10 X 2 mm, sharp-tipped and with stiff short marginal hairs. Flowering stalks 1 per branch, reaching 15 cm or less in height, diffusely branching, with a few leaves below, lightly glandular-hairy. Flowers numerous; sepals 2-3 mm long, green; petals about 5 mm long, lance-shaped or elliptical, spreading, with numerous reddish-purple and yellow dots; stamens somewhat shorter than petals; styles and ovaries about 3 mm long. A very common and unmistakable alpine plant all through the Rocky Mountains, occasionally as low as 1300 m (Bosporus area) but more commonly higher, up to at least 2800 m. It inhabits a variety of sites, often very dry, sometimes along creek-sides, commonly on windy dry rocky crests. Flowers in July, sometimes into early August.

S. caespitosa L. Fig. 139-6 A clustered plant, from a branched stem, sometimes forming small cushions, glandular-hairy on all green parts. Leaves mostly clustered at base, less than 2 cm long, with 3 long, strap-shaped terminal lobes. Flowering stalks up to 1 dm high, with a few much-reduced leaves and 1 to 592 several erect flowers. Flower base bell-shaped; sepals slightly longer than 1 mm, triangular and purple-tinged; petals at least as long as sepals, white; stamens somewhat shorter, their filaments usually purplish; styles reaching not quite as far as stamens. To well above 2700 m on rather open rocky alpine ridges and outcroppings as well as more moist places at the middle elevations down to 1700 m. Flowers in June and July.

S. cernua L. Fig. 139-7 Fragile perennial, reaching up to 15 cm in height, often with numerous rice-like bulblets among the roots, glandular-hairy on all green parts. Leaves few, mostly scattered along stem, gradually reduced upwardly, the largest with blades about 2x2 cm and long petioles, margin with rather few, large, rounded teeth. Flower 1, terminal, most of the stem leaves usually with numerous axillary purple bulblets. Sepals 2-4 mm long; petals 6-10 mm long, white. Moist or somewhat dry alpine habitats, usually protected or shaded, at middle and especially higher elevations. Quite frequently even the terminal flower is replaced by bulblets and the plant does not flower during that year. Flowering time probably about July.

S. debilis Engelm. Fig. 139-8 [S. rivularis, various authors] Minute, mostly hairless perennial, often tufted somewhat, rarely more than 8 cm high. Leaf-blades up to 1 cm wide and slightly shorter, on long petioles, with 3-7 large, blunt teeth. Stems very delicate, with 1 or 2, rarely 3 flowers, glandular-hairy below flowers. Sepals ovate, 2 mm long; petals delicate, white, 3 mm long; stamens halfway between sepals and petals in length. Wet spots in scree slopes and rock outcroppings above 2200 m; a species both rare and very inconspicuous, flowering in July and early August. It is remarkably easy to confuse this plant with Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong., an alpine of very similar ecological preference and (superficially) nearly identical appearance. In contrast to our present species, it has larger flowers of 5 fused petals; a single, slender style; and the stalk just below the flower lacks glandular hairs.

S. ferruginea Graham Fig. 140-1 Glandular-hairy perennial, with large basal leaf-cluster and 1 or 2 stems reaching 3 dm in height. Leaves spoon-shaped in outline with broad basal flanges, coarsely toothed above the middle, up to 7 X 2 cm. Flowering stem erect, with a few reduced leaves below, diffusely branched above 140-1 Saxifraga ferruginea, 140-2 Saxifraga lyallii, 140-3 Saxifraga lyalli X odonioloma hybrid (leaf), 140-4 Saxifraga mertensiana, 140-5 Saxifraga occidentalis. 594 with numerous flowers, many of which may be replaced by plantlets. Sepals reflexed, about 2 mm long; petals white, usually 4-6 mm long, the upper 3 abruptly contracted at the base and with 2 yellow spots. Stamens and ovaries about 2 mm long or slightly more at flowering time. Moist alpine meadows and protected places from 1800-2300 m, flowering from July to the middle of August.

S. lyallii Engler Fig. 140-2 Hairless plants, from creeping, branching rootstocks, reaching up to 3 dm in height when fruiting. Leaves up to 10 cm long, about two-thirds of it petiole which gradually expands to form the fan-shaped base of the blade, which is up to 3 X 3 cm, with regular large sharp marginal teeth, the tip rounded. Flowers long-stalked and rather few. Sepals 2-3 mm long, broad and reflexed, purple; petals 3-4 mm long, white, often becoming pink; stamens slenderly club-shaped, as long as petals; ovary above other floral parts, 2-parted. A rather common species along banks of permanent small streams and similar places from 1700 to at least 2300 m, flowering in July and early August. Our plants belong to var. lyallii, and appear to range north to the Crowsnest Pass only. The larger Waterton plants, with leaf-bases which are heart-shaped, in reality are said to be hybrids (see Fig. 140-3) between S. lyallii and a species which does not occur in Alberta, S. odontoloma Piper (sometimes erroneously called S. arguta D. Don). This is curious, as the latter species in Canada is not known east of the Okanagan Valley; it may well approach Waterton more closely in Montana, however.

S. mertensiana Bong. Fig. 140-4 Perennials, up to 4 dm high, glandular-hairy throughout, from a short stout rootstock often bearing bulblets; stem and leaves easily detached. Leaf-blades occasionally up to 10 cm wide, commonly half as wide, nearly round, on petioles about twice the blade-length, these with membranous sheathing base; marginal lobes coarse and mostly 3-toothed. Stems 1, leaf less, the upper part diffusely branched, flowers numerous, usually soli tary at the tip of each branch and on long delicate stalks, the lower parts of branches with clusters of pinkish minute bulb-like structures. Sepals reflexed, green with purple margins, 2 mm long; petals 3-4 mm long, white; stamens longer than petals and obviously club-shaped; ovary above other floral parts, 2-parted. A plant of moist, often partially shaded habitats at middle elevations and up to 2300 m, apparently north only to the Crowsnest Pass. Flowering from late May or early June to early August. 595 S. occidentalis Watson Fig. 140-5 [S. rhomboidea Greene] Frequently short, one or several-stemmed plants, from a cluster of basal leaves, eventually reaching up to 3 or 4 dm in height. Leaves up to 10 X 3.5 cm, the broad flanged petiole up to half its length, blade ovate to some what diamond-shaped, base tapering into petiole, the upper portion shallowly toothed; blade hairless on top, often with brownish hairs be neath and along margin. Stems leafless, with glandular hairs above. Flowers at first crowded at top, often separating into more open cluster in age. Sepals green or purplish, about 3 mm long; petals white, slightly longer; stamens about as long as petals and slightly exceeding the 2-parted ovary which is placed above other flower parts. The most common of our species, growing from nearly the lowest elevations to 2800 m or higher, in a great variety of dry and moist habi tats. Understandably, it is a plant of much variability; the fact that leaves and flower clusters expand slowly seems to have caused some confusion. At low elevations it is one of our earliest flowers (sometimes in the first days of May), while at its highest stations it may still be in flower in August.

Suksdorfta Rather small plants, single-stemmed, the larger leaves mostly basal, with long petioles, blades deeply lobed, more or less round in outline or slightly broader. Flowers in open, some what branching arrangement at tip of stem; sepals, petals and stamens 5, the latter alternating with petals; ovary 2-chambered, from about half to nearly completely below other parts, terminating in 2 styles.

KEY TO SPECIES Upper stem leaves with clasping, but not lobed or cleft base; larger leaf-blades 3-lobed more than halfway to the center; petals mostly white. S. ranunculifolia At least some stem leaves with prominent deeply lobed or cleft stipules; longer leaf-blades with numerous more or less equal-lobes no more than halfway to center; petals mostly violet. S. violacea

S. ranunculifolia (Hook.) Engl. Fig. 141-1 [Hemieva ranunculifolia (Hook.) Raf.] Plants rather short, up to 3 dm tall, nearly hairless below, becoming 141-1 Suksdorfta ranunculifolia, 141-2 Suksdorfta violacea, 141-3 Tiarella trifoliata (compound leaves from Cameron Lake). 597 densely glandular-hairy above, forming numerous red bulblets around the base. Leaves up to half a dozen at the base, up to 10 cm long most of which is petiole; blade about 3 cm wide and slightly shorter, deeply 3-lobed, margin irregularly and bluntly toothed; stem-leaves several, becoming much reduced upwardly, the base of those at mid-height much expanded and often clasping stem. Flower base broadly bell-shaped, sepals broadly triangular; petals usually white, spreading. A rare plant of wet rock-faces and crevices known from several locali ties from about 2000-2300 m, flowering in June and July; not known else where in Alberta.

S. violacea Gray Fig. 141-2 [Hemieva violacea (Gray) Wheelock] Plants rather delicate, 2 dm high or less, lightly glandular-hairy becoming denser above; bulblets lacking. Leaves 2-3 at the base, up to 7 cm long, the blade up to 2 x 2 cm with rather even, marginal lobes reaching less than halfway to the center; stem leaves 2 to several, becoming reduced up wardly but usually developing large, deeply cleft stipules. Flowers usually less than half a dozen; flower base narrowly conical, sepals erect, narrowly triangular; petals light violet, erect. This species is also a rare plant in the Park, having been observed in the Mt. Richards area, near Cameron Falls, and along Red Rock Creek. S. violacea has also been found in the upper Castle and Carbondale River drainages, but may not occur further north. Flowers from late May to early July.

Tiarella T. trifoliata L. (False Miterwort) Fig. 141-3 Leafy plant, with sparse, rather short and thick white hairs on green parts, which become dense and gland-tipped in upper stalk; leaves 1 per node but large ones basal from a creeping rootstock, up to 15 cm long, about two-thirds petiole; blade up to 7 cm wide, 3- or 5-lobed, rarely so divided. Stems reaching up to 4 dm high, with 1-3 rather reduced leaves along mid-stem, one to several stems per plant. Flowers in open arrange ment well above leaves, in groups of several, on delicate stalks, along upper part of stem. Sepals 5, 2 mm long and less than half as wide, pink; petals 5, about as long, white, ribbon-like; stamens 10, longer than sepals; ovary above other elements, with two long, hair-like, unequal styles. Fruit a dry capsule of two unequal halves, seeds nearly black. Protected woods, usually rather damp middle elevations to some what above 2000 m, but so far found only west of the main lakes. Nearly all of our plants may be assigned to var. unifoliata (Hook.) Kurtz. Very 598 rarely, plants with deeply cut and divided leaves are seen in the Cameron Lake area, and these may be referred to as var. trifoliata.

Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family) Annual or perennial plants, with simple or divided leaves 1 per node or sometimes paired (sometimes seemingly whorled in ColUnsia), lacking stipules. Flowers in spike-like or raceme like arrangement, bilaterally symmetrical and often with dis tinct upper and lower lips, sepals 2-5, free or variously fused with each other; petals 4 or 5, fused at least at base, often into a conspicuous and colorful tube, in one (Besseya) petals absent; stamens 2, 4, or 5, in the latter case the fifth one sterile, all inserted on base of petals but alternating with them, ovary superior, with 2 seed-cavities and single style. Fruit a dry pod releasing the several to numerous seeds by means of usually two valves. This family contains many of the Park's most attractive wild flowers, including especially the Paintbrushes, Monkey Flowers, and Beardtongues. Further species may be expected in the Park, such as Penstemon eriantherus Pursh usually characterized by a striking yellow-orange beard; the species is known from the Castle River drainage and Montana. It is also somewhat surprising not to find Melampyrum lineare Desr. represented, as it grows in sandy coniferous forests in other Alberta as well as British Columbia and Montana localities. Several of our genera (Castilleja, Orthocarpus, Pedicu- laris, and Rhinanthus) are parasitic on various neighboring plants, attaching themselves to roots by means of specialized minute suckers.

KEY TO GENERA At least larger leaves always paired (or seemingly whorled). Petals 4, blue, not forming a tubular throat; stamens 2. Veronica Petals 5, of various colors, always united to form a tube below, stamens 4 or 5. Upper petals forming a yellow flattened hood containing the anthers; sepals inflating after flowering, enclosing the compressed fruit. Rhinanthus 599 Upper petals not so hooded or flattened, of various colors; sepals not inflating after flowering; fruit not compressed. At least lower flowers singly in leaf axils; stamens 4. Sepals forming an angled or ribbed tube; flowers yellow or red. Mimulus Sepal tube not angled or ribbed; flowers blue. Collinsia Flowers always in axillary clusters; stamens 4 plus one longer, sterile, usually bearded one. Penstemon Leaves never paired or whorled, always 1 per node. Flower with a long slender basal spur. Linaria Flower not spurred. Leaves complexly dissected, somewhat fern like. Pedicularis Leaves not so, though often marginally toothed or lobed, or even deeply cleft into a few narrow, strap-shaped segments. Petals lacking, the 2 purplish stamens long- exserted. Besseya Petals present, stamens 4 or 5, not purplish, and often mostly or entirely hidden. Flowering plants to 2 m high, densely covered with branching hairs; flowers more or less flat and radially symmetrical, bright yellow; stamens 5. Verbascum Flowering plants much less than 1 m high, often somewhat hairy but never with dense, branched hairs; flowers elongate and bilaterally symmetrical, with prominent tube, brightly colored with red to yellow; stamens 4. Annuals with golden-yellow flowers, the associated bracts and sepals bright green; far part of flower expanded in club-like fashion. Orthocarpus Perennials with red to yellowish flowers, the associated bracts and sepals brightly 600 colored at least at lip of plant; far part of flower narrow, beak-like. Castilleja

Besseya B. wyomingensis (Nels.) Rydb. (Kittentails) Fig. 142-1 [B. cinerea (Raf.) Pennell] Perennial plants, from fibrous-rooted rootstock, with fine white hairs on all green parts, especially the upper stem. Stem leaves 1 per node, several to many below the flowers, lance-shaped to ovate, broadest below, with smooth or finely toothed margin, lacking petiole; a separate leaf-cluster develops slightly later with leaves up to 15 cm long, more than half of which often is a slender petiole, blade broadly lance-shaped to nearly heart-shaped, the margin evely toothed or scalloped. Flowering stalks mostly less than 20 cm high, unbranched, the flowers forming a dense elongating spike with small green bracts. Flowers without individual stalks, sepals usually 2 (sometimes 3), green, partly fused and asymmetri cal, petals none, stamens 2, deep purple, about 5 mm long and long- exserted from the spike; style nearly as long as stamens, purple, with button-like stigma. Fruit a pod about 5 mm long, broadly oval and slightly notched. A species of dry open slopes which may be expected from the lowest areas to 2700 m or higher. It flowers in the early part of the summer, and is unmistakable because of its "halo" of purple stamens. From that charac teristic it may be confused with Phacelia sericea which, however, has much thicker spikes and deeply divided leaves.

Castilleja (Indian Paintbrush) Leafy perennials, hairy or smooth, with 1 or several stems from a sparse root system, sometimes spreading by slender scaly rootstocks; leaves 1 per node, narrow, entire, lobed or deeply cleft, especially above the flower bracts large and usually brightly colored at least at the tips. Flowers 1 per bract, individually stemless, arranged in a usually un branched, elongating spike. Sepals 4, united below but cleft above. Petals united into a tube for most of their length, be yond which they are separated into a lower lip of 3 small, often incurved lower petal lobes and an upper lip (galea) extending far out and enclosing the 4 stamens (attached inside the tube) and long slender style, the stigma projecting beyond the galea; ovary superior, developing into a pod releasing the numerous seeds by means of slits. The Paintbrushes form an exceedingly difficult genus in western North America, and Waterton Lakes is no exception. 601 Many species seem to hybridize with others, resulting in intermediates which cannot be keyed out or named with any degree of finality. For example, it is known that C. rhexifolia, C. miniata, and C. cusickii hybridize among each other, and it is suspected that C. miniata also hybridizes with C. hispida. These four species are among the seven occurring in the Park. However, the surprising fact is that those species have re mained remarkably distinct, and that intermediates are rather rare. It often comes as a surprise that these green handsomely colored plants are parasites. They attach themselves to the roots of adjacent plants of various types by means of small sucker-like structures and under natural circumstances are probably never independent. Possibly additional to the species here treated is an un confirmed collection of C. gracillima Rydb. from the Bertha Bay area.

KEY TO SPECIES Galea short, usually 3-10 mm (if more, bracts yellowish), rarely more than half the tubular portion's length; bracts generally yellowish, sometimes pinkish or dull red; lower lip with exserted teeth. Lower lip about half as long as galea; sepal lobes rarely sharply pointed; most leaves with 1-3 pairs of lobes mostly well above the middle. C. cusickii Lower lip a third as long as galea or less; sepal lobes sharply pointed; leaves generally or mostly entire, rarely with one pair of lobes about the middle. Lower lip not incurved or thickened, nor green. C. lutescens Lower lip incurved, thickened and green or yellow. Plants 1-2 dm tall, unbranched, usually high alpine; expanded part of lower lip often somewhat blue-green; galea about half of tubular portion. C. occidentalis Plants mostly 2-5 dm tall, often branched; middle and lower elevations; expanded portion of lower lip usually dark green; galea less than half of tubular portion. C. sulphurea 602 Galea usually 10-20 mm (if shorter, bracts red or purplish), more than half the tubular portion's length, bracts often showy, mostly red to purple, rarely yellowish; lower lip with incurved teeth. Leaves generally all entire, rarely the uppermost somewhat lobed. Bracts purplish to crimson, plants generally less than 3 dm, sepal lobes 2-4 (8) mm, usually blunt, C rhexifolia Bracts reddish (scarlet) sometimes red-orange to yellowish; plants generally more than 3 dm; sepal lobes 2 (4-8) mm, pointed. C. miniata Upper leaves generally with 1-3 pairs of linear spreading lateral lobes. C hispida

C. cusickii Greenm. Fig. 142-2 Stems clustered and usually unbranched, up to 6 dm high, softly glandu lar-hairy. Lower leaves narrow and simple, upper ones commonly with 1-3 pairs of narrow lobes, mostly from above the middle; bracts broader than leaves, entire or with 1-2 pairs of short lobes, the tips yellow. Flowers mostly hidden by overlapping bracts; sepals 20-30 mm long, the lobes broad and usually with rounded tips; upper petals longer than sepal tube, the lower lip prominent, one-third to nearly as long as galea, which is densely glandular-hairy. This species has been recorded only from a dry meadow near the eastern Park entrance, but beyond the Park is known from the Milk River Ridge and from other localities as far as Monarch and Calgary.

C. hispida Benth. Fig. 142-3 Stems clustered and usually unbranched, up to 6 dm high, finely hairy. Leaves narrow to rather broad, the lowest ones simple and small, upper ones usually with 1-2 pairs of rather narrow lobes. Bracts bright red or scarlet, the spike obviously flat-topped when flowering but elongating afterwards; bracts broad and deeply 3-5 lobed; sepals 15-30 mm long, lobes rounded; upper petals 20-40 mm long, the short hairy galea as long as the rest of the tubular portion and at least 5 times as long as dark green thickened lower lip. Open meadows at lower and middle elevations all through the Park. The flat-topped flowering spike and bright colors are very distinctive.

C. lutescens (Greenm.) Rydb. Fig. 142-4 Simple or somewhat branched above, stems clustered, up to 6 dm high, '*

142-1 Besseya wyomingensis, 142-2 Castilleja cusickii, 142-3 Castilleja hispida, 142-4 Castilleja lutescens, 142-5 Castilleja miniata, 142-6 Castilleja occidentalis. 604 soft-hairy. Leaves rather narrow, only the upper ones sometimes with 1 pair of short lateral lobes. Bracts pale yellow and rather broad, entire to 7-lobed, the lobes short. Sepals 15-25 mm long, the free lobes pointed; galea exserted 1-10 mm beyond sepals; lower lip small, one-half to one- fifth as long as the galea, lobes usually hairy but not incurved or thick ened. Grassy meadows at low elevations.

C. miniata Hook. (Common Red Paintbrush) Fig. 142-5, Plate 6 Stems one or few, up to 8 dm high and often branched above, sometimes smooth below but commonly with some loose hairs among bracts. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped, mostly entire, up to 7 X 1.5 cm. Bracts tipped with bright red, sometimes yellowish, simple or cleft; sepals 1.5-2.5 cm long; upper petals 2-3.5 cm long, galea as long as tubular portion or nearly so (15-20 mm), 5 or more times as long as the thickened, dark green lower lip. Our most common Paintbrush, found on slopes and meadows at middle elevations.

C. occidentalis Torrey Fig. 142-6 Rather small plants, with clustered, unbranched, often purplish stems, up to 2 dm high, from a somewhat woody base; stems, leaves, and bracts white-hairy especially near the flowers. Leaves usually simple at least be low, up to 6 X 1 cm. Bracts broad, entire or with 2 narrow lobes near the tip, in our area usually greenish-yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Sepals 15-20 mm long, upper petals 18-25 mm long, galea 6-9 mm long, much shorter than tubular portion and only 3-4 times as long as lower lip, which is rather thin and scarcely sac-like. One of our more distinctive species, C. occidentalis is known from alpine slopes and stable scree areas in several places in the Park.

S. rhexifolia Rydb. Fig. 143-1 Clustered stems from a woody base, up to 4 dm high, stems and leaves smooth below, white-hairy near flowers; stems only occasionally branched above. Leaves narrow to broadly lance-shaped, up to 8 X 1.5 cm, mostly simple. Bracts mostly crimson, purple when dry, rarely yellow, often broadly lance-shaped, sometimes with 2 rather short lobes; sepals 15-25 mm; upper petals 20-35 mm long, the galea mostly 8-12 mm long and much shorter than tubular portion, 4-5 times as long as the thickened, dark green lower lip. A common and striking species at rather high elevations throughout the Park, often difficult to distinguish from and intergrading with C mini ata. 143-1 Castilleja rhexifolia, 143-2 Castilleja sulphurea, 143-3 Collinsia parviflora, 143-4 Linaria dalmatica, 143-5 Linaria vulgaris. 606 C. sulphurea Rydb. (Common Yellow Paintbrush) Fig. 143-2 [C. septentrionalis Lindl.] Stems clustered, hairless below, somewhat hairy above, up to 5 dm high from a somewhat woody base, simple or branched above. Leaves nar rowly lance-shaped, mostly up to 7 X 1 cm, entire or upper ones rarely lobed. Bracts pale yellow, rather short and broad, usually simple but rarely with 1 or 2 pairs of lobes, loosely white-hairy. Sepals 15-25 mm long; upper petals 18-30 mm long, galea shorter than tubular portion (7.5-10 mm) and 3-4 times as long as thickened, dark green lower lip. The most common yellow Paintbrush at lower elevations, growing in grassy open places rarely reaching higher elevations, as at Ruby Lake.

Collinsia C. parviflora Douglas (Blue-eyed Mary) Fig. 143-3 Small slender annuals, simple or branched, with minute white hairs on all stems, lower midribs and sepals. Leaves 2 per node, sometimes apparently 4, lance-shaped, petiole lacking or several mm long, blade up to 20 X 5 mm, the prominent midvein running into the sharp or blunt tip, margin smooth. Flowers mostly 1 per leaf axil, on very slender stalks up to 15 mm long; sepals 5, narrowly pointed and free for the upper half, with distinct midrib; petals 4, 5 mm or longer, mostly bright blue with white base, showing an upper lip of 2 petals with a sac-like base, a lower lip also of 2 petals the union of which forms a boat-shaped envelope for the 4 stamens and style. Fruit a straw-colored smooth pod about 3.5 mm long, splitting into 4 valves. A nearly ubiquitous, early flowering annual which perhaps always germinates the previous fall and survives the winter as a small seedling. The plants are often purple-tinged, and are common all through the Park in rocky open places up to about 2000 m. Flowers in spring and early summer.

Linaria (Toadflax) Smooth, erect perennials, often with a blue-green tinge, simple or sparsely branched, leaves ovate to nearly strap-like, lacking petioles, and 1 per node. Flowers in simple racemes with small bracts; sepals 5 and free to the base or nearly so; petals 5, fused into a nearly closed snapdragon-like shape with distinct upper and lower lips, the latter running down into a long slen der spur and closing the throat with prominent orange cush ion, the rest of the petals yellow; stamens 2 pairs. Fruit an ovoid pod opening by valves at the tip. Both of our species are introduced roadside weeds which occasionally become established, probably from repeated 607 introductions from permanent populations such as the Crows nest Pass area for L. dalmatica. The free part of the lower lip is a hinged flap pushed out of the way by the visiting insects, mostly bees.

KEY TO SPECIES Stem leaves clasping at base, broadly lance- shaped; flowers 2-4 cm long (including spur); fruit not or scarcely longer than sepals. L. dalmatica Stem leaves not clasping, very narrowly lance- shaped to nearly strap-shaped; flowers 2-3 cm long (including spur); fruit at least twice as long as sepals. L. vulgaris

L. dalmatica (L.) Mill. Fig. 143-4 Rather robust plants, occasionally reaching a meter in height, unbranched or with a few side branches; leaves blue-green, broadly ovate to lance-shaped, the lower with numerous palmate veins and somewhat clasping, up to 4 X 2.5 cm. Flowers in elongating racemes, up to 4 cm including a spur about 1.5 cm; cushion on lower lip densely hairy. Fruit not or scarcely exceeding sepals. A very attractive weed from the Mediterranean which has been well established on the east end of the Crowsnest Pass for many years and has been noted once along the main road near the golf course. Also seen at Lost Horse Creek. Flowers in mid-summer.

L. vulgaris Hill (Butter-and-eggs) Fig. 143-5 Perennials, from spreading rootstocks, reaching 8 dm in height, simple or sparsely branched. Leaves narrowly lance-shaped to nearly strap-shaped, mostly less than 6 cm long and 6 mm wide, sharply pointed at both ends. Flowers 3 cm long or less including a spur of about 13 mm; cushion on lower lip hairless or nearly so. Fruit twice as long or more as sepals. Elsewhere frequently a common and even noxious weed of roadsides and other disturbed areas. This species has been noted once at the bridge over Blakiston Creek, but is likely to appear again sporadically. Flowers in mid-summer.

Mimulus (Monkey Flower) Annual or perennial plants, with somewhat succulent stems and paired entire leaves, the stems often somewhat 4-sided. Flowers 1 per leaf axil, often showy, with 5 sepals fused into an 608 angular tube; petals 5, free only at the tips where usually divided in an upper and lower lip of 2 and 3 petals, respec tively; stamens 2 pairs of different lengths; style slender and long, stigma 2-lipped. Fruit a pod with 2 valves. Generally very attractive plants with a strong preference for mossy banks and similar boggy places near running water. A peculiarity of the 2-lipped stigma is that, when tickled, the lips close. This response represents a mechanism to avoid self- pollination when the visiting insect, loaded with pollen, with draws from the flower.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers pink-purple with yellow throat markings. M. lewisii Flowers yellow with purple throat markings. Yellow part of flower 1.5-4 cm long, clearly 2-lipped; upper tooth of sepal tube longer than others; common in many parts of the park. M. guttatus Yellow part of flower less than 1 cm long, not obviously 2-lipped; teeth of sepal tube equal; known only from Red Rock Canyon. M. floribundus

M. floribundus Lindl. Fig. 144-1 A very delicate annual, sometimes no more than 1 cm high when flower ing, or reaching up to about 1.5 dm, the larger plants branching some what, very sparsely glandular-hairy on all green parts. Leaves up to 5 cm long, more than half of which is slender petiole; blade very thin, up to 2 X 1.5 cm, ovate, often with 3 prominent veins, margin smooth or nearly so. Flowers on very delicate stalks about 2 cm long, small plants with a single terminal flower; sepal tube about 5 mm long, the face lobes about 1 mm long and equal, the ribs purple-tinged; petal tube yellow, up to 10 mm long, not strikingly 2-lipped, the free lobes nearly equal, yellow except for maroon spots on the floor of the throat. An exceedingly rare species, known from one early collection near Hillcrest (east side of Crowsnest Pass) and from one very limited popula tion on mossy shaded banks in Red Rock Canyon. Similar material from Wyoming has also been called M. membranaceus Nels. or M. floribundus Lindl. var. membranaceus Grant. Flowers in July and early August.

M. guttatus DC. (Yellow Monkey Flower) Fig. 144-2 Plants rather succulent and glandular-hairy, extremely variable in stature, smallest individuals about 5 cm high and 1-flowered, largest up to 144-1 Mimulus floribundus, 144-2 Mimulus guttatus, 144-3 Mimulus lewisii, 144-4 Orthocarpus luteus. 610 5 or 6 dm and branched; mostly annual but perhaps occasionally peren nial, some plants propagating with slender creeping stems. Leaves up to 4 X 4 cm with several large veins from the base, clasping the stem in large plants, smaller leaves usually broadly ovate or elliptical, with coarsely and shallowly toothed margin and 2-15 mm long petiole. Flowers in leaf axils, in larger plants also in open terminal groups, each flower on a stalk 2 cm or longer; sepal tube about 1 cm long but growing in fruit, free lobes 1-3 mm but the upper one much longer than the others; petal tubes 2-3 cm long, bright yellow, the floor with numerous maroon spots, the tube strikingly 2-lipped; style about 1.5 cm long, with large stigma. A plant of sunny, wet mossy places at various middle and low eleva tion sites throughout the Park, and elsewhere in Alberta in the Crowsnest Forest and in the Cypress Hills. The more subalpine plants with slender creeping stems and fewer flowers may belong to a distinct species, M. tilingii Regel which otherwise seems nearly indistinguishable. Flowers from July to early September.

M. lewisii Pursh (Red Monkey Flower) Fig. 144-3 Rather stout, glandular-hairy and leafy perennials, stems usually un branched, clustered from branching rootstocks, reaching 8 dm in height. Leaves up to 7 X 2.5 cm, lance-shaped, lacking petioles, clasping the stem, with several large veins from the base; margin with small widely spaced teeth. Flowers on stout stalks up to 7 cm long; sepal tube about 2 cm long, with prominent sharp, equal teeth; petal tube rose-purple, with numerous spots on the yellowish floor, 3-5 cm long, obviously 2-lipped, the free lobes about 1 cm long, style about 2 cm long with large stigma. Common at higher elevations along creeks and other open wet places throughout the Park and north in the Crowsnest Forest, flowering during July and at least into late August. The showy long-stalked flowers are fre quently visited by hummingbirds.

Orthocarpus O. luteus Nutt. (Yellow Owlclover) Fig. 144-4 Stiffly erect, unbranched or very sparsely branched annuals with glandu lar and simple white hairs throughout, usually less than 3 dm high. Leaves 1 per node, narrowly strap-shaped and sharply pointed below, deeply 3-cleft above, including the flower bracts which are broad-based; petioles lacking; largest leaves 2-4 cm. Flowers stemless, in a dense spike-like cluster; sepal tube about 4 mm long, with 4 pointed lobes about equally long; petal tube golden yellow, nearly closed, more or less club- shaped, 10-12 mm long; stamens 4. Fruit flattened, chestnut-brown, shorter than the sepal tube, which doubles in length after flowering. Open grasslands at low elevations. Like the related Paintbrushes, this 611 species is parasitic on neighboring plants through minute root connec tions. Flowers from July to early September.

Pedicularis (Louse Wort) Perennials with erect, unbranched, often clustered stems from a short root-crown, leaves smooth, fern-like, grouped basally and/or along the stem, one per node. Flowers stemless or nearly so, along an elongating spike, in axils of small, leafy bracts; sepal tube cleft into 2-5 pointed lobes; petal tube strongly 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lobed, the upper 2 petals fused into a hooded or beaked structure; stamens 2 pairs. Fruit a flattened pod splitting along 2 seams. A group of 3 species in the Park, all parasitic like the Paintbrushes and several others. The flowers in P. contorta and P. groenlandica are unmistakable structures with a twisted "snout." A fourth, white-flowered, species, P. racemosa Dougl. should be looked for in the Park, as it is known to the south, west and north, although only rarely in Alberta (Jasper).

KEY TO SPECIES Upper part of flower extended into curved beak like organ; largest leaves basal, stem leaves reduced. Flowers creamy white, the beak curving down. P. contorta Flowers light purple to red, the beak upturned. P. groenlandica Upper part of flower hooded but not beak-like; largest leaves on stem, basal leaves usually lacking. P. bracteosa

P. bracteosa Benth. Fig. 145-1 Tall plants, up to 1 m high, the stems from a short root-crown with fibrous and elongated fleshy roots; lowest third or more of stem leafless, above which a few leaves up to 15 X 12 cm with short petiole, outline of leaf ovate, lowest leaflets long, lance-shaped with marginal lobes, the lobes themselves toothed, leaves abruptly reduced upward leaving 1 or 2 strap like leaves just below the dense spike which is set well above other leaves. Flowers stemless in axils of diminishing bracts which are ovate, pointed and fringed with white hair; sepals 5, glandular-hairy, unequal, the uppermost shortest but all fused into a short tube; petals fused into long, hood-like upper lip and short 3-lobed lower lip, brownish-purple to dull yellow, somewhat more than 1 cm long. Fruit light brown, about 1 cm long. 145-1 Pedicularis bracteosa, 145-2 Pedicularis contorta, 145-3 Pedicularis groen landica, 145-4 Penstemon albertinus. 613 A common woodland species all through the Park, in protected places reaching up to 2300 m. An unmistakable plant because of its naked lower stem and dense spike with hooded flowers. Flowers in July and August.

P. contorta Benth. Fig. 145-2 Plants up to 4 dm high, leaves finely dissected, up to 8 X 2 cm, nearly half of which is petiole, the leaflets 1 mm wide wjth sharply toothed margin, overall shape of blade narrowly lance-shaped, most leaves clustered at base, stem leaves gradually reduced to just below flowers. Flowers on short stalks in axils of deeply cleft green bracts on rather open spike; sepal tube with 5 pointed lobes, the upper one the shortest; petals creamy white, sometimes with fine purple markings, lower lip broad, upper lip a slender downcurved snout, entire flower about 1 cm long. Fruit dark brown, about 8 mm long. A rare species known from Oil Basin, Bellevue Hill, and the lower north slope of Sofa Mtn. Flowers mostly in June and July.

P. groenlandica Retz. (Elephant Head) Fig. 145-3 Plants up to 5 dm high, leaves basal, up to 20 X 3 cm, of which about half is petiole, leaflets usually several mm wide, sharply toothed; stem leaves gradually reduced upward grading into the narrow, strap-like floral bracts. Flowers on stalks of 1 mm, in rather compact narrow spikes, sepal tube about 5 mm long, with 5 short, blunt lobes of similar length, petals light reddish-purple, together resembling an elephant's head, the upper lip modified into the head and upcurved trunk, the two lateral lobes of the lower lip resembling the ears; entire flower 10-15 mm long. Fruit light brown, about 7 mm long. An intriguing plant because of the shape of its flower, sometimes found in large populations in wet meadows but in the Park known from only a few localities north of Sofa Mtn., at Cameron Lake, and on the Castle River Divide in the northwest corner of the Park. The stem and leaves of this species are often purple-tinged. Flowers from June into August.

Penstemon (Beardtongue) Perennial, mostly hairless plants, some species from a rather woody base, erect or somewhat creeping; leaves paired, entire. Flowers in clusters at the nodes on the upper stem; sepals 5, fused only at the base, pointed green; petals brightly colored, forming a conspicuous tube, the 5 free lobes grouped into 2 lips; anthers 5 but one sterile and often bearded at tip, the fertile 4 of two different lengths. Style long and slender, 614 with distinct button-like stigma. Fruit an ovate pod splitting at the tip, releasing numerous seeds. A very attractive group of plants, represented by at least 5 species. Another species, P. eriantherus Pursh, occurs in surrounding mountainous territory, and should be looked for on open dry bluffs or slopes up to 2000 m. It is reminiscent of P. nitidus but has flowers about 2 cm long and much wider than those of the latter, hairy buds, and a beard of bright yellow hair up to 3 mm long (rarely, the beard is lacking). In addition to the species here treated P. fruticosus (Pursh) Greene ssp. scouleri Pennell & Keck has been reported for the Park. Its flowers are like those of P. ellipticus but the leaves are up to 4.5 cm long and less than 5 mm wide, the margins with sparse fine teeth. No authentic plants have been seen from the Park, but this Beardtongue certainly occurs in the Crowsnest Pass area and somewhat further north. Yet another species, P. montanus Greene, reported for Prairie Bluff in the Castle River drainage, has turned out to be our P. ellipticus instead.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers more than 2 cm long. Leaves commonly up to 7 cm long, less than one-fifth as wide, with slender, sharp tip; flowers up to 4 cm long. P. lyalli Leaves mostly less than 3 cm long, at least one- third as wide as long, with rounded tip; flowers mostly less than 3 cm long. P. ellipticus Flowers less than 2 cm long. Lowest flower bracts usually less than twice as long as broad; leaves blue-green; throat of flower 4-5 mm wide. P. nitidus Lowest flower bracts no more than one-quarter as wide as long; leaves bright green; throat of flower 2-3 mm wide. Flowers less than 1 cm long, yellow or blue, in rather crowded clusters. Flowers yellow; common. P. confertus Flowers blue; rare. P. procerus Flowers more than 1 cm long, blue, in open arrangement. P. albertinus 615 P. albertinus Greene Fig. 145-4 [incl. P. virens Pennell as applied to Alberta] Plants with clustered stems, up to 3 dm high. Basal leaves clustered with leaves up to 7 X 2.5 cm, half of which is petiole; blade lance-shaped to ovate, margin inconspicuously toothed. Stem leaves up to 4 X 1 cm, lack ing petioles, narrowly lance-shaped to elliptical, with shallowly toothed margin, sometimes with clasping base; lowest stem leaves smaller, spoon- shaped. Flowers bright blue, in an open elongated arrangement, the small clusters on wiry stalks 5-15 mm long; sepals 3-5 mm long; petal tube slender, 15-20 mm long, sparsely short-hairy outside, with long white and yellow hairs in lower throat; sterile stamen short, bearded. A handsome plant found in dry exposed mountainous habitats in southwestern Alberta and south and westward, rather common at lower and middle elevations all through the Park; it was first described from Vimy Peak. It is similar to P. procerus, which has smaller flowers in sev eral very dense clusters along the stem, and narrower leaves; in fact, in all but color it is very similar to P. confertus. Flowers in June and July.

P. confertus Dougl. (Yellow Beardtongue) Fig. 146-1 Plants 1- or few-stemmed, mostly up to 3 dm high; basal leaves up to 9 X 2 cm, petiole about 2 cm, blade lance-shaped, apparently overwintering; stem leaves up to 6 X 1.5 cm, the lowest short-petioled, others lacking petioles and sometimes clasping the stem, narrowly lance-shaped. Flow ers in several dense clusters, the uppermost largest; sepals 3-5 mm long, with white or rose-purple, frayed margin and sharp tip; petal tube less than 1 cm long, narrow, pale yellow or bright yellow, sometimes with pink tinge, lower throat with long yellow hairs; sterile stamen yellow-bearded. The most common Beardtongue in the mountains of southern Alberta, present on almost any dry open slope or meadow up to 2300 m. Flowering from early June into August.

P. ellipticus Coult. & Fisher Fig. 146-2 Low mat-forming plants, from a much-branched woody base. Leaves up to 4 X 1.5 cm, petiole 1 cm or less, blade lance-shaped to elliptical, with shallowly toothed margin; basal leaf-tufts persistent and often producing flowering stalks the second year; stem leaves only slightly reduced to just below flowers. Flowers few per leafy stem, the slender individual stalks up to 1.5 cm long, glandular-hairy like the narrow, 8-10 mm long sepals; petal tube up to 3.5 cm long, deep lavender, smooth, lower throat and an thers white-hairy; sterile stamen rather short, with yellow beard most of its length. Rock outcroppings and similar exposed sites, mostly between 2000 146-1 Penstemon confertus, 146-2 Penstemon ellipticus, 146-3 Penstemon lyallii, 1464 Penstemon nitidus, 146-5 Rhinanthus crista-galli. 617 and 2800 m. A beautiful and rather common plant in the Park, which might be confused with P. lyallii which, however, has very narrow and long leaves and more flowers in an open cluster. Flowers from late June into August.

P. lyallii Gray Fig. 146-3 Few-stemmed plants, from a branched woody base, stems up to 5 dm long but often lodged at the base; leaves very narrowly lance-shaped, up to 8 X 1.5 cm, smooth-margined or with widely spaced small teeth, very sharply pointed and scarcely reduced upwards. Flowers several to many per stem, in open clusters and on long stalks; sepals and nearby stalks glandu lar-hairy, the former 1 cm long; petal tube 3-4 cm long, lavender, hairless; lower throat and anthers white-woolly; sterile stamen smooth. A rather common and striking plant at middle elevations, in rocky exposed places; north to the Crowsnest Pass area. See comments under P. ellipticus, with which hybrids have been reported in Montana. Flowers from June to early August.

P. nitidus Dougl. (Smooth Blue Beardtongue) Fig. 146-4 Short bluish-green and smooth plants, up to 35 cm high. Leaves in basal tufts up to 10 cm long, 8-15 cm wide, petiole as long as blade; stem leaves usually lacking petioles, often narrowly elliptical or spoon-shaped below, grading into broadly ovate flower bracts above, which may be as wide as long and usually clasp the stem. Flowers in compact axillary clusters; sepals 3-4 cm long, green or purple; petal tube brilliant blue with white heart and base, sometimes purplish, the throat hairless; sterile stamen yellow-bearded for several mm near the tip. A prairie element found on open bluffs and knolls, mostly below 1700 m. The plant is unmistakable because of its bluish, almost fleshy leaves and usually brilliantly blue flowers. Flowers from May to July.

P. procerus Graham (not illustrated) A species nearly identical in appearance and size to P. confertus except for its deep blue flower color. The very rare yellowish forms of the species are practically impossible to separate from P. confertus. P. procerus (the common blue form) has been reported only from the east entrance to the Park. Flowers in June and July.

Rhinanthus R. crista-galli L. (Yellow Rattle) Fig. 146-5 Erect, simple, or sparsely branched finely hairy annuals, mostly less than 618 5 dm high, the lowest leaves withering early. Leaves mostly less than 5 X 1 cm, lacking petiole, narrowly lance-shaped but slowly tapering, upper leaves and bracts broader and clasping. Flowers 1 per axil, on 1-2 mm long stalks; sepals fused into an inflated green organ about 8X5 mm when flowering but expanding to about 12-15 X 10 mm in fruit, with 4 tooth-like lobes; petal tube golden yellow and somewhat flattened, pro truding for 2-3 mm, the upper lip hooded and 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Fruit a flattened pod obscured by the inflated sepal tube, and rattling with the rather few seeds, each 2-3 mm and very flat yellowish-brown, sur rounded by a thin flange. A parasite on grasses and other neighboring plants, flowering in the second half of the summer in grassy meadows at lower elevations in many areas in the Park. It is occasionally found in dense populations visibly de pressing growth of surrounding plants.

Verbascum V. thapsus L. (Mullein) Fig. 147-1 Coarse, densely hairy plant, the hairs branched or star-shaped; biennial, forming a large rosette of leaves the first season, flowering and dying the second. Leaves to 40 cm long and 12 cm wide, simple and broadly lance- shaped, the lower ones with conspicuous stout petioles, the upper stem leaves smaller, lacking petioles, and with the leaf-margins running down the stem. Flowering plants to 2 m high, mostly unbranched, about half of the plant a dense club-shaped spike. Flowers bright yellow, to 2 cm wide, the 5 rounded petals spreading; stamens 5, filaments of the upper three hairy. Fruit broadly ovoid, nearly 1 cm long, with rigid sharp tips. A common roadside weed in some parts of the province, especially abundant in the Crowsnest Pass area. It became established near the gov ernment compound around 1979 and is likely to spread.

Veronica (Speedwell) Rather small annual or perennial plants, mostly preferring moist habitats. Leaves simple, at least the larger ones paired. Flowers blue to white, either single in leaf axils or on special ized side branches; sepals 4, fused at base, petals 4, somewhat unequal, falling as a unit with the 2 stamens; style with very small stigma. Fruit an often flat pod, sometimes notched at tip.

KEY TO SPECIES All flowers grouped on specialized side branches, each flower on delicate stalk, flower bracts less than 0.5 mm wide. 619 Leaves at mid-height with obvious petioles several mm long. V. americana Leaves at and above mid-height lacking petioles. Fruit flat, thin; leaves narrow and smooth- margined or nearly so. V. scutellata Fruit swollen, rather thick; leaves lance- shaped and usually inconspicuously lobed or toothed. V. catenata Flowers individually among leaves or in axils of leafy bracts at least 1 mm wide, on short stalks not especially delicate. Fruit densely hairy, elongate; style 1 mm long or longer. V. wormskjoldii Fruit hairless or very nearly so, at least as wide as long. Style less than 0.5 mm long. V. peregrina Style at least as long as capsule, i.e. 2 mm or more. V. serpyllifolia

V. americana Benth. Fig. 147-2 Somewhat creeping or lodged perennial, hairless, rooting at the nodes, stems up to 8 dm long. Leaves up to 5 X 2 cm with short petioles, lance- shaped to ovate or elliptical, with shallowly toothed margin. Flowers on leafless axillary stems, with often more than 20 flowers, each flower in axil of minute bract and on delicate, spreading stalk 6-10 mm long; petals blue to violet, 4-6 mm broad. Pod rather thick, about as wide as long (2-3 mm), not or scarcely notched. Known from several wet places at the lowest parts of the Park, and also at the north end of Cameron Lake. Flowers from July into early September.

V. catenata Pennell (Water Speedwell) Fig. 147-3 [incl. V. salina Schur.] Probably perennial plant, hairless, lodging and rooting at the base, stems up to 6 dm long or more. Leaves paired, clasping at base, narrowly lance- shaped, at most obscurely toothed. Flowers on similar branches as V. americana. Petals light blue to pink; pod shallowly notched, the lobes in flated and separated by a deep groove. 147-1 Verbascum thapsus, 147-2 Veronica americana, 147-3 Veronica catenata; submerged (left) and emerged (right) plants, 147-4 Veronica peregrina, 147-5 Veronica scutellata. 621 A nearly aquatic plant, similar to V. americana but with narrower clasping leaves and somewhat different pods. It has twice been observed near the lowest portion of the Waterton River. Flowers in late summer.

V. peregrina L. Fig. 147-4 An inconspicuous weedy annual, erect or somewhat rooting at the lodged, often branched base; stems with short glandular hairs. Leaves up to 30 X 8 mm, lacking petioles, narrowly elliptical with shallowly toothed or smooth margin; largest leaves paired, the much smaller leafy bracts 1 per node. Flowers 1 per axil on stalks less than 1 mm long; sepals rather narrow, 2-3 mm long when flowering but elongating in fruit, slightly longer than the very pale blue or white petals. Pod inverted heart-shaped, about 3x4 mm, style nearly lacking. An unobtrusive small plant noted from moist places in several locali ties in the lowest part of the Park. Our material belongs to var. xalapensis (H.B.K.) St. John & Warren. Flowers in late summer.

V. scutellata L. (Marsh Speedwell) Fig. 147-5 A rather slender perennial, with lodged, rooting stems, hairless or short- hairy, mostly less than 3 dm in length. Leaves paired, lacking petioles, up to 50 X 6 mm, narrowly lance-shaped and pointed, usually smooth-mar gined. Flowering branches 1 per axil, slender and rather few-flowered, bracts nearly hair-like, flower stalks spreading, up to 10 mm long; petals blue to violet. Pod fiat, 4 mm wide and 3 mm long, deeply notched, style 1-2 mm. Known from the Buffalo Paddocks, in very wet soil; flowering in late summer.

V. serpyllifolia L. Fig. 148-1 Finely hairy, creeping perennial, with stems ascending to 2 dm and rooting at the base. Larger leaves paired, up to 2 x 1 cm, elliptical and essentially smooth-margined, with petiole up to 2 mm. Flowers in elon gating terminal arrangement, each with stalk up to 5 mm long in the axil of a 2 X 6 mm bract, 1 per node; petals blue. Pod hairy, flat and round, about 5 mm in diameter when mature, somewhat notched, the style about 3 mm long or more. A rather inconspicuous plant of moist habitats at middle elevations. It and V. peregrina are the only species in the Park with terminal flower arrangement in which the bracts are not paired, but the two species are very distinct in the shape of leaf and pod, and the length of style. The plants in the Park appear to belong to var. humifusa (Dickson) Vahl, and flower from late May into early August. 622 V. wormskjoldii Roem. & Schult. Fig. 148-2 [V. alpina L. var. unalaschcensis Cham. & Schlecht.] Erect plants, up to 3 dm high from a creeping rootstock, stem somewhat lodged below, white-hairy below, becoming glandular-hairy on all green parts above, including pod. Leaves paired, lacking petiole or nearly so, up to 3.5 X 2 cm, elliptical to ovate, nearly smooth-margined, abruptly reduced just below flowers. Flowers in dense terminal arrangement elon gating in fruit, on stalks up to 3 mm long; petals bright blue. Pod blue- green, elongate, about 6X4 mm, shallowly notched, with style at least 1 mm long. An attractive species common in moist meadows and slopes between 1700 and 2700 m, flowering from late June into August.

Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss Family) Selaginella (Spikemoss) Creeping or appressed, profusely branched, moss-like plants. Leaves small and numerous, persistent, terminating in a white spine-like tail, smooth-margined except for stiff marginal hairs completely covering the stem, less than 2 mm long, more or less lance-shaped. Cones more or less 4-angled, at tips of branches; spore cases yellow to orange, 4, clustered in axils of cone-leaves. For distinguishing features vis-a-vis the very similar Lyco- podiaceae, see under Lycopodium.

KEY TO SPECIES Densely matted plants, the vegetative branches compact, silver-tipped, and mostly appressed to the ground; leaves with silvery-white tail about 1 mm long; cones rigidly erect; common. S. densa Loosely matted plants, profusely but rather openly branched but not closely appressed to the ground; leaves with dull white tail less than 0.5 mm long; cones not rigidly erect; known only from the east slope of Crandell Mtn. S. wallacei

S. densa Rydb. Fig. 148-3 Very compact, low, dense perennials, closely appressed to the ground except for cones and branch tips, the latter silvery because of silvery leaf- 148-1 Veronica serpyllifolia, 148-2 Veronica wormskjoldii, 148-3 Selaginella densa, 148-4 Selaginella wallacei, 148-5 Sparganium angustifolium, 148-6 Sparganium emersum, 148-7 Sparganium minimum. 624 tails about 1 mm long. Cones stiffly erect, usually in a cluster or zone somewhat behind vegetative branches, sharply 4-angled, up to 2 cm long. A ubiquitous but inconspicuous plant all through the Park, favoring dry open places from the prairie areas to at least 2500 m. The plant looks dull olive-green during most of the season but turns rather bright green during rainy periods. It is usually mistaken for a moss from which it is clearly distinct by its cones.

S. wallacei Hieron. Fig. 148-4 Rather slender, profusely branched, creeping perennials, forming loose mats of intertwined green branches; leaf-tails dull white, less than 0.5 mm long. Cones distributed over various branches, not clustered or rigidly erect, often somewhat curved, mostly about 1 cm long. This plant, which is common in southern British Columbia west of the Kootenay Lakes area, is known from a solitary locality in Alberta, on the steep, lower east slope of Crandell Mtn. Even though it grows inter mingled with S. densa it is easily distinguished because of its larger looser mats and more slenderly branched habit.

Sparganiaceae Sparganium Aquatic or swamp plants, from creeping rootstocks, stems erect or floating, leaves grass-like and usually floating, 1 per node and sheathing at base, 2-ranked. Flowers in dense round heads, unisexual, the male head(s) above female ones, at least the lowest heads in or somewhat above the axil of a leafy bract. Male flowers with 3-5 stamens and as many short and thin, brownish "petals"; female flowers with similar organs which are somewhat larger; pistil simple, above the "petals" and ter minating in a pointed beak. Fruit brownish-green, spindle- shaped, often slightly constricted in the middle, 1-seeded.

KEY TO SPECIES Male head 1; lowest female head stalkless or nearly so; anthers less than 0.8 mm long and at least half as broad; leaves mostly less than 6 mm wide. S. minimum Male heads 2 or more; lowest female head(s) long-stalked; anthers more than 0.8 mm long and 625 much less than half as broad; leaves mostly more than 6 mm wide. Mature female heads 2-3 cm thick; beak of fruit up to 2.5 mm long, rather slender-tipped. S. emersum Mature female heads up to 1.5 cm thick; beak of fruit up to 2 mm long, rather stout-tipped. S. angustifolium

S. angustifolium Michx. Fig. 148-5 Stems 3-10 dm long, floating when in deep water, shortest in shallow water; leaves slightly rounded on the back, mostly up to 6 mm wide, upper ones usually expanded at the base. Male heads up to 5, the anthers more than 0.8 mm long, less than half as broad; female heads 2-4, the lower one or 2 long-stalked, axillary or much above the axil, when fruiting up to 1.5 cm thick, the'rruit abruptly narrowed to a 2 mm beak. Occasional at the lowest elevations, flowering in July and August. Difficult to distinguish from S. emersum; in fact, the two species are reported to hybridize elsewhere.

S. emersum Rehm. Fig. 148-6 [S. multipedunculatum (Morong) Rydb., S. simplex Huds.] Similar to S. angustifolium, the leaves tending to be keeled or v-shaped in section rather than rounded. Male and female heads 3-5 each, the latter in or above leaf axils and on stalks up to 12 cm long; anthers 1-1.5 mm long and less than half as broad; fruiting heads 2-3 cm thick, the fruit with gradually or abruptly tapered, rather slender-tipped beak 3-5 mm long. Reported from the beaver ponds on the lower north slopes of Sofa Mtn.; see comments under S. angustifolium.

S. minimum (Hartm.) Fries Fig. 148-7 A very slender plant, with floating stems and leaves, leaves mostly less than 6 mm wide; male head 1, the anthers mostly less than 0.8 mm long but at least half as broad; female head(s) 1 to several, stalkless or nearly so, in leaf axils; fruiting head up to 1.2 cm when mature, fruit rather slender, gradually tapered into 1-1.5 mm long beak. A rare and inconspicuous species recorded for Maskinonge Lake only. Its small size and long-stalked single male head are distinctive. 626 Taxaceae (Yew Family) Taxus T. brevifolia Nutt. (Western Yew) Fig. 149-1 Evergreen, branching shrub, the leaves and young twigs dark or olive green, hairless. Leaves 1 per node, numerous, flat and needle-like, 1.5-2 cm long and 2 mm wide, with sharp tip and very short petiole the base of which runs down the twig as a ridge. Male cone a small (2 mm diameter) cluster of lobed, stamen-like structures on a short stalk emerging from several pairs of overlapping budscales, these cones individually in axils of some leaves; in a few other leaf axils are found single terminal ovules sunken in green cup-like structures and subtended by short, scale-cov ered stalks. "Fruit" a bluish seed 5-6 mm long surrounded by a bright red, fleshy cup 4-5 mm wide. The Western Yew in Alberta is known only from a few sprawling shrubs at 2000 m, along the Bertha Lake trail. It becomes increasingly common west of the Divide, where it may reach tree stature. The flat leaves are mostly held in one plane and cling to the branches for 6 years or more. Although there have been other reports of the yew in Alberta, none have been substantiated. It is easily mistaken for alpine fir and Douglas fir, differing in the solitary ovule and seed with fleshy red rim, the minute male cones, and the shrubby habit. The pollen is shed in May, seeds ripen ing in the fall.

Typhaceae (Cattail Family) Typha T. latifolia L. (Common Cattail) Fig. 149-2 Coarse perennials, from very short rootstocks, growing to 2 or 3 m in height, hairless. Leaves basally ensheathing the erect, pithy, unbranched stem, considerably shorter than the latter, mostly 8-20 mm wide, smooth- margined and strap-shaped, with fine parallel veins. Flowers minute and crowded in a dense club-like cylindrical spike at the tip of the stem, the female cluster below and dark brown, at least 10 cm long and 8 mm thick, the male spike directly above it, often somewhat shorter and wider, yellowish brown. Flower reduced to a single very slender stalked pistil (female) or 2-5 stamens with joined filaments (male), sepals and petals absent, but flowers with and surrounded by numerous hairs. Fruits minute, slender-stalked and very numerous, wind-borne in winter and spring by means of the attached hairs, crowded in the 2-2.5 cm thick fruiting spike which is topped by the dead male axis. A well-known and common marsh-plant at low elevations in Alberta, 627 often established in wet spots along roads. In the Park, however, it is known only from one or two places around the Waterton River crossing. Pollen is shed in late June or July.

Umbelliferae [Apiaceae] (Carrot Family) Perennial plants, the stems often hollow and ribbed. Leaves 1 per node, the petiole mostly sheathed at base, the blade simple or (more commonly) variously divided, sometimes very finely so. Smallest flower clusters with a number of stalked flowers attached to a single point (secondary umbels), these clusters in turn stalked and joined at a common point to form the main umbel; either or both umbels may or may not be subtended by a whorl of bract-like structures. Flowers with 5 sepals, petals and stamens each; sepals minute or even lacking, petals often with incurved or notched tips, distinct; stamens free, alterna ting with petals. Ovary placed below other floral elements, topped by 2 styles with expanded bases. Fruit dry, splitting into 2 equal 1-seeded halves often suspended from the top by a wiry fiber each and variously 5-ribbed or winged, smooth to bristly. A distinctive family easily recognized by its combination of fruit and flower characteristics, and by the structure of its flower clusters. Because of the structural uniformity of the flower throughout the family, and because of considerable leaf variation within many species, the mature fruit is often essential in final identification.

KEY TO GENERA All stem leaves simple, strap-like or nearly so. Bupleurum Stem leaves not so. Basal leaves simple, heart-shaped; at least lowest stem leaves with 3 toothed leaflets. Zizia Basal and stem leaves not so. Basal leaves with several leaflets placed in fan-like arrangement; fruit densely covered with curved, stiff bristles. Sanicula Basal leaves and fruits not so. Leaves no more than twice divided, not at all carrot-like, the divisions long and narrow, 628 often smooth-margined; ultimate divisions not stalked. Leaflets narrowly lance-shaped, clearly constricted at point of attachment, finely toothed. Sium Leaflets strap-shaped to nearly hair-like, not or scarcely constricted at base, smooth- margined. Plants from spindle-shaped fleshy root; flowers white; fruit-halves about 2 mm long, about as long as wide. Perideridia Plants from strong but not spindle-shaped roots; flowers yellow; fruit-halves very flat and wing-margined, up to 12 mm long but Lomatium less than half as wide. triternatum Leaves carrot-like or not, twice or more divided, in the former case broad and rather coarsely toothed, the ultimate divisions stalked or not. Fruit-halves very narrow, not winged, at least 5 times as long as wide, in all but one species bristly-hairy and sharply pointed below. Osmorhiza Fruit-halves broader, with lateral wings or not, less than 4 times as long as wide, hairless or nearly so. Coarse, tall, and usually hairy plants; flowers white, the marginal ones with deeply notched petals of very different sizes; fruit-halves with 3-4 dark lines to beyond the middle. Heracleum Plants not coarse though sometimes tall, usually not obviously hairy; flowers yellowish-white but marginal ones not asymmetrical; fruit-halves lacking such dark lines. Fruit-halves thick, not compressed, ribbed but lacking flat marginal wings. Plants appressed to the ground or ascending, flowers yellow; leaf segments much shorter than 2 cm; fruit-halves twice as long as broad, tapered. Musineon 629 Plant erect, flowers white; leaflets 3-10 cm long; fruit-halves about as long as broad, not tapered. Cicuta Fruit-halves distinctly flattened, with wings at least along margin and sometimes also on back. Plants erect; leaflets broad, often obviously stalked; fruit-half with dorsal wings. Angelica Plants erect to appressed-ascending; leaflets narrow and/or deeply cleft, not obviously stalked; fruit-half lacking dorsal wings. Lomatium

Angelica Stems leafy; leaves mostly twice divided into rather large toothed leaflets. Flowers white or yellow. Fruit-halves flat tened, hairless with prominent marginal wings and 3 dorsal crests or wings.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers white or slightly pink; primary umbels mostly 2 or more per plant, lacking bracts. A. arguta Flowers yellow; primary umbel mostly 1 per plant, with large leafy, sharply toothed bracts. A. dawsonii

A. arguta Nutt. (White Angelica) Fig. 149-3 Plants stout, up to 2 m high, hairless, usually with a single stem; petiole sheath large, the upper ones lacking petiole and bearing a much reduced leaf. Leaves along stem only, large, 2 or 3 times divided, the leaflets lance- shaped to ovate, 4-12 cm long, with sharply toothed margin. Umbels several, lacking bracts, up to 7 cm in diameter when in flower, with rounded top, often becoming twice as wide and flat-topped in fruit. Flowers whitish, often with purplish tinge when in bud, the stamens far exceeding the petals. Fruit-halves very flat, up to 8 mm long and about half as wide, with 2 broad marginal wings and 3 dorsal ridges. Throughout the Park, from lowest elevations occasionally up to 2200 m, usually in moist habitats. The species reaches north to the Crowsnest Pass area but apparently no further. Flowers in July and early August.

A. dawsonii Wats. (Yellow Angelica) Fig. 149-4 Plants usually several-stemmed, 3-6 dm tall when flowering but elonga- 149-1 Taxus brevifolia, 149-2 Typha latifolia, 149-3 Angelica arguta, 149-4 Angelica dawsonii, 149-5 Bupleurum americanum. 631 ting in fruit, hairless; petiole sheath rather large, always with leaf. Lar gest leaves from base, up to 3 dm long most of which is petiole; blade twice divided into 3, the leaflets lance-shaped, up to 7 cm long and less than half as wide, sharply toothed; stem leaves few and small. Umbels usually solitary, up to 4.5 cm wide when in flower and somewhat larger in fruit, subtended by large, leafy, deeply cleft bracts, the secondary umbels subtended by similar, much smaller bracts. Flowers lemon-yellow, sta mens surpassing petals. Fruit-halves very flat, broadly winged along mar gin, about 6 mm long and half as wide, elliptical, with 3 prominent dorsal ridges. A very common and unmistakable plant throughout the Park, from prairie areas up to 2300 m, usually in habitats which are damp at least early in the summer. Common also in the Castle River drainage and reaching to just north of the Crowsnest Pass. The' distinctive bracts are quite variable and on occasion far surpass the radius of the umbel. Flowers from late May to at least the middle of July.

Bupleurum B. americanum Coult. & Rose Fig. 149-5 Hairless plants, with 1 to several erect stems from branched rootstock, up to 4 dm high, somewhat blue-green. Leaves mostly clustered at or near base, stem leaves reduced upwards, the basal ones up to 11 X 1 cm with strong parallel veining, strap-shaped to very narrowly lance-shaped, tapering into petiole with small sheath; all leaves smooth-margined. Umbels one or few per stem, the few branches up to 4 cm long and ter minating in dense globular secondary umbels about 1 cm wide, both umbels with small broad, green bracts. Flowers dull yellow or purplish. Fruit-halves elliptical, 3-4 mm long and less than half as wide, ridged but not winged. A rather rare, quite unmistakable plant of dry exposed, frequently rocky meadows at elevations up to 2000 m; so far known only in the area from Oil Basin to Knight's Lake, but also reported from above timberline on Mt. Crandell. It is apparently not known elsewhere in the province (except for Whiskey Gap southeast of Cardston) but may extend some what beyond the northern Park boundary. Flowers in July and August.

Cicuta C. douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose (Water Hemlock) Fig. 150-1 Short plants, with 1 or few erect stems up to 2 m tall, hairless, from a chambered, swollen base from which fleshy roots extend outward. Leaves along stem only or mostly, 1 to 3 times divided into narrowly lance-shaped leaflets 3-10 cm long and one-third or less wide, margins sharply and 150-1 Cicuta douglasii, 150-2 Heracleum lanatum, 150-3 Lomatium dissectum. 633 rather evenly toothed. Umbels several, up to 10 cm wide when flowering, with few or no bracts, becoming considerably larger in fruit; secondary umbels with several very narrow bracts. Flowers whitish, stamens no more than slightly surpassing petals. Fruit more or less spherical, 2-4 mm long, ribbed but not winged. One of our most poisonous plants, to both man and livestock, frequently causing death in cattle; especially the swollen base and roots are poisonous. The plant resembles Sium suave with which it may grow, as both prefer boggy places. The chambered base and thickened roots, and more spherical fruits characterize Water Hemlock, which is an occasional plant in wet places along the northeast flanks of the Park. Flowers in the second half of the summer.

Heracleum H. lanatum Michx. (Cow Parsnip) Fig. 150-2 A very coarse plant, when young conspicuously hairy on stems, leaf- sheaths and petioles, with a simple stout stem up to 2 mhigh. Leaves also very large, the large ones about the base, with large and broad sheaths, upper leaves gradually reduced to the sheath mostly. Blades with 3 large, stalked divisions, these irregularly cleft and with sharply toothed margin. Umbels flat-topped, up to 1.5 dm wide when flowering, becoming nearly double that size in fruit, bracts of main and secondary umbels few, hair like. Flowers white, petals deeply notched and very unequal on marginal flowers. Fruit very flat, about 10 X 7 mm, the halves tapered below and blunt above, with 3 or 4 conspicuous dark oil tubes reaching down partway to the base; marginal wing 1 mm wide. A common and easily identified plant of damp open meadows and stream banks from low elevations to about 2200 m, flowering from mid- June to the end of July.

Lomatium Most species low, the stems with few or no leaves; leaves of one species divided into long, narrow leaflets, but in others very finely dissected, parsley-like. Flowers mostly yellow or white, rarely purple; expanded style-bases lacking. Fruit- halves much flattened, with well-marked marginal wings. Musineon divaricatum is frequently mistakenly sought here; it often has apparently paired stem leaves, and its fruit- halves are not marginally winged or compressed as those of Lomatium.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves not finely dissected, leaflets strap-shaped and few, smooth-margined. L. triternatum 634 Leaves finely dissected, leaflets many and toothed or cleft, not strap-shaped. Flowers yellowish-green or purple; stems and leaf stalks hairless or nearly so, fruit twice as long as wide. Dwarf plants of alpine ridges and slopes, usually less than 15 cm high, the leaves 5 cm long or less; fruit surface with dense, very short papillae. L. sandbergii Tall plants mostly of middle and low elevations, plants and (basal) leaves more than 20 cm long; fruit surface smooth. L. dissectum Flowers white; stems and leaf stalks densely hairy; fruit 3 times as long as wide. L. macrocarpum

L. dissectum (Nutt.) Math. & Const. Fig. 150-3 Robust, nearly hairless plant, mostly single-stemmed, often more than 1 m in height. Leaves rather few, usually 1 from the stout rootcrown and 1-3 on the lower stem, the former up to 3 dm long, blade half as long and very finely dissected ultimately into strap-like segments about 1 mm wide, very short-hairy beneath. Main umbels 1 or very few, long-stalked, up to 8 cm wide when in flower but nearly doubling in width in fruit, both main and secondary umbels with very narrow bracts, or the former with out. Flowers yellow, rarely (perhaps not at all in the Park) very dark purple; secondary umbels 1-1.5 cm wide. Fruit-halves very flat, elliptical, 10-12 mm long and half as wide, with rather thick but narrow marginal wings. The largest of our Lomatium species, common throughout most of the Park at elevations up to 2000 m and rarely higher. Northwards it becomes less frequent especially beyond the Crowsnest Pass latitude, the most northerly stations known apparently being in the Sheep River area and a record from Mt. Norquay, Banff. North of the Pass flowers seem invariably dark purple, a phase not seen in the Park and vicinity. All our plants belong to var. multifidum (Nutt.) M. & C. Flowers in May and June.

L. macrocarpum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Fig. 151-1 Plants usually somewhat appressed to the ground except when in fruit, greyish-green because of short soft hairs, stems several from a stout fleshy root. Leaves mostly less than 1 dm long, the broad, often purplish sheath largely or partly replacing the petiole. Blade very finely divided into narrow ultimate segments. Main umbels up to 4 cm wide, the branches becoming erect in fruit when the stalk becomes erect and as tall as 2.5 dm; only the secondary umbels with bracts, these green and strap- 151-1 Lomatium macrocarpum, 151-2 Lomatium sandbergii, 151-3 Lomatium triternatum, 151-4 Musineon divaricatum. 636 like, nearly or quite exceeding the flowers. Flowers white, often with purplish tinge. Fruit 9-20 mm long and about one-third as wide, narrowly elliptical with conspicuous marginal wings. A prairie species of dry slopes, very distinct from our other species of Lomatium, occasionally up to 2300 m, as on Prairie Bluff north of the Park. Flowers in May and early June.

L. sandbergii Coult. & Rose Fig. 151-2 Dwarf plants, from stout roots, usually appressed to the ground when flowering, fruiting stalks often elongating to up to 15 cm. Leaves few, bright green, mostly up to 5 cm long, the petiole (and stems) usually purplish, sheath with white membranous margin, blade very finely divided. Main umbel about 4 cm wide when flowering, its branches much lengthening in fruit, bracts absent; secondary umbels few, about 1 cm wide, with no or few very small bracts. Flowers bright yellow, sometimes with a purple tinge. Fruit-halves flat, spindle-shaped in outline, 7-10 mm long and half as wide, with very narrow marginal wing. A rather common alpine plant of screes, especially in sheltered places among stunted conifers, between 2000 and 2800 m. Known from many Waterton localities, and north to the Carbondale region beyond which it seems to be absent. Flowers from late May to mid-July.

L. triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Fig. 151-3 [incl. L. simplex (Nutt.) Macbr. var. leptophyllum (Hook.) Mathias] Rather slender, blue-green, smooth plants occasionally up to 6 dm high, from a taproot. Leaves few, up to 2 dm long, twice divided in threes, the leaflets very narrowly lance-shaped or (more commonly) strap-shaped, smooth-margined, the leaf or leaves mostly basal or one on the stem. Main umbel usually 1, tending to be very asymmetric, 2-5 cm in diameter in flower but much larger in fruit, usually only the secondary umbels with narrow bracts, these umbels usually less than 1 cm wide. Flowers lemon- yellow. Fruits 10-15 mm long and less than half as wide, with broad yellow marginal wings and parallel brown stripes on back, narrowly elliptical in outline. A common plant in open and often dry grassland up to 2400 m. There is a great deal of size variation, giving rise to many smaller categories; our material is referable to subsp. triternatum and ultimately to var. triternatum. Flowers in May and June.

Musineon M. divaricatum (Pursh) Nutt. (Prairie Parsley) Fig. 151-4 A dense, low plant from a thick taproot, the leaves dark green, hairless, 1 637 per node or seemingly paired, large ones with conspicuous sheaths and petioles, up to 10 cm long, the blade divided ultimately into deeply cleft portions, the lower, primary divisions often well separated along the midrib. Flowering stems several, very short at first but often becoming erect and 1 dm tall in fruit; bractlets lacking from main umbel, very small on secondary umbels. Flowers golden yellow, the main umbel 2-3 cm wide, secondary ones about 0.5 cm, both enlarging slightly in fruit. Fruit- halves more or less ovate, narrowed above, 3-6 mm long and half as wide, ribbed but not winged, brownish-green. A prairie element of open dry places, recorded only from the Card- ston Gate area. Superficially similar to Lomatium sandbergii but different in branching pattern, details of leaves and fruits, and habitat. Flowers in May and dries up partway through the summer.

Osmorhiza (Sweet Cicely) Aromatic plants from stout roots, leaves both basal and on stem, twice divided into rather large, marginally toothed leaflets. Flowers greenish to white or purple; expanded style- bases prominent in most species. Fruit-halves very narrow and elongated, smooth or bristly, ribbed but not winged, in all but one species long-tapering below. Among the species here treated, O. chilensis, O. depauperata, and O. purpurea cannot always be satisfactorily separated from one another.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers yellow; fruit hairless, the base not long- tapering; several stems from a common rootcrown. O. occidentalis Flowers greenish-white to purple; fruit bristly at least below, where long-tapering; stems usually solitary. Tip of fruit blunt, convex rather than concavely narrowed, the style-bases indistinct; umbel branches widely spreading. O. depauperata Tip of fruit pointed or at least concavely narrowed, the style-bases distinct and/or somewhat beak-like; umbel branches mostly ascending. Flowers greenish-white; fruit mostly 12-22 mm long; style-bases usually longer than broad, more or less conical. O. chilensis 152-1 Osmorhiza chilensis, 152-2 Osmorhiza depauperata, 152-3 Osmorhiza dentalis, 152-4 Osmorhiza purpurea. occi- 639 Flowers greenish or purple; fruit mostly 8-13 mm long; style-bases usually rather flat, at least as wide as long. O. purpurea

O. chilensis H. & A. Fig. 152-1 Stems mostly solitary, with 1 or more basal leaves and several stem leaves, the latter contracting upwards; plants 3-10 dm high, very finely hairy. Basal leaves up to 3 dm long, the blade one-third of this, more or less triangular, coarsely divided into ovate to lance-shaped, irregularly toothed and cleft, thin leaflets up to 6 cm long. Stem often sparsely branched, the main and secondary umbels with rather few ascending to spreading branches and flowers, much elongating in fruit; flower small, greenish-white. Fruit-halves 12-20 mm long, bristly, long-tapered below, concavely constricted below the tip, style-bases usually longer than broad. A forest plant of rather dry habitats at lower and middle elevations, flowering mostly in June. Known from a number of Waterton localities, and north to the Castle-Carbondale drainage.

O. depauperata Phil. Fig. 152-2 Very similar to O. chilensis but frequently somewhat smaller, the umbel branches more widely spreading, the tip of the fruit convexly curved to the very inconspicuous style-bases. Mostly coniferous forest at middle elevations, but not nearly as common as O. chilensis; flowering in early summer.

O. occidentalis (Nutt.) Torrey (Sweet Cicely) Fig. 152-3 Rather robust plants, several-stemmed up to 1 m high, finely hairy mostly along petioles and lower veins. Stem leaves several, lacking petioles but sheathed; basal leaves up to 4 dm long, at least half of this petiole, the blade triangular in outline, twice divided in 3, the leaflets lance-shaped with sharply toothed margin. Umbels with very thin branches, starting to flower among top leaves when main umbel up to 7 or 8 cm wide, the secondary ones about 1 cm wide, only the former with few very slender bracts; fruiting stalks reaching well above foliage, the main umbels then with rather erect branches up to 6 cm or more long. Flowers pale green, small. Fruit-halves smooth and ribbed, 12-20 mm long, narrow, not long- tapering below. A common plant throughout much of the Park, usually in rather moist and protected habitats, only occasionally up to 2400 m. The plant has a sweet licorice-like fragrance and was central in the ethnobotany of Plains Indians. It does not seem to reach further north than the Crowsnest Pass area. Flowers from late May to early July. 640 O. purpurea (Coult. & Rose) Suksd. Fig. 152-4 Very similar to O. chilensis but less than 6 dm tall, differing in its fre quently purplish-green flowers, the fruit long-tapered below and con cavely constricted at the tip, 10-13 mm long, terminating in style-bases at least as wide as long. An inconspicuous plant of perhaps somewhat moister forest habitats than O. chilensis and O. depauperata, at middle elevations up to 2200 m; north only to the Carbondale River drainage.

Perideridia P. gairdneri (H. & A.) Math. (Squaw Root; Yampah) Fig. 153-1 Very slender, erect, one-stemmed, hairless plants, up to 1 m tall, from a spindle-shaped fleshy root. Leaves few, along stem only, petiole scarcely sheathed, blade divided into 3-7 strap-shaped leaflets often 6 cm long or more, very slender or occasionally up to 5 mm wide when sometimes once more divided, smooth-margined; upper leaves much reduced, eventually simple. Umbels several, the terminal one largest, up to 6 cm wide, secondary umbels up to 1.5 cm wide, with no bracts on the former and at most very inconspicuous ones on the latter. Flowers creamy-white. Fruiting umbel somewhat expanded; fruits about 2 mm long and wide, more or less spherical, ribbed, brownish-green. Exposed meadows, drying out in summer, in the foothills region and also at Red Rock Canyon; rarely up to 2100 m (Sofa Mtn.). A distinctive plant nearly reaching the Porcupine Hills to the north, and also recorded from the Cypress Hills and Sweetgrass Hills (Montana). The root is said to have been used medicinally and as food by Plains Indians. Flowers from mid-July sometimes into early September.

Sanicula S. marilandica L. (Snake Root) Fig. 153-2 Stout, hairless plants, with usually single, upwardly branched stems up to 6 dm high, from a cluster of strong, fibrous roots. Basal leaves long- petioled, the blade kidney-shaped in outline, with 5-7 nearly or quite dis tinct leaflets from a common point; leaflets broadly lance-shaped but tapered to base, coarsely toothed marginally. Stem leaves few, reduced upwards, eventually nearly bract-like where deeply 3-cleft. Umbels several, at first about 4 cm wide and nestled among upper leaves, greatly expanding in fruit when main umbel branches erect, 4 cm long or more; secondary umbels less than 1 cm wide, remaining dense in fruit. Flowers greenish. Fruits 5 mm long, densely covered with stout, hook-like bristles. Moist forest at low elevations, in the Park known only from the Belly River area and lower north slopes of Vimy Peak and Sofa Mtn. 153-1 Perideridia gairdneri, 153-2 Sanicuta marilandica, 153-3 Stum suave 153-4 Zizia aptera. ' 642 Sium S. suave Walt. (Water Parsnip) Fig. 153-3 Tall, hairless, single-stemmed plants up to 1 m tall, from a thick but not chambered base, somewhat branched above, the lateral umbels often surpassing the terminal one. Leaves mostly on stem, up to 4 X 1.5 dm, with long petiole and conspicuous sheath, the blade with 7-13 simple, finely toothed leaflets lacking stalks, these leaflets strap-like to narrowly lance-shaped, up to 9 cm long. Umbels with very narrow green bracts; main and secondary umbels up to 5 and 1 cm wide respectively at flower ing, expanding slightly in fruit. Flowers white. Fruit broadly elliptical to nearly spherical, 2-3 mm long, with corky ribs. Sloughs and other boggy places along the northeastern flanks of the Park. May be confused with Water Hemlock which grows in similar hab itats; see under that species (Cicuta douglasii). Flowers in the second half of the summer.

Zizia Z. aptera (Gray) Fern. (Meadow Parsnip) Fig. 153-4 Erect, one-stemmed, smooth plants, occasionally up to 6 dm high. Basal leaves long-petioled, the blade simple, ovate to heart-shaped, up to 5 X 3.5 cm, the margin with even, rather small and blunt teeth. Stem leaves several, progressively smaller and more deeply divided until, just below flowers, with 3 or more narrow, often cleft leaflets and lacking petiole; petiole sheaths often conspicuous or even green-flanged. Main and sec ondary umbels about 3-3.5 and 0.5 cm wide at flowering, respectively; flowers bright or lemon yellow. Fruit 2-4 mm long and somewhat nar rower, ribbed, greenish-brown. An unmistakable plant because of the striking leaf variation on each plant; the upper stem leaves are especially variable. Our plant may be assigned to var. occidentalis Fern., and is rather common along the north eastern flanks of the Park, in habitats that range from boggy to quite dry and exposed. It may flower as early as the first week of May, until the end of June.

Urticaceae (Nettle Family) Urtica U. dioica L. (Stinging Nettle) Fig. 154-1 [U. lyallii Wats.] Many-stemmed, but unbranched perennials, covered with stinging Loir?. from strong rootstocks, reaching 1-3 m in height. Leaves paired, each 643 with two green stipules, petiole 2-4 cm long, blade up to 10 X 5 cm with several convergent basal veins, ovate in outline, with coarsely toothed margin. Flowers in somewhat branched, stalked, open axillary clusters, minute and green, unisexual, both sexes found on the same plant; sepals lacking, petals and stamens equal and 4 (male) or petals unequal and 4, beyond which the single, small pistil (female), stigma star-like, white; female flowers usually uppermost in plant. Fruit minute, 1-seeded, and flattened, enclosed by innermost 2 petals. A well-known plant easy to recognize (and avoid) by its paired, stipu late, coarsely toothed leaves and erect stems. It is commonly found in col onies in moist aspen groves and similar sites up to about 2000 m, flower ing in late June and July. Waterton plants seem to belong to var. lyallii (Wats.) Hitchc.

Valerianaceae (Valerian Family) Valeriana Hairless perennials, with erect, unbranched leafy stems from scented rootstocks. Leaves paired, entire and smooth- margined to divided into leaflets and shallowly toothed. Flower cluster rounded, at tip of stem, crowded. Ovary below flower; sepals no more than incurved rim at top of ovary; petals 5, forming a tube below, the rounded lobes free; sta mens 3, inserted in the petal tube but protruding from it; style long and slender, stigma finely 3-lobed. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, ribbed, narrow, the sepal rim now grown to a whorl of feathery webbed plumes exceeding the fruit. Two rather similar species in the Park; both are charac terized by a soap-like perfume even when dry for long periods. Both species have short, merely leafy stems near the base which appear to produce the flowering stalks the following year. While the flower cluster initially is dense and globular, it often becomes very open and elongated in fruit.

KEY TO SPECIES Leaves of basal leaf-tuft not divided; petals up to 4 mm long; the free lobes about as long as the tube, leaflets usually narrow and smooth- margined. V. dioica Leaves of basal leaf-tuft divided; petals more than 5 mm long, the free lobes less than half as m<.

154-1 Urtica dioica, 154-2 Valeriana dioica, 154-3 Valeriana sitchensis, 154-4 Verbena bracteata. 645 long as the tube; leaflets (especially terminal one) often very broad, usually shallowly toothed. V. sitchensis

V. dioica L. Fig. 154-2 [V. septentrionalis Rydb.] Plants rather slender, up to 6 dm tall. Leaves of basal leaf-tufts (sterile shoots) entire, with long petioles, up to 2 dm long, in the latter the blade narrowly elliptical. Middle and upper stem leaves up to about 8x4 cm, with 3-15 narrowly elliptical leaflets along the broad midrib; petioles rapidly reduced upwardly; margins nearly always smooth. Petals mostly 2-4 mm long, the free lobes about equalling the tube, light pink or nearly white. Fruit 3-5 mm long. A very common species of moist protected places such as aspen groves at low elevations up to about 1700 m, flowering from late May until the end of June.

V. sitchensis Bong. Fig. 154-3 Plants rather stout, 3-10 dm tall. Leaves of basal leaf-tufts (sterile shoots) divided into 3 leaflets which are lance-shaped or somewhat diamond- shaped, usually sharply pointed at both ends and especially terminal ones tending to be very broad; margins usually shallowly toothed; lower stem leaves up to 20 X 8 cm, with long petioles; upper leaves nearly without petioles. Petals light pink, mostly 5-8 mm long, the free lobes less than half as long as the rather narrow tube, which bulges at the base. Fruit mostly 4-6 mm long. Common in moist spots and open slopes, mostly between 1800 and 2200 m. Flowers from late May (at its lowest elevations) well into August.

Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Verbena V. bracteata Lag. & Rodr. (Carpet Vervain) Fig. 154-4 Profusely branched, leafy, hairy-stemmed annual or perennial, usually appressed to the ground, from a strong taproot, stems often purple at base and several dm long. Leaves paired, up to about 3 X 1.5 cm, with green-flanged petiole expanding into the deeply 3-lobed blade, margins irregularly toothed. Flowers on unbranched, terminal spikes, individu ally without stalks, the bracts large and green; sepals 5, green, largely fused, 3-4 mm long; petals 5, fused in funnel-form manner, the free lobes round, pinkish to light purple, the tube only slightly longer than the 646 sepals; stamens 2 pairs of different lengths, implanted in the petal tube; pistil 1, placed above other flower parts, with club-shaped style and stigma. Fruit a cluster of 4 elongated, 1-seeded, brown portions about 2 mm long each. A roadside weed at low elevations, sometimes also found on gravel bars, flowering in the second half of the summer.

Violaceae (Violet Family) Viola (Violet) Perennials with rootstocks, hairless or short-hairy, some with and others without erect or ascending leafy stems. Leaves 1 per node, with long petioles and smooth-margined to frayed stipules, the blades simple, at most shallowly scalloped. Flow ers solitary in leaf axils, facing sideways, of various colors, often with delicate vein-markings; sepals 5, green, with basal ear; petals 5, largely distinct, lateral ones often bearded on inside, lowest one with thick basal spur. Stamens 5, very flat and short, 2 with projections into the spur. Ovary stout and single, placed beyond other floral parts with short style, maturing into thick pod explosively splitting into 3 boat- shaped segments. Seeds with white food-body eaten by ants. A well known genus needing no further comment except that small, non-opening (cleistogamous) flowers commonly develop.

KEY TO SPECIES Flowers golden-yellow. Upper two petals with brownish-purple back; leaf-blades lance-shaped or at least not with heart-shaped base. V. nuttallii Upper two petals yellow-backed; leaf-blades heart-shaped especially at base. Leaves evergreen, with rounded tips, those on the flowering stalk less than half as large as others. V. orbiculata Leaves not evergreen, with pointed tips, those on the flowering stalk only slightly smaller than others. V. glabella Flowers not golden-yellow. 647 Flowers from an erect to ascending leafy stem. Leaves as wide as long, with deeply lobed, heart-shaped base; stipules entire; flowers white to light violet. V. canadensis Leaves longer than wide, without deeply lobed heart-shaped base; stipules frayed; flowers dark blue. V. adunca Erect or ascending leafy stem lacking, the flowers in leaf axils of a creeping rootstock. Plants robust, flower stalks mostly 10-15 cm long, lower three petals prominently hairy on inside. V. nephrophylla Plants often smaller, flower stalks mostly less than 10 cm long, lateral petals slightly hairy on inside. V. macloskeyi

V. adunca Smith (Early Blue Violet) Fig. 155-1 Stems many or several per plant, sometimes matted but lacking runners, erect to ascending, rarely up to 15 cm long but in our area commonly much smaller especially at first, with slender rootstocks. Leaf-blades 1-3 cm wide, mostly much longer, ovate to heart-shaped, the tip often some what rounded; stipules narrow, with frayed margins. Flowers 5-15 cm long, the spur rather long and slightly hooked; petals deep blue or blue- violet, the lower three often with white, purple-lined base, the lateral two white-bearded. A common violet throughout the Park, at low and middle elevations up to 2300 m, in a variety of habitats ranging to quite dry exposed hill sides. Flowering starts in May at lower elevations. A variable species; occasional albino forms are known.

V. canadensis L. (Western Canada Violet) Fig. 155-2 [incl. V. rugulosa Greene] A large leafy plant, up to 3 dm high from stout, creeping and slender underground rootstocks; stipules large, smooth-margined, often purple- tinged. Largest leaves two-thirds as tall as plant, from the base, petioles up to 15 cm long or more; blade broadly heart-shaped with contracted but pointed tip, the margin shallowly scalloped or toothed; erect stems leafy, the leaves similar to but smaller than basal ones. Flowers several, 1 each in upper leaf axils; petals up to 1.5 cm long, pale pink to violet with white or yellowish heart and purple pencilling. Rather common in shaded and often moist spots (often in aspen 155-1 Viola adunca 155 ? v;ni 649 groves) at low and middle elevations, flowering from late May to the middle of summer. Plants from our area are said to belong to var. rugulosa (Greene) Hitchc.

V. glabella Nutt. Fig. 155-3 A large plant, with fleshy creeping rootstocks and membranous smooth- margined stipules, the leafy stem reaching up to 3 dm in height. Basal leaves somewhat shorter than erect flowering stalks, petioles very long; blades broadly heart-shaped, often as broad as long or broader (up to 8 cm), with shallowly scalloped margin. Stem leaves somewhat smaller but similar, crowded at tip. Flowers bright yellow on both sides, up to 2 cm long, the lower three petals with fine dark lines, the spur very short, the two lateral petals bearded. An occasional plant of damp shaded places at low and middle elevations around the main lakes, the Cameron Lake area and Twin Lakes, and probably elsewhere. Also known from the Castle and Carbondale River areas, but at most extremely rare further north in the mountains. Flowering in early and mid-summer. An occasional plant may have bluish- backed upper petals, as at Cameron Lake.

V. macloskeyi Lloyd Fig. 155-4 Small plants, from rather slender creeping rootstocks, mostly less than 6 cm tall; stipules lance-shaped, smooth-margined except for some blunt, gland-tipped teeth. Leaf blades commonly less than 3 cm wide and long, broadly heart-shaped, margin indistinctly scalloped. Flowers on leafless stalks from the rootstock, reaching above the leaves, 10 mm long or less, white except for fine purple lines on lower 3 petals, lateral petals often somewhat bearded. This would seem to be the correct name for two Cameron Lake collections which in earlier publications were called V. palustris L. var. brevipes (Baker) Davis (this name needing to be replaced by V. epipsila Ledeb. subsp. repens (Turcz.) Becker in western North America). V. macloskeyi, with smaller whiter flowers even on the back, and smaller leaves, seems to agree with our material better, even though it has not previously been reported for Alberta. It is known from a bog at the north end of Cameron Lake, and from a similar habitat at the north end of Moko- wan Ridge east of the Belly River.

V. nephrophylla Greene (Bog Violet) Fig. 155-5 Rather robust plants with stout creeping rootstocks, lacking slender ones, the stipules narrow, smooth-margined. Leaves all on rootstock, up to 20 cm long, the blade heart-shaped, up to 5 cm long, slightly narrower 650 than long or equal. Flowers surpassing leaves, large (up to 3 cm long), bright blue-purple except for a white and yellow heart with dark pencil ling, lowest three or all five petals bearded in white. A striking bog violet reminiscent of a large V. adunca, but lacking leafy elongated stems, and having larger longer-stalked and more fully bearded flowers. In the Park the species is known from the shores of Lone Lake but may be expected elsewhere. Our plants, often characterized by purplish-backed leaves, may be referred to var. cognata (Greene) Hitchc. Flowers in mid-summer.

V. nuttallii Pursh (Yellow Prairie Violet) Fig. 156-1 [incl. V. vallicola Nels.] Plants tufted, from a deep rootstock, all green parts short-hairy. Leaves more or less equally divided between petiole and blade, up to 12 cm long, from branching crown; blade narrowly ovate to diamond-shaped, 1-2.5 cm wide, the margin smooth to shallowly lobed. Flowers often among leaves, up to 15 mm long, golden-yellow except for purple veins and pur plish backing of upper petals; spur-short. Dry exposed prairie habitats, but also known from scree slopes between 2000 and 2500 m in several localities. Flowering often starts in early May at lower elevations. An extremely variable species especially with regard to leaf shape. Our low elevation plants have been called var. vallicola (Nels.) St. John, those from higher elevations var. major Hook, (var. linguaefolia (Nutt.) Jeps.); however, the distinction between the two is not convincing.

V. orbiculata Geyer (Evergreen Violet) Fig. 156-2 Small plants, from a short stout creeping rootstock, also producing slender runners, the leaves remaining green during winter; stipules rather broad, smooth-margined. Leaf blades broadly heart-shaped to nearly circular, round-tipped, margin regularly, slightly scalloped, blade up to 4.5 cm long, petiole 1-2 times as long as blade. Flowers 1 or 2 per erect stalk, these with 1 or more very small leaves; petals golden-yellow except for fine dark veins, the flower up to 1.5 cm long; spur short. Dry, usually coniferous forest up to 2300 m, flowering from early or mid-May far into July. Common also in the Castle River-Carbondale River area and north to Jasper. 156-1 Viola nuttallii, 156-2 Viola orbiculata, 156-3 Arceuthobium americanum. 652 Viscaceae Arceuthobium A. americanum Engelm. (Pine Dwarf Mistletoe) Fig. 156-3 Smooth, branched, yellow-green perennials, parasitic on stems of Pinus contorta, mostly 2-10 cm long, either tufted or spread along the host branches; plants either male or female. Leaves paired but reduced to scale-like organs. Flower-cluster open and branching; male flowers lack ing sepals, petals mostly 3, about 1 mm broad and slightly longer, each with a round anther fused in the middle, and arranged around a lobed basal disk; female flowers lacking sepals; the two minute petal lobes scarcely separate from the top of the ovary, surrounding a very short stigma, length of flower 2-2.5 mm. Fruit a small turgid bluish-green berry, its single sticky seed expelled violently after the fruit curves down wardly, allowing germination on other branches. An exceedingly interesting plant, by itself inconspicuous or some times mistaken for lichen, but frequently inducing the growth of large unruly masses of pine branches (witches' brooms). It flowers in early spring, starting when there is still snow on the ground below, but the fruit does not mature until after the second growing season, in August or early September. Although common (and a serious pest) in the other Rocky Mountain Parks, in Waterton it is known only from a small infection along the Belly River and one along the east boundary near the Chief Mountain customs. It has been reported along the lower part of the Mother Duck trail where it may also cross into the Park. Until recently, Arceuthobium was placed in Loranthaceae. Glossary

Achene. A small, dry, 1-seeded fruit the wall of which does not split open. Annual Completing its life cycle within one growing season. Anther. Portion of the stamen that bears pollen Appressed. Pressed flat against another organ. Articulated. Jointed, sometimes by means of a constriction. Attenuate. Gradually tapering to a long, slender tip of a flat organ like a leaf. Auricle. A small flap of tissue, usually at the base of a leaf or leaf-blade. Awn. A stiff, bristle-like appendage, often at the top of an organ. Axil. The (upper) angle between a leaf and the stem to which it is attached. Axillary. Placed in, or developing from, an axil.

Banner. The upper (usually largest) petal of the flower of the Pea family. Beak. A prolonged, often tapering and slender tip of certain fruits. Berry. Strictly speaking, a fleshy or juicy fruit with several to many seeds, and developed from a single ovary; often applied to any fleshy or juicy fruit. Biconvex. Bulging on both sides. Biennial. Completing its life cycle in two growing seasons, flowering in the second only. Bilateral symmetry. Symmetry involving no more than two mirror images. Bisexual. With both sexes represented, as in most flowers. Blade. The flat, expanded portion of a leaf, as distinct from the petiole. 654 Bract. A leaf-like (sometimes very small) structure usually associated with a flower or flower cluster. Bractlet. A small bract. Bud-scale. A small, scale-like modified leaf covering a dormant bud. Bulb. An underground organ made up mostly of fleshy storage leaves, as in onions. Bulblet. A small, bulb-like structure used for vegetative reproduction and produced either on the stems or from the base of the plant.

Calyx. All sepals of a flower considered as a unit. Capillary. Hair-like. Capitulum. See Head- Capsule. A dry fruit that releases its seeds by means of several or more slits or pores. Catkin. An elongating, sometimes pendulous flower cluster with minute flowers often lacking petals and sepals or nearly so. Chaffy. Made up of thin, dry scales. Compound leaf. A leaf made up of two or more distinct subdivisions or leaflets. Cone. A dense cluster of modified, leaf-like organs bearing spores, pollen, or seeds, as in horsetails, club mosses, and conifers. Cone scale. The modified leaf- or bract-like organs of conifer cones. Connective. Portion of an anther that connects the pollen sacs and/ or extends beyond them. Corolla. All petals of a flower considered as a unit. Cotyledon. A seed-leaf present in the seed, and often expanding dur ing germination.

Deciduous. Falling away at the end of the growing season. Disk. In Compositae, the central portion of the head to which the disk flowers are attached; in some others, an outgrowth of the flower stalk just below the ovary. Disk-bract. One of several to many bract-like structures attached to the disk of Compositae. Disk flower. A radially symmetrical flower characteristic of the disk of Compositae. Dorsal. Referring to the back or outer surface of a leafy or other organ. Dorsiventral. The common flattening direction of a leaf, as contrasted to sideways flattening.

Ear. A marginal lobe at the base of an organ, especially a leaf blade. Entire. Not divided, lobed, cleft, or toothed. Epidermis. The outermost layer of cells of young plant organs. Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers. Exserted. Extending beyond other organs, as stamens from the rest of the flower. 655 Fascicle. A close bundle or cluster. Female cone. The seed-producing cone of conifers. Fertile. Said of organs that are associated with the production of spores, pollen, or seed, in contrast to similar ones that are not. Filament (of a stamen). The thin stalk of a stamen, as distinct from the an ther. Floral tube. A tube-like structure representing the fused lower portions of petals and sepals. Floret. The highly simplified flower of grasses.

Galea. The helmet-like, often elongated upper lip of certain flowers, espe cially Castilleja. Glabrous. Smooth; lacking hairs. Glandular-hairy. Provided with hairs, the tips of which are expanded and secrete sticky liquid. Globose. More or less spherical in shape. Glume. One of (usually) two bracts at the base of a grass spikelet not sub tending flowers.

Head A dense cluster of flowers attached to a common point or expanded disk, and individually lacking stalks; a capitulum. Herbaceous. Non-woody; dying back at the end of the growing season. Host. The plant from which a parasite obtains water and nutrients. Hybrid A cross between two different strains or species.

Indusium. An epidermal flap or shield, or a folded portion of the leaf margin of certain ferns that protects a cluster of spore cases. Internode. A portion of the stem between two adjacent nodes. Involucre. A combined term for all (disk) bracts surrounding the head of Compositae.

Keel. A sharp ridge; in Leguminosae, the two lower petals as partially fused into a single, boat-like structure.

Lacerate. With an irregularly torn or cleft margin. Leaflet. One of several distinct portions of a leaf. Lemma, That member of a pair of bract-like structures nearest the flower of grasses which is on the side away from the main axis. See Palea. Lenticel. A small, raised dot, usually on the stem, consisting of powder like cells. Ligulate flower. The strap-like, spreading, bilaterally symmetrical type of flower of many Compositae heads. Ligule (grasses). A small, erect appendage or fringe continuing the leaf sheath of grasses at the junction with the blade. Lip. Unless otherwise specified, the prominent lower portion of a flower, as in the lower petal of orchids. 656 Nectary. Portion of the flower that produces nectar. Nerve. A strongly defined vein of leaves or other organs. Node. A place on the stem where a leaf (sometimes a pair or whorl of leaves) is attached. Nutlet. A one-seeded, dry portion of the fruit in Boraginaceae and Labia- tae.

Ovary. The part of the flower that contains ovules and, at a later stage, seeds. Ovate. Egg-shaped in outline (flat organs). Ovoid. Egg-shaped (solid organs). Ovule. One of often numerous small structures in the ovary (flowering plants) or female cone (conifers) that develops into a seed upon fertilization.

Palea. The member of a pair of bract-like structures nearest the flower of grasses that is facing the main axis. See Lemma. Palmate venation. A pattern where the large veins of a leaf radiate out from a common center. Papilla. Minute, blunt, rounded projections from a surface layer. Pappus. The bristles, scales, or hairs usually crowning the fruit or ovary of Compositae. Parasite. A plant attached to another by means of specialized organs and deriving water and nutrients from it. Pedicel. The stalk of an individual flower. Perennial. Living more than three years. Perigynium. The sac-like enclosure around the ovary and part of the style of the sedges. Petal. One of a whorl of floral organs placed between sepals and stamens; often the most showy part of the flower. Petal tube. A tube made up of the fused lower portions of all petals. Petiole. The stalk of a leaf, as contrasted to the blade. Pistil. The combination of ovary, style, and stigma. Planoconvex. Flat on one side, and bulging on the other. Pod. A dry fruit that opens to release its seeds. Pollen. The powdery (usually yellow) cells produced by the anther (or pollen cone in conifers) and transferred to the female counterpart. Pollen cone. The male cone of conifers, producing the pollen. Pollen sac. The sac-like portion of anthers and pollen cones within which pollen is produced. Pollinium. A coherent mass of pollen in orchids, dogbanes, and milk weeds that is transferred as a unit. Prickle. A stiff, sharp outgrowth from a surface layer. 657 Raceme. An elongated, unbranched flower cluster in which individual flowers are stalked. Radial symmetry. Capable of being divided, through the center, into two or more planes each resulting in two mirror images. Ray. Ligulate flowers attached to the margin of the disk (Compositae). Receptacle. In Compositae, the expanded tip of the stem to which the head is attached; in most others, the common point of attachment of floral organs. Reflexed. Bent backward. Rootstock. An underground (usually horizontal) stem; a rhizome. Rosette. A dense cluster of spreading leaves, usually at the base of the plant. Runner. A slender, prostrate stem, rooting at the nodes or tip.

Saprophyte. A plant, usually lacking chlorophyll or nearly so, obtaining nutrients from non-living organic matter via a root association with a fungus. Scale leaf. A small leaf in the shape of a scale. Secondary leaflet. A leaflet which itself is a subdivision of a primary sub division of a leaf. Seed cone. The female, or seed-producing cone of conifers. Sepal. One of a whorl of floral organs placed below (proximal to) the petals; often green. Sheath. The lower portion of a leaf when clasping the stem, as in grasses. Simple. Unitary; unbranched, undivided, or single. Sinuous. With a strongly wavy outline. Spike. A narrow, elongated, unbranched cluster of flowers that individ ually lack stalks. Spikelet. The smallest unit in the flower cluster of the grasses, made up of one to several flowers (florets) usually subtended by two glumes. Spore. One-celled reproductive structure, especially in ferns and fern like plants, which is wind-disseminated. Spore case. The sac-like structure of ferns and fern-like plants within which spores are produced. Spur. In the flower, a hollow, tubular, or sac-like extension of a petal or sepal, functioning as a nectary. Spur shoot. A short side branch on a longer branch, and often bearing the flowers or a cluster of leaves. Stamen. The male organ of the flower, consisting of an anther and (usually) a filament. Staminode. A sterile stamen-like organ. Standard. Another term for the banner of the pea flower. Sterile. Said of organs not associated with the production of spores, pollen, or seeds. 658 Stigma. The portion of the pistil that receives pollen. Style. The narrow portion of the pistil that connects ovary and stigma. Subtend. To be placed directly below and close to, as a leaf subtending an axillary bud.

Taproot. A strong vertical root from the main part of a plant. Tendril. A slender clasping organ, commonly part of a leaf, and used by some climbing plants to gain support. Thorn. A stout, rigid, tapering organ representing a modified stem.

Umbel. A flower cluster with numerous stalked flowers attached to a single point; in the case of secondary umbels such clusters are them selves arranged in a similar pattern.

Valve. One of the two or more portions of a capsule or pod that separates at maturity. Vascular bundle. A bundle of conductive tissues. Vegetative branch. A branch that does not produce reproductive struc tures like flowers or cones. Venation. The pattern of veins seen on a leaf.

Whorl. An arrangement of organs (leaves, bracts, etc.) where three or more are attached to the same level or node. Bibliography

Argus, G.W., and D.J. White. 1978. The Rare Vascular Plants of Alberta. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci. Canada, Ottawa. Syllogeus No. 17. Barkley, T.M. (ed.) 1977. Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. Iowa State University Press, Ames. Beaty, C.B. 1975. The Landscapes of Southern Alberta. A regional geomor- phology. University of Lethbridge Production Services, Lethbridge. Boivin, B. 1967-1972. Flora of the Prairie Provinces. 3 parts. Provancheria 2, 3, and 4. Universite Laval, Quebec. Booth, W.E. 1950. Flora of Montana. Part 1. Conifers and Monocots. Mon tana State College, Bozeman. Booth, W.E., and J.C. Wright. 1966. Flora of Montana. Part 2. Dicotyle dons. Montana State University, Bozeman. Brayshaw, T.C. 1976. Catkin-Bearing Plants of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus., Occas. Paper Series No. 18. Breitung, A.J. 1954. "A botanical survey of the Cypress Hills." Can. Field- Natural. 68:55-92. . 1957. "Plants of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta." Can. Field-Natural. 77:39-71. Cormack, R.G.H. 1977. Wild Flowers of Alberta. Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton. Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L. Reveal and P.K. Holm gren. 1972 and 1977. Intermountain Flora, Vol. 1 and 6. Columbia University Press, New York. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1955- 1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Hitchcock, C.L. and A. Cronquist. 1974. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington, Seattle. 660 Horberg, L. 1964. "Rocky Mountain and continental deposits in the Waterton region, Canada." Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 65:1093-1150. Hulten, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Kuijt, J. 1972. Common Coulee Plants of Southern Alberta. University of Lethbridge Production Services, Lethbridge. . 1973. "New plant records in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta." Can. Field-Natural. 87: 67-69. Moss, E.H. 1955. "The vegetation of Alberta." Bot. Rev. 21:493-567. . 1959. Flora of Alberta. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. and J.A. Campbell. 1947. "The fescue grassland of Alberta." Can. J. Res. Sect. C, 25:209-227. Ogilvie, R.T. 1962. "Notes on plant distribution in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta." Can. J. Bot. 40: 1091-1094. Packer, J.G. and M.G. Dumais. 1972. "Additions to the flora of Alberta." Can. Field-Natural. 86:269-274. Porsild, A.E. 1974. Rocky Mountain Wild Flowers. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci. Canada, Ottawa. Nat. Hist. Series No. 2. and W.J. Cody. 1980. Vascular Plants of Continental Northwest Territories. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci. Canada, Ottawa. Scoggan, H.J. 1978-1979. The Flora of Canada. 4 parts. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci. Canada, Ottawa. Smoliak, S. and A. Johnston. 1978. "Additions to the flora of Alberta and new records." Can. Field-Natural. 92: 85-89. Soper, J.D. 1973. The Mammals of Waterton Lakes National Park. Can. Wildlife Serv. Dept. Series No. 23. Shaw, R.K. 1976. "A taxonomic and ecological study of the river bottom forest on St. Mary River, Lee Creek, and Belly River in southwestern Alberta, Canada." Great Basin Naturalist 36:243-271. Standley, P.C. 1921. Flora of Glacier National Park, Montana. Contrib. U.S. National Herbarium 22: 235-438. Taylor, T.M.C. 1966. The Lily Family of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. No. 25. 1970. Pacific Northwest Ferns and Their Allies. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 1973. The Rose Family of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. No. 30. 1974. The Pea Family of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. No. 32. 1974. The Figwort Family of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. No. 33. The Cabbage Family of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. (in press). 661 The Sedges of British Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus., Occas. Paper (in press). Thompson, L.S. and J. Kuijt. 1976. "Montane and subalpine plants of the Sweetgrass Hills, Montana, and their relation to early postglacial environments of the Northern Great Plains." Can. Field-Natural. 90:432-448.

Index

Abies, 441 Alder, 33 balsamea, 441 Green, 34, Fig. 3-2 lasiocarpa, 441, Fig. 97-4 River, 34, Fig. 3-3 Acerglabrum, 25, Fig. 1-1 Alfalfa 379, Fig. 81-4 Aceraceae, 25 Alisma, 27 Achillea millefolium, 86, Fig. 11-1 gramineum, 27, Fig. 1-2 Actaea rubra, 494, Fig. 112-1 plantago-aquatica, 27,Fig. 1-3 Adenocaulon bicolor, 88, Fig. 11-2 Alismataceae, 25 Adiantum pedatum, 467, Fig. 104-2 Allium, 393 Agoseris, 88 cernuum, 394, Fig. 84-5 aurantiaca, 89, Fig. 11-3 geyeri, 394, Fig. 84-6 glauca, 89, Fig. 11-4 schoenoprasum, 394, Fig. 84-7 Agrimonia striata, xviii textile, 394, Fig. 84-8 Agropyron, 284 Alnus, 33 albicans, 286 crispa, 34 caninum, 285, Fig. 57-1 incana, 34, Fig. 3-3 cristatum, 286, Fig. 57-2 sinuata, 34 dasystachyum, 286, Fig. 57-3 tenuifolia, 34 inerme, 288 viridis, 34, Fig. 3-2 latiglume, 285 Alopecurus, 291 scribneri, 286, Fig. 57-4 aequalis, 291, Fig. 58-5 smithii, 288, Fig. 57-5 alpinus, 291, Fig. 58-6 spicatum, 288, Fig. 57-6 glaucus, 291 trachycaulum, 285 occidentalis, 291 Agrostis, 288 Alum Root, 578 alba, 289 Alyssum alyssoides, 180, Fig. 35-4 exarata, 289, Fig. 58-1 Amaranth Family, 28 gigantea, 289, Fig. 58-2 Amaranthaceae, 28 scabra, 289, Fig. 58-3 Amaranthus graecizans, 28, thurberiana, 291, Fig. 58-4 Fig. 1-5 664

Amelanchier alnifolia, 522, Fig. 120-3, nuttallii, 185, Fig. 37-2 PI. 3 Aralia nudicaulis, xviii Anacardiaceae, 29 Araliaceae, 31 Anaphalis margaritacea, 89, Fig. 12-1 Arceuthobium americanum, 652, Fig. Androsace 488 156-3 chamaejasme 490, Fig. 111-1 Arctium minus, 97, Fig- 14-1 lehmanniana 490 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 261, Fig. 53-3 septentrionalis 490, Fig- 111-2 Arenaria, 54 Anemone, 494 capillaris, 55, Fig.7-4 cylindrica, 495, Fig. 112-2 lateriflora, 57, Fig. 7-5 drummondii, 495, Fig. 112-3 nuttallii, 57, Fig., 7-6 multifida, 496, Fig. 112-4 obtusiloba, 57, Fig. 7-7 nuttalliana, 499 rossii, 58, Fig. 7-8, occidentalis 496, Fig. 112-5 rubella 58, Fig. 8-1 parviflora, 496, Fig. 113-1 sajanensis, 57 patens, 499, Fig. 113-2 serpyllifolia, 58, Fig. 8-2 Angelica, 629 Arnica, 97 arguta, 629, Fig. 149-3 alpina, 100, Fig. 14-2 dawsonii, 629, Fig. 149-4 amplexicaulis, 100, Fig. 14-3 White, 629, Fig. 149-3 chamissonis, 100, Fig. 14-4 Yellow, 629, Fig. 149-4 cordifolia, 101, Fig. 14-5 Antennaria, 90 diversifolia, 101 alpina, 92, Fig. 12-2 fulgens 101, Fig. 15-1 anaphaloides, 92, Fig. 12-3 gracilis, 103, Fig. 15-2 lanata, 92, Fig. 12-4 latifolia, 103, Fig. 15-3 luzuloides, 92, Fig. 12-5 longifolia, 103, Fig. 15-4 microphylla, 94, Fig. 12-6 louiseana, 103, Fig. 15-5 neglecta, 94, Fig. 12-7 mollis, 104, Fig. 15-6 nitida, 94 parryi, 104, Fig. 16-1 parvifolia, 94, Fig. 13-1 rydbergii," 104, Fig. 16-2 pulcherrima, 96, Fig. 13-2 sororia, 105, Fig. 16-3 racemosa, 96, Fig. 13-3 Arrow-grass, 353, Fig. 74-3 rosea, 94 Arrow-grass Family, 353 umbrinella, 96, Fig. 13-4 Arrowhead, 28, Fig. 1-4 Anthemis tinctoria, 96, Fig. 13-5 Artemisia, 105 Apiaceae, 627 biennis, 107, Fig. 16-4 Apocynaceae, 29 campestris, 107, Fig. 17-1 Apocynum, 29 dracunculus, 108, Fig. 17-2 androsaemifolium, 31, Fig. 2-2 frigida, 108, Fig. 17-3 cannabinum, 31, Fig. 2-3 herriotii, 108, Aquilegia, 499 ludoviciana, 108, Fig. 17-4 flavescens, 500, Fig. 113-3 michauxiana, 108, Fig. 17-5 formosa, 500 tridentata, 110, Fig.17-6 jonesii, 500, Fig. 113-4 Ash, Mountain, 549 Arabis, 180 Aspen, Trembling, 557, Fig. 130-5 divaricarpa, 181, Fig. 35-5 Asphodel, False, 402, Fig. 87-3 drummondii, 182, Fig. 35-6 Asplenium viride, 469, Fig.104-3 glabra, 182, Fig. 36-1 Aster, 110, hirsuta, 182, Fig. 36-2 adscendens, xvii holboellii, 182, Fig. 36-3 ciliolatus, 112, Fig. 18-1 lemmonii, 184, Fig. 36-4 conspicuus, 112, Fig. 18-2 lyallii, 184,Fig. 36-5, Creeping White Prairie, 114, Fig. lyrata, 185, Fig. 37-1 18-5 665

eatonii, 114, Fig. 18-3 Barbarea, 185 engelmannii, 114, Fig. 18-4 orthoceras, 187, Fig. 37-3 falcatus, 114, Fig. 18-5 vulgaris, 187, Fig. 37-4 foliaceus, 114, Fig. 18-6 Barberry Family, 32 Golden, 121, Fig. 21-1 Barley, Foxtail, 315, Fig. 65.5 hesperius, 115, Fig. 19-1 Bear Grass, 403, Fig. 88-1 junciformis, 115, Fig. 19-2 Bearberry, 261, Fig. 53-3 laevis, 115, Fig. 19-3 Beardtongue, 613, modestus, 117, Fig. 19-4 Smooth Blue, 617, Fig. 146-4 pansus, 117, Fig. 19-5 Yellow, 615, Fig. 146-1 Showy, 112, Fig. 18-2 Beckmannia syzigacbne, 292, sibiricus, 117, Fig. 19-6 Fig. 59-1 Tufted White Prairie, 117, Fig. 19-5 Bedstraw, 552 Western Willow, 115, Fig. 19-1 Northern, 553, Fig. 130-1 Asteraceae, 76 Small, 553, Fig. 130-2 Astragalus, 361 Sweet-scented, 555, Fig. 130-3 aboriginum, 364, Fig. 76-1 Beggar Ticks, 42, Fig. 4-5 adsurgens, 364, Fig. 76-2 Nodding, 118, Fig. 20-2 agrestis, 366, Fig. 76-3 Bell: alpinus, 366, Fig. 76-4 Blue, 46, Fig. 5-7 americanus, 366, Fig. 76-5 Fairy, 397 bourgovii, 367, Fig. 77-1 Yellow, 398, Fig. 86-2 canadensis, 367, Fig. 77-2 Bells, Bronze, 400, Fig. 87-1 crassicarpus, 369, Fig. 77-3 Bent, Creeping, 289, Fig. 58-2 dasyglottis, 366 Bentgrass, 288 decumbens, 370 Berberidaceae, 32 drummondii, 369, Fig. 77-4 Berberis repens, 32, Fig. 3-1 eucosmus, 369, Fig. 77-5 Bergamot, Wild, 357, Fig. 75-2 flexuosus, 370, Fig. 78-1 Besseya, 600 frigidus, 366 cinerea, 600 gilviflorus, 370, Fig. 78-2 wyomingensis, 600, Fig. 142-1 miser, 370, Fig. 78-3 Betula, 34 occidentalis, 372 glandulosa, 36, Fig. 3-4 robbinsii, 372, Fig. 78-4 occidentalis, 36, Fig. 3-5 strialus, 364 papyrifera, 36, Fig. 3-6 tenellus, 372, Fig. 79-1 pumila, 36 triphyllus, 370 Betulaceae, 33 vexilliflexus, 373, Fig. 79-2 Bidens cernua, 118, Fig. 20-2 Athyrium, 469 Bindweed, Black, 458, Fig. 101-6 alpestre, 469 Birch, 34 distentifolium, 469, Fig. 104-4 Dwarf, 36, Fig. 3-4 filix-femina, 471, Fig. 105-1 Paper, 36, Fig. 3-6 Avens, 527 Water, 36, Fig. 3-5 Purple, 529, Fig. 122-3 White, 36, Fig. 3-6 Water, 529, Fig. 122-3 Birch Family, 33 White Mountain, 524, Fig. 121-2 Bistort, 458, 460, Figs. 101-5, 102-5 Yellow, 529, Fig. 122-2 Bittersweet Family, 71 Yellow Mountain, 524, Fig. 121-1 Bladder Pod, 202, Fig. 41-2 Bladderwort, 389 Balsam Poplar, Western, 556, Fig. 130-4 Bladderwort Family, 388 Balsamorhiza sagittata, 118, Fig. 20-1 Blanket Flower, 140, Fig. 25-4 Balsamroot, 118, Fig. 20-1 Blazing Star, 149, Fig. 28-1 Baneberry, 494, Fig. 112-1 Blue Devil, 37, PL 8 666

Blue-eyed Grass, 344, Fig. 72-4 Buckbrush, 519, Fig. 120-1 Blue-eyed Mary, 604, Fig. 143-3 Buckthorn, 519, Fig. 120-2 Bluebell, 46, Fig. 5-7 Buckthorn Family, 517 Bluebell Family, 46 Buckwheat Family, 450 Blueberry, 271 Buckwheat, Wild, 458, Fig. 101-6 Bluegrass, 321 Buffalo Berry, Canadian, 253, Fig. 51-4 Alpine, 324, Fig. 67-3 Bulrush, 250 Annual, 325, Fig. 67-5 Bulrush, Common Great, 251, Fig. 51-2 Big, 325, Fig. 67-4 Bunchberry, 173, Fig. 34-5 Canada, 325, Fjg. 67-6 Bupleurum americanum, 631, Fig. 149-5 Fowl, 328, Fig. 68-3 Burdock, 97, Fig. 14-1 Kentucky, 328, Fig. 68-5 Butter-and-eggs, 607, Fig. 143-5 Bluejoint, 298, Fig. 60-3 Buttercup Family, 492 Blueweed, 37, PI. 8 Buttercup, 503 Borage Family, 37 Early, 508, Fig. 116-3 Boraginaceae, 37 Heart-leaved, 507, Fig. 115-4 Botrychium, 419 Macoun's,510,Fig. 117-1 boreale, 420, Fig. 92-2 Northern, 512, Fig. 117-2 lunaria, 422, Fig. 92-3 Butterfly Weed, Scarlet, 416, Fig. 91-3 minganense, 422, Fig. 92-4 Butterwort, 389, Fig. 84-2 simplex, 422, Fig. 92-5 virginianum, 422, Fig. 92-6 Calamagrostis, 296 Bouncing Bet, 64, Fig. 8-11 canadensis, 298, Fig. 60-3 Bracken, 477, Fig. 108-1 inexpansa, 298, Fig. 60-4 Brake, Rock, 471 montanensis, 298, Fig. 60-5 Brassicaceae, 177 neglecta, 299, Fig. 60-6 Brickellia grandiflora 118, Fig. 20-3 purpurascens, 299, Fig. 61-1 Brome: rubescens, 299, Fig. 61-2 Awnless, 295, Fig. 59-6 Calamovilfa longifolia, 299, Fig. 61-3 Fringed, 295, Fig. 59-4 Callitrichaceae, 45 Meadow, 295, Fig. 59-5 Callitriche, 45 Nodding, 293, Fig. 59-2 hermaphroditica, 46, Fig. 5-5 Smooth, 295, Fig. 59-6 palustris, 46 Bromus, 292 verna, 46, Fig. 5-6 anomalus, 293, Fig. 59-2 Calochortus apiculatus, 395, Fig. 85-1 carinatus, 293, Fig. 59-3 Calypso bulbosa, 424, Fig. 92-7, Pi. 2 ciliatus, 295. Fig. 59-4 Camas: commutatus, 295, Fig. 59-5 Blue, 395, Fig. 85-2 inermis, 295, Fig. 59-6 Death, 405 marginatus, 293 Camassia quamash, 395, Fig. 85-2 pumpellianus, 295 Campanula rotundifolia, 46, Fig. 5-7 tectorum, 295, Fig. 60-1 Campanulaceae, 46 vulgaris, 296, Fig. 60-2 Campion, 64 Bronze Bells, 400, Fig. 87-1 Moss, 65, Fig. 9-1 Brookgrass, 301, Fig. 61-4 Canary Grass, Reed, 320, Fig. 66-7 Broomrape, 437 Cancer-root, 437 Clustered, 437,Fig. 97-1 Candelabra, Fairy, 490, Fig. 111-2 One-flowered, 439, Fig. 97-2 Caprifoliaceae, 47 Broomrape Family, 437 Capsella bursa-pastoris, 187, Fig. 37-5 Brown-eyed Susan, 140, Fig. 25-4 Cardamine, 187 Buckbean, 409 oligosperma, 187, Fig. 38-1 Buckbean Family, 409 pensylvanica, 188 umbellata, 187 667

Carex, 207 nardina, 235, Fig. 47-3 aenea, 217, Fig. 43-1 nigricans, 235,Fig. 47-4 albonigra, 217, Fig. 43-2 norvegica, 235, Fig. 47-5 aperta, 219, Fig. 43-3 obtusata, 236, Fig.47-6 aquatilis, 219, Fig. 43-4 oederi, 246 atherodes, 219, Fig. 43-5 pachystachya, 236, Fig. 47-7 athrostachya, 219, Fig. 43-6 parryana, 228 at rata, 220 paysonis, 238 atrosquama, 220, Fig. 43-7 pensylvanica, 236, Fig. 47-8 aurea, 220, Fig. 43-8 petasata, 237, Fig. 47-9 backii, 220, Fig. 44-1 phaeocephala, 237, Fig. 47-10 Bebbii, 222, Fig. 44-2 physocarpa, 241 brevior, 222, Fig. 44-3 platylepis, 237 brunnescens, 222, Fig. 44-4 podocarpa, 238, Fig. 48-1 buxbaumii, 223, Fig. 44-5 praticola, 238, Fig. 48-2 canescens, 223, Fig. 44-6 preslii, 236 capillaris, 223, Fig. 44-7 raynoldsii, 238, Fig. 48-3 concinna, 223, Fig. 44-8 richardsonii, 240, Fig. 48-4 concinnoides, 240, rosii, 240, Fig. 48-5 crawfordii, 224, Fig. 44-9 rostrata, 240, Fig. 48-6 deweyana, 224, Fig. 45-1 rupestris, 241, Fig. 48-7 diandra, 224, Fig. 45-2 sartwellii, 241, Fig. 48-8 dioica, 226, Fig. 45-3 saxatilis, 241, Fig. 48-9 disperraa, 226, Fig. 45-4 scirpoidea, 242, Fig. 49-1 drummondiana, 241 scoparia, 242, Fig.49-2 eleocharis, 245 scopulorum, 242, Fig. 49-3 festivella, 233 siccata, 227 filifolia, 226, Fig. 45-5 simulata, 244, Fig. 49-4 flava, 227, Fig. 45-6 spectabilis, 244, Fig. 49-5 foenea, 227, Fig.45-7 sprengelii, 244, Fig. 49-6 geyeri, 227, Fig. 45-8 stenophylla, 245, Fig. 49-7 gynocrates, 226 tenera, 245 hallii, 228, Fig. 45-9 tolmiei, 245 hassei, 220 vesicaria, 245, Fig. 49-8 haydeniana, 228, Fig. 46-1 viridula, 246, Fig. 50-1 heliophila, 236 xerantica, 246, Fig. 50-2 hepburnii, 235 Carrot Family, 627 hoodii, 230, Fig. 46-2 Caryophyllaceae, 53 illota, 230, Fig. 46-3 Cassiope: interior, 230, Fig. 46-4 mertensiana, xviii kelloggii, 231 tetragona, xviii, 260 lanuginosa, 230, Fig. 46-5 Castilleja, 600 lasiocarpa, 230, 231, Fig. 46-6 cusickii, 602, Fig. 142-2 lenticularis, 231, Fig. 46-7 gracillima, 601 leporinella, 232, Fig. 46-8 hispida, 602, Fig. 142-3 leptalea, 232, Fig. 46-9 lutescens, 602, Fig. 142-4 limosa, 232, Fig. 46-10 miniata, 604, Fig. 142-5, Pi. 6 livida, 233, Fig. 46-11 occidentalis, 604, Fig. 142-6 macloviana, 233 rhexifolia, 604, Fig. 143-1 media, 235 septentrionalis, 606 mertensii, 206 sulphurea, 606, Fig. 143-2 microptera, 233, Fig. 47-1 Catabrosa aquatica, 301, Fig. 61-4 multicostata, 233, Fig. 47-2 Catchfly, 64 668

Cattail, Common, 626, Fig. 149-2 undulatum, 125, Fig. 21-4 Cattail Family, 626 vulgare, 125, Fig. 22-1 Ceanothus velutinus, 519, Fig. 120-1 Claytonia, 480 Celastraceae, 71 lanceolata, 482, Fig. 109-1 Centaurea maculosa, 120, Fig. 20-4 megarrhiza, 482, Fig. 109-2 Cerastium, 59 Clematis, 500 arvense, 59, Fig. 8-3 Blue, 501, Fig. 114-1 beeringianum, 60, Fig. 8-4 columbiana, 501, Fig. 114-1 brachypodum, 60 ligusticifolia, 501, Fig- 114-2 nutans, 60, Fig. 8-5 occidentalis, 501 Chalice Flower, 496, Fig. 112-5 verticellaris, 501 Chamomile, 150 Western, 501, Fig.l 14-2 Scentless, 151, Fig. 28-3 Clintonia uniflora, 395, Fig. 85-3 Yellow, 96, Fig. 13-5 Clover, 383 Cheatgrass, 295, Fig. 60-1 Alsike, 385, Fig. 83-2 Cheilanthes, 471 Dutch, 387, Fig. 83-4 feei, 471 Hop, 385, Fig. 83-1 gracillima, 471, Fig. 105-2 Purple Prairie, 383, Fig. 82-4 lanosa, 471 Red, 387, Fig. 83-3 Chenopodiaceae, 72 White, 387, Fig. 83-4 Chenopodium, 72 White Sweet, 381 album, 74, Fig. 10-4 Yellow Sweet, 381, Fig. 81-5 capitatum, 74, Fig. 10-5 Clubmoss, 406 humile, 75 Clubmoss Family, 406 rubrum, 75, Fig. 10-6 Collinsia parviflora, 606, Fig. 143-3 Cherry, 541 Collomia linearis, 448, Fig. 99-2 Choke, 543, Fig. 126-5 Coltsfoot, 153 Pin, 543, Fig. 126^ Columbine, 499 Chess, Downy, 295, Fig. 60-1 Jones; 500, Fig. 113-4 Chickweed, 66 Yellow, 500, Fig. 113-3 Common, 70, Fig. 9-10 Comandra, 574 Mouse-ear, 59, Fig. 8-3 livida, 574 Chimaphila umbellata, 263, Fig. 53-4 pallida, 574 Chives, 393 umbellata, 574, Fig. 136-1 Wild, 394, Fig. 84-7 Compositae, 76 Choke Cherry, 543, Fig. 126-5 Conimitella williamsii, xvii, 575 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 121, Coral Root, 425 Fig. 20-5 Northern, 427, Fig. 93-3 Chrysopsis villosa, 121, Fig. 21-1 Pale, 427, Fig. 93-3 Cicely, Sweet, 637, 639, Fig. 152-3 Spotted, 425, Fig. 93-1 Cichorium intybus, xvii Striped, 425, Fig. 93-2 Cicuta douglasii, 631, Fig. 150-1 Corallorhiza, 425 Cinna latifolia, 301, Fig. 61-5 maculata, 425, Fig. 93-1 Cinquefoil, 532 striata, 425, Fig. 93-2 Shrubby, 537, Fig. 124-3 trifida, 427, Fig.93-3 Circaea, 411 Cornaceae, 173 alpina, 411, Fig. 89-6 Cornus, 173 pacifica, 411 canadensis, 173, Fig. 34-5 Circium, 121 stolonifera, 174, Fig. 34-6 arvense, 122, Fig. 21-2 Corydalis, 273 flodmanii, 124 aurea, 273, Fig. 55-5 foliosum, 124 Golden, 273, Fig. 55-5 hookerianum, 124, Fig. 21-3 sempervirens, xvii, 274 scariosum, 124 Cottonwood, Black, 556, Fig. 1304 669 Cranberry, Low-bush, 52, Fig. 7-3 Danthonia, 301 Crane's Bill, 278 californica, 302, Fig. 62-1 Crassulaceae, 174 intermedia, 302, Fig. 62-2 Crataegus, 523 parryi, 302, Fig. 62-3 chrysocarpa, 523 unispicata, 302, Fig. 62-4 columbiana, 523, Fig. 120-4 Death Camas, 405 douglasii, 524, Fig. 120-5 Delphinium, 501 Crepis, 125 bicolor, 501, Fig. 114-3 atrabarba, 127, Fig. 22-2 depauperatum, 503 elegans, 127, Fig. 22-3 nuttallianum, 503 intermedia, 128, Fig. 22-4 Deschampsia, 304 nana, 128, Fig. 22-5 atropurpurea, 304, Fig. 62-5 runcinata, 128, Fig. 22-6 caespitosa, 304, Fig. 62-6 tectorum, 125 elongata, 305, Fig. 62-7 Cress Descurainia, 188 Bitter, 187, Fig. 38-1 pinnata, 190, Fig. 38-2 Penny, 203, Fig. 41-6 richardsonii, 190, Fig. 38-3 Rock, 180 sophia, 190, Fig. 38-4 Winter, 185 Devil's Club, 31, Fig. 2-4 Yellow, 202, Fig. 41-3 Dewberry, 547, 549, Figs. 127-4, 128-3 Crocus, Prairie, 499, Fig. 113-2 Dianthus armeria, 60, Fig. 8-6 Cronartium ribicola, 444 Dibotryon morbosum, 544 Crowfoot, 503 Diplotaxis muralis, 190, Fig. 38-5 Yellow Water, 510, Fig. 116-4 Disporum, 397 Cruciferae, 177 hookeri, 397, Fig. 85-4 Cryptantha, 39 oreganum, 397 bradburiana, 39 trachycarpum, 397, Fig. 85-5 celosioides, 39, Fig. 4-1 Dock, 460 nubigena, 39 Curly, 462, Fig. 103-2 Cryptogramma, 471 Golden, 464, Fig. 103-3 acrostichoides, 472 Narrow-leaved, 464, Fig. 104-1 crispa, 472, Fig. 105-3 Western, 464, Fig. 103-4 stelleri, 472, Fig. 105-4 Willow, 464, Fig. 104-1 Cudweed, 141, Fig. 25-5 Dodecatheon, 490 Cupressaceae, 203 conjugens, 491, Fig. 111-3 Currant, 586 pauciflorum, 491 Prickly, 587, Fig. 139-1 pulchellum, 491, Fig. 111-4 Sticky, 589, Fig. 139-3 radicatum, 491 Cynoglossum officinale, 39, Fig. 4-2 Dogbane, 29 Cyperaceae, 204 Dogbane Family, 29 Cypress Family, 203 Dogwood Family, 173 Cypripedium, 427 Douglas Fir, 445, Fig. 98-6 calceolus, 427 Douglasia montana, 491, Fig. 111-5 montanum, 428, Fig. 93-4 Downy Chess, 295, Fig. 60-1 passerinum, 428, Fig. 94-1 Draba, 191 Cystopteris, 472 aurea, 192, Fig. 39-1 fragilis, 474, Fig. 106-1 cana, 193, Fig. 39-2 montana, 474, Fig. 104-5 crassifolia, 193, Fig. 39-3 densifolia, 193, Fig. 39-4 Daisy, 128 incerta, 195, Fig. 39-5 Oxeye, 121, Fig. 20-5 lanceolata, 193 Dame's Violet, 199, Fig. 40-4 lonchocarpa, 195, Fig. 39-6 Dandelion, 166 nemorosa, 195, Fig. 39-7 False, 88 nivalis, 195 670

oligosperma, 196, Fig. 39-8 Equisetaceae, 254 paysonii, 196, Fig.39-9 Equisetum, 254 praealta, 196, Fig. 39-10 arvense, 256, Fig. 51-5 stenoloba, xviii fluviatile, 256, Fig. 52-1 verna, 196, Fig. 39-11 hyemale, 258, Fig. 52-2 Dracocephalum parviflorum, 357 laevigatum, 258, Fig. 52-3 Dragonhead, 357, Fig. 75-1 palustre, 258, Fig. 52-4 Drosera, xviii pratense, 258, Fig. 52-5 Dryas, 524 scirpoides, 259, Fig. 53-1 drummondii, 524, Fig. 121-1 sylvaticum, xviii, 254 hookeriana, 524 variegatum, 259, Fig.53-2 integrifolia, xviii Ericaceae, 259 octopetala, 524, Fig. 121-2 Erigeron, 128 Dryopteris, 474 acris, 132, Fig. 23-1 austriaca, 476, Fig. 106-2 caespitosus, 132, Fig. 23-2 dilatata, 476 compositus, 132, Fig.23-3 filix-mas, 476, Fig.106-3 divergens, 134, Fig. 23-4 spinulosa, 476 flagellaris, 134, Fig. 23-5 Duckweed, 388, Fig. 84-1 formosissimum, xvii Duckweed Family, 388 glabellus, 134, Fig.23-6 Dwarf Mistletoe, Pine, 652, Fig. 156-3 humilis, 135, Fig. 23-7 lanatus, 135, Fig. 24-1 Echium vulgare, 37, PI. 8 lonchophyllus, 135, Fig. 24-4 Elaeagnaceae, 251 ochroleucus, 137, Fig. 24-3 Elaeagnus commutata, 253, Fig. 51-3 pallens, 137, Fig. 24-4 Elderberry, 51, Fig. 6-5 peregrinus, 138, Fig.24-5 Eleocharis, 246 philadelphicus, 138, Fig. 24-6 acicularis, 248, Fig. 50-3 radicatus, 138, Fig. 25-1 macrostachya, 248 speciosus, 140, Fig. 25-2 palustris, 248, Fig. 50-4 strigosus, 140, Fig. 25-3 subtrinervis, 140 pauciflora, 248, Fig. 50-5 Elephant Head, 613, Fig. 145-3 Eriogonum, 451 Elymus, 305 androsaceum, 453, Fig. 100-2 canadensis, 306, Fig. 63-1 flavum, 453, Fig. 100-3 cinereus, 306, Fig. 63-2 heracleoides, 454 glaucus, 306, Fig.63-3 ovalifolium, 453, Fig. 100-4 innovatus, 306, Fig. 63-4 piperi, 453 macounii, 305 umbellatum, 454, Fig. 100-5 Empetrum nigrum, xvii Eriophorum, "249 Enchanter's Nightshade, 411, Fig. 89-6 angustifolium, 249 Epilobium, 411 chamissonis, 249, Fig. 50-6 alpinum, 412, Fig. 90-1 polystachion, 249, Fig. 50-7 angustifolium, 414, Fig. 90-2 viridicarinatum, 250, Fig. 50-8 clavalum, 412 Erysimum, 197 glaberrimum, 414, Fig. 90-3 asperum, 197, Fig. 40-1 glandulosum, 415, 416, Fig. 90-4 cheiranthoides, 197, Fig. 40-2 homemannii, 412 inconspicuum, 199, Fig. 40-3 lactiflorum, 412 Erythronium grandiflorum, 397, Fig. latifolium, 415, Fig. 90-5 86-1, PI. 7 palustre, 415, Fig. 90-6 Evening Primrose, 418 paniculatum, 416, Fig. 91-1 Evening Primrose Family, 410 platyphyllum, 414 Everlasting, 90 watsonii, 416, Fig. 91-2 Pearly, 89, Fig. 12-1 671 Fabaceae, 359 glauca, 527 Fairy Bel], 397 vesca, 526, Fig. 121-3 Fairy Candelabra, 490, Fig. 111-2 virginiana, 527, Fig. 121-4 Fairy Slipper, 424, Fig. 92-7, Pi. 2 Fritillaria pudica, 398, Fig. 86-2 Felwort, 275, Fig. 55-7 Fumariaceae, 273 Fern Family, 465 Fumitory Family, 273 Fern: Bladder, 474, Fig. 106-1 Gaillardia aristata, 140, Fig. 25-4 Grape, 419 Galium, 552 Holly, 477, Fig. 107-3 aparine, 553 Lady, 471, Fig. 105-1 bifolium, xvii, 553 Licorice, 476, Fig. 107-2 boreale, 553, Fig. 130-1 Maidenhair, 467, Fig. 104-2 trifidum, 553, Fig. 130-2 Male, 476, Fig. 106-3 triflorum, 555, Fig. 130-3 Mountain Bladder, 474, Fig.. 104-5 Gaultheria humifusa, 263, Fig. 53-5 Oak, 476, Fig. 107-1 Gaura coccinea, 416, Fig. 91-3 Parsley, 472, Fig. 105-3 Gayophytum, 418 Shield, 476, Fig. 106-2 humile, 418 Fescue, 308 racemosum, 418, Fig. 91-4 Bluebunch, 309, Fig. 63-5 Gentian, 274 Meadow, 310, Fig. 64-1 Fringed, 276, Fig. 56-2 Red, 310, Fig. 64-2 Moss, 278, Fig. 56-4 Rough, 310, Fig. 64-3 Prairie, 275, Fig. 55-6 Sheep, 309, Fig. 63-7 Gentian Family, 274 Festuca, 308 Gentiana, 274 altaica, 310 affinis, 275, Fig. 55-6 brachyphylla, 309 amarella, 275, Fig. 55-7 doreana, 310 barbata, 276 elatior, 310 calycosa, 276, Fig. 56-1 hallii, 310 crinata, 276 idahoensis, 309, Fig. 63-5 detonsa, 276, Fig. 56-2 occidentalis, 309, Fig. 63-6 fremontii, 278 ovina, 309, Fig. 63-7 glauca, 274 pratensis, 310, Fig. 64-1 propinqua, 278, Fig. 56-3 rubra, 310, Fig. 64-2 prostrata, 278, Fig. 56-4 saximontana, 309 Gentianaceae, 274 scabrella, 310, Fig. 64-3 Gentianella, 274 subulata, 312, Fig. 64-4 Geocaulon lividum, 574, Fig. 136-2 Figwort Family, 598 Geraniaceae, 278 Fir: Geranium Family, 278 Alpine, 441, Fig. 97-4 Geranium, 278 Douglas, 445, Fig. 98-6 bicknellii, 279, Fig. 56-5 Fireweed, 414, Fig. 90-2 richardsonii, 279, Fig. 56-6 Mountain, 415, Fig. 90-5 viscosissimum, 280, Fig. 56-7 Flax, Wild Blue, 406, Fig. 88-4 Wild, 278 Flax Family, 406 Geum, 527 Fleabane, 128 allepicum, 529, Fig. 122-1 Flixweed, 190, Fig. 38-4 macrophyllum, 529, Fig. 122-2 Forget-me-not, 43,45, Fig. 5-3 perincisum, 529 Foxtail, 291 rivale, 529, Fig. 122-3 Alpine, 291, Fig. 58-6 triflorum, 531, Fig. 123-1 Water, 291, Fig. 58-5 Ginseng Family, 31 Fragaria, 526 Globefiower, 517, Fig. 119-3 672

Glyceria, 312 Grossularia, 586 borealis, 313, Fig. 64-5 Grossulariaceae, 586 elata, 313, Fig. 64-6 Ground Plum, 369, Fig. 77-3 grandis, 313, Fig. 65-1 Groundsel, 156 maxima, 313 Prairie, 157, Fig. 30-1 striata, 313, Fig. 65-2 Gumweed, 141, Fig. 26-1 Glycyrrhiza lepidota, 373, Fig. 79-3 Gymnocarpium dryopteris, 476, Fig. Gnaphalium, 141 107-1 microcephalum, 141, Fig. 25-5 Gypsophila paniculata, xvii, 53 viscosum, xvii, 141 Goatsbeard, 171, Fig. 34-4 Habenaria, 430 Goldenrod, 162 dilatata, 431, Fig. 94-3 Goodyera oblongifolia, 428, Fig. 94-2 hyperborea, 431, Fig. 95-1 Gooseberry, 586 obtusata, 431, Fig. 95-2 Wild, 589, Fig. 139-2 saccata, 431, Fig. 95-3 Goosefoot, 72 unalascensis, 433, Fig. 95-4 Red, 75, Fig. 10-6 viridis, 433, Fig. 95-5 White, 74, Fig. 10-4 Hackelia, 40 Goosefoot Family, 72 floribunda, 40, Fig. 4-3 Gramineae, 280 jessicae, 40 Grape Fern, 419 micrantha, 40, Fig. 4-4 Grape, Oregon, 32, Fig. 3-1 Hairgrass, 289,304, Fig. 58-3 Grass Family, 280 Mountain, 304, Fig. 62-5 Grass: Slender, 305, Fig. 62-7 Arrow, 353, Fig. 74-3 Tufted, 304, Fig. 62-6 Bear, 403, Fig. 88-1 Halenia deflexa, xviii, 275 Bent, 288 Haloragidaceae, 336 Blue, 321 Harebell, 46, Fig. 5-7 Blue-eyed, 344, Fig. 72-4 Hawksbeard, 125 Brome, 292 Hawkweed, 145 Brook, 301 Hawthorn, 523 Cheat, 295 Heal-all, 357, Fig. 75-3 Cotton, 249 Heath Family, 259 Hair, 289,304 Heather, 266 June, 316 Pink Mountain, 266, Fig. 54-2 Manna, 312 Yellow Mountain, 266, Fig. 54-1 Melic, 316 Hedge Nettle, 359, Fig. 75-4 Muhly, 317 Hedysarum, 373 Needle, 329 alpinum, 375, Fig. 79-4 Oat, 301 boreale, 375, Fig. 80-1 Onion, 317 mackenzii, 375 Pine, 299, Fig. 61-2 sulphurescens, 377, Fig. 80-2 Reed, 296 Helianthus, 142 Reed Canary, 320 annuus, 145 Rice, 319 laetiflorus, 144, Fig. 26-2 Rye, 305 nuttallii, 144, Fig. 26-3 Sand, 299 petiolaris, 144, Fig. 26-4 Slough, 292 Helictotrichon hookeri, 315, Fig. 65-3 Sweet, 315 Hellebore, False, 403, Fig. 87-5 Tickle, 289 Hemieva Wheat, 284 ranunculifolia, 595 Grass of Parnassus, 583 violacea, 597 Grindelia squarrosa, 141, Fig. 26-1 Hemlock, Water, 631, Fig. 150-1 673

Heracleum lanatum, 633, Fig. 150-2 biglumis, xvii, 352 Hesperis matronalis, 199, Fig. 40-4 - bufonius, 348, Fig. 72-8 Heuchera, 578 confusus, 348, Fig. 72-9 cylindrica, 578, Fig. 136-3 drummondii, 348, Fig. 72-10 flabellifolia, 578 dudleyi, 351 parvifolia, 578, Fig. 136-4 ensifolius, 349, Fig. 73-1 richardsonii, xvii, 575 longistylis, 349, Fig. 73-2 Hieracium, 145 mertensianus, 349, Fig. 73-3 albertinum, 146, Fig. 26-5 nodosus, 349, Fig. 73-4 albiflorum, 146, Fig. 26-6 parryi, 351, Fig. 73-5 cynoglossoides, 146 saximontanus, 349 gracile, 146, Fig. 27-1 tenuis, 351, Fig. 73-6 umbellatum, 146, Fig. 27-2 triglumis, 351, Fig. 73-7 Hierochloe odorata, 315, Fig. 65-4 Junegrass, 316, Fig. 65-6 Hippuridaceae, 336 Juniper, 203 Hippuris vulgaris, 336, Fig. 71-1 Common, 204, Fig. 42-1 Hollyhock, Mountain, 407, Fig. 89-3, Creeping, 204, Fig. 42-2 PI. 1 Juniperus, 203 Honeysuckle, 48 communis, 204, Fig. 42-1 Bracted, 49, Fig. 6-3 horizontalis, 204, Fig. 42-2 Twining, 49, Fig. 6-2 scopulorum, 204 Honeysuckle Family, 47 Hops, 409, Fig. 89-5 Kalmia polifolia, 263, Fig. 53-6 Hordeum jubatum, 315, Fig. 65-5 Kinnikinnick, 261, Fig. 53-3 Horsemint, 357, Fig. 75-2 Kittentails, 600, Fig. 142-1 Horsetail, 254 Knapweed, Spotted, 120, Fig. 20-4 Horsetail Family, 254 Knotweed, 454 Hound's Tongue, 39, Fig. 4-2 Common, 457, Fig. 101-4 Huckleberry, False, 264, Fig. 53-8 Kobresia simpliciuscula, 250, Fig. 50-9 Humulus lupulus, 409, Fig. 89-5 Koeleria, 316 Hydrangeaceae, 575 cristata, 316, Fig. 65-6 Hydrophyllacea, 337 gracilis, 316 Hydrophyllum capitatum, 338, Fig. 71-3 Labiatae, 355 Hypericaceae, 342 Lactuca, 148 Hypericum formosum, 342, Fig. 72-3 biennis, 149, Fig. 27-4 Hypopitys monotropa, 265 pulchella, 149, Fig. 27-5 Ladies' Tresses, 436, Fig. 96-6 Iliamna rivularis, 407, Fig. 89-3, Pi. 1 Lady's Slipper, 427 Iridaceae, 344 Mountain, 428, Fig. 93-4 Iris Family, 344 Sparrow's Egg, 428, Fig. 94-1 Isoetaceae, 344 Yellow, 427 Isoetes bolanderi, 344, Fig. 72-5 Lamb's Quarters, 74, Fig. 10-4 Iva xanthifolia, 148, Fig. 27-3 Lamiaceae, 355 Ivy, Poison, 29, Fig. 2-1 Lappula, 42 echinata, 42, Fig. 4-5 Jacob's-Ladder, 449, Fig. 99-5 redowskii, 37,42 Juncaceae, 345 Larch, Alpine, 441, Fig. 97-5 Juncaginaceae, 353 Larix, 441 Juncus, 345 laricina, 441 albescens, 351 lyallii, 441, Fig. 97-5 alpinus, 347, Fig- 72-6 Larkspur, Low, 501, Fig. 114-3 balticus, 348, Fig. 72-7 Lathyrus ochroleucus, 377, Fig. 80-3 674

Lathyrus ochroleucus, 377, Fig. 80-3 Lithospermum ruderale, 42, Fig. 4-6 Laurel: Locoweed, 381 Mountain, 263, Fig. 53-6 Early Yellow, 383, Fig. 82-2 Swamp, 263, Fig. 53-6 Late Yellow, 382, Fig. 81-6 Ledum, 264 Showy, 383, Fig. 82-3 glandulosum, 264, Fig. 53-7 Lomatium, 633 palustre, 264 dissectum, 634, Fig. 150-3 Leguminosae, 359 macrocarpum, 634, Fig. 151-1 Lemnaceae, 388 sandbergii, 636, Fig. 151-2 Lentibulariaceae, 388 simplex, 636 Lepidium densiflorum, 199, Fig. 40-5 triternatum, 636, Fig. 151-3 Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, 579, Fig. Lonicera, 48 137-1 dioica, 49, Fig. 6-2 Lesquerella, 200 involucrata, 49, Fig. 6-3 alpine, 200 utahensis, 49, Fig. 6-4 arenosa, 200 Loosestrife, 492, Fig. 111-6 ludoviciana, 200, Fig. 40-6 Loranthaceae, 652 Lettuce, 148 Louse Wort, 611 Common Blue, 149, Fig. 27-5 Lucerne, 379, Fig. 81-4 White, 155, Fig- 29-3 Luetkea pectinata, xviii Lewisia pygmaea, 482, Fig. 109-3 Lungwort, 42, Fig. 5-1 Liatris punctata, 149, Fig. 28-1 Lupine, 377 Licorice, 373, Fig. 79-3 Lupinus, 377 Licorice Root, 373, Fig. 79-3 argenteus, 378, Fig. 81-1 Liliaceae, 390 lepidus, 378, Fig. 80-4 Lilium philadelphicum, 398, Fig. minimus, 378 86-3 sericeus, 378, Fig. 81-2 Lily Family, 390 Luzula, 352 Lily. campestris, 352, Fig. 73-8 Avalanche, 397, Fig. 86-1, PI. 7 glabrata, 353, Fig. 73-9 Glacier, 397, Fig. 86-1, PI. 7 intermedia, 352 Mariposa, 395, Fig. 85-1 multiflora, 352 Western Wood, 398, Fig. 86-3 parviflora, 353, Fig. 74-1 Linaceae, 406 piperi, 353 Linanthus septentrionalis, 448, Fig. spicata, 353, Fig. 74-2 99-3 wahlenbergii, 353 Linaria, 606 Lychnis, 62 dalmatica, 607, Fig. 143-4 apetala, xviii, 62, Fig. 8-7 vulgaris, 607, Fig. 143-5 drummondii, 63, Fig. 8-8 Linnaea borealis, 48, Fig. 6-1 Lycopodiaceae, 406 Linum: Lycopodium lewissi, 406 annotinum, 407, Fig. 89-1 perenne, 406, Fig. 88-4 sitchense, 407, Fig. 89-2 usitatissimum, 406 Lysimachia ciliata, 492, Fig. 111-6 Listera, 433 borealis, 434, Fig. 96-1 Madder Family, 552 caurina, 434, Fig. 96-2 Madia glomerata, 150, Fig. 28-2 convallarioides, 434, Fig. 96-3 Mahonia: cordata, 436, Fig. 96-4 creeping, 32, Fig. 3-1 Lithophragma, 579 repens, 32 bulbifera, 581, Fig. 137-2 Mallow Family, 407 parviflora, 581, Fig. 137-3 Malvaceae, 407 675 Mannagrass, 312 membranaceus, 608 Maple: tilingii, 610 Douglas, 25, Fig. 1-1 Mint, 356 Rocky Mountain, 25, Fig. 1-1 Horse, 357, Fig. 75-2 Mare's Tail, 336, Fig. 71-1 Spear, 356, Fig. 74-5 Mariposa Lily, 395, Fig. 85-1 Wild, 356, Fig. 74-4 Matricaria, 150 Mint Family, 355 maritima, 151, Fig. 28-3 Minuartia: matricarioides, 151, Fig. 28-4 obtusiloba, 57 Meadow Rue, 514 rossii, 58 Meadowsweet, 550 rubella, 58 Medicago, 379 Mistletoe, Pine Dwarf, 652, Fig. 156-3 lupulina, 379, Fig. 81-3 Mitella, 581 sativa, 379, Fig. 81-4 breweri, 582, Fig. 137-4 Medick, Black, 379, Fig. 81-3 nuda, 582, Fig. 137-5 Melandrium pentandra, 582, Fig. 137-6 apetalum, 62 trifida, 583, Fig. 138-1 drummondii, 63 violacea, 583 Melampyrum lineare, xviii, 598 Miterwort, 581 Melic Grass, 316, 317, Fig. 66-1 False, 597, Fig. 141-3 Melic, False, 329, Fig. 69-1 Mock Orange, 586, Fig. 138-5 Melica, 316 Moehringia lateriflora, 57 bulbosa, 316 Moldavica parviflora, 357, Fig. 75-1 smithii, 317, Fig. 66-1 Monarda fistulosa, 357, Fig. 75-2 spectabilis, 317, Fig. 66-2 Moneses uniflora, 265, Fig. 53-9 subulata, 317, Fig. 66-3 Monkey Flower, 607 Melilotus, 379 Red, 610, Fig. 144-3 alba, 381 Yellow, 608, Fig. 144-2 officinalis, 381, Fig. 81-5 Monolepis nuttalliana, 75, Fig. 10-7 Mentha, 356 Monotropa hypopitys, 265, Fig. 53-10 arvensis, 356, Fig. 74-4 Monotropaceae, 260 canadensis, 356 Montia, 483 spicata, 356, Fig. 74-5 linearis, 483, Fig. 109-4 Menyanthaceae, 409 parvifolia, 483, Fig. 109-5 Menyanthes trifoliata, 409, Fig. 89-4 Moraceae, 409 Menziesia, 264 Mountain Ash, 549 ferruginea, 264, Fig. 53-8 Mountain Avens, 524 glabella, 264 White, 524, Fig. 121-2 Mertensia, 42 Yellow, 524, Fig. 121-1 lanceolata, 43 Mountain Box, 71, Fig. 10-3 longiflora, 42, Fig. 5-1 Mountain Heather, 266 perplexa, 43 Pink, 266, Fig. 54-2 Microseris nutans, 151, Fig. 28-5 Yellow, 266, Fig. 54-1 Microsteris gracilis, xvii, xviii, 448 Mountain Laurel, 263, Fig. 53-6 Milfoil, 86, Fig. 11-1 Mountain Lover, 71, Fig. 10-3 Water, 337, Fig. 71-2 Mountain Sorrel, 454, Fig. 101-1 Milk Vetch, 361 Muhlenbergia, 317 Cushion, 370, Fig. 78-2 cuspidata, 281 Mimulus, 607 richardsonis, 317, Fig. 66-4 floribundus, 608, Fig. 144-1 squarrosa, 317 guttatus, 608, Fig. 144-2 Muhly Grass, 317, Fig. 66-4 lewisii, 610, Fig. 144-3 Muhly, Plains, 281 676

Mulberry Family, 409 Ophioglossaceae, 419 Mullein, 618, Fig. 147-1 Oplopanax horridum, xviii, 31, Fig. 2-4 Musineon divaricatum, 636, Fig. 151-4 Orange, Mock, 586, Fig. 138-5 Mustard Family, 177 Orchid Family, 423 Mustard: Orchid: Ball, 200, Fig. 41-1 Alaska Bog, 433, Fig. 95-4 Green Tansy, 190, Fig. 38-2 Bog, 430 Grey Tansy, 190, Fig. 38-3 Bracted, 433, Fig. 95-5 Tansy, 188, 190, Fig. 38-4 Green Rein, 431, Fig. 95-1 Tower, 182, Fig. 36-1 One-leaved Rein, 431, Fig. 95-2 Tumbling, 202, Fig. 41-4 Rein, 430 Myosotis, 43 Round-leaved, 436, Fig. 96-5 alpestris, 45 Slender Bog, 431, Fig. 95-3 micrantha, 43, Fig. 5-2 White Rein, 431, Fig. 94-3 sylvatica, 45, Fig. 5-3 Orchidaceae, 423 Myriophyllum, 337 Orchis rotundifolia, 436, Fig. 96-5 exalbescens, 337 Oregon Grape, 32, Fig. 3-1 spicatum, 337, Fig. 71-2 Orobanchaceae, 437 verticillatum, 337 Orobanche, 437 fasciculata, 437, Fig. 97-1 Najadaceae, 484 ludoviciana, 437 Needle and Thread, 331, Fig. 69-3 uniflora, 439, Fig. 97-2 Needlegrass, 329 Orthocarpus luteus, 610, Fig. 144-4 Green 332, Fig. 70-1 Oryzopsis, 319 Richardson, 332, Fig. 69-5 asperifolia, 319, Fig. 66-5 Western, 331, Fig. 69-4 exigua, 319, Fig. 66-6 Nemophila breviflora, 338, Fig. 71-4 Osier, Red, 174, Fig. 34-6 Neslia paniculata, 200, Fig. 41-1 Osmorhiza, 637 Nettle Family, 642 chilensis, 639, Fig. 152-1 Nettle: depauperata, 639, Fig. 152-2 Hedge, 359, Fig. 75-4 occidentalis, 639, Fig. 152-3 Stinging, 642, Fig. 154-1 purpurea, 640, Fig. 152-4 Nightshade, Enchanter's, 411, Fig. 89-6 Owlclover, Yellow, 610, Fig. 144-4 Ninebark, 531, Fig. 123-2 Oxyria digyna, 454, Fig. 101-1 Oxytropis, 381 Oatgrass, 301 campestris, 382, Fig. 81-6 California, 302, Fig. 62-1 deflexa, xviii, 382, Fig. 82-1 Hooker's, 315, Fig. 65-3 podocarpa, xvii, xviii, 381 One-spike, 302, Fig. 62-4 sericea, 383, Fig. 82-2 Parry, 302, Fig. 62-3 splendens, 383, Fig. 82-3 Timber, 302, Fig. 62-2 viscida, 381 Oenothera, 418 biennis, 418, Fig. 91-5 Pachystima myrsinites, 71, Fig. 10-3 flava, 419, Fig. 92-1 Paintbrush: strigosa, 418 Common Red, 604, Fig. 142-5, PI. 6 Old Man's Whiskers, 531, Fig. 123-1 Common Yellow, 606, Fig. 143-2 Oleaster Family, 251 Indian, 600 Onagraceae, 410 Papaver: Onion Grass, 317, Fig. 66-2 kluanensis, xviii Alaska, 317, Fig. 66-3 pygmaeum, 439, Fig. 97-3 Onion, 393 Papaveraceae, 439 Nodding, 394, Fig. 84-5 Parnassia, 583 Prairie, 394, Fig. 84-8 fimbriata, 585, Fig. 138-2 677

kotzebuei, 585, Fig. 138-3 Phlox, 448 montanensis, 585 alyssifolia, 449 palustris, 585, Fig. 138-4 hoodii, 448, Fig. 99-4 Paronychia sessiliflora, 63, Fig. 8-9 Moss, 448, Fig. 99-4 Parsley, Prairie, 636, Fig. 151-4 Phyllodoce, 266 Parsnip: aleutica, xviii, 266, Fig- 54-1 Cow, 633, Fig. 150-2 empetriformis, 266, Fig. 54-2 Meadow, 642, Fig. 153-4 granduliflora, 266 Water, 642, Fig. 153-3 Physaria didymocarpa, 202, Fig. 41-2 Pasque Flower, 499, Fig. 113-2 Physocarpus malvaceus, 531, Fig. Mountain, 496, Fig. 112-5 123-2 Pea Family, 359 Picea, 441 Pea, Wild Sweet, 377, Fig. 80-3 engelmannii, 441, Fig. 98-1 Pearlwort, 63, Fig. 8-10 glauca, 441, 443 Pearly Everlasting, 89, Fig. 12-1 pungens, 443 Pedicularis, 611 Pinaceae, 440 bracteosa, 611, Fig. 145-1 Pin Cherry, 543, Fig. 126-4 contorta, 613, Fig. 145-2 Pine Family, 440 groenlandica, 613, Fig. 145-3 Pine Grass, 299, Fig. 61-2 racemosa, xviii, 611 Pine, 443 Penstemon, 613 Limber, 444, Fig. 98-4 albertinus, 614, Fig. 145-4 Lodgepole, 444, Fig. 98-3 confertus, 615, Fig. 146-1 Western White, 445, Fig. 98-5 ellipticus, 615, Fig. 146-2 Whitebark, 444, Fig. 98-2 eriantherus, 614 Pineapple Weed, 151, Fig. 28-4 fruticosus, xvii, xviii, 614 Pinedrops, 268, Fig. 54-3 lyallii, 617, Fig. 146-3 Pinesap, 265, Fig. 53-10 montanus, 614 Pinguicula vulgaris, 389, Fig. 84-2 nitidus, 617, Fig. 146-4 Pink Family, 53 procerus, 617 Pink, Grass, 60, Fig. 8-6 virens, 615 Pinus, 443 Peppergrass, 199, Fig. 40-5 albicaulis, 444, Fig. 98-2 Perideridia gairdneri, 640, Fig. 153-1 contorta, 444, Fig. 98-3 Petalostemon purpureum, 383, Fig. 82-4 flexilis, 444, Fig. 98-4 Petasites, 153 monticola, 445, Fig. 98-5 frigidus, 153, Fig. 29-1 Pipsissewa, 263, Fig. 53-4 palmatus, 153 Plagiobothrys, 45 sagittatus, 153, Fig. 29-2 scopulorum, 45 Phacelia, 340 scouleri, 45, Fig. 5-4 franklinii, xviii, 340 Plains Muhly, 281 hastata, 340 Plantaginaceae, 445 heterophylla, 340 Plantago major, 445, Fig. 99-1 leptosepala, 340, Fig. 71-5 Plantain Family, 445 leucophylla, 340 Plantain linearis, 341, Fig. 71-6 Broad-leaved Water, 27, Fig. 1-3 lyallii, 341, Fig. 71-7 Common, 445, Fig. 99-1 sericea, 341, Fig. 72-1 Narrow-leaved Water, 27, Fig. 1-2 Phalaris arundinacea, 320, Fig. 66-7 Rattlesnake, 428, Fig. 94-2 Philadelphus lewisii, 586, Fig. 138-5 Platanthera, 430 Phleum, 320 Plum, Ground, 369, Fig. 77-3 alpinum, 320 Poa, 321 commutatum, 320, Fig. 67-1 alpina, 324, Fig. 67-3 pratense, 321, Fig. 67-2 ampla, 325, Fig. 67-4 678 annua, 325, Fig. 67-5 tremuloides, 557, Fig. 130-5 artica, 326 trichocarpa, 556 compressa, 325, Fig. 67-6 Portulacaceae, 479 cusickii, 325, Fig. 67-7 Potamogeton, 484 epilis, 325 alpinus, 486, Fig. 110-1 glauca, 328 filiformis, 486, Fig. 110-2 glaucifolia, 326, Fig. 67-8 gramineus, 486, Fig. 110-3 gracillima, 326, Fig. 67-9 perforliatus, 487 grayana, 326, Fig. 68-1 pusillus, 487, Fig. 110-4 interior, 326, Fig. 68-2 richardsonii, 487, Fig. 110-5 juncifolia, 325 Potamogetonaceae, 484 longipila, 326 Potentilla, 532 palustris, 328, Fig. 68-3 anserina, 534, Fig. 123-3 pattersonii, 328, Fig. 68-4 arguta, 535, Fig. 123-4 pratensis, 328, Fig. 68-5 bipinnatiftda, 540 rupicola, 328, Fig. 68-6 concinna, 535, Fig.124-1 sandbergii, 329 diversifolia, 535, Fig. 124-2 secunda, 329, Fig. 68-7 drummondii, 532 stenantha, 326 effusa, 538 Poaceae, 280 flabellifolia, 532 Poison Ivy, 29, Fig. 2-1 flabelliformis, 538 Polemoniaceae, 446 fruticosa, 537, Fig. 124-3 Polemonium, 449 glandulosa, 537, Fig. 124-4 pulcherrimum, 449, Fig. 99-5 gracilis, 538, Fig. 125-1 viscosum, 450, Fig. 100-1, PI. 5 hippiana, 538, Fig. 125-2 Polygonaceae, 450 hookeriana, 532 Polygonum, 454 ledebouriana, 538, Fig. 125-3, Pi. 4 achoreum, 457 macounii, 535 amphibium, 457, Fig. 101-2 multisecta, 535 austinae, 457, Fig. 101-3 nivea, 532, 540, Fig. 125-4 aviculare, 457, Fig. 101-4 ovina, 541 bistortoides, 458, Fig. 101-5 palustris, xviii coccineum, 457 pensylvanica, 540, Fig. 126-1 convolvulus, 458, Fig. 101-6 plattensis, 541, Fig. 126-2 douglasii, 458, Fig. 102-1 pulcherrima, 538 engelmannii, 458, Fig. 102-2 quinquefolia, 532, 540 lapatifolium, 460, Fig. 102-3 rivalis, 541, Fig. 126-3 minimum, 460, Fig. 102-4 saximontana, 535 viviparum, 460, Fig. 102-5 uniflora, 538 Polypodiaceae, 465 Prairie Clover, Purple, 383, Fig. 82-4 Polypodium, 476 Prairie Crocus, 499, Fig. 113-2 hesperium, 476, Fig. 107-2 Prairie Smoke, 531, Fig. 123-1 vulgare, 476 Prenanthes sagittata, 155, Fig. 29-3 Polypody, 476, Fig. 107-2 Primrose Family, 487 Polystichum lonchitis, 477, Fig. 107-3 Primrose: Pondweed, 484 Evening, 418 Pondweed Family, 484 Mealy, 487 Poplar, 556 Primula incana, xviii, 487 Western Balsam, 556, Fig. 130-4 Primulaceae, 487 Poppy, Alpine, 439, Fig. 97-3 Prince's Pine, 263, Fig. 53-4 Poppy Family, 439 Prunella vulgaris, 357, Fig. 75-3 Populus, 556 Prunus, 541 balsamifera, 556, Fig. 130-4 pensylvanica, 543, Fig. 126-4 679 virginiana, 543, Fig. 126-5 Plains, 298, Fig. 60-5 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 445, Fig. 98-6 Purple, 299, Fig. 61-1 Pteridium aquilinum, 477, Fig. 108-1 Rhamnaceae, 517 Pterospora andromedea, 268, Fig. 54-3 Rhamnus alnifolia, 519, Fig. 120-2 Puccoon, 42, Fig. 4-6 Rhinanthus crista-galli, 617, Fig. 146-5 Purslane Family 479 Rhododendron, 270 Pussy-toes, 90 albiflorum, 270, Fig. 55-1 Pyrola, 268 White, 270, Fig. 55-1 asarifolia, 269, Fig. 54-4 Rhus radicans, 29, Fig. 2-1 bracteata, 269 Ribes, 586 chlorantha, 269, Fig. 54-5 divaricatum, 587 minor, 269, Fig. 54-6 hudsonianum, xviii picta, 270, Fig. 54-7 inerme, 587, Fig. 138-6 secunda, 270, Fig. 54-8 lacustre, 587, Fig. 139-1 uniflora, 265 oxyacanthoides, 589, Fig. 139-2 virens, 269 viscossissimum, 589, Fig. 139-3 Pyrolceae, 260 Ricegrass, 319 Rocket Queen Cup, 395, Fig. 85-3 Sand, 190, Fig. 38-5 Quillwort, 344, Fig. 72-5 Sweet, 199, Fig. 40-4 Quillwort Family, 344 Yellow, 187, Fig. 37-4 Romanzoffia sitchensis, 342, Fig. 72-2 Ragweed, False, 148, Fig. 27-3 Rorippa islandica, 202, Fig. 41-3 Ranunculaceae, 492 Rosa, 544 Ranunculus, 503 acicularis, 544, Fig. 127-1 abortivus, 505, Fig. 115-1 arkansana, 546, Fig. 127-2 acris, 505, Fig. 115-2 woodsii, 546, Fig. 127-3 aquatilis, 507, Fig. 115-3 Rosaceae, 520 cardiophyllus, 507, Fig. 115-4 Rose Family, 520 cymbalaria, 507, Fig. 115-5 Rose, 544 eschscholtzii, 508, Fig. H6-1 Common Wild, 546, Fig. 127-3 flammula, 508, Fig. 116-2 Prairie, 546, Fig. 127-2 glaberrimus, 508, Fig. 116-3 Prickly, 544, Fig. 127-1 gmelinii, 510, Fig. 116-4 Rubiaceae, 552 inamoenus, 510, Fig. 116-5 Rubus, 546 macounii, 510, Fig. 117-1 acaulis, xviii, 547 pedatifidus, 512, Fig. 117-2 arcticus, 547, Fig. 127-4 sceleratus, 512, Fig. 117-3 idaeus, 547, Fig. 128-1 uncinatus, 512, Fig. 118-1 melanoiasius, 547 verecundus, 514, Fig. 118-2 parviflorus, 547, Fig. 128-2 Raspberry: pubescens, 549, Fig. 128-3 Arctic, 547, Fig. 127-4 Rue, Meadow, 514 Dwarf, 547, Fig. 127-4 Rumex, 460 Wild, 547, Fig. 128-1 acetosa, 462, Fig. 102-6 Rattle, Yellow, 617, Fig. 146-5 acetosella, 462, Fig. 103-1 Rattlesnake Plantain, 428, Fig. 94-2 alpestris, 462 Red Osier, 174, Fig. 34-6 crispus, 462, Fig. 103-2 Redtop, 289, Fig. 58-2 maritimus, 464, Fig. 103-3 Spike, 289, Fig. 58-1 mexicanus, 464 Thurber, 291, Fig. 58-4 occidentalis, 464, Fig. 103-4 Reedgrass, 296 salicifolius, 464, Fig. 104-1 Marsh, 298, Fig. 60-3 Rush Family, 345 Northern, 298, Fig. 60-4 Rush, 345 680

Scouring, 254 Salsola kali, 75, Fig. 10-8 Spike, 246 Sambucus, 51 Toad, 348, Fig. 72-8 pubens, 51 Wire, 348, Fig. 72-7 racemosa, 51, Fig. 6-5 Wood, 352 Sand Wort, 54 Russian Thistle, 75, Fig. 10-8 Sandalwood Family, 573 Rust, White Pine Blister, 444 Sandgrass, 299, Fig. 61-3 Rye, Wild, 305 Sanicula marilandica, 640, Fig. 153-2 Ryegrass, 305 Santalaceae, 573 Canada, 306, Fig. 63-1 Saponaria officinalis, 64, Fig. 8-11 Giant, 306, Fig. 63-2 Saskatoon, 522, Fig. 120-3, PI. 3 Hairy, 306, Fig. 63-4 Saussurea, 155 Smooth, 306, Fig. 63-3 americana, 155, Fig. 29-4 densa, xvii, 155 Sagebrush, 105, 110, Fig. 17-6 Saxifraga, 589 Sagina, 63 adscendens, 591, Fig. 139-4 procumbens, 64 arguta, 594 saginoides, 63, Fig. 8-10 bronchialis, 591, Fig. 139-5 Sagittaria cuneata, 28, Fig. 1-4 caespitosa, 591, Fig. 139-6 Salicaceae, 555 cernua, 592, Fig. 139-7 Salix, 557 debilis, 592, Fig. 139-8 arctica, 561, Fig. 131-1 ferruginea, 592, Fig. 140-1 barclayi, 557 lyallii, 594, Fig. 140-2 bebbiana, 563, Fig. 131-2 mertensiana, 594, Fig. 140-4 brachycarpa, 563, Fig. 131-3 occidentalis, 595, Fig. 140-5 Candida, 563, Fig. 132-1 odontoloma, 594 caudata, 568 oppositifolia, xviii, 575, 589 commutata, 564, Fig. 132-2 rhomboidea, 595 discolor, 564, Fig. 132-3 rivularis, 592 drummondiana, 564, Fig. 132-4 Saxifragaceae, 575 exigua, 566, Fig. 133-1 Saxifrage Family, 575 farrae, 566 Saxifrage, 589 glauca, 566, Fig. 133-2 Leather-leaved, 579, Fig. 137-1 hastata, 566, Fig. 133-3 Scarlet Butterfly Weed, 416, Fig. interior, 566 91-3 lasiandra, 568, Fig. 133-4 Schizachne purpurascens, 329, Fig. lutea, 571 69-1 maccalliana, 568, Fig. 134-1 Scirpus, 250 mackenzieana, 571 caespitosus, 251, Fig. 51-1 melanopsis, 566 validus, 251, Fig. 51-2 monticola, 568, Fig. 134-2 Scorpion Weed, 340, Fig. 72-1 myrtillifolia, 570, Fig. 134-3 Scouring Rush, 254 nivalis, 570, Fig. 134-4 Scrophulariaceae, 598 novae-angliae, 570 Sedge, 207 padophylla, 568 Sedge Family, 204 phyllicifolia, 571 Sedum, 174 planifolia, 570, Fig. 134-5 douglasii, 175 pseudocordata, 570 lanceolatum, 175, Fig. 35-1 pseudomonticola, 568 roseum, 175, Fig. 35-2 reticulata, 570 stenopetalum, 175, Fig. 35-3 rigida, 571, Fig. 135-1 Selaginella, 622 scouleriana, 571, Fig. 135-2 densa, 622, Fig. 148-3 serissima, 571, Fig. 135-3 wallacei, 624, Fig. 148-4 vestita, 573, Fig. 135-4 681

Selaginellaceae, 622 Water, 457, Fig. 101-2 Senecio, 156 Smelowskia calycina, 203, Fig. 41-5 canus, 157, Fig. 30-1 Smilacina, 398 conterminus, 157 racemosa, 400, Fig. 86-4 cymbalaria, 157, Fig. 30-2 stellata, 400, Fig. 86-5 cymbalarioides, 159, Fig. 30-3 Snake Root, 640, Fig. 153-2 foetidus, 159, Fig. 30-4 Snowberry, 51 fremontii, 159, Fig. 30-5 Snowbrush, 519, Fig. 120-1 hydrophiloides, 159 Soapberry, 253, Fig. 51-4 hyperborealis, 157 Soapwort, 64, Fig. 8-11 indecorus, 162 Solidago, 162 integerrimus, 160, Fig. 30-6 canadensis, 165, Fig. 31-5 lugens, xviii decumbens, 166 megacephalus, 160, Fig. 31-1 gigantea, 165, Fig. 32-1 pauperculus, 160, Fig. 31-2 graminifolia, 165, Fig. 32-2 pseudareus, 162, Fig. 31-3 lepida, 165 resedifolius, 157 missouriensis, 166, Fig. 32-3 subnudus, 159 multiradiata, 166, Fig. 32-4 triangularis, 162, Fig. 31-4 spathulata, 166, Fig. 32-5 Serviceberry, 522, Fig. 120-3, Pi. 3 Solomon's Seal Shepherd's Purse, 187, Fig. 37-5 False, 398 Shepherdia canadensis, 253, Fig. 51-4 Star-flowered, 400, Fig. 86-5 Shinieaf, 268 Sorbus, 549 Shooting Star, 490 occidentalis, 550 Sibbaldia procumbens, 549, Fig. 128-4 scopulina, 550, Fig. 129-1 Silene, 64 sitchensis, 550, Fig. 129-2 acaulis, 65, Fig. 9-1 Sorrel, 460 cucubalus, 64 Green, 462, Fig. 102-6 douglasii, 66 Mountain, 454, Fig. 101-1 menziesii, 65, Fig. 9-2 Sheep, 462, Fig. 103-1 parryi, 65, Fig. 9-3 Sparganiaceae, 624 Silver Plant, 453, Fig. 100-4 Sparganium, 624 Silverberry, 253, Fig. 51-3 angustifolium, 625, Fig. 148-5 Silverweed, 534, Fig. 123-3 emersum, 625, Fig. 148-6 Sisymbrium altissimum, 202, Fig. 41-4 minimum, 625, Fig. 148-7 Sisyrinchium, 344 multipedunculatum, 625 angustifolium, 344 simplex, 625 bermudianum, 344 Spearmint, 356, Fig. 74-5 montanum, 344, Fig. 72-4 Spearwort, Creeping, 508, Fig. 116-2 Sitanion hystrix, 329, Fig. 69-2 Speedwell, 618 Sium suave, 642, Fig. 153-3 Marsh, 621, Fig. 147-5 Skunkweed, 450, Fig. 100-1, PI. 5 Water, 619, Fig. 147-3 Sky Pilot, 450, Fig. 100-1, PI. 5 Spergularia rubra, xvii, 53 Slipper: Spikemoss, 622 Fairy, 424, Fig. 92-7 Spikemoss Family, 622 Mountain Lady's, 428, Fig. 93-4 Spiraea, 550 Lady's, 427 betulifolia, 552, Fig. 129-3 Sparrow's Egg Lady's, 428, Fig. densiflora, 552, Fig. 129-4 94-1 iucida, 552 Venus, 424, Fig. 92-7, PI. 2 Spiranthes romanzoffiana, 436, Fig. Yellow Lady's, 427 96-6 Sloughgrass, 292, Fig. 59-1 Spleenwort, Green, 469, Fig. 104-3 Smartweed, 454 Spring Beauty, 482, Fig. 109-1 682 Spruce: Sweet Clover, 379 Colorado Blue, 443 White, 381 Englemann, 441, Fig. 98-1 Yellow, 381, Fig. 81-5 White, 443 Sweet Pea, Wild, 377, Fig. 80-3 Squaw Root, 640, Fig. 153-1 Sweetgrass, 315, Fig. 65-4 Squirreltail, 329, Fig. 69-2 Symphoricarpos, 51 St. John's Wort, 342, Fig. 72-3 albus, 52, Fig. 7-1 St. John's Wort Family, 342 occidentalis, 52, Fig. 7-2 Stachys palustris, 359, Fig. 75-4 Staff-tree Family, 71 Tamarack, 441 Star: Taraxacum, 166 Blazing, 149, Fig. 28-1 ceratophorum, 167, Fig. 33-1 Shooting, 490 eriophorum, 169, Fig- 33-2 Steironema ciliatum, 492 laevigatum, 169, Fig. 33-3 Stellaria, 66 lyratum, 169, Fig. 33-4 americana, 67, Fig. 9-4 officinale, 169, Fig. 33-5 calycantha, 68, Fig. 9-5 Tarweed, 150, Fig. 28-2 crassifolia, 68, Fig. 9-6 Taxaceae, 626 crispa, 68, Fig. 9-7 Taxus brevifolia, 626, Fig. 149-1 gonomischa, 71 Telesonix jamesii, xviii laeta, 70 Thalictrum, 514 longifolia, 70, Fig. 9-8 alpinum, xviii, 514 longipes, 70, Fig. 9-9 dasycarpum, 515, Fig. 118-3 media, 70, Fig. 9-10 occidentale, 515, Fig. 119-1 monantha, 71, Fig. 10-1 sparsiflorum, xviii, 514 nitens, 59 venulosum, 515,, Fig. 119-2 obtusa, 70 Thimbleberry, 547, Fig. 128-2 umbellata, 71, Fig. 10-2 Thistle, 121 Stenanthium occidentale, 400, Fig. Bull, 124, Fig. 22-1 87-1 Canada, 122, Fig. 21-2 Stickseed, 40, 42, Fig. 4-5 Creeping, 122, Fig. 21-2 Stinkweed, 203, Fig. 41-6 Elk, 124, Fig. 21-3 Stipa, 329 Russian, 75, Fig. 10-8 columbiana, 331 White, 124, Fig. 21-3 comata, 331, Fig. 69-3 Thlaspi arvense, 203, Fig. 41-6 occidentalis, 331, Fig. 69-4 Tiarella trifoliata, 597, Fig. 141-3 richardsonii, 332, Fig. 69-5 Ticklegrass, 289, Fig. 58-3 spartea, 332, Fig. 69-6 Timothy, 320, 321, Fig. 67-2 viridula, 332, Fig. 70-1 Mountain, 320, Fig. 67-1 Stonecrop, 174 Toadflax, 606 Stonecrop Family, 174 Bastard, 574, Fig. 136-1 Stoneseed, 42, Fig. 4-6 Tofieldia glutinosa, 402, Fig. 87-3 Strawberry, 526 Townsendia, 169 Strawberry Blite, 74, Fig. 10-5 condensata, 170, Fig. 34-1 Streptopus amplexifolius, 402, Fig. exscapa, 171 87-2 hookeri, 170, Fig. 34-2 Suksdorfia, 595 parryi, 171, Fig. 34-3 ranunculifolia, 595, Fig. 141-1 sericea, 171 violacea, 597, Fig. 141-2 Tragopogon dubius, 171, Fig. 34-4 Sumach Family, 29 Trail Plant, 88, Fig. 11-2 Sunflower, 142 Trapper's Tea, 264, Fig. 53-7 Sunflower Family, 76 Trifolium, 383 Swamp Laurel, 263, Fig. 53-6 agrarium, 385, Fig. 83-1 683

hybridum 385, Fig. 83-2 Veratrum viride, 403, Fig. 87-5 pratense, 387, Fig. 83-3 Verbascum thapsus, 618, Fig. 147-1 repens, 387, Fig. 83-4 Verbena bracteata, 645, Fig. 154-4 Triglochin maritimum, 353, Fig. 74-3 Verbenaceae, 645 Trillium, 402, Fig. 87-4 Veronica, 618 ovatum, 402, Fig. 87-4 alpina, 622 Trisetum, 332 americana, 619, Fig. 147-2 canescens, 333, Fig. 70-2 catenata, 619, Fig. 147-3 cernuum, 333, Fig. 70-3 peregrina, 621, Fig. 147-4 montanum, 334, Fig. 70-4 salina, 619 Nodding, 333, Fig. 70-3 scutellata, 621, Fig. 147-5 spicatum, 334, Fig. 70-5 serpyllifolia, 621, Fig. 148-1 Spike, 334, Fig. 70-5 wormskjoldii, 622, Fig. 148-2 wolfii, 334, Fig. 70-6 Vervain, Carpet, 645, Fig. 154-4 Triticum aestivum, 336 Vervain Family, 645 Trollius, 517 Vetch, 387, Fig. 83-5 albiflorus, 517 Milk, 361 laxus, 517, Fig. 119-3 Viburnum edule, 52, Fig. 7-3 T-ule, 251, Fig. 51-2 Vicia, 387 Tumbleweed, 75, Fig. 10-8 americana, 387, Fig. 83-5 Twayblade, 433 sparsifolia, 387 Northern, 434, Fig. 96-1 Viola, 646 Twinberry, 49, Fig. 6-3 adunca, 647, Fig. 155-1 Red, 49, Fig. 6-4 canadensis, 647, Fig. 155-2 Twinflower, 48, Fig. 6-1 epipsila, 649 Twisted Stalk, 402, Fig. 87-2 glabella, 649, Fig. 155-3 Typha latifolia, 626, Fig. 149-2 macloskeyi, 649, Fig. 155-4 Typhaceae, 626 nephrophylla, 649, Fig. 155-5 nuttallii, 650, Fig. 156-1 Umbelliferae, 627 orbiculata, 650, Fig. 156-2 Umbrella Plant, 454, Fig. 100-5 palustris, 649 Yellow, 453, Fig. 100-3 rugulosa, 647 Urtica, 642 vallicola, 650 dioica, 642, Fig. 154-1 Violaceae, 646 lyallii, 642 Violet, 646 Urticaceae, 642 Bog, 649, Fig. 155-5 Utricularia, 389 Early Blue, 647, Fig. 155-1 minor, 389, Fig. 84-3 Evergreen, 650, Fig. 156-2 vulgaris, 390, Fig. 84-4 Western Canada, 647, Fig. 155-2 Yellow Prairie, 650, Fig. 156-1 Vaccinium, 271 Violet Family, 646 caespitosum, 271, Fig. 55-2 Virgin's Bower, 500 membranaceum, 273, Fig. 55-3 Viper's Bugloss, 37, Pi. 8 myrtillus, 273, Fig. 55-4 Viscaceae, 652 scoparium, xviii, 273 Vahlodea atropurpurpea, 304 Wake Robin, 402, Fig. 87-4 Valerian Family, 643 Wallflower, 197 Valeriana, 643 Water Milfoil, 337, Fig. 71-2 dioica, 645, Fig. 154-2 Water Milfoil Family, 336 septentrionalis, 645 Water Plantain, 27 sitchensis, 645, Fig. 154-3 Broad-leaved, 27, Fig. 1-3 Valerianaceae, 643 Narrow-leaved, 27, Fig. 1-2 Venus Slipper, 424, Fig. 92-7, PI. 2 Water Plantain Family, 25 684

Waterleaf, 338, Fig. 71-3 One-sided, 270, Fig. 54-8 Waterleaf Family, 337 Pink, 269, Fig. 54-4 Wheat, 336 White-veined, 270, Fig. 54-7 Wheatgrass, 284 Wolf Willow, 253, Fig. 51-3 Bluebunch, 288, Fig. 57-6 Woodreed, 301, Fig. 61-5 Crested, 286, Fig. 57-2 Woodrush, 352 Northern, 286, Fig. 57-3 Woodsia, 479 Western, 288, Fig. 57-5 oregana, 479, Fig. 108-2 Whitlow Wort, Low, 63, Fig. 8-9 scopulina, 479, Fig. 108-3 Willow Family, 555 Wormwood, 105 Willow Herb, 411 Willow, 557 Xerophyllum tenax, 403, Fig. 88-1 Autumn, 571, Fig. 135-3 Beaked, 563, Fig. 131-2 Yampah, 640, Fig. 153-1 Bebb's, 563, Fig. 131-2 Yarrow, 86, Fig. 11-1 Hoary, 563, Fig. 132-1 Yellow Bell, 398, Fig. 86-2 Pacific, 568 Yew, Western, 626, Fig. 149-1 Pussy, 564, Fig. 132-3 Yew Family, 626 Rock, 573, Fig. 135-4 Sandbar, 566, Fig. 133-1 Zigadenus, 405 Wolf, 253, Fig. 51-3 elegans, 405, Fig. 88-2 Windflower, 494 gramineus, 405 Wintergreen, 268 venenosus, 405, Fig. 88-3 Green-flowered, 269, Fig. 54-5 Zizia aptera, 642, Fig. 153-4 Lesser, 269, Fig. 54-6 Zygadenus, 405 One-flowered, 265, Fig. 53-9 Waterton Lakes National Park Alberta

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