DOCSLIB.ORG

Whiteness, Garveyism, and Redemptive Geographies in Costa Rica, 1921-1950

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Whiteness, Garveyism, and Redemptive Geographies in Costa Rica, 1921-1950 UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Representations of Race, Entanglements of Power: Whiteness, Garveyism, and Redemptive Geographies in Costa Rica, 1921-1950 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rr4k9ms Author Leeds, Asia Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Representations of Race, Entanglements of Power: Whiteness, Garveyism, and Redemptive Geographies in Costa Rica, 1921-1950 By Asia Leeds A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in African Diaspora Studies in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Ula Y. Taylor, Chair Professor Robert L. Allen Professor Nelson Maldonado-Torres Fall 2010 Abstract Representations of Race, Entanglements of Power: Whiteness, Garveyism, and Redemptive Geographies in Costa Rica, 1921-1950 by Asia Leeds Doctor of Philosophy in African Diaspora Studies University of California, Berkeley Professor Ula Y. Taylor, Chair This dissertation explores the making of race and the politics of belonging in Costa Rica between 1921 and 1950, during a period of shifting racial borders and entangled terrains of power. While the idea of “racial democracy” and official discourses of mestizaje (racial mixing) predominate in Latin America, Costa Rica has been long held as a unique country in Central America with an exceptional social geography characterized by “whiteness” and homogeneity. Employed in the United Fruit Company enclave in the Atlantic region of Limón since the late nineteenth century but not formally granted citizenship until 1949, persons of British West Indian origin posed alternative claims to racial belonging, based heavily on the language and ideas of Garveyism— the Pan-African political philosophy of Marcus Garvey and his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The surge of anti-imperial protest against the United Fruit Company in the 1920s and the subsequent renegotiation of the Company’s contract in 1934 transferred the centers of banana production from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, where “persons of color” were prohibited from employment. This process re-drew the borders of the nation and initiated the “Costa Ricanization” of Limón. Theorizing Limón as a borderland formed by the encounters of U.S., Central American, and Caribbean ideas of race, this dissertation maps the convergences and divergences of two distinct yet interwoven articulations of racial citizenship in Costa Rica; one West Indian, Garveyite, and black, and the other criollo-identified and white. Utilizing interdisciplinary research methods and critical theories of race and diaspora, this project employs an analytical lens that engages the national and transnational politics of race, and the relationship between space, power, discourse, and visual culture in the making and contestation of racial belonging. This dissertation draws from the fields of African Diaspora Studies, Latin American Studies, Intellectual History, Cultural Geography, Women’s Studies, and Media Studies to analyze the languages, logics, signifiers, and imageries of racial belonging, reading newspapers and petitions as “counterarchives” and key sites where Costa Ricans and West Indians forged cultures of redemption and contours of citizenship, putting them on the record. Introducing the concept of “redemptive geographies,” the discursive spaces and territorial claims in which Costa Ricans and West Indians negotiated modern subjectivity and “diasporic” identity, 1 this dissertation examines the re-mapping of the European and African diasporas alongside articulations of belonging to the Costa Rican nation. Costa Ricans re-formulated criollo whiteness and re-inscribed a mythology of homogeneity based on an identification with the Spanish settlers of the colonial past. The idea of national whiteness reinforced the outsider status of West Indians and was also an anti-imperial critique of the power of United Fruit in the country, which effectively reduced them to the status of colonized non-whites. Plagued with the problems of placelessness, lack of citizenship, and misrepresentation as savage threats to the Costa Rican nation, West Indians “invented” Africa in particular ways, highlighting legacies of greatness and civilization through the poetics and imageries of Garveyism to articulate black modernity and Afro-Costa Rican identity. A key function of the dissertation is to highlight the internal hierarchies and exclusions that underpin the making of these redemptive geographies, complicating the notion of looking at history from below. I examine the ways Costa Rican and Garveyite ideologies of racial belonging invoked ideas and discourses of respectability, upstanding morality, and honorable behavior that drew interior borders along the lines of class, culture, gender, and sexuality. Defining and representing female honor was critical to producing and reproducing the authentic national body. I not only investigate the imageries of womanhood, motherhood, and femininity—including the frequent photographs of women featured in the newspapers—but I also analyze the ways that women theorized their own place within the projects of redemption. 2 For Polly and Pop Pop i Table of Contents List of Figures iv Introduction v Costa Rica: Race, Exceptionalism, and Limón vii Coloniality, Culture, and Color-Lines xi Redemption and Representation at the Crossroads: “Problem-Spaces” and the Politics of Becoming xii Structure of the Dissertation xvi Acknowledgements xix Curriculum Vitae xxi Chapter One: Color-Lines, Entangled Colonialities, and Racial Landscapes in Costa Rica 1 I. The Terrains of Nation and the Racial Politics of Belonging 1 II. Peoplehood, “Problem-Spaces,” and Ideologies of Race 7 III. Imaginative Geographies, Imperial Legacies, and Racial Redemption 11 Chapter Two: Damas de honor: Newspaper Portraits and the Female Image in Black and White 18 I. Bananas, Garveyism, and United Fruit: The Gendered Contours of (Im)migration to Limón 18 Limón and the Boundaries of Whiteness 21 Race, Gender, and Migration: Women in Limón 24 Manhood, Sexuality, and the U.N.I.A. 28 II. The (Trans)national Newspaper and the Politics of the Portrait 31 Body Politics: Dominant Images of Black Woman 35 Counterarchives, Racial Representation, and the Garveyite Politics of Respectability 36 Ladies of Honor and the politics of white womanhood 43 Chapter Three: Race, Place, and Diasporic Identity: Entanglements of Power and Belonging 49 I. Diasporic Citizenship and the Reproduction of Race 49 The Meanings of Diaspora in Costa Rica 53 Redemptive Motherhood and Racial Purity 55 II. The Invention of Africa and the Discourses of African Redemption 61 The Making of Black Solidarity 63 Abyssinia and Black Sovereignty 66 The Politics of Culture and the Campaign Against Pocomia 70 III. Criollo Double-Consciousness and the Interclass Production of Whiteness 72 U.S. Colonialty and the Fear of Africanization in Latin America 73 Racism, Nationalism, and Anti-Imperialism 75 The SEAP and the New Banana Contract 78 Anti-black Laws and the Politics of Racial Segregation 80 ii Chapter Four: Mapping Afro-Costa Rica: Nationalism, Citizenship, and the Practice of Garveyism 84 I. Competing Nationalism and the Contestation of Belonging 84 Counter-Narratives of Black Belonging 85 Black Capitalism 88 II. The Persistent Influence of Garveyism and the Future of the UNIA in Limón 92 Local and Transnational Dynamics of Garveyism: Women’s Leadership in the Redemption of Limón 93 Conflict in the Limón Division 96 III. Making the Case for West Indian Citizenship and the formation of Afro-Costa Rican Identity 99 Young People’s Critiques of the UNIA and the formation of Afro-Costa Rican Organizations 100 Petitioning the Costa Rican Government 102 Black citizenship in the midst of Civil War 104 Conclusion: The Intervention of Redemptive Geographies and the Continued Significance of Race in Costa Rica 106 Dark Continent Discourse, Dual Narcissism, and Entangled Logics of Race 106 Implications for Academia and Beyond 109 Redemptive Geographies, World-Making, and Africana Thought 111 Bibliography 115 iii List of Figures Maps I.1 Physical Map of Costa Rica Images 1.1 Emblem of the Costa Rican Flag 2.1 Miss Monica Clunie 2.2 Damas de honor 2.3 Homenaje a Bellezas Limoneses 2.4 Album of UNIA women 2.5 Sociales de Cartago 2.6 Album La Prensa: Señorita Aída Charpentier Rucavado 2.7 Album La Prensa: Carmen Serrano 2.8 Del Concurso de Belleza 2.9 Aida Heilbron Young 2.10 Nuestras Amiguitas 3.1 Negro Dolls 3.2 Distinguida Amiga Ausente 3.3 Regreso De Una Dama 3.4 Glaxo Cria Niños Robustos Hermosos 3.5 Abisinia Paso a la Historia List of Abbreviations UNIA Universal Negro Improvement Association ANCR Archivos Nacionales de Costa Rica YWSC Young Women’s Social Club UFCO United Fruit Company SEAP Sociedad Economica de Amigos del País List of Archives Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture Negro World Archivos Nactional de Costa Rica Biblioteca Nacional de Costa Rica La Tribuna La Gaceta Limón Searchlight La Prensa La Prensa Nueva La Prensa Libre Voz del Atlántico Trabajo iv Introduction Map I.1 “Physical Map of Costa Rica.” Online image. 2008. Costa Rica Traveler. Downloaded 19 June 2009. <http://www.costaricatraveler.com/english/maps.php>. What is known as El Valle Central, or the Central Valley is located in the mountainous, high altitude, temperate central
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Education in Costa Rica
    Education in Costa Rica HIGHLIGHTS 2017 Costa Rica WHAT ARE REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR a strong focus on improving learning outcomes; equity in EDUCATION? educational opportunity; the ability to collect and use data to inform policy; the effective use of funding to steer reform; OECD Education Policy Reviews provide tailored advice and the extent of multistakeholder engagement in policy to governments to develop policies that improve the skills design and implementation. of all members of society, and ensure that those skills are used effectively, to promote inclusive growth for better jobs Based on these tough benchmarks, the review both underlines and better lives. The OECD works with countries to identify the many strengths of Costa Rica’s education system and and understand the factors behind successful reform and provides recommendations on how to improve policies and provide direct support to them in designing, adopting and practices so that the country can advance towards OECD implementing reforms in education and skills policies. standards of education attainment and outcomes. These highlights summarise the main findings of the Review: WHY A REVIEW OF EDUCATION IN COSTA RICA? l Early childhood education: Higher priority should be given higher priority in public spending and policy, given the In 2015, the OECD opened discussions for the accession of vital role it can play in tackling disadvantage and poverty. Costa Rica to the OECD Convention. As part of this process, Costa Rica has undergone in-depth reviews in all the relevant l Basic education: The quality and equity of learning areas of the Organisation’s work including a comprehensive outcomes should become the centre point of policy and review of the education system, from early childhood practice.
    [Show full text]
  • On Behalf of the National Council of Asian Pacific
    April 16, 2020 Dear Member of Congress: On behalf of the National Council of Asian Pacific Americans (NCAPA), the Democracy Initiative, and the undersigned organizations, we are writing to denounce the continued increase in racist attacks and discrimination against the Asian American community, and to express our support for H.Res. 908, introduced by Representative Grace Meng (D-NY-6) and its Senate companion to be introduced by Senators Kamala Harris (D-CA), Tammy Duckworth (D-IL), and Mazie Hirono (D-HI); both of which condemn all forms of anti-Asian sentiment related to COVID- 19. Hate and bigotry are not consistent with realizing the promise of American democracy where all of us have an equal voice. COVID-19 is a public health crisis that has fundamentally disrupted our way of life and is saddling our most vulnerable individuals and communities with significant new burdens. Our collective focus must be on overcoming this challenge and caring for one another. As the number of COVID-19 cases have increased, so too have attacks targeting Asian Americans. On March 14th, the New York Post published an article of a Chinese American father walking his son to the bus stop and was verbally and physically attacked by an angry stranger.1 Just days later in Texas, a Burmese man and his son were stabbed at a local Sam’s Club by a young man who attacked them because of their race.2 As these attacks have continued surging, we are concerned that as our country continues to struggle to overcome COVID-19, anxiety, frustration and fear will intensify before it subsides.
    [Show full text]
  • Slaves in the Family: Testamentary Freedom and Interracial Deviance
    Syracuse University SURFACE College of Law - Faculty Scholarship College of Law Summer 7-26-2012 Slaves in the Family: Testamentary Freedom and Interracial Deviance Kevin Noble Maillard Syracuse University College of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/lawpub Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Maillard, Kevin Noble, "Slaves in the Family: Testamentary Freedom and Interracial Deviance" (2012). College of Law - Faculty Scholarship. 76. https://surface.syr.edu/lawpub/76 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Law - Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Slaves in the Family: Testamentary Freedom and Interracial Deviance Kevin Noble Maillard* Syracuse University College of Law [email protected] (917) 698-6362 ABSTRACT This Article addresses the deviance of interracial sexuality acknowledged in testamentary documents. The language of wills calls into question the authority of probate and family law by forcing issues of deviance into the public realm. Will dramas, settled in or out of court, publicly unearth insecurities about family. Many objections to the stated intent of the testator generate from social prejudices toward certain kinds of interpersonal relationships: nonmarital, homosexual, and/or interracial. When pitted against an issue of a moral or social transgression, testamentary intent often fails. In order for these attacks on testamentary validity to succeed, they must be situated within an existing juridical framework that supports and adheres to the hegemony of denial that refuses to legitimate the wishes of the testator.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe Report, Nr. 153: Pan-Albanianism
    PAN-ALBANIANISM: HOW BIG A THREAT TO BALKAN STABILITY? 25 February 2004 Europe Report N°153 Tirana/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 A. THE BURDENS OF HISTORY...................................................................................................2 B. AFTER THE FALL: CHAOS AND NEW ASPIRATIONS................................................................4 II. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ANA......................................................................... 7 III. ALBANIA: THE VIEW FROM TIRANA.................................................................. 11 IV. KOSOVO: INTERNAL DIVISIONS ......................................................................... 14 V. MACEDONIA: SHOULD WE STAY OR SHOULD WE GO? ............................... 17 VI. MONTENEGRO, SOUTHERN SERBIA AND GREECE....................................... 20 A. ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT?................................................................................20 B. THE PRESEVO VALLEY IN SOUTHERN SERBIA....................................................................22 C. THE GREEK QUESTION........................................................................................................24 VII. EMIGRES, IDENTITY AND THE POWER OF DEMOGRAPHICS ................... 25 A. THE DIASPORA: POLITICS AND CRIME.................................................................................25
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
    Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the United Nations Conference To
    A/CONF.230/14 Report of the United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development United Nations Headquarters 5-9 June 2017 United Nations New York, 2017 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. [15 June 2017] Contents Chapter Page I. Resolutions adopted by the Conference ............................................. 5 II. Organization of work and other organizational matters ................................ 11 A. Date and venue of the Conference ............................................. 11 B. Attendance ................................................................ 11 C. Opening of the Conference................................................... 12 D. Election of the two Presidents and other officers of the Conference ................. 13 E. Adoption of the rules of procedure ............................................ 13 F. Adoption of the agenda of the Conference ...................................... 13 G. Organization of work, including the establishment of subsidiary bodies, and other organizational matters ....................................................... 14 H. Credentials of representatives to the Conference ................................. 14 I. Documentation ............................................................ 14 III. General debate ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Style Sheet for Aztlán: a Journal of Chicano Studies
    Style Sheet for Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies Articles submitted to Aztlán are accepted with the understanding that the author will agree to all style changes made by the copyeditor unless the changes drastically alter the author’s meaning. This style sheet is intended for use with articles written in English. Much of it also applies to those written in Spanish, but authors planning to submit Spanish-language texts should check with the editors for special instructions. 1. Reference Books Aztlán bases its style on the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, with some modifications. Spelling follows Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition. This sheet provides a guide to a number of style questions that come up frequently in Aztlán. 2. Titles and Subheads 2a. Article titles No endnotes are allowed on titles. Acknowledgments, information about the title or epigraph, or other general information about an article should go in an unnumbered note at the beginning of the endnotes (see section 12). 2b. Subheads Topical subheads should be used to break up the text at logical points. In general, Aztlán does not use more than two levels of subheads. Most articles have only one level. Authors should make the hierarchy of subheads clear by using large, bold, and/or italic type to differentiate levels of subheads. For example, level-1 and level-2 subheads might look like this: Ethnocentrism and Imperialism in the Imperial Valley Social and Spatial Marginalization of Latinos Do not set subheads in all caps. Do not number subheads. No endnotes are allowed on subheads.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Missing Ethnicity: Indians Without
    THE CASE OF THE MISSING ETHNICITY: INDIANS WITHOUT TRIBES IN THE 21ST CENTURY by Carolyn A. Liebler * University of Minnesota and Meghan Zacher * University of Minnesota CES 11-17 June, 2011 The research program of the Center for Economic Studies (CES) produces a wide range of economic analyses to improve the statistical programs of the U.S. Census Bureau. Many of these analyses take the form of CES research papers. The papers have not undergone the review accorded Census Bureau publications and no endorsement should be inferred. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. Republication in whole or part must be cleared with the authors. To obtain information about the series, see www.census.gov/ces or contact Cheryl Grim, Editor, Discussion Papers, U.S. Census Bureau, Center for Economic Studies 2K130B, 4600 Silver Hill Road, Washington, DC 20233, [email protected]. Abstract Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, most aspects of ethnicity are tightly associated with the person’s tribal origins. Language, history, foods, land, and traditions differ among the hundreds of tribes indigenous to the United States. Why did almost one million of them fail to respond to the tribal affiliation part of the Census 2000 race question? We investigate four hypotheses about why one-third of multiracial American Indians and one-sixth of single-race American Indians did not report a tribe: (1) survey item non-response which undermines all fill- in-the-blank questions, (2) a non-salient tribal identity, (3) a genealogy-based affiliation, and (4) mestizo identity which does not require a tribe.
    [Show full text]
  • Book-14 Web-Lmsx.Pdf
    SHOTGUN JIMMIE – TRANSISTOR SISTER 2 LABEL: YOU’VE CHANGED RECORDS CATALOG: YC-039 FORMAT: LP/CD RELEASE DATE: AUGUST 2, 2019 Are you ready for the new sincerity?! Shotgun Jimmie’s new album Transistor Sister 2 is full of genuine pop gems that champion truth and love. Jimmie is joined by long- time collaborators Ryan Peters (Ladyhawk) and Jason Baird (DoMakeSayThink) for this sequel to the Polaris Prize nominated album Transistor Sister from 2011. José Contreras (By Divine Right) produced and recorded the record in Toronto, Ontario at The Chat Chateaux and joins the band on keys. In characteristic Shotgun Jimmie fashion, the songs on Transistor Sister 2 focus largely on family and friends with a heavy dose of nostalgia. Jimmie’s hyperbolic takes on the everyday reconstruct familiar scenarios, from traffic on the 401 (the beloved and scorned mega- highway through Toronto known to all touring musicians Blues Riffs as the place where punctual arrival at soundcheck goes Tumbleweed to die) to cooking dinner. Hot Pots Ablutions The album’s lead single Cool All the Time is a plea for Fountain people to abandon ego and strive for authenticity, Suddenly Submarine featuring contributions by Chad VanGaalen, Steven Piano (with band) Lambke and Cole Woods. The New Sincerity serves as The New Sincerity the album’s manifesto; it renounces cynicism and Cool All The Time promotes positivity. Sappy Slogans Highway 401 Jack Pine Sorry We’re Closed Shotgun Jimmie: IG: @shotgunjimmie FB: @shotgunjimmie Twitter: @jimmieshotgun You’ve Changed Records: www.youvechangedrecords.com CD – CD-YC-039 LP with download – LP-YC-039 Twitter: @youvechangedrec IG: @youvechangedrecords FB: @youvechangedrecords Also available from You’ve Changed Records: Partner – Saturday The 14th (YC-038) 12”EP/CD You’ve Changed Records Steven Lambke – Dark Blue (YC-037) LP 123 Pauline Ave.
    [Show full text]
  • IDENTITY and PERSUASION How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures
    IDENTITY AND PERSUASION How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures By CONSUELO CRUZ* DENTITY politics now occupies center stage. It is on explosive dis- Iplay in a wide range of settings, from Africa to the Balkans. And it is more subtly at work in the democracies of the West: NATO leaders must reexamine their own guiding principles in the face of multiple human- itarian disasters brought about by tribal, ethnic, and religious hatreds, while simultaneously dealing with increasingly heterogenous popula- tions at home and ceaseless migrant flows from east and south. It is no surprise, then, that identity should figure prominently in scholarly debates about conflict resolution, migration, citizenship, transnational alliances, democratization, nation and state building, and even globalization. Nor is it a puzzle that long-standing debates about identity should have produced the two clearly defined camps that we know as primordialists and constructivists.1 What is perplexing is the current failure to investigate systematically the complex linkages be- tween identity formation and the expressive practices of political actors. After all, we approach reality rhetorically—that is, with an intent to convince.2 This is why persuasion is the hallmark of effective leader- ship. Short of pure coercion, it is the most direct way to mobilize or paralyze a group. And this is why rhetorical power—recognized as cen- * I would like to thank Peter Hall, Jeffrey Legro, Sheri Berman, and Mehmet Tabak for their in- sightful suggestions on a previous version of this article. I am also grateful to Deborah Yashar, Anna Seleny, Paola Cesarini, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the present ver- sion.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiracial in America Proud, Diverse and Growing in Numbers
    NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE JUNE 11, 2015 Multiracial in America Proud, Diverse and Growing in Numbers FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS REPORT: Kim Parker, Director of Social Trends Research Rich Morin, Senior Editor Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Associate Director Mark Hugo Lopez, Director of Hispanic Research Molly Rohal, Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION: Pew Research Center. 2015. “Multiracial in America: Proud, Diverse and Growing in Numbers.” Washington, D.C.: June 1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About This Report This report, produced by Pew Research Center, examines the attitudes, experiences and demographic characteristics of multiracial Americans. The findings are based on data from two primary sources: A nationally representative survey of 1,555 multiracial Americans ages 18 and older, conducted online from Feb. 6 to April 6, 2015, and Pew Research analyses of data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan “fact tank” that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. The center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. It studies U.S. politics and policy; journalism and media; internet, science and technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and trends; and U.S. social and demographic trends. All of the center’s reports are available at www.pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. While Pew Research Center is solely responsible for the content of this report, we received invaluable advice from Ann Morning, associate professor of Sociology at New York University; Aliya Saperstein, assistant professor of sociology at Stanford University; and Taeku Lee, professor of political science and law at the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples in Costa Rica and El Diquís Hydroelectric Project
    The Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), which consists of eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master thesis is the final thesis submitted by the students in order to fulfill the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “Development Studies”, “International Environmental Studies” and other Masters programme. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on the condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Kari Vaage, August 2011 [email protected] Department of International Environment and Development (Noragric) P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway¨ Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.umb.no/noragric Declaration I, Kari Vaage, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature………………………………..……………. Place & Date………………………………………… 2 Acknowledgements Finally, here it is. Along the journey I have travelled with this thesis I have spent time with so many wonderful people. My warmest thanks to Josè Carlos, his family and their organization Kus Kura, I admire the work you are doing very much and wish you all the best for the future.
    [Show full text]