Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION Section 1. READING

УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923 Г20

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

доктор филологических наук, профессор А.М. Аматов (Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет)

доктор филологических наук, профессор И.В. Чекулай (Белгородский государственный институт искусств и культуры)

Гарагуля С.И. Г20 Ан г лий ский язык для аспирантов и соискателей ученой сте- пени. — М. : Гу манитар. изд. центр ВЛА ДОС, 2015. — 327 с. — (Учебник для вузов). ISBN 978-5-691-02198-5 Агентство CIP РГБ.

Учеб ное по со бие представляет собой курс английского языка, основной целью кото- рого является развитие умений различных видов чтения, овладение общенаучной тер- минологией, а также формирование навыков монологической и диалогической речи, аудирования и академического письма. Особое внимание уделяется грамматическим явлениям, характерным для научного дискурса, и их тренировке. Возможность исполь- зования пособия обучающимися независимо от области их специализации обеспечива- ется тем, что представленный в нем языковой материал не содержит узкоспециальной лексики. Предназначено для аспирантов и соискателей технических, естественных и гумани- тарных специальностей, готовящихся к сдаче кандидатского экзамена по английскому языку. Оно может быть рекомендовано магистрантам и широкому кругу научных ра- ботников, желающих повысить свой уровень профессионального владения английским языком. УДК 811.111 (075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-923

© Гарагуля С.И., 2015 © ООО «Гума ни тар ный изда тель ский центр ВЛАДОС», 2015 © Оформ ле ние. ООО «Гу ма ни тар ный из да тель ский центр ISBN 978569102198-5 ВЛАДОС», 2015 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION

Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL

1. Before you read Text 1A “Postgraduate Degrees”, discuss these questions with your groupmates or teacher. a) What does postgraduate education involve? b) Does postgraduate education vary in different countries? c) What is its organisation in most countries? d) Do postgraduate programmes require any examinations? e) What characteristics of Doctoral studies do you know? f) What are the criteria for award of a Doctorate degree? g) What is habilitation? h) What is the structure of postgraduate education in Russia? i) What degrees are the Russian postgraduate degrees of kandidat nauk and doktor nauk equivalent to as awarded in many countries?

2. Read and translate Text 1A. The Active Vocabulary List following the Text may be helpful. Find out if your answers are right or wrong. Use the introductory phrases, like: Exactly. It’s (partly) true. Just the opposite. I don’t think so. That’s right. That’s wrong.

Text 1A. POSTGRADUATE DEGREES Postgraduate education (or graduate education in North America) involves learning and studying for degrees or other qualifi cations for which a fi rst or Bachelor’s degree is generally required. The organisation and structure of postgraduate education varies in different countries, and also in different institutions within countries. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows: 1. Master’s degrees. These are sometimes placed in a further hierarchy, starting with degrees such as the Master of Arts and Master of Science, then Master of Philosophy, and fi nally Master of Letters. Many Master’s students will perform research culminating in a paper, presentation, and defence of their research. This is called the Master’s thesis. Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION 2. Doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). In the context of academic degrees, the term philosophy does not refer solely to the fi eld of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is love of wisdom. Many postgraduate programmes require students to pass one or several examinations in order to demonstrate their competence as scholars. In some departments, a comprehensive examination is often required in the fi rst year, and is designed to test a student’s background undergraduate-level knowledge. Most postgraduate students perform teaching duties. Doctoral programmes often require students to pass more examinations. Programmes often require a Qualifying Examination, a PhD Candidacy Examination, or a General Examination, designed to students’ grasp of a broad sample of their discipline, and/or one or several Special Field Examinations which test students in their narrower selected areas of specialty within the discipline. These exams must be passed to be allowed to proceed on to the thesis. The criteria for award of Doctorates vary somewhat throughout the world, but typically require the submission of a substantial body of original research undertaken by the candidate. This may take the form of a single thesis or dissertation, and will usually be assessed by a small committee of examiners appointed by the university. Doctorates are awarded to students who have demonstrated: — the creation and interpretation of new knowledge through original research of a quality to satisfy peer review, extend the forefront of the discipline, and merit publication; — a systematic acquisition and understanding of a substantial body of knowledge which is at the forefront of an academic discipline or an area of professional practice; — the general ability to conceptualise, design and implement a project for the generation of new knowledge, applications or understanding at the forefront of the discipline; — a detailed understanding of applicable techniques for research and advanced academic enquiry. In total, the typical Doctoral degree takes between three and eight years from entering the programme to completion, though this time varies depending upon the department, thesis topic, and many other factors. 8 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION Habilitation (lat. habilis — fi t, proper, skilful) is the highest academic qualifi cation a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research Doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis/dissertation (often known as a Habilitation thesis/dissertation) based upon independent scholarship, reviewed by and defended before an academic committee in a process similar to that for the doctoral dissertation. However, the level of scholarship has to be considerably higher than that required for a research doctoral (PhD) dissertation in terms of quality and quantity, and a Habilitation dissertation must be accomplished independently, in contrast with a PhD dissertation typically directed or guided by a faculty supervisor. Habilitation qualification (Habil. Dr.) exists in France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Bulgaria, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia (Doktor nauk). Those who have achieved habilitation can denote the fact by placing the abbreviation Dr hab. or Dr habil. before their names. Many post-Soviet countries, including Russian Federation, have a two-stage research degree obtaining path, generally similar to the doctorate system in Europe. The fi rst stage is named Kandidat nauk (literal translation means Candidate of Sciences). According to par. 262 International Standard Classifi cation of Education (ISCED) UNESCO 2011, for purposes of international educational statistics Candidate of Sciences is equivalent to Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree as awarded in many English-speaking countries. It allows its holders to reach the level of the Associate Professor (Docent). The Candidate of Sciences degree requires at least (and typically more than) three, four or fi ve years of postgraduate research which is fi nished by defence of a dissertation or a thesis. Additionally, a seeker of the degree has to pass three examinations (a so-called Candidate minimum): in his/her special fi eld, in a foreign language, and in the history and philosophy of science. After additional certifi cation by the corresponding experts, the Candidate degree may be recognized internationally as an equivalent of PhD. The second stage is Doktor nauk (Doctor of Sciences). It requires many years of research experience and writing a second dissertation. The degrees of Candidate and Doctor of 9 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION Sciences are only awarded by the special governmental agency (Higher Attestation Commission). A university or a scientifi c institute where the thesis was defended can only recommend awarding a seeker the sought degree.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST graduate (from) [′grædʒueit] v — окончить вуз; (AmE) окончить любое учеб- ное заведение; [′grædʒuit] n — окончивший вуз; (AmE) выпускник или аспирант учебного заведения undergraduate [′Λndə,grædʒuit] n — студент вуза postgraduate (student) [,pəust′grædʒuit] n adj — аспирант; аспирантский, от- носящийся к аспирантской подготовке take a postgraduate course — учиться в аспирантуре postgraduate education — послевузовское образование degree [di′gri:] n — ученая степень, звание academic degree — научная степень Bachelor’s degree [′bæt∫(ə)ləz] — степень бакалавра Master’s degree [′ma:stəz] — степень магистра PhD degree [,pi:eit∫′di:]; (syn.) Doctoral degree [′dɔkt(ə)rəl]; Doctorate [′dɔkt(ə) rit] — степень доктора award a degree [ə′wɔ:d] — присуждать степень earn a degree [ə:n] — получить степень hold a degree — обладать степенью a degree holder — обладатель степени research [ri′sə:t∫] n v — исследование, научно-исследовательская работа, изучение; исследовать, заниматься исследованиями perform [pə′fɔ:m] / conduct [kən′dΛkt] / do / undertake [,Λndə′teik] / carry out research — проводить исследования / научно-исследовательскую работу, исследовать thesis [′θi:sis]; (syn.) dissertation [,disə′tei∫(ə)n] n — диссертация defend a thesis / a dissertation [di′fend] — защитить диссертацию defence of one’s thesis / dissertation — защита диссертации science [′saiəns] n — наука; (собир.) естественные науки scientist [′saiəntist] n — ученый (преим. в области точных наук) scholar [′skɔlə] n — ученый (особ. в области гуманитарных наук) scholarship [′skɔlə∫ip] n — ученость, образованность; стипендия proceed [prə′si:d] v — продолжать; приступать (к чему-л.) require [ri′kwaiə] v — требовать, нуждаться requirement n — требование, необходимое условие; потребность submit [səb′mit] v — представлять, подавать (документы) submission [səb′mi∫(ə)n] n — представление, подача (документов) assess [ə′ses] v — оценивать, давать оценку assessment n — оценка, мнение, суждение

10 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION habilitation [hə,bili′tei∫(ə)n] n — хабилитация (в некоторых европейских странах процедура, цель которой — получение высшей академиче- ской квалификации, следующей после ученой степени PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), и права на занятие профессорской должности в универси- тете (Dr. habil.) adviser [əd′vaizə]; (syn.) supervisor [′sju:pərvaizə] n — консультант, советник academic / research adviser (supervisor) — научный руководитель accomplish [ə′kΛmpli∫] v — выполнять; завершать seek (sought) [si:k] v — искать, пытаться найти; пытаться/стараться что-л. сделать; стремиться к чему-л. degree seeker — соискатель sought degree — искомая степень beneﬁ t [′beneﬁ t] n v — преимущество, привилегия, польза, благо, выгода; приносить пользу, помогать, оказывать благотворное (воз)действие, приносить выгоду (прибыль) diverse [dai′və:s] adj — различный; разный, разнообразный diversity [dai′və:siti] n — разнообразие, многообразие; различие skill n — мастерство, опыт, умение, квалификация, способности skilful adj — искусный, умелый, опытный skilled adj — опытный, умелый, квалифицированный translate into practice — воплотить на практике, реализовывать, претворять в жизнь employ [im′plɔi] v — предоставлять работу, нанимать; использовать, при- менять employer [im′plɔiə] n — работодатель, наниматель employee [,emplɔi′i:] n — служащий; работающий по найму employment [im′plɔimənt] n — работа, служба; занятость (рабочей силы); прем (на работу); применение. использование unemployment [,Λnim′plɔimənt] n — безработица involve [in′vɔlv] v — включать, содержать; вовлекать term [tə:m] n — период, срок; семестр, триместр, четверть; термин; (pl.) условия in terms of — с точки зрения

3. Complete the following sentences with details from the Text. 1. Master’s degree programmes usually include ______. 2. The degree of an academic doctorate is called ______. 3. Examinations are required to test ______. 4. Typically a doctorate degree takes ______to complete. 5. ______is earned after obtaining a PhD degree. 6. The ﬁ rst stage research degree in Russia is ______. 7. The second stage research degree in Russia is ______.

11 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION 4. Locate the following details in the Text. Give the line numbers. 1. In which lines does the author explain the meaning of the term philosophy in the context of academic degrees? 2. Where in the Text does the author ﬁ rst mention the requirements for Doctoral degree programmes? 3. Where in the Text does the author discuss what doctoral students are expected to demonstrate to be awarded a PhD degree? 4. At what point in the Text does the author discuss the level of scholarship required for habilitation? 5. In which lines does the author explain the equivalence of Russian postgraduate degrees to the ones recognized internationally?

5. Underline the detail that is NOT mentioned in the Text in each of the sentences below. 1. Postgraduate education includes Bachelor’s degrees, Master’s degrees, and Doctor’s degrees. 2. Doctoral degree programmes require students to pass a qualifying examination, a comprehensive examination, a special ﬁ eld examination, and a PhD candidacy examination. 3. Habilitation qualiﬁ cation exists in France, Austria, Denmark, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Poland, Russia and other countries.

6. Answer the following detail questions. 1. According to the Text, Master’s degree students complete their research with a) examinations. b) the defence of a thesis. c) a paper. 2. According to the Text, postgraduate students perform a) work as assistants. b) interviews for postgraduate candidates. c) teaching duties. 3. According to the Text, a thesis is assessed by a) an examiners’ committee. b) a professors’ council. c) an attestation committee. 4. According to the Text, a habitation thesis is accomplished a) with the help of a faculty supervisor. b) independently. c) with the help of an academic committee.

12 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION 5. According to the Text, what examinations do Candidate of Sciences degree seekers have to pass? a) in a special fi eld, science, and a foreign language b) in a special fi eld, local history, and a foreign language c) in a special fi eld, the history and philosophy of science, and a foreign language

7. Mark the main ideas of the Text and retell it in English.

Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE

8. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian to have a better idea of how the words from the Active Vocabulary List can be used in context. 1. He will graduate from Cambridge University in May. 2. She was a graduate of Georgia Southwestern University. 3. The National Science Foundation makes possible a number of opportunities for undergraduates to participate in research projects each summer. 4. This Programme provides fi nancial support to postgraduate students of exceptional research promise. 5. He decided to take a postgraduate course at Australia’s Capital University. 6. This university is an international leader in postgraduate education. 7. I have a degree in chemistry from Moscow University. 8. This college is authorized to offer academic degrees. 9. Doing a Bachelor’s degree online is great for students who need to attend classes on their own time, or for those who are simply uninterested in a more traditional campus life. 10. A Master’s degree is now essential to access the higher level jobs. 11. A PhD degree, sometimes referred to as a Doctorate, is a postgraduate qualifi cation that takes between two and fi ve years to complete in the UK. 12. He was awarded his Doctoral degree in physics. 13. This programme provides students the opportunity to earn a PhD degree in the area pertinent to medicine. 14. How much does a degree holder in business information technology earn? 15. They published the results of their research. 16. He is researching in history. 17. My friend is doing (carrying out) research into (on) the effects of stress at work. 18. I am writing my thesis on computer science. 19. This book provides a concise overview of the dissertation process. 20. You will defend your thesis

13 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION on the appointed date. 21. I invite anyone to attend my dissertation defence. 22. Science and technology have continually modifi ed human existence through the engineering process. 23. You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science, e.g. chemistry, physics, botany and zoology. 24. A scientist should be a creative and critical thinker. 25. She is a renowned scholar of American history. 26. The essay is a work of serious scholarship. 27. She won a scholarship to study at Oxford University. 28. After the interruption, she proceeded with her presentation. 29. We will proceed according to plan. 30. Some higher education qualifi cations require that you already have a Bachelor’s degree. 31. A comprehensive examination is often required in the fi rst year of doctoral study. 32. The minimum entry requirement for any postgraduate study is a successful completion of a Bachelor’s degree or equivalent study. 33. He submitted his application to undertake postgraduate study online. 34. No date has yet been set for the submission of applications. 35. Make sure you choose a postgraduate course that gives you wide access to professionals in your chosen fi eld. 36. The examiners will be required to submit a detailed assessment of the thesis. 37. In order to hold the rank of professor within the German system, in some scientifi c branches it is necessary to attain the habilitation. 38. My postgraduate adviser always helps me with my thesis. 39. My supervisor guides me on all aspects of my postgraduate studies. 40. Each research student is allocated an academic supervisor. 41. He has accomplished his scientifi c achievements and is able to attain the Doctor’s degree by producing a doctoral dissertation. 42. The company is seeking new ways to improve service. 43. This country is an attractive choice for international students seeking educational opportunities. 44. Scholarships are available for the postgraduate degree seekers in any fi eld. 45. One of the benefi ts of a postgraduate research degree is the output of original contributions to knowledge. 46. I have benefi ted enormously from Professor Smith’s vast knowledge. 47. Higher education institutions offer a range of postgraduate programmes to diverse students. 48. There is a wide diversity of opinion on this problem. 49. Postgraduate study requires the deepening of your academic skills in order to make a contribution to knowledge creation. 50. There is a shortage of skilful graduates in the power and energy sector globally. 51. It is a highly skilled job. 52. He submitted a report on the experience of translating research into practice. 53. Thousands of postgraduates are employed 14 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION in higher education, usually in teaching roles. 54. Some employers support their employees to undertake postgraduate studies by allowing fl exibility with working hours. 55. Improving employment and salary prospects is not the only reason to pursue further study. 56. Postgraduate unemployment is almost half the graduate unemployment rate. 57. Postgraduate study involves hard work and commitment, but success can bring with it a range of benefi ts, some personal, some professional and some fi nancial. 58. Taking this decision will cost us more in the short term, but will be benefi cial in the long term. 59. In Britain, the spring term starts in January and ends just before Easter. 60. That is an outdated term that no one uses anymore. 61. These are the terms and conditions of your employment. 62. In terms of depth, postgraduate study is different from undergraduate.

9. Match the pairs of antonyms from A and B and translate them. A B 1. harm a. seek 2. fail b. skilful 3. employee c. graduate 4. stop d. beneﬁ t 5. similarity e. employer 6. neglect f. perform 7. drop out g. diversity 8. unqualiﬁ ed h. proceed

10. Match the noun(s) on the left with a suitable item on the right. Use each item once only. 1. The scholarship a. has to pass three exams. 2. This research b. was awarded to him. 3. Unemployment c. was taught in English. 4. Skills d. should be met. 5. Academic advisers e. was ready for defence. 6. The PhD degree f. reached record levels. 7. These requirements g. helps me to study full time. 8. Science h. assist postgraduates. 9. The thesis i. was conducted by her. 10. A degree seeker j. are vital to our society.

15 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION 11. Replace the underlined words with the words below. a) postgraduate b) hold c) term d) submit e) assess f) accomplish g) translate into practice h) in terms of i) skilled j) thesis

1. They decided to implement the committee’s suggestions immediately. 2. To present an application it is necessary to complete the electronic application form with all the information related with the project. 3. Writing a dissertation is an exciting, challenging, rewarding and often wonderful experience. 4. Entrance examination permits are handed out by the entrance examination board with regard to applicant’s interview results. 5. Every single graduate student, upon entering their course, is automatically a full member of the Graduate Students’ Union. 6. The academic staff should be highly qualiﬁ ed and recruited worldwide. 7. If you are planning to defend your dissertation this semester, there are a number of forms that you will need to complete throughout this semester and submit to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. 8. Management needs to evaluate the situation. 9. Some companies require licensed psychologists to have a doctorate degree in psychology. 10. If you organise your work, you will achieve more.

12. Memorize the active vocabulary to Text 1A.

13. Read and translate the following international words. Look up their transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the part of speech. Qualifi cation n, organization n, hierarchy n, philosophy n, presentation n, academic adj, context n, term n, original adj, demonstrate v, competence n, department n, examination n, test n v , programme n, general adj, discipline n, special adj, select v, criteria n, vary v, typically adv, candidate n, committee n, interpretation n, publication n, systematic adj, professional adj, practice n, conceptualise v, generation n, project n, detailed adj, total adj, factor n, process n, international adj, standard n, classifi cation n, equivalent adj, certifi cation n.

14. Read and translate the following word combinations which come from the texts of the Unit. Mind the use of nouns as attributes in preposition. Look up your dictionary if necessary. Background undergraduate-level knowledge, a PhD Candidacy Examination, a Special Field Examination, a peer review, a thesis

16 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION topic, a research Doctorate, a Habilitation thesis/dissertation, a research doctoral dissertation, a faculty supervisor, a Habilitation qualiﬁ cation, a two-stage research degree obtaining path, an International Standard Classiﬁ cation of Education, a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, an Associate Professor, a Candidate of Sciences degree, research experience.

15. Form the nouns with the help of the following sufﬁ xes. Read and translate them into Russian. a) -er/-or: supervise, hold, seek, research, employ, speak, lecture, provide, teach, manage, advise, translate, use, design, compute; b) -ment: require, govern, adjust, manage, equip, achieve, state, measure, move, improve, recruit, develop, arrange, advertise, employ; c) -ion/-ation/-ition/-sion/-tion: create, educate, organize, present, examine, generate, submit, motivate, conclude, discuss, evaluate, compare, abbreviate, investigate, cite, deﬁ ne, combine, relate, educate.

Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE

16. Arrange these words in the right order. Use a capital letter to begin each sentence. Mark each rewritten sentence S V O M P T to show Subject, Verb, Object, Place (Where?), Time (When?). 1. degree, studying, I, PhD, am, the, for. 2. postgraduate, abroad, spent, she, year, her, college, ﬁ rst, after, studying. 3. three, complete, years, takes, four, to, PhD, to, a. 4. research, working, project, am, a, I, at. 5. wide, postgraduate, the, year, offers, range, a, university, this, you, studies, of. 6. postgraduate, loans, through, you, funding, grants, get, and, for, study, can. 7. programme, apply, postgraduate, to, university, a, decided, at, this, research, he, for. 8. practically, research, year, attended, every, I, last, seminar. 9. taught, world-leading, by, you, be, academics. 10. dissertation, Roman, he, architecture, his, on, wrote.

17. Read and translate the following complex sentences with different types of subordinate clauses. Use your dictionary if necessary. 1. The ability to teach students to think for themselves is one of the highlights of UK higher education, and as teaching and academic contact hours seem likely to be increasingly scrutinised by prospective

17 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION students, it will be important for universities to fi nd ways to emphasise educational nuances which are not easily quantifi able. 2. There is no single defi nition of the term “postgraduate” although it is often used to describe further study undertaken by those who already have a fi rst degree. 3. New models of PhD have developed in recognition of the fact that a PhD is not solely a route into academia, and that a large proportion of PhD graduates progress into senior positions outside the higher education sector. 4. A doctoral degree is awarded for the creation of original research that extends the boundary of knowledge or practice within a particular discipline. 5. What is important is the correct sequence of building operations. 6. While doctoral degrees have traditionally focused on research, in recent years there has been a noticeable growth in courses which incorporate a substantial taught element, although the fundamental requirement for a doctoral candidate to carry out a substantial body of original research remains. 7. Research degrees are the one area of postgraduate education where men outnumber women, though only just. 8. In 1999, ministers from 29 European countries signed the Bologna Agreement to reform higher education, establishing an international set of standards and nomenclature by which to compare qualifi cations offered by different countries.

18. Read and translate the following complex sentences with relative clauses in which the relative conjunctions (which/that) are left out. 1. The quality assurance processes of academic standards currently provided by the Quality Assurance Agency are generally considered effi cient by the universities it serves, and as a body, it is highly regarded internationally. 2. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfi l the function they are designed for. 3. There are lots of different types of engineering. The one thing they have in common is that they use Maths and Science to improve industry and manufacturing. 4. The report he made after the delegation had visited our plant shows that he has fi nally realized the importance of the work we are doing here. 5. Given the diversity of the postgraduate population and the variety of postgraduate qualifi cations available, it is not surprising that the motivations people have for undertaking postgraduate study are varied. 6. The UK is second only to the USA in terms of the number of international students it attracts, with 11.6 per cent of the international student market.

18 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION 19. In some of these sentences you don’t need who, which or that. If you don’t need these words, put them in brackets like this: (who), (which), (that). 1. A Master’s degree aims to deepen students’ knowledge within a subject that they have already studied. 2. The most common doctoral degree is the traditional Doctor of Philosophy that is usually awarded following an oral examination of the candidate’s research thesis, and normally taking three to four years of full-time study to complete. 3. The technique that they used in structures was worked out by the design team. 4. Prospects will be best for people who have a bachelor or higher degree in construction science. 5. The students who we met at the construction site were having practical training. 6. This is a four-year programme which provides doctoral students with taught courses and practical experience alongside advanced research.

20. Match the following phrases. Put the preposition at the end of the relative clause. Example Your destination is the place you are going to. Chemistry is the institution you are working on it. A PhD is the place you are taking a degree in it. The university is a piece of writing you are applying for it. Your destination is the subject you were conferred on it. The thesis is ﬁ nancial aid you are going to it. A scholarship is the degree you graduated from it.

21. Read and translate the following emphatic sentences it is … that/ which/who into Russian. 1. It is this course that helps you to develop skills enabling you to conduct social research in any ﬁ eld. 2. It is the Quality Assurance Agency which provides a basic guide to the level of intellectual attainment expected of students. 3. It was Lomonosov who ﬁ rst discovered the law of conservation of energy. 4. It is only by performing a lot of experiments that progress can be made. 5. It is the Bologna Process that has brought major changes to the higher education landscape in Europe.

22. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Внимательно изучите требования для аспирантов, которые необходимо выполнить для успешной защиты диссертации.

19 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION 2. Я считаю, что получение ученой степени в зарубежном уни- верситете даст мне возможность начать международную карье- ру. 3. Именно эрудиция обусловила широту его научных интере- сов. 4. Вот статья, о которой я тебе говорил. 5. Комиссия будет рассматривать только те документы, которые вы представили на рассмотрение. 6. Я поступил в аспирантуру, потому что хочу за- ниматься наукой. 7. Тема диссертации, которую вам предложил научный руководитель, была утверждена на заседании кафедры. 8. Ученый, с которым вы хотели обсудить результаты вашего ис- следования, приезжает завтра. 9. Университет, который я закон- чил, является одним из лучших в стране. 10. Именно аспиранту- ра готовит будущих научных работников.

Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS

23. Skim Text 1B “The Value of Postgraduate Education” and try to understand what it is about. Give a brief overview of its structure and contents.

Text 1B. THE VALUE OF POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION Over the last twelve years, the number of people undertaking postgraduate education in the UK has grown 36% — faster than the growth in the undergraduate sector over the same period. Now, almost a quarter of students in UK Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are studying at postgraduate level and half of international students studying in the UK are taking a postgraduate qualification. Compared to the undergraduate sector, postgraduate provision has had relatively little attention paid to it by policy makers, despite the fact that postgraduate education is of enormous value to the UK and will play a crucial role in driving innovation and growth — particularly in the areas the UK Government has identified in New Industry, New Jobs. Recognising this, Lord Mandelson asked for a review into whether the postgraduate system in the UK works as well as it could, and whether there is value in government adopting a more strategic role in shaping the direction of this sector. The review has found that postgraduate education in the UK is a great asset — it is world leading in many areas. But there is scope to 20 Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION build on this success. Making postgraduate provision more responsive to employers’ needs and encouraging more people to train to postgraduate level will ensure that the UK has the higher level skills needed to succeed in a global knowledge economy. This will be critical to securing the location of high-value business in the UK and to the creation of new employment opportunities in growth sectors. As other countries invest heavily in their own postgraduate provision, the UK will need to work hard to maintain its competitive advantage. This will mean doing more to strengthen and promote UK postgraduate education on an international stage and to attract the very best students from around the world. It will be even more important to ensure that we get the best possible value from the money that taxpayers, employers and individuals invest in postgraduate education. The UK benefi ts from a diverse postgraduate system, in which a wide range of postgraduate qualifi cations and modes of study have evolved to meet the needs of different stakeholders. Cutting-edge research conducted by postgraduates in our world- leading research centres contributes signifi cantly to the health of the UK research base. The UK delivers 8% of world research output, is second only to the US in a number of research disciplines and fi rst amongst the G8 for research productivity. The talent developed in our postgraduate education system is critical to maintaining this success. The advanced knowledge and capability of postgraduates are highly prized by business and the public sector. The skills of postgraduates, especially researchers, are critical for tackling major business challenges and driving innovation and growth. The UK’s ability to provide people skilled to this level is an important factor in attracting global businesses to locate high-value operations here. Many employers benefi t from postgraduate skills, and not just those in knowledge-intensive industries. Taught postgraduate courses provide people with the skills they need to work in a range of careers and play an important role in translating postgraduate research into practice. Increasingly, postgraduate level continuing professional development is being developed with and for employers and delivered in fl exible ways. This model of responsive and tailored postgraduate provision will play an important role in upskilling and re-training the UK workforce. Financially, the growth in postgraduate numbers has benefi ted universities enormously. Taught postgraduate provision alone brought 21 Содержание

Предисловие ...... 3

Unit 1. POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION ...... 7 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 7 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 13 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 17 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 20 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 23 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 27 Section 7. WRITING ...... 28

Unit 2. DOING POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH ...... 30 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 30 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 34 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 39 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 41 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 44 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 47 Section 7. WRITING ...... 48

Unit 3. WRITING A PhD THESIS ...... 51 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 51 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 56 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 60 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 62 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 64 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 68 Section 7. WRITING ...... 69

Unit 4. RESEARCH METHODS ...... 75 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 75 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 80 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 84 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 87 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 89 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 91 Section 7. WRITING ...... 92

325 Содержание Unit 5. THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN RESEARCH ...... 95 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 95 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 100 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 104 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 108 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 110 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 113 Section 7. WRITING ...... 114

Unit 6. RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS ...... 116 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 116 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 121 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 124 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 127 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 131 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 139 Section 7. WRITING ...... 140

Unit 7. ACADEMIC СONFERENCES ...... 141 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 141 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 146 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 149 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 153 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 155 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 157 Section 7. WRITING ...... 158

Unit 8. ACADEMIC WRITING ...... 161 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 161 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 166 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 169 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 173 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 176 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 177 Section 7. WRITING ...... 178

Unit 9. POSTGRADUATE STUDENT GRANTS ...... 182 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 182 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 186 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 190 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 193 326 Содержание Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 195 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 198 Section 7. WRITING ...... 199

Unit 10. POSTGRADUATE JOBS ...... 202 Section 1. READING FOR DETAIL ...... 202 Section 2. VOCABULARY AND WORD PRACTICE ...... 206 Section 3. GRAMMAR PRACTICE ...... 210 Section 4. READING FOR MAIN IDEAS ...... 213 Section 5. SPEAKING ...... 215 Section 6. LISTENING ...... 221

Appendix 1. TAPESCRIPTS ...... 225 Appendix 2. Civil EngineEring ...... 234 Appendix 3. ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК ...... 268 Bibliography ...... 321

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