PCD. 06-018 ISBN 974-9879-03-1 Thailand State of Pollution Report 2004 Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Foreword Thailandûs State of Pollution Report 2004 was prepared as prescribed by the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535, which stipulates that the Pollution Control Committee must submit, on a yearly basis, a state of pollution report to the National Environment Board. The report comprises of the state of water quality, state of air and noise quality, state of waste, state of hazardous chemicals, pollution management, and ministerial regulations, rules and regulations, notifications or orders concerning environmental aspects announced throughout the year 2004. The Pollution Control Committee would like to extend an appreciation to every party that has provided information and advice to make Thailandûs State of Pollution Report 2004 more perfect, which will be beneficial to governmental entities, private sector, educational institutes, academics, and general public as a source of environmental research or to add up correct information receipt, and this report shall be further incorporated as supplementary information in planning, decision making, environmental solutions, as well as the sustainable economic and social development of the country. Mr. Petipong Pungbun Na Ayudhya Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of National Resources and Environment Pollution Control Committee Chairman Contents Page State of Water Quality 5 ë Inland Water Quality 6 ë Coastal Marine Water Quality 19 ë Spoiling Nan River 25 State of Air Quality and Noise Pollution 28 ë State of Air Quality 29 ë Inspection and Ban of Black-Smoke Vehicles 36 ë Reduction of Pollution and Petrol Saving by Vehicle Preventive 38 Maintenance ë Solutions of Dust Pollution in the Area of Tambon Na Phra Lan, 40 Saraburi Province ë Noise Pollution 43 State of Solid Waste 47 ë State of Municipal Solid Waste 48 ë State of Waste Utilization 52 ë State of Hazardous Waste 56 ë Management Strategy for Waste from Electrical and 58 Electronic Equipment ë Unlawful Landfill of Hazardous Waste at Tambon Khlang Dong, 60 Pak Chong District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province Thailand State of Pollution Report 2004 Page State of Hazardous Chemicals 63 ë Hazardous Chemicals 64 ë Hazardous Chemical Accidents 68 ë Solutions of Chemical Uses in Orange Farms at Chaiprakarn District, 70 Fang District, Mae Ai District, Chiang Mai Province ë Cadmium Contamination in the Watershed of Mae Tao, 72 Mae Sod District, Tak Province Pollution Management 74 ë Management Directions of Water Pollution 75 ë Management Directions of Waste and Hazardous Chemical Waste 76 ë Complaints about Pollution Problems and Public Protest 78 ë Recovery and Improvement of Wastewater Treatment System 85 ë Open Burning Control in Thailand 87 ë Management of Noise Pollution from Motorcycles 90 ë Monitoring and Enforcement of Environmental Laws in accordance 92 with Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act, B.E. 2535 ë Environment Caravan 95 Thailand State of Pollution Report 2004 Contents Page Appendix 97 ë Laws and Regulations concerning General Environmental Issues 98 ë Laws and Regulations concerning Water Pollution 102 ë Laws and Regulations concerning Air and Noise Pollution 108 ë Laws and Regulations concerning Hazardous Waste and Chemicals 120 Thailand State of Pollution Report 2004 STATE OF WATER QUALITY Itûs clean and clear canal and stream water. Itûs wonderful future of the nation. Itûs public benefit under joint spirit. Get together with Thailand forever. Inland Water Quality Overall quality of surface water resources throughout the country during 2004 were in the levels of good, fair, deteriorated, and highly deteriorated conditions at 23%, 51%, 21%, and 5% respectively. The comparison of water quality for the last 3 years (Figure 1), revealed that the water quality in the fair level was likely to be increasing while deteriorated water quality was likely to be decreasing. Moreover, the highly deteriorated condition was slightly changing and still remained the same. Changing water quality in each year was up to many factors such as water quantity and municipal wastewater, etc. It should be noticeable that highly deteriorated water resources were the same as water resources found in previous years, e.g. the lower Thachin River from Muang District of Samut Prakarn Province to Nakhon Chaisri District of Nakhon Pathom Province, the lower Lamtakong River at Muang District of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and the Songkhla Lake at Somrong Canal Estuary, Muang District of Songkhla Province. Deteriorated water quality is a consequence of wastewater discharge from various sources such as communities, agricultural and industrial areas, discharged to natural water resources without any appropriate and standardized wastewater treatment. Deterioration of most water resources came from Fecal Coliform Bacteria contamination, and high Biochemical Oxygen Demand levels (BOD) causing low dissolved oxygen (DO) and high ammonia levels. The water quality in 48 main rivers and 4 standing surface water resources (Kwan Payao Lake, Bung Boraped Lake, Nonghan Lake, and Songkhla Lake(1)), measured by mean of Water Quality Index (WQI), has been monitored and the following 8 water quality parameters were examined : Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Fecal Coliform Bacteria (FCB), pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate (NO ), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Solids (TS), and Suspended Solids (SS) to obtain water quality criteria as classified3 into good, fair, deteriorated, and highly deteriorated levels. Water quality status in 2004 could be summarized in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 2. % 100 3 6 5 90 21 80 32 31 70 60 50 25 31 51 40 30 20 40 10 32 23 0 2002 2003 2004 Year Good Fair Deteriorated Highly Deteriorated Figure 1 : The Water Quality Status of Surface Water Resources throughout the Country between 2002 - 2004 (1) Both Thale Noi and Thale Luang were included since their areas were contiguous. THAILAND STATE OF 6 POLLUTION REPORT 2004 Figure 2 : The Quality of Surface Water Sources throughout the Country, Year 2004 THAILAND STATE OF POLLUTION REPORT 2004 7 Table 1 : The Summary of Water Quality Status of Main Surface Water Resources in Thailand 2004 Water Northern Central Eastern Northeastern Southern Percentage Quality Region Region Region Region Region of All Surface Water Resources Good Maejang, Kwae Noi, Nonghan Lake, Upper Tapee, Bung Boraped Upper Petchburi Weru Songkram, Pong, Pumduang, 23 Lake Lampaw, Chee, Oon Saiburi Upper Chao Phraya, Lower Tapee, Wang, Ping, Upper Thachin, Trad, Pakpanang, Trang, Kok, Yom, Fair Maeklong, Noi, Prachinburi, Lamchee, Thale Noi, Langsuan, 51 Li, Ing, Nan, Kwae Yai, Kuiburi, Pangrad, Seaw, Loei Upper Pattani, Kwan Payao Sakaekrang, Pranburi, Chantaburi Thale Luang, Lake Lower Petchburi Lower Pattani Lopburi, Pasak, Nakhon Nayok, Deteriorated Kuang Middle Thachin, Rayong, Moon, Chumporn 21 Lower Chao Phraya, Bangpakong, Upper Lamtakong Middle Chao Phraya Prasae Highly Deteriorated - Lower Thachin - Lower Songkhla 5 Lamtakong Lake Northern Region The water quality in 11 main water resources (Ping River, Wang River, Yom River, Nan River, Kuang River, Kok River, Li River, Ing River, and Maejang River), and the other two standing surface water resources (Kwan Payao Lake and Bung Boraped Lake) have been monitored. It was found that good water quality resources were Maejang River and Bung Boraped Lake while fair water quality resources were Ping River, Wang River, Yom River, Kok River, Li River, Ing River, Nan River, and Kwan Payao Lake. Finally, Kuang River was the deteriorated water quality resource. Its key water quality problem was the contamination of Total Coliform Bacteria and Fecal Coliform Bacteria as found in Kuang and Ping River. Some water quality parameters, such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), were found in several areas. Main water quality status was summarized as follows (Figure 3 and Table 2) : THAILAND STATE OF 8 POLLUTION REPORT 2004 % DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) TCB (unit) FCB (unit) NH (mg/l) 100 98 3 80 68 70 61 60 58 40 25 21 22 23 20 17 16 8 5 2 4 2 0 (>6.0) (>4.0) (>2.0) (<2.0) (<1.5) (<2.0) (<4.0) (>4.0) (<5,000) (<20,000) (>20,000) (<1,000) (<4,000) (>4,000) (<0.5) (>0.5) 2 3 4 - 2 3 4 - 2 3 - 2 3 - Meet Below Water resource type Water resource type Water resource type Water resource type Standard Figure 3 : Water Quality in the Northern Region, Corresponding to the Surface Water Quality Standard Calculated by Mean of Percentage of All Monitoring Stations The Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration ranged from 1.2 - 11.9 mg/l received from over 60% of all water quality-monitoring stations, and such water resources could be categorized as Class-2 surface water quality standard (over than or equal as 6.0 mg/l). In some periods, Dissolved Oxygen concentration in Kwan Payao Lake at the estuary of Ing River, Khundej Bridge in Muang District of Payao Province, and Kuang River at Tambon Muang Nga in Muang District of Lampoon Province was less than 2.0 mg/l. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values ranged from 0.1 - 8.5 mg/l received by most water quality- monitoring stations (68%), and such water resources could be categorized as Class-2 surface water quality standard (less than or equal as 1.5 mg/l). It was found that, at several water quality-monitoring stations of Kuang River, BOD values were higher than 4.0 mg/l. The contamination of Fecal Coliform Bacteria