Conservative Unity Or Populist Solutions?

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Conservative Unity Or Populist Solutions? Submitted by Márk Stégmayer, BSc K01555875 Submitted at Institute of Politics and Social Policy Supervisor Univ.-Prof.in Margitta Mätzke, PhD CONSERVATIVE UNITY OR POPULIST October 2020 SOLUTIONS? Family Policy Reforms in Hungary and Poland. Master Thesis to obtain the academic degree of Master of Social Sciences in the Joint Master’s Program Comparative Social Policy and Welfare JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITY LINZ Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz, Austria www.jku.at DVR 0093696 STATUTORY DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis submitted is my own unaided work, that I have not used other than the sources indicated, and that all direct and indirect sources are acknowledged as references. This printed thesis is identical with the electronic version submitted. Linz, 29 October 2020 Márk Stégmayer Márk Stégmayer 2/101 ABSTRACTS Abstract English Family policy is a rapidly changing policy field. In Central and Eastern Europe, the incremental change is not only due to changes in families and society, but also because of the modified political climate. These changes are most visible in two countries within that region. Therefore, this research project deals with the family policy reforms of the last decade in Hungary and the Republic of Poland. The investigation, whether the ruling government parties push the reforms in different directions, show not only the influence of right-wing politics and conservative ideas, but it also provides information, whether we can still perceive these parties as conservative, or if there is a transformation towards a populist direction with a mixed-policy set of neo-conservative, post-socialist and nationalist elements. With the selected comparative method of Mill´s method of difference and content analysis as the research approach, the thesis explores the above-mentioned effects. The results show that the governing Hungarian and Polish parties do not follow a right-conservative path, but a populist “bricolage” politics with different ideologies, therefore, the family policy outputs differ a lot, although the official intentions of the policy- makers in both countries are the same. Abstract Deutsch Heutzutage ist Familienpolitik ein sich schnell änderndes Feld in der Politik. In Mittelosteuropa ist der inkrementelle Wandel nicht nur auf Veränderungen in Familie und Gesellschaft zurückzuführen, sondern auch auf das veränderte politische Klima. Diese Veränderungen sind in zwei Ländern dieser Region am sichtbarsten. Daher befasst sich dieses Forschungsprojekt mit den familienpolitischen Reformen des letzten Jahrzehnts in Ungarn und der Republik Polen. Die Untersuchung, ob die Regierungsparteien die Reformen in verschiedene Richtungen vorantreiben, zeigt nicht nur den Einfluss der rechten Politik und konservativer Ideen, sondern gibt auch Auskunft darüber, ob wir diese Parteien noch als konservative Parteien betrachten können oder ob eine Transformation zu einer populistischen Richtung mit einer gemischten Politik aus neokonservativen, postsozialistischen und nationalistischen Elementen vorhanden ist. Mit der ausgewählten Vergleichsmethode von Mills Most Similar Systems Design und Inhaltsanalyse als Forschungsansatz untersuchte das Projekt die zuvor genannten Effekte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die regierenden ungarischen und polnischen Parteien keinen rechtskonservativen Weg einschlagen, sondern vielmehr eine populistische „Bricolage“ - Politik mit unterschiedlichen Ideologien. Daher unterscheiden sich die familienpolitischen Ergebnisse stark, obwohl die offiziellen Absichten der politischen Entscheidungsträger in beiden Ländern gleich sind. Márk Stégmayer 3/101 Abstract magyarul Napjainkban a családpolitika a politika világának egy gyorsan változó területe. A Közép- Kelet-Európában tetten érhető változás nemcsak a családok és a társadalom változásai miatt, hanem a megváltozott politikai légkör miatt is lehetséges. Ezek a változások leginkább a régió két országában figyelhetők meg. Ennek fényében az alábbi kutatási projekt az elmúlt évtized családpolitikai reformjaival foglalkozik Magyarország és Lengyelország aspektusában. A kutatás nem csak a jobboldali, konzervatív ideológia befolyását mutatja arról, hogy a kormányzó pártok eltérő irányban hajtják-e végre a reformokat, de abba is betekintést nyújt, hogy ezeket a pártokat továbbra is konzervatív pártoknak tekinthetjük-e, vagy populista átalakulások szemtanúi lehetünk, amelyben neo- konzervatív, posztszocialista és nacionalista elemeket vegyesen találhatunk. A kiválasztott összehasonlító metódus Mill "Most Similar Systems design"-ja szerint, valamint tartalom analízis használatával a fent említett hatásokat vizsgálja. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a kormányzó magyar és lengyel pártok nem jobboldali konzervatív programot, hanem egy úgynevezett "barkács" politikát követnek, eltérő ideológiákkal. Ennek következtében a családpolitikai reformok különbözőek, bár a politikai döntéshozók hivatalos irányvonala mindkét országban azonos. Abstract polski Polityka rodzinna ulega szybkim zmianom na płaszczyźnie politycznej. W Środkowej i Wschodniej Europie ta stopniowa zmiana wynika nie tylko z przekształcania się struktur w rodzinie i społeczeństwie, ale również wskutek obecnej atmosfery politycznej. Zmiany te są najbardziej widoczne w dwóch krajach tego obszaru. Dlatego też niniejszy projekt badawczy zajmuje się reformami polityki rodzinnej na Węgrzech i w Polsce w ostatnich 10 latach. Badania w tym zakresie, czy rządzące partie kierują reformy w różnych kierunkach, pokazują nie tylko wpływ prawicowej polityki i konserwatywnych myśli, ale również dostarczają informacji, czy można te partie nadal uważać za konserwatywne, czy też następuje przeobrażanie w kierunku populistycznym z domieszką elementów neokonserwatywnych, posocjalistycznych i nacjonalistycznych. Praca ta zajmuje się badaniem wyżej wymienionych skutków na podstawie wybranej metody porównawczej różnic Milla oraz analizy treści. Wyniki pokazują, iż węgierski oraz polski rząd nie podążają prawicowo-konserwatywną ścieżką, lecz wprowadzają populistyczną politykę „bricolage” połączoną z różnymi ideologiami. Przez to wyniki w zakresie polityki rodzinnej bardzo się różnią, mimo że zamiary polityków w obydwóch krajach są takie same. Márk Stégmayer 4/101 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 1. Figure: Causal Connection. ........................................................................................ 43 2. Figure: Analysis Process. ........................................................................................... 45 3. Figure: Methodological Overview. .............................................................................. 45 1. Table: Hungarian Documents. .................................................................................... 47 2. Table: Polish Documents. Own Description. .............................................................. 48 3. Table: Hungarian Reform Contents. ........................................................................... 55 4. Table: Polish Reform Contents. .................................................................................. 64 5. Table: Hungarian Reform Effects on Family Policy. ................................................... 70 6. Table: Polish Reform Effects on Family Policy ........................................................... 71 7. Table: Policy directions of Family Policy Reforms in the Selected Countries. ............ 75 8. Table: Similarities and Differences between the family policy reforms in Hungary Poland. .....87 9. Table: Similarities and Differences of party programs in Hungary Poland. ................. 89 Márk Stégmayer 5/101 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8 1.1. Structure of the thesis .................................................................................................. 11 1.2. Objektives and Research Question ............................................................................. 11 1.3. Brief Overview about the policy changes in Hungary and Poland ................................ 13 2. Conceptualizing Family Policy ............................................................................................ 15 2.1. Definitions ................................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Fields of Family Policy ................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1. Parental Leave Policies .................................................................................... 17 2.2.2. Gender Equality / LGBTQ+ Issues .................................................................... 19 2.2.3. Family allowances ............................................................................................ 20 2.2.4. Child care Facilities .......................................................................................... 21 2.2.5. Family Tax Schemes ........................................................................................ 22 2.2.6. Family Policy Concepts for the research ........................................................... 22 3. Explaining policymaking ...................................................................................................... 22 3.1. Partisan politics ........................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1. Policymaking of Right and Left Parties
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