Design and Development of Distributed Solar Pv Systems: Do the Current Tools Work?

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR PV SYSTEMS: DO THE CURRENT TOOLS WORK?

W.M. Pabasara U. Wijeratne and Rebecca J. Yang School of Property Construction and Project Management

Presented By: Pabasara Wijeratne BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV)

(Source: Gieseking, 2012; SUPSI, 2015; Hislop, 2016; Pvresources, 2018; Selfa photovoltaic, 2018 ),

RMIT PCPM 2018 2 IMPORTANCE OF BIPV

. Dual Purpose

. Replace conventional building envelope materials

. Power generation

. Architecturally elegant

. Eliminates power lost due to transmission

. Reduce air conditioning loads

. Offers diffused natural lighting (e.g.: Semitransparent arrays of spaced crystalline cells)

(Snow and Prasad, 2005; Sulivan, 2011; Norton et al., 2011)

RMIT PCPM 2018 3 BIPV LIFE CYCLE

Wijeratne W.M. P. U. Wijeratne, Yang R. J., Too E. and Wakefield, R. (2018). Design and development of distributed solar PV systems: Do the current tools work? Sustainable Cities and Society,2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.035.

RMIT PCPM 2018 4 KEY CHALLENGES OF BIPV DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

. No established method to integrate PV into building design cost effectively

. Complexity in building design

. Complex overall system design

. Excessive cost

. Lack of confidence in the value enhancement

RMIT PCPM 2018 5 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

To understand the features and functions in the current solar PV design and management tools, and propose an integrated solution for BIPV design and management.

OBJECTIVES

1. Describe the features and functions of current solar PV design and management tools in relation to geophysical, technical, economic and environment;

2. Illustrate the limitations under feature/function;

3. Propose potential improvements for an integrated solution for BIPV design and management.

RMIT PCPM 2018 6 Grid System components Losses Weather Technical Grid type PV modules DC/AC losses Solar irradiation Geo-physical Grid voltage Inverters Shading losses Temperature Number of phases Mounting /forms systems Soiling losses Terrain Humidity Wind Displacement power factor Energy storage Snow losses City Snow Feed-in power clipping Other BOS components Irradiance losses Open terrain Rain fall patterns Building physics Operation and maintenance

Building type Environmental Construction & commissioning Monitoring & control Emissions Interactive design O &M procedures Installation process Embedded CO2 Structural load emissions Commissioning process Warranties and replacement Energy load/user profile CO emissions 2 Quality assurance Insurance avoided Neighbouring buildings/objects Health and safety Building standards & codes Decommissioning Building thermal load Impact on schedules Heat island effect Salvage value Decommissioning process

Economical Government incentives Finance modes/ Contract arrangements Factors BIPV

Renewable energy certificates Direct finance Design and Management Benefits Feed in tariffs Fully owned or leased by a third party Reduction of energy bills Financed by a third party and lease Finance and loan programmes arrangement made with building owner Building material cost Tax breaks offsets BOQ prices Reduction of transmission Payback period Installation cost loss Financial performance

NPV/IRR/ROI Cost O & M cost evaluation Reduction of carbon cost LCOE Life cycle cost

RMIT PCPM 2018 7 CURRENT PRACTICES IN BIPV DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT Daylighting and whole building energy OpenStudio, Design Builder, IES-VE, Honeybee, Mr. Comfy, Available ArchiWizard,Diva, Rayfront, Lighting Simulation tools analysis tool for Revit, bSol, DAYSIM, DesignBuilder, Design . PC Based Ocean, BIM IQ Performance Viewer (DPV), Ecotect, Energy Design Guide II (EDG II), EliteCAD, BKI ENERGIEplaner, eQUEST, Green Building Studio, IDA . Online ICE, IES VE, LESOSAI, SAM, PV syst, PV*SOL,Skelion, Solarius PV, Visualization PolySun, CECPV Calculator, PVwatts, tools DDS-CAD PV, INSEL, PV Designer, . Smart phone/Tablet Apps PV F-CHART, SMA Off-Grid Artlantis, Flamingo, Configurator, Solar-Pro, Archelios, Kerkythea, LightWave, PV-DesignPro, RETScreenPlus, LuxRender, Maxwell Homer Pro, PV scout, Render, Mental Ray, HELIOS3DRadiance, RETScreen, POV-Ray, RenderMan, T*Sol and VisualDOE RenderWorks, BIPV DESIGN AND RenderZone, V-Ray and Previous Research YafaRay MANAGEMENT • Klise and Stein (2009) Apps • Lalwani et al. (2010) SOLAR SHADING, SOLAR SYSTEM CALCULATOR, EASYSOLAR, ONYX SOLAR, • Horvat and Dubois (2010) SOLMETRIC iSV, PV OUTPUT, PV Optimize, SMA SUNNYPORTAL, • Kanters et al. (2014) AHA SOLAR, CAAD/BIM tools Allplan, ArchiCAD, AutoCAD, • Sharma et al., (2014) Blender, Bricscad, Caddie, CATIA, CINEMA 4D, DDS-CAD, Digital Project, form•Z,Google SketchUp, Houdini, IntelliPlus Architecturals, Lightworks, Maya, MicroStation, Revit • Jakica (2017) Architecture, Rhinoceros 3D, SolidWorks, Spirit, Vectorworks, 3ds Max

RMIT PCPM 2018 8 CADD/BIM Stand alone Online Apps plugin

Features ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PRACTICES

SAM Version2017.1.17 SAM (Viewer Version)Expert RETScreen Solarius-PV(v.13.00c) x64Ed.) 3.9.2 Pro (Evaluation Homer 2018 Premium Version *SOL PV(R6) Test 2.0 Scout PV F-Chart Solar Sunulator Pvsyst6[119] solarparkplanung[46] 3D Helos 10.0Polysun (DesignerDemo) 8.2 INSEL 4.5 Pro Solar Skelion5.2.2 v1.0.0.1 Revit for tool analysis Solar Rhino in 3D Grasshopper Honeybeefor Rhino in 3D Grasshopper for Ladybug Version11.02 Pro Archelios[120] Calculator PVWatts' NREL Communities PVGIS©European CalculationSolar.com OnlinePV*SOL EasyPV EasySolar Solar Onyx PVOutput Portal Sunny SMA Geological database X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Geological maps X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X X X X X X X Terrain Terrain category X X X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Analysis of terrain data X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CADD/BIM Database # # # # X X Stand alone Online Apps Import external data # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X plugin Weather GPS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Hourly modelling timestep X # # X X X X X X X X X X Type Stand-alone off-grid X # # # # X X X X X X X X X X Grid-tie PV systems # # # # X X X X X X X X Features Grid Specifications Voltage X X # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X number of phases X X # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X power factor X X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Residential X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Commercial X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Version2017.1.17 SAM (Viewer Version)Expert RETScreen Solarius-PV(v.13.00c) x64Ed.) 3.9.2 Pro (Evaluation Homer 2018 Premium Version *SOL PV(R6) Test 2.0 Scout PV F-Chart Solar Sunulator Pvsyst6[119] solarparkplanung[46] 3D Helos 10.0Polysun (DesignerDemo) 8.2 INSEL 4.5 Pro Solar Skelion5.2.2 v1.0.0.1 Revit for tool analysis Solar Rhino in 3D Grasshopper Honeybeefor Rhino in 3D Grasshopper for Ladybug Version11.02 Pro Archelios[120] Calculator PVWatts' NREL Communities PVGIS©European CalculationSolar.com OnlinePV*SOL EasyPV EasySolar Solar Onyx PVOutput Portal Sunny SMA Building Type Direct cost/BOQ Prices # # # # X X X X X X X X X Industrial X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Costs Indirect cost # # # # X X X X X X X X X X X Other (community, heritage etc) X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O&M cost # # # # X X X X X X X X X X X Building 3D modelling X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Interactive Reduction of energy bills # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X Building 2D modelling X X # X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Design Building material cost offsets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Benefits Image capturing/Geo maps X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Reduction of transmission loss X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Structural Load Load Simulation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Reduction of carbon cost X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Data Simulation X # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Building Modes Data Import # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Physics Direct Finance # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Load profile X # # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Loan/Lease/mortgage # X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X Building Energy Time interval data PPA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X performance Monthly # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Performance evaluation X X Hourly X # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Finance LCC/NPV # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Sub hourly X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Simple payback # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Energy price # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X IRR # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Neighbouring 2D/ 3D simulation X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X Profitability index/ROI/ LCOE # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X buildings Shading analysis X # X # X X X X X X X X X Sensitivity analysis X # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X /objects Building standards and regulations X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Cashflows # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X PV Modules PV database # # # # X X X X X X X X X Incentive database X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Feed in tariffs X # # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X Ground X # # X X X X X X X X X Government Incentives Mounting Roof X # # # X X X X X Other incentives # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X System /Forms Systems Roof integrated X # # X X X X X X X X X Regulations /Policies X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CO avoided X # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Components Façade integrated X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Emissions 2 Inverters Inverter database X # # # X X X X X X X X X X CO2 embedded X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Heat Island Effect X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Batteries Battery database X # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Other Other BOS items Database X X X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Indoor environment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Shading losses # # # X X X X X X X DC/AC Losses # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Loss Snow losses # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Other losses # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Installation process X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Commissioning process X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Construction and commissioning Quality assurance X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Health and safety X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Wijeratne W.M. P. U. Wijeratne, Yang R. J., Too E. and Wakefield, R. (2018). Impact on schedules X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Design and development of distributed solar PV systems: Do the current tools Monitoring and control X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Maintenance and monitoring O & M procedures X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X work? Sustainable Cities and Society,2018, Insurance/warranties/replacemen X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Decommissioning Decommissioning process X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.035.

RMIT PCPM 2018 9 ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PRACTICES LIMITATIONS IDENTIFIED The current practices lacks; . detailed localized meteorological data and terrain data . localized PV system product and cost database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS) . localized energy prices and localized building regulations and codes . information on finance modes and contract options . information on localized government incentives . information on other BOS components . data on operation and maintenance costs . consideration on roof /façade integrated PV design and assessment . 3D virtual visualization . alternative BIPV design comparison (costs and building performance optimisation) . consideration on carbon emission, building cooling loads and heat island effect . consideration on construction /installation and commissioning process . real time monitoring and control of the BIPV system . consideration for the decommissioning process of BIPV system

RMIT PCPM 2018 10 EXISTING FRAMEWORKS FOR BIPV DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

Gupta et al. (2013) Dixit et al. (2015)

Costanzo et al. (2018) Wittkopf et al. (2009) Ning et al. (2018)

RMIT PCPM 2018 11 IMPROVEMENTS REQUIRED . Detailed local meteorological data and local geographic/terrain data . Localised PV system product database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS) . Localised cost data on PV system products and installation . Localised energy price data . Accurate energy consumption data . Information on local building regulations and codes . Information on local government incentives and policies . Information on financial modes and contract arrangements . Database on previous project examples . Information on product performance in previous projects Information . Information on installers’ track record and experiences . Information on commissioning and O&M procedure . Information on decommissioning procedures

. Efficient 3D model creation of the physical environment

. Generation and comparison of alternative PV module designs Simulation and . Visualization of shading impact and losses . Automatic PV system configuration and optimization analysis . Accurate energy consumption data simulation . Installation process simulation and impact analysis (e.g. impact of harsh weather conditions, occupational health and safety risks etc. on the project completion and cost) . Matching and optimizing energy outputs with fluctuating demands and electricity prices . Balancing revenue against cost to optimise PV module and storage sizes . Analysis on environmental impact (carbon foot print, heat island) . Lifecycle cost-benefit analysis

. PV system performance monitoring and recording System operation . Auto diagnosing function to alarm

RMIT PCPM 2018 12 RESULTS OF QUESTIONAIRE SURVEY

Limitations of Current BIPV Design and Management Practice Improvements Required in BIPV Design and Management Auto diagnosing function to alarm Not considered the decommission of PV systems PV system performance monitoring and recording Lack of real time monitoring and control of the PV system Lifecycle cost-benefit analysis Analysis on environmental impact (carbon foot print, heat island) Lack of consideration on carbon emission, building heating cooling loads and heat island… Balancing revenue against cost to optimise PV module and storage sizes Lack of information on localized government incentives Matching and optimizing energy outputs with fluctuating demands and electricity prices Lack of information on finance modes and contract options Installation process simulation and impact analysis (e.g. impact of harsh weather conditions, occupational health and safety risks etc. on the… Lack of consideration on life cycle cost-benefit Accurate energy consumption data simulation Lack of data on operation and maintenance costs Automatic PV system configuration and optimization Visualization of shading impact and losses Lack of localised cost data on PV system products and installation Generation and comparison of alternative PV module designs Lack of consideration on commissioning and construction /installation process Efficient 3D model creation of the physical environment No alternative PV design comparison Information on commissioning and O&M procedure Difficulties for 3D virtual visualization Information on installers’ track record and experiences Information on product performance in previous projects Hard to calculate shading losses on façade integrated PV Database on previous project examples Less consideration on façade integrated PV design and assessment Information on financial modes and contract arrangements Less consideration on roof integrated PV design and assessment Information on local government incentives and policies Lack of localized building regulations and codes Information on local building regulations and codes Lack of localized energy prices Accurate energy consumption data Localised energy price data Lack of localized PV system product database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS) Localised cost data on PV system products and installation Lack of localized terrain data Localised PV system product database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS) Lack of detailed localized meteorological data Detailed local geographic/terrain data Detailed local meteorological data 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

No Experience Not Critical Somewhat Critical Very Critical No Experience Not Important Somewhat Important Very Important

RMIT PCPM 2018 13 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR BIPV DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

WEATHER AND TERRAIN DATABASE

VIRTUAL MODEL BUILDER . Efficient 3D model ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS . Automatic PV layout design . Quantification of the environmental optimizing benefits BIPV DESIGN/MANGEMENT . Simulation of daylight and thermal effect

LOCAL PV PRODUCT DATABASE CONSTRUCTION ,COMMISSIONING . PV module AND O&M . Inverters . Construction and commissioning process . Batteries . O&M and decommissioning procedures . Other electrical components . Monitoring and inspection modules . PV system performance recording

LIFECYCLE COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ENERGY CONSUMPTION /GENERATION . Local cost, benefit, finance and incentive . Energy consumption simulation & database database . Hourly comparison of energy input and output . Life cycle cost benefit analysis

LOCAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

RMIT PCPM 2018 14 BIPV DESIGN MODELLING @ PCPM

RMIT PCPM 2018 BUILDING ENERGY AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT MODELLING @PCPM

Jan. May Sep.

Jun. Oct.

Nov. Mar.. Jul.

Apr. Aug. Dec.

RMIT PCPM 2018 BIPV ENERGY & COST: MATLAB MODELLING @PCPM

RMIT PCPM 2018 CONCLUSIONS

. A BIPV project design decision should consider geophysical, technical, economical and environmental factors . 15 key factors under geophysical, technical, economic and environmental categories were identified . 14 application problems in BIPV design and management were found . Current practices consider design and management of BIPV neither as an integrated design approach nor as an integrated team process . A Questionnaire survey was used to confirm the limitations of the current BIPV project design, management practices and improvement measures . An integrated decisions support framework which consists of: . Building design 3D model – BIPV energy simulation model – BIPV cost-benefit assessment model – BIPV environmental assessment model – Instruments for BIPV project management

18 REFERENCES

. Costanzo, V., Yao, R., Essah, E., Shao, L., Shahrestani, M., Oliveira, A.C., Araz, M., Hepbasli, A. and Biyik, E., (2018). A method of strategic evaluation of energy performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in the urban context. Journal of Cleaner Production, 184, pp.82-91. . Dixit, M. and Yan, W.,(2015) A Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Prototype For Calculating Solar Orientation And Solar Insolation. In: Khare V. R. and Gundepudi S. editors. BS2015: In proceedings of 14th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, 2015 Dec. 7-9, Hyderabad, India., Hyderabad: BS Publications; 2015. p. 2002-2009. . Gieseking M (2012). Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) “New Light”. Available at: https://mattgieseking.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-new-light/ [Accessed 12 April 2018]. . Gupta A, Cemesova A, Hopfe C J, Rezgui Y, and Sweet T. (2014). A conceptual framework to support solar PV simulation using an open-BIM data exchange standard. Automation in Construction, 37, 166-181. . Hislop M. (2016). Tesla’s Elon Musk adds solar roof tiles to his clean energy vision. Available at: http://theamericanenergynews.com/innovation/teslas-elon-musk-adds-solar-roof-tiles-clean-energy-vision [accessed 12 April 2018] . J. Kanters, M. Horvat, M., and M. C. Dubois (2014). Tools and methods used by architects for solar design. Energy and Buildings, 68: pp. 721-731. . Jakica N (2017). State-of-the-art review of solar design tools and methods for assessing daylighting and solar potential for building-integrated photovoltaics, In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.080. . Klise GT and Stein J S (2009). Models used to assess the performance of photovoltaic systems. Sandia Report, Sand2009-8258; December 2009.

19 REFERENCES

. Lalwani M, Kothari D and Singh M. (2010). Investigation of solar photovoltaic simulation software. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 1(3):585-601. . Ning, G. et al. (2018) ‘e-BIM: a BIM-centric design and analysis software for Building Integrated Photovoltaics’, Automation in Construction. 87(October 2017), pp. 127–137. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.020. . Norton, B., Eames, P.C., Mallick, T.K., Huang, M.J., McCormack, S.J., Mondol, J.D. and Yohanis, Y.G. (2011). Enhancing the performance of building integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy,85(8), pp.1629-1664. . PVresources (2018). Photovoltaic Modules for Flat Roofs. Available at: http://www.pvresources.com/en/bipv/roofintegrated.php [Accessed 10 April 2018] . Selfa photovoltaic (2018). BIPV. Available at: http://www.selfa-pv.com/en/bip-v [Accessed 10 April 2018] . Sharma, D.K., Verma, V. and Singh, A.P. (2014). Review and analysis of solar photovoltaic softwares. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 4(2): pp.725-731. . Snow M. and Prasad, D.K., (2002). Architectural and Aesthetic experiences for Photovoltaics (PV) in the Built Environment. In proceedings of PLEA 2002, Toulouse, France, July 2002. . Snow, M. and Prasad, D. (2005). Designing with solar power: A source book for building integrated photovoltaics (BiPV). Mulgrave, Vic: London: Images Publishing Group; Eathscan. . Sullivan, M (2013). Building Integrated Photovoltaics in the Context of the Australian Construction Industry. Melbourne: International Specialized Skills Institute. . Swiss BIPV Competence Centre, SUPSI (2015). Building Integrated Photovoltaics Report. . Wittkopf, S.K., Kambadkone, A., Quanhui, H. and Khai, N.P., (2009). Development of a Solar Radiation and BIPV Design tool as EnergyPlus plugin for Google SketchUp. In Building simulation.

20 THANK YOU !

Rebecca Yang Senior Lecturer School of Property, Construction and Project Management RMIT University Email: [email protected]