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U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021-3007

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U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2021-3007 Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development Water Resources of St. Martin Parish, Louisiana Introduction accounted for about 10 percent (4.83 Mgal/d), rural domestic, which accounted for about 2 percent (0.81 Mgal/d), and industry, which Information concerning the availability, use, and quality of accounted for less than 1 percent (0.18 Mgal/d). Water-use data water in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana (fig. 1), is critical for proper collected at 5-year intervals from 1960 to 2010 and again in 2014 water-supply management. The purpose of this fact sheet is to present indicate that water withdrawals in St. Martin Parish peaked in 1985 at information that can be used by water managers, parish residents, more than 68 Mgal/d (fig. 2) (Sargent, 2011; Collier, 2018). and others for stewardship of this vital resource. In 2014, about 46.99 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) of water were withdrawn in Groundwater Resources St. Martin Parish, including about 35.91 Mgal/d from groundwater sources and 11.08 Mgal/d from surface-water sources1 (table 1) St. Martin Parish includes two noncontiguous sections, Upper (Collier, 2018). Withdrawals for agricultural use, composed of and Lower, that are separated by Iberia Parish (fig. 1). The Atchafalaya aquaculture (32.28 Mgal/d), rice irrigation (6.44 Mgal/d), general aquifer is the primary aquifer underlying St. Martin Parish. The irrigation (2.38 Mgal/d), and livestock uses (0.06 Mgal/d), accounted aquifer truncates or overlies the Chicot aquifer system; these two for about 88 percent (41.16 Mgal/d) of the total water withdrawn units are in direct hydraulic connection and usually are considered (table 2). Other categories of use included public supply, which as one hydrogeologic unit (Harder and others, 1967; Hosman and others, 1970; Milner and Fisher, 2009). The Atchafalaya aquifer is overlain by clay, silt, and interbedded sand that form a surficial 1Water-withdrawal data are based on estimated or reported site-specific data confining unit that restricts downward leakage from land surface. The and aggregated data, which are distributed to sources. For a full description of water-use estimate methodology, see “Data Collection” in Sargent (2011). Evangeline aquifer underlies the Chicot aquifer system but contains Tabulation of numbers in text and tables may result in different totals because of little fresh groundwater in St. Martin Parish (fig. 3). The base of fresh rounding; nonrounded numbers are used for calculation of totals. groundwater generally ranges from 200 to 900 feet (ft) below the USACE 03045 EXPLANATION 92°00' 91°40' ARKANSAS i Approximate altitude of base of fresh groundwater, in feet p p POINTE COUPEE i below National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) Atchafalaya r s s e 07381500 PARISH i aquifer v (modified from Smoot, 1988)—Deepest freshwater contained s i s Krotz Springs i R TEXAS Opelousas TEXAS within the Chicot aquifer system, except where noted Bayou Teche Evangeline M MISSISSIPPI 100 to 199 subbasin equivalent 182 A 200 to 299 Bayou tc LOUISIANA Te h aquifer system ch a 300 to 399 e fa Rosedale l ST LANDRY a GULF OF 400 to 499 y PARISH a 10 MEXICO 500 to 599 Lake 91°20' Coulee R Little Atchafalaya ST. MARTIN 600 to 699 Bigeux iv Lost Datider e River 700 to 799 Henderson r Lake PARISH 30°20' Chicot Cow Island Lake 800 to 899 aquifer system Bayou Portage Big Tensas Bayou 900 to 999 Breaux Bridge ST MARTIN PARISH Uppe rand Rivve 1,000 to 1,499 A r G er Lake la Pointe SMn-103 (upper) Catahoula 1,500 to 1,999 Lake Lake Mongoulois Lafayette A' 2,000 and deeper r A ve PARISH i Bayou La Rose t Approximate area where no major aquifer contains freshwater R c LAFAYETTE h n Bayou Tortue a IBERVILLE o Bayou Martin Bayou (modified from Cardwell and others, 1965; Smoot, 1988; i SMn-134B fa il la PARISH m Cypress Island L’ Embarras y Nyman, 1989) r Saint Martinville a e Coulee B V Area where saltwater is present in some sands above base of 07385700 a Vermilion s LaSalle i n fresh groundwater (modified from Smoot, 1988) subbasin Atchafalaya Coulee Spanish M Atchafalaya a subbasin Approximate boundary of area showing deepest freshwater Lake Lake in ASSUMPTIONPARISH New Iberia Ba aquifer C y Fausse h contained within the overlying Atchafalaya aquifer and the 30°00' ou a IBERIA T Pointe n Lake Verret ec n underlying Evangeline equivalent aquifer system (modified h e PARISH e l from Cardwell and others, 1965; Harder and others, 1967; Jeanerette ST MARTIN Smoot, 1988; Nyman, 1989) PARISH Approximate extent of Atchafalaya aquifer (modified from Grand Lake (lower) Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey digital data Duck Lake Saucier, 1994; Milner and Fisher, 2009) Louisiana GIS CD: A Digital Map of the State, Version 2.0 Franklin River subbasin boundary Albers Equal-Area Conic projection A'A Line of section (see fig. 3; Harder and others, 1967) North American Datum of 1983 Well for which hydrograph is shown (see fig. 4) West Central SMn-103 Flat Lake Louisiana U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) surface-water 0 5 10 15 20 MILES 29°40' ST MARY Coastal USACE 03045 streamflow site and number subbasin PARISH U.S. Geological Survey surface-water streamflow site and 07385700 number 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS U.S. Geological Survey surface-water-quality site and number 07381500 (see table 4) Figure 1. Location of study area, St. Martin Parish, Louisiana. U.S. Department of the Interior Fact Sheet 2021-3007 U.S. Geological Survey April 2021 Atchafalaya Aquifer Table 1. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by source in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, 2014 (Collier, 2018). The Atchafalaya aquifer is composed of gravelly deposits that filled scours made on the Mississippi River floodplain (Milner and Aquifer or Ground- Surface Fisher, 2009). The Atchafalaya aquifer is difficult to separate from surface-water body water water the adjacent and underlying Chicot aquifer system because of similar sediment composition, and the two are often considered as one Chicot aquifer system 4.22 hydrogeologic unit (Harder and others, 1967; Hosman and others, Atchafalaya aquifer1 31.70 1970; Milner and Fisher, 2009). The top of the Atchafalaya aquifer Bayou Portage 2.29 is defined by the base of the surficial confining unit. The thickness of the surficial confining unit ranges from 40 to 160 ft in Upper St. Bayou Teche 2.29 Martin Parish, and generally increases in a northwest to southeast Miscellaneous surface-water bodies 6.50 direction (Sargent, 2004). The approximate western extent of the Total 35.91 11.08 Atchafalaya aquifer is near the western margin of Upper St. Martin Parish (fig. 1) (Milner and Fisher, 2009). 1Grouped with Mississippi River alluvial aquifer in water-use data. Water levels in the Atchafalaya aquifer are affected by the stage of the Atchafalaya River (Nyman, 1984) and may be locally affected by groundwater withdrawals for aquaculture in St. Martin Parish (table 2), primarily crawfish farming. Crawfish ponds are flooded Table 2. Water withdrawals, in million gallons per day, by use each year using groundwater and surface-water sources, and pond category in St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, 2014 (Collier, 2018). levels are maintained through the growing season of September through May (Lovelace, 1994). In 2014, a total of 29.05 Mgal/d of Surface Use category Groundwater Total water was withdrawn from the Atchafalaya aquifer for aquaculture water in St. Martin Parish (Collier, 2018). Limited data are available to Public supply 4.83 0.00 4.83 establish current water levels in the Atchafalaya aquifer across the Industry 0.18 0.00 0.18 parish. From January 16, 1990, through September 1, 1992, 28 water- level measurements were taken at 27 wells across the western half Rural domestic 0.81 0.00 0.81 of Upper St. Martin Parish. Water levels ranged from 15 ft above Livestock 0.05 0.01 0.06 NGVD 29 to 24 ft below NGVD 29. Well SMn-103, which is Rice irrigation 0.52 5.93 6.44 screened in the Atchafalaya aquifer, exhibited seasonal fluctuations of about 5 ft during its period of record (fig. 4). General irrigation 0.48 1.90 2.38 State well-registration records listed 1,272 active water wells Aquaculture 29.05 3.23 32.28 screened in the Atchafalaya aquifer in St. Martin Parish in 2017: Total 35.91 11.07 46.99 968 domestic wells, 206 irrigation wells, 68 public-supply wells, and 30 industrial wells. Well depths ranged from 10 to 280 ft below land surface, and reported yields ranged from 3 to 5,000 gallons per minute (gal/min) (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 80 EXPLANATION 2017). In 2014, about 31.70 Mgal/d of groundwater were withdrawn from the Atchafalaya aquifer in St. Martin Parish (table 1), with 70 Groundwater Surface water most used for aquaculture (29.05 Mgal/d). Other uses included public supply (0.92 Mgal/d), rural domestic (0.62 Mgal/d), rice 60 irrigation (0.46 Mgal/d), general irrigation (0.43 Mgal/d), industry (0.17 Mgal/d), and livestock (0.04) (Collier, 2018). 50 40 Chicot Aquifer System Across most of St. Martin Parish, the Chicot aquifer system 30 underlies the Atchafalaya aquifer (fig. 3) and is composed of thick sand and gravel deposits that thicken in a gulfward direction. The 20 base of the Chicot aquifer system ranges from about 300 ft below NGVD 29 in the northeastern corner of Upper St. Martin Parish 10 Annual withdrawal, in million gallons per day to about 1,130 ft below NGVD 29 at the south-central border of Upper St.
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