Spring 2014

Sociology 376: Topics in Sociology

Mental Health and Society

Mondays and Wednesdays 12:30 – 1:50 PM University Hall 102

Professor: Mariana Craciun Contact: [email protected] Office Hours: Wednesdays 2 – 4 PM Office Location: 1812 Chicago Ave, Rm. 109

Teaching Assistant: George Balgobin Contact: [email protected] Office Hours: Wednesdays 10:00 AM – 12:00 PM Office Location: Crowe Café

Course Description

Few fields of knowledge have been more powerful in shaping our ideas of what it means to be a normal human being than the psychological sciences. In this course we will examine the psych sciences’ influence by seeking answers to the following questions: How have psychiatry, psychology and other mental health occupations impacted our understandings of mental health and illness? What are the professional and knowledge dynamics that have shaped treatments and approaches to mental illness? How do people experience mental illness, and how have these experiences been addressed by various cultural and institutional treatment configurations? Moreover, how do treatment approaches perpetuate various social inequalities? And, finally, what are the broader effects of such approaches on how we live our everyday lives? To answer these questions, we will draw on historical, anthropological and sociological scholarship that examines the dynamics of medicalization, and the processes by which diagnoses are intrinsically gendered and racialized. We will read works on the constitution of a “personal problems” jurisdiction, the institutionalization and deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill, and other psychiatric interventions intended to cure mental and emotional difficulties. Lastly, we will critically examine the impact of such therapeutic technologies on arenas that are constitutive of our everyday lives (e.g. work, education, family and intimacy).

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The course has three parts:

• First, we will examine the processes of diagnosis and medicalization. We start with a brief overview of how mental health and illness are understood, and continue with the social dynamics of diagnosis and medicalization. Next, we focus on anthropological works on the experience of mental illness, and sociological theories of stigma and labeling. We conclude this section with a discussion of gender and race as social categories partially constituted by their intersection with particular psychiatric diagnoses.

• The second part of the course focuses on the psychological professions (e.g. psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy, psychiatric nursing) and their approaches to mental illness. We will proceed from institutionalization, and early attempts at talk therapies, to psychoanalysis, deinstitutionalization and the turn to pharmaceuticals. We will end this section with a discussion of the rise of the neurosciences.

• We end the course with an examination of how psychological ideas and discourses have reverberated into society more broadly. We will begin with an examination of mental illness in non-Western contexts. Lastly, we will return to modern Western societies to trace such influences in the arenas of work, education, and the family, and, more broadly, in how we think about intimacy and selfhood.

Requirements and Grading

• Attendance and Participation comprise 15% of your grade. We will take attendance every class, and keep track of who participates in discussions. This means that you need to come to class having done the readings, and being prepared to answer and ask questions about them. You may also participate in class discussion by posting questions to the Discussion Board, and answering your classmates’ questions. o You may miss one class without penalty. All other absences will count towards your final grade, unless you provide written documentation to justify your absence. o You are encouraged to participate in class discussion politely and respectfully. Mental health and illness are sensitive topics, the latter in particular being still marked by stigma (as we will see in Part I of the course). Keep this in mind as you make contributions to class discussions, particularly when drawing on personal opinion and experience. o Being physically present in class should be accompanied (and this is not something we can take for granted) by being mentally present. This means that, if you use a laptop computer or a tablet to take notes or access readings, you should refrain from visiting your favorite social media sites. Please use technology responsibly, as your activities can not only add to yours and your colleagues’ experiences in class, but also detract from them. o You may not use your phone or any other device to record (audio or video) lectures and/or class discussions without my approval.

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• Two in-class closed-book exams will count towards 50% of your grade. The first exam will cover material from Part I of the course, and will take place on April 28th. The second exam will cover material from Part II of the course, and will take place in class on May 28th. Each exam counts for 25% of your grade, and will include identification of concepts, and short essay questions. o Make-up exams will only be offered to those who have a medical excuse or other serious justification for missing class on the day of the exam.

• A final paper will count for 35% of your grade. You will be required to write a final paper no longer than five, double spaced pages. The assignment will be distributed in class on May 12th, and it will be due at 4PM on June 9th. o You are expected to submit both a hard copy of the paper (to my mailbox), and an electronic one through Safe Assignment. Safe Assignment compares your work with that of others to identify possible violations of the university’s academic integrity policy. Should you have any questions about proper citation practices, feel free to ask questions during class, or in office hours. o Technological difficulties are not acceptable reasons for failing to turn in your paper on time. You must back up your files (for example, on an external hard drive, flash drive, or by using cloud storage). You must check your email regularly for messages. You must also check our Blackboard site for announcements. o No late papers will be accepted.

• Grade contestation does not guarantee a grade increase, and may result in a lower grade. To contest a grade, you must write a report (at most, three double-spaced pages) identifying the specific questions/ideas/issues you believe you should have been graded differently on, and justifying your belief. You must submit this report no earlier than three days, and no later than a week, after receiving your grade.

A note on email communication

• I am committed to responding to your emails within 24 hours of receiving them. I answer emails between 8AM and 5PM Monday through Friday. The subject of your email should contain “Sociology 376” so that I don’t overlook it.

Academic integrity

• I strictly enforce Northwestern University’s rules on academic dishonesty. Under such rules, I am obligated to report any suspected instances of plagiarism, cheating, fabrication, abetting dishonesty, obtaining an unfair advantage, or others, to the Assistant Dean for Academic Integrity. Please familiarize yourself with the university’s policy on academic integrity: http://www.northwestern.edu/provost/policies/academic- integrity/index.html.

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• The most common instances of plagiarism I have encountered have consisted of students appropriating text from internet sites (e.g. Wikipedia) without properly citing the source. This poses two problems: first, assuming that the internet source you’re drawing on is credible, and second, and more importantly for academic integrity, stealing someone else’s words and ideas. This, along with other forms of dishonesty, is unacceptable. In nearly every case, I assign a failing grade in the course.

Accommodations

• Please notify me in the beginning of the quarter if you need special accommodations. You should also contact the Office of Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD; 847- 467-5530).

Readings

• Reading assignments will be posted on the Blackboard site. Please check the documents folder frequently, and, if you cannot locate an item there, check Library Reserves. You may use your laptops and tablets to access readings, or, if you prefer, you can print the week’s assigned articles and chapters and bring them to class. Should you opt for the former, I ask that you be mindful of how you use technology and the web for the duration of our meetings.

READING SCHEDULE

WEEK 1

Mar 31 Introduction to class

PART I – DIAGNOSING, MEDICALIZATION, AND PATIENTHOOD

Apr 2 Mental health and mental illness

Keyes, Corey L. M. 2002. “The Mental Health Continuum: From Languishing to Flourishing in Life.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 43: 207-222. Horwitz, Allan V. 2007. “Distinguishing Distress from Disorder as Psychological Outcomes of Stressful Social Arrangements.” Health 11: 273-289. Kleinman, Arthur. 1988. “What is a psychiatric diagnosis?” Pp. 5-17, in Rethinking psychiatry: From cultural category to personal experience. New York: The Free Press.

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WEEK 2

Apr 7 Medicalizing everyday problems

Conrad, Peter and Deborah Potter. 2000. “From Hyperactive Children to ADHD Adults: Observations on the Expansion of Medical Categories.” Social Problems 47: 559- 582.

Lakoff, Andrew. 2000. “Adaptive will: The evolution of attention deficit disorder.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 36:149-169.

Figert, Anne E. 1995. “The Three Faces of PMS: The Professional, Gendered, and Scientific Structuring of a Psychiatric Disorder.” Social Problems 42: 56-73.

OPTIONAL: Conrad, Peter and Valerie Leiter. 2004. “Medicalization, Markets and Consumers.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 45 (Extra Issue):158-176.

Apr 9 Labeling and stigma

Scheff, Thomas J. [1966]1984. “Residual deviance” and “The social institution of insanity,” Pp. 36-76, in Being mentally ill: A sociological theory [Second edition]. New York: Aldine Publishing Company.

Link, Bruce G., Jo C. Phelan, Michaeline Bresnahan, Ann Stueve, and Bernice A. Pescosolido. 1999. “Public Conceptions of Mental Illness: Labels, Causes, Dangerousness, and Social Distance.” American Journal of Public Health 89:1328-1333.

Payton, Andrew R. and Peggy A. Thoits. 2011. “Medicalization, Direct-to-Consumer- Advertising, and Mental Illness Stigma.” Society and Mental Health 1: 55-70.

WEEK 3

Apr 14 Constructing psychiatric diagnoses

Eyal, Gil. 2013. “For a sociology of expertise: The social origins of the autism epidemic.” American Journal of Sociology 118:863.

Valverde, Mariana. 1998. “Enlightened hedonism: The emergence of alcohol science in the United States.” Pp. 96 – 119, in Diseases of the will: Alcohol and the dilemmas of freedom. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Apr 16 Experiences and narratives of mental illness

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Biehl, Joao. 2007. “A Life: Between Psychiatric Drugs and Social Abandonment,” Pp.397-421, in Subjectivity: Ethnographic Investigations edited by Joao Biehl, Byron Good, and Arthur Kleinman. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Desjarlais, Robert. 1994. “Struggling Along: The Possibilities for Experience among the Homeless Mentally Ill.” American Anthropologist 96: 886-901.

Martin, Emily. 2007. “I now pronounce you manic depressive,” Pp. 99 – 133, in Bipolar Expeditions: Mania and Depression in American Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

WEEK 4

Apr 21 Gender, sexuality and hysteria

Lunbeck, Elizabeth. 1994. “Woman as hypersexual,” “Hysteria, the revolt of the 'good girl’,” and “Modern manhood, dissolute and respectable.” Pp. 185 – 255, in The psychiatric persuasion: Knowledge, gender and power in modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Apr 23 Race and psychiatric diagnoses

Metzl, Jonathan. 2009. “Loosening associations,” “A racialized disease,” “A metaphor for race,” and “Remnants.” Pp. 25-44, 95-130, and 186-194, in The protest psychosis: How schizophrenia became a black disease. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Luhrmann, Tanya M. 2010. “Review of: The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease.” The American journal of psychiatry, 167: 478.

WEEK 5

Apr 28 EXAM 1

PART II – APPROACHES TO MENTAL ILLNESS – A HISTORY

Apr 30 The asylum

Foucault, Michel. 1965. “The birth of the asylum.” Pp. 241-278, in Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. New York: Vintage Books.

Grob, Gerald N. 1994. “Realities of asylum life.” Pp. 79-102, in Mad among us. New York: The Free Press.

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WEEK 6

May 5 Being institutionalized

Rosenhan, David. 1973. “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” Science, 179: 250-258.

Goffman, Erving. 1961. “The moral career of the mental patient.” Pp. 125-170, in Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. New York: Anchor Books.

May 7 Deinstitutionalization and its consequences

Grob, Gerald N. 1994. “The new frontier and the promise of community mental health.” Pp. 249-278, in Mad among us. New York: The Free Press.

Grob, Gerald N. 1995. “The paradox of deinstitutionalization.” Society 32:51-59.

Pavalko, Eliza K., Courtney M. Harding, and Bernice A. Pescosolido. 2007. “Mental illness careers in an era of change.” Social Problems 54:504-522.

WEEK 7

PAPER ASSIGNMENT DISTRIBUTED

May 12 Psychoanalysis and the consolidation of American psychiatry

Abbott, Andrew. 1988. “The construction of the personal problems jurisdiction.” Pp. 280- 314, in The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Hale, Nathan G. 1995. “Chapter 17: The decline of psychoanalysis in psychiatry, 1965 – 1985,” Pp. 300 – 321, in The rise and crisis of psychoanalysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917-1985. New York: Oxford University Press.

May 14 Psychoanalytic ideas and the turn to biology

Metzl, Jonathan M. 2003. “The name of the father, the place of the medication: A brief history of Psychiatry, 1955-2002,” and “Anxiety, the crisis of psychoanalysis, and the Miltown resolution, 1955-1960,” Pp. 33-126, in Prozac on the couch. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

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WEEK 8

May 19 Biology and pharmaceuticals

Horwitz, Allan. 2002. “The emergence of diagnostic psychiatry,” and “The biological foundations of diagnostic psychiatry,” Pp. 56 – 82 and 132 – 157, in Creating Mental Illness. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Luhrmann, Tanya M. 2000. “What’s wrong with the patient?” Pp. 25 – 83, in Of two minds: An anthropologist looks at American psychiatry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

May 21 The brain, mental illness, and mental health

Rose, Nikolas, and Joelle M. Abi-Rached. 2013. “All in the brain?” and “Personhood in a neurobiological age.” Pp. 110 – 140 and 199 – 224, in Neuro: The brain sciences and the management of the mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

WEEK 9

May 26 NO CLASS – MEMORIAL DAY

PART III: THE PSYCH SCIENCES AND SELFHOOD

May 28 EXAM 2

Psych sciences and mental illness in non-Western context

Luhrmann, Tanya M. 2007. “Social defeat and the culture of chronicity: or, why schizophrenia does so well over there and so badly here,” Culture, medicine and psychiatry, 31(2):135-72.

Kitanaka, Junko. 2012. “Introduction: Local forces of medicalization,” and “The gendering of depression and the selective recognition of pain,” Pp. 1 – 18, and 129 – 150, in Depression in Japan psychiatric cures for a society in distress. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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WEEK 10

June 2 Therapeutic lives

Bellah, Robert N, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, Steven M. Tipton. [1985]2008. “Reaching out,” Pp. 113-141, in Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Rose, Nikolas. [1989]1999. “The gaze of the psychologist,” Pp.135 – 154, in Governing the soul: The shaping of the private self. New York: Free Association Books.

Illouz, Eva. 2008. Excerpt from “The tyranny of intimacy,” Pp.105 – 151—focus on 115 – 149—in Saving the modern soul: Therapy, emotions and the culture of self- help. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

June 9 PAPER DUE, 4PM.

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