Sains Malaysiana 47(8)(2018): 1645–1656 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4708-03

Impacts of Inundation on Bird Assemblages in Forests in and around a Hydrodam in , (Kesan Banjir terhadap Himpunan Burung di Dalam Hutan dan Kawasan Sekitar Empangan Hidro di Terengganu, Malaysia)

FARAH SHAFAWATI MOHD-TAIB*, SITI NABILAH ISHAK, MOHAMMAD SAIFUL MANSOR & SHUKOR MD-NOR

ABSTRACT Despite the increasing numbers of hydrodam worldwide, only a handful of studies evaluated their impacts on biodiversity. Compared to terrestrial animals, birds were thought to be less affected by inundation process, following impoundment. At the Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Dam in , our study compared species assemblages and diversity of birds within the dam area (i.e. the dam reservoir and catchment area) after recent logging and inundation in relation to a nearby forest logged 30 years ago. Using point count and mist-netting techniques, we recorded a total of 64 species (Shannon Index (H’) = 3.827) in the dam area and 91 species (H’=3.99) in historically-logged forests. Insectivore species richness was significantly higher in the historically-logged forests (Mann-Whitney: Z=4.339, N=205,p <0.005). These results indicated that richness and diversity of bird species assemblages appear to decline following recent inundation phase. Nevertheless, the forests in the dam area still harbour charismatic species such as eagles (Family: Accipitridae) and hornbills (Family: Bucerotidae) which suggests that this habitat is relatively important for birds.

Keywords: Avian; hydroelectric dam; Kenyir; logging; Malaysia

ABSTRAK Walaupun jumlah empangan hidro di seluruh dunia semakin meningkat, hanya segelintir kajian menilai kesannya terhadap kepelbagaian biologi. Berbanding dengan haiwan terestrial, burung dianggap kurang dipengaruhi oleh proses pembanjiran berikutan pengempangan. Di Empangan Hidroelektrik Hulu Terengganu di Semenanjung Malaysia, kami mengkaji dan membandingkan himpunan spesies dan kepelbagaian burung di dalam kawasan empangan (empangan dan kawasan tadahan) selepas pembalakan dan pembanjiran baru-baru ini berbanding dengan hutan berdekatan yang telah dibalak 30 tahun lalu. Dengan menggunakan teknik kiraan titik dan penjaringan, kami mencatatkan sejumlah 64 spesies (Indeks Shannon, H ‘ = 3.827) di kawasan empangan dan 91 spesies (H’ = 3.99) di hutan yang telah lama dibalak. Kekayaan spesies burung insektivor jauh lebih tinggi di hutan yang telah lama dibalak (Mann-Whitney: Z = 4.339, N = 205, p<0.005). Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa kekayaan dan kepelbagaian spesies burung menurun selepas fasa pembanjiran. Walau bagaimanapun, hutan di kawasan empangan masih dapat dijumpai spesies karismatik seperti helang (Famili: Accipitridae) dan enggang (Famili: Bucerotidae) yang turut menunjukkan bahawa habitat ini adalah penting untuk burung secara relatif.

Kata kunci: Burung; empangan hidroelektrik; Kenyir; Malaysia; pembalakan

INTRODUCTION forest fragments for the persistence of biodiversity, as More hydroelectric dams are being built to meet the energy smaller fragments potentially lose many of the resident demands of Malaysia’s rapidly growing human population. species more rapidly. Native forest species were also Although they can also contribute to flood prevention (Luis found to be confined to larger patches compared to et al. 2013), dams substantially alter the environment by smaller patches (Mohd-Taib et al. 2016), as these species reducing forest cover (Zhao et al. 2010). For example, the are particularly very sensitive to habitat disturbance inundation phase then fragments once continuous forests and deforestation (Maas et al. 2009; Sodhi et al. 2005). to form land bridge islands (i.e. former hilltops). However, Insectivorous birds, for example, are known to be most the impacts of the inundation following dam impoundment affected by habitat degradation, due to their specialized on biodiversity are not well-documented (Chikodzi et al. niches (Mansor & Sah 2012a) and thus are most affected 2013; Winemiller 2016). by resource depletion. In tropical forest, the impacts of forest fragmentation In Peninsular Malaysia, studies quantifying the have largely focused on taxa such as small mammals impacts of dams have been mainly conducted in the state (Gibson et al. 2013) and birds (Watson et al. 2004). These of Terengganu. For example, studies have investigated studies generally highlighted the importance of larger the impact of land-bridge islands on birds (Yong et al. 1646

2011), dung beetles (Qie et al. 2011) and butterflies 2015 within dam using a boat and in the historically-logged (Yong et al. 2012). These studies mainly assessed species forest on foot, for one week each. The observations were assemblages on the land-bridges islands after inundation carried out between 0700 and 1900 h every day. A total of phase. They found that larger islands had higher species 30 observation points were made at each site for duration richness than smaller islands, and the degree to which of 10 min each. Two observers were involved in the bird islands are isolated was also important. Smaller islands, count (FSMT and MSM). Species were identified with the aid nonetheless, harbored some species that were not present of a pair of binocular (10 × 42) and the estimated number in the larger islands, suggesting the importance of small of individuals was recorded. islands for bird species (Fischer & Lindenmayer 2002). Mist netting was conducted in August 2014 and As birds are very sensitive to habitat disturbance (Peh et January 2015 for one week each, at the historically- al. 2005; Yong 2009), the construction of dams and the logged forests and dam site (after inundation took place), resulting habitat loss may be detrimental to bird species respectively. Two locations were selected for mist netting assemblages. In fact, the occurrence of certain bird species (site A and B). A total of 20 mist nets were deployed along can reflect the quality and the condition of an ecosystem an established trail with a distance approximately 50 m (Leito & Kuresoo 2004). Yong et al. (2011) demonstrated apart in the forest surrounding the dam and similarly in the that insectivorous birds were highly affected by the area historically-logged forest. Each mist net was 2.5 × 9 × 4 of land-bridge islands. To the best of our knowledge, m in dimension, with a 36 mm Diamond mesh size and a however, no study has assessed the impact of the dam 3-pouch construction. The nets were opened at 0700 h and inundation phase on bird assemblages. closed at 1900 h and monitored every hour. The duration of Here, we investigated the impacts of dam inundation mist netting at the same locations was regulated to prevent on bird assemblages in the state of Terengganu, Peninsular birds from becoming familiar with the mist nets (Robbins Malaysia. We compared bird species richness and diversity et al. 1992). The birds caught were measured and ringed in the dam (recently logged forests within the reservoirs before released. Bird identification was aided by Robson and surrounding catchment) to that of a historically- (2008), while feeding guild information was obtained from logged forest. Our findings will not only determine the Mansor and Sah (2012b), Wells (1999, 2007), Wong (1986) feeding guild that is particularly vulnerable to inundation and Yong et al. (2011). process, but also contribute towards the management of bird assemblages in the newly built hydrodam. DATA ANALYSIS In order to characterize bird species distribution patterns MATERIALS AND METHODS at the two sites, we used non-parametric analysis, the Rank-abundance Curve (RAC) (Magurran 2004; Tokeshi STUDY AREA 1993). Species were arranged in sequence from the most to the least abundant along the x-axis, while log abundance We conducted our study in Puah Dam (60 km2) (N 05° 09’ was plotted on the vertical or y-axis. Model verification 61’’, E 102° 35’ 98’’), which is north of the existing Kenyir will use PAST software version 2.17c, which will give the Dam in Hulu Terengganu District, Terengganu, Malaysia Chi-square and p-value. Model with the lowest p-value (Figure 1). It is around 50 km from the Bandar Gua Musang will indicate the best model type. Using Ecosim software (T156) - Hulu Terengganu roadway and about 65 km west of version 7.71, individual-based rarefaction curves (Gotelli (Figure 1). The impounded river, Sungai & Colwell 2001) were generated separately for each Tembat is a tributary of the Sungai (River) Terengganu, sampling technique (Magurran 2004). Several indices where its tributaries rise in the mountainous interior of were calculated with PAST software. Shannon Index is the State of Terengganu, where it borders with the States a measure of diversity at a site and is influenced by the of and . The lower few kilometres of each number of species present and species uniformity. Chao- river above their confluence are inundated by the Kenyir 1 index gives an estimated species richness if sampling reservoir. is prolonged. To compare species compositions between Our study was conducted between August 2014 and both sites, we use Jaccard Similarity Indexes (JSI) using January 2015 after inundation took place in October 2014. MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) version 3.13b to We divided the study area into two sites: the dam and determine the degree of similarity in species composition the historically-logged forest, Sg. Deka (N 05° 01’ 81’’, in both sites. Each species was assigned to specific E 102° 53’ 40’’). The dam consists of the reservoir and feeding guild and significant differences between the surrounding forest catchment, while the historically-logged group abundance for both sites were determined using forest (logged 30 years ago) is located 20 km away from the Mann-Whitney U test. the Puah reservoir.

SAMPLING RESULTS Two sampling methods were used in our study: Point count A total of 120 species from 37 families were recorded and mist netting. Point-counts were conducted in January in both sites (Appendix A). The most dominant family 1647

FIGURE 1. Location of our study in Hulu Terengganu district of the state of Terengganu, in Peninsular Malaysia recorded at both sites was Timaliidae (16 species), a log-series model, Dam_A (χ2=0.088, p=0.767) and followed by Pycnonotidae (14 species), Nectariniidae Dam_B (χ2=0.169, p=0.6813), respectively. Based on (10 species) and Muscicapidae (8 species). The Black- point counts, a log-normal model was similarly observed headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus atriceps), Red-eye Bulbul for bird relative abundance patterns in the historically- (Pycnonotus brunneus) and Spectacled Bulbul (Pycnonotus logged forest, (χ2=0.9338, p=0.3339), but a log-normal erythrophthalmos) were relatively common in all study model (χ2=0.8456, p=0.358) was unexpectedly observed areas. The most abundant species recorded from mist- in the dam. netting were the Little Spiderhunter (Arachnothera Individual rarefaction curves for both mist netting longirostra) (n=42, 14.2% of total individuals recorded) and point counts were shown in Figure 3(a) and 3(b). and Grey-chested Spiderhunter (Arachnothera modesta) Species richness was higher in the historically-logged (n=26, 8.8%). Observation recorded Rhinocerous Hornbill forest than in the dam (91 vs. 63 or 64 (Table 1), but (Buceros rhinoceros) (n=15, 10.3%) and Great Hornbill there appeared to be no significant differences p( >0.05). (Buceros bicornis) (n=9, 6.2%) in both areas. Species Based on mist netting data, the rarefaction curve of the richness of birds was higher in the historically-logged historically-logged forest was reaching an asymptote, forest (91 species) compared to the dam, which only indicating high sampling efficiency compared to the dam. recorded 63 species. Interpolation point at 29th individual (which is the least number of individually captured in dam sites), showed SPECIES RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY PATTERN a slightly higher average species in dam (21.02±2.98), Rank abundance curves (RAC) for both mist netting and compared to the historically-logged forest (18.51±4.49) point counts (Figure 2(a) and 2(b)) shows two distinct species. Based on point count data, rarefaction curves relative abundance patterns at each sites. Based on mist show somewhat similar pattern in both sites. Once again, netting, bird relative abundance at the two sites in the the historically-logged forest had higher species richness historically-logged forest exhibited a log-normal model, compared to the dam. Interpolation at 83rd individual HLF_A (χ2=1.562, p=0.458) and HLF_B (χ2=2.905, showed a slightly higher average species richness at the p=0.088), respectively. Bird relative abundance patterns historically-logged forest with (38.29±2.71) compared at two locations in the dam, on the other hand, exhibited to the dam (33.85±2.15). 1648

(a)

(b)

FIGURE 2. Rank abundance curve for (a) mist netting and (b) point count sampling in historically-logged forests (HLF) and the dam

Shannon diversity index was slightly higher in the Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa dauurica), Blue-throated historically-logged forest (3.99) compared to the dam Flycatcher (Cyornis rubeculoides) and Common (3.849), but the dominance index was similar in the Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos). historically-logged forest (0.032) compared to dam area The Jaccard coeeficient showed a 28% similarity in (0.030). In contrast, the evenness index was lower (0.5942) species composition between the historically-logged forest in the historically-logged forest than dam area (0.7335). and the dam. A total of 35 species were shared between Chao-1 index estimated that species richness in dam area these two areas such as Great Hornbill, Black-bellied could reach up to 105 (Table 1) and 109 species in the Malkoha, Hill Myna and Large-billed Crow. Thirty species historically-logged forest. were exclusively recorded in the dam area, for instance, Grey-headed Canary-Flycatcher, Crested Goshawk and SPECIES COMPOSITION Japanese Sparrowhawk. In the historically-logged forest, Of the total 120 species recorded in our study, 84 species 56 species were exclusively recorded. are resident (R) with five species having both resident and Insectivorous birds were the most abundant feeding migrant status (R/M) and six migrant species (Appendix guild (53%), followed by omnivores (25%), carnivores A). Species that have both resident and migrant status (13%), frugivores (6%) and granivore (3%). Insectivorous were the Asian Dollarbird (Eurystomus orientalis), bird species were recorded more frequently in the Drongo cuckoo (Surniculus lugubris), Peregrine historically-logged forest (49 species) than the dam area Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Asian Paradise Flycatcher (28 species). Based on both sampling methods, insectivore (Terpsiphone paradise), Hill-blue Flycatcher (Cyornis species abundance was significantly higher in the banyumas) and Red-legged Crake (Rallina fasciata). historically-logged forest (Mann-Whitney: Z=4.339, Migrant species recorded were the Japanese Sparrowhawk n=205, p<0.005), but no significant differences were found (Accipiter gularis), Common kingfisher Alcedo( atthis), for other types of feeding guild. Oriental-dwarf Kingfisher (Ceyx erithacus), Asian 1649

(a)

(b)

FIGURE 3. Rarefaction curves for a) mist netting and b) point count sampling in historically-logged forest (HLF) and the dam

DISCUSSION Threatened Species (2017). Another 20 other species recorded from both site categories are listed as near To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first in threatened and the remaining species are listed as least Malaysia to quantify the richness and diversity of bird concern (Appendix A). assemblages in forests around hydrodam just after its Certain bird species are more easily detected in inundation phase. We found that bird species richness disturbed habitats, including recently logged forests and diversity in the relatively more disturbed dam area (Woltmann 2003). Our study showed that the dam was generally lower compared to a nearby historically- appears to harbour more species from Accipitridae and logged forest area that has not been logged in 30 years. Bucerotidae families following the inundation phase, but Based on our RAC analysis, the historically-logged forest less Passerines. Species from Accipitridae and Bucerotidae fitted well with the log-normal model, indicated a mature family were easily detected in the open environment of community with an ideal species distribution model the dam. It is interesting to note the dominant of hornbills (Magurran 2004; Sugihara 1980). On the other hand, dam species through point count observation in the dam. This sites illustrated a log-series model which indicated an early group of birds feed primarily on fruiting trees especially stage of succession with high species dominance (Fisher Ficus spp. (Wells 1999). The abundance of hornbills et al. 1943; Motomura 1932). This finding is concordant recorded during the inundation phase could be due to the with previous studies on avifaunal assemblages in forests fact that logging operations have avoided felling of fig of different degrees of disturbance (Hashim & Ramli trees, which are not highly valued in the timber industry 2013; Johns 1989; Peh et al. 2005; Thiollay 1997). A high due to their properties (Johns 1989). However, hornbill estimated species number at the dam area also suggests populations in the dam may decline over time because that ecological succession occurs following inundation. they can no longer find tall trees with cavities for nesting. This study also show that these sites harbour many Nevertheless, Ficus sp. in dam area appears to be attracting highly protected species, for instance, the Blue-banded frugivorous species from the Family Pycnonotidae and Kingfisher (Alcedo euryzona) is listed as critically sensitive species such as the Green Broadbill (Calyptomena endangered species according to the IUCN Red List of viridis), which is a forest-specialist bird. 1650

TABLE 1. Bird diversity indices from our sampling in historically-logged forests and the dam in our study area

Historically-logged forest Dam Taxa_S 91 63 Individuals 361 149 Dominance_D 0.03225 0.03022 Simpson_1-D 0.9677 0.9698 Shannon_H 3.99 3.849 Evenness_e^H/S 0.5942 0.7335 Fisher_alpha 39.15 42.53 Berger-Parker 0.1163 0.1007 Chao-1 109.5 105.3

Several species from family Accipitridae were pyrhropterum), Asian Paradise Flycatcher (Terpsiphone recorded perching and nesting at the tip of emergent trees paradise), Crested Jay (Platylophus galericulatus) and now submerged by the dam, such the Crested Goshawk White-crowned Forktail (Enicurus leschenaultia) were (Accipiter trivirgatus), Blyth’s Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus only recorded in the historically-logged forests. In some alboniger) and Japanese Sparrowhawk (Accipiter gularis). areas, the bird assemblages in maturing-logged over Some of these species are montane forest inhabitants, but forest may approach those of primary forests, even can now be found in hill-lowland forests. Our findings though it would be unlikely to reach the original species suggest that for now, certain species can still persist, but composition. Peh et al. (2005) reported that around 75% it remains to be seen whether the forests in the dam can of a bird species community was shared between logged support native forest species in the long run. and primary forest. Bulbuls (Family: Pycnonotidae) made up the largest Edge-forest species such as Rufescent prinia (Prinia proportion of the total species captured in both areas and rufescens) and open country species such as munias were several species from this family is commonly found in the commonly recorded in the historically-logged forests. dam area. Most bulbul species are resilient to disturbance However, the Little Spiderhunter and Grey-breasted and are also considered as open country birds, which utilize Spiderhunter were two most dominant species in this open areas, such as parks, gardens and plantations. They are habitat. Spiderhunters feed on wild bananas (Musaceae), well-known as colonizing species and prefer to inhabit the gingers (Zingiberaceae) and herbaceous plants that easily logged forest. They are frugivores but also feed on insects, grow shortly after logging (Johns 1989). The absence of which has proven to be advantageous because they can these species in the dam indicates that the forests are at a tolerate seasonal variation in fruit abundance in logged very early stage of regeneration. forests (Wong 1986). The presence of fruit-eating birds may also speed up the recovery and successional process EFFECTS OF DAM INUNDATION OF DAM ON in regenerating forests through seed dispersal (Carlo & BIRD FEEDING GUILDS Morales 2016). Secondary forests offer a wider variety of niches and higher Sensitive forest-dependent birds such as Timaliidae levels of plant and insect diversity due to structurally (Babblers) and Muscicapidae (Flycatchers) were poorly complex habitat (Miller et al. 2004). The abundance of represented in the dam. Babbler species are forest- food resources (flowers, fruits, arthropods) most likely dependent insectivores and have a low tolerance to habitat influence bird species richness and individual abundance loss and degradation (Yong 2009). Flycatcher species such in forests (Wong 1986). Our study demonstrated that as Cyornis spp. are also more sensitive to disturbance insectivores were the more dominant feeding guild in the than other genera (Lambert 1992). The presence of the historically-logged forests compared to the dam. Zakaria et Blue-throated Flycatcher (Cyornis rubeculoides) in the al. (2005) found that insectivorous bird species are usually historically-logged forest albeit in low relative abundance, adversely affected by logging activities and are therefore suggests that the forest is maturing and if left undisturbed suitable indicators of forest health. The low detection could attract more forest-specialist species. The absence rates of insectivorous birds in disturbed habitats were also of such species in the dam reflects the loss of understorey reported by many studies (Bregman et al. 2014; Canaday vegetation and foraging substrata as well as associated 1997; Powell et al. 2015; Şekercioğlu et al. 2002; Sodhi preferred insect prey (Robinson 1969). et al. 2004). However, some bird guilds are more mobile The after-effects of logging on birds have been and less susceptible to logging, as they might be using documented in the literature. Johns (1989) stated that different patches of (logged) forests for different resource logging will have an impact on bird population for 12 years needs. Certain frugivores and nectarivores species, for post-logging, particularly on native forest bird species. example, may successfully forage in disturbed habitats Species such as Rufous-winged Philentoma (Philentoma at intermediate intensities, where food is more abundant, 1651 while still nesting in primary forests (van Heezik & Seddon The case of Ruti Dam in Zimbabwe. Greener Journal of 2012). Thus, the abundance and richness of food resources, Environmental Management and Public Safety 2(1): 16-21. (e.g. fruits, seeds, insects and nectar) is a key in influencing Fisher, R.A., Corbet, A.S. & Williams, C.B. 1943. The relationship between the number of species and the number the diversity and richness of bird guilds. of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12: 42-58. CONCLUSION Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B. 2002. 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Ecology Letters 4: 379-391. in species distribution in the dam areas, particularly at the Hashim, E. & Ramli, R. 2013. Comparative study of understorey newly formed islands are critical to determining the species birds diversity inhabiting lowland rainforest virgin jungle turnover in the dam. Information regarding altitudinal reserve and regenerated forest. The Scientific World Journal ranges and other parameters of bird distributions are 2013: 1-7. also required, such as habitat needs, foraging behaviour Johns, A.D. 1989. Recovery of a Peninsular Malaysian rainforest and habitat changes on ground-dwelling species, such as avifauna following selective timber logging: The first 12 pheasants. Assessing the defining factors that govern the years. Forktail 4: 89-105. Lambert, F.R. 1992. 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LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT NT NT CR IUCN Status I I I I I I I I I I I I F F F F C C C C C C C C C C O O G O O G G guilds Feeding R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M M

R/M R/M Status F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F NF NF NF NF NF types Forest dependency 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 7 1 0 5 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 OBS 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 MN2 Dam site 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MN1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 4 0 3 3 5 1 0 3 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OBS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 1 4 1 MN2 Old-logged site 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 MN1 Common Name Hawk-Eagle Blyth’s Crested Serpent-Eagle Japanese Sparrowhawk Crested Goshawk Changeable Hawk-eagle Common kingfisher Blue-banded Kingfisher Blue-eared Kingfisher Oriental-dwarf Kingfisher Rufous-backed Kingfisher Rhinoceros Hornbill Great hornbill Scarlet Minivet Shrike Wood Large Blue-winged Leafbird Green Iora Lesser Green Leafbird Rufescent Prinia Emerald Dove Asian Dollarbird Crow Large-billed Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo Crested Jay Black-bellied Malkoha Drongo cuckoo Plaintive Cuckoo Rusty-breasted Cuckoo Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Flowerpecker Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker Yellow-vented White-bellied Munia White-rumped Munia A. Summary statistics of birds recorded in historically-logged forests and the dam our study areas APPENDIX Scientific Name Spizaetus alboniger Spilornis cheela Accipiter gularis Accipiter trivirgatus Spizaetus cirrhatus Alcedo atthis Alcedo euryzona Alcedo meninting Ceyx erithacus Ceyx rufidorsa rhinoceros Buceros bicornis Buceros flammeus Pericrocotus gularis Tephrodornis cochinchinensis Chloropsis Aegithinia viridissima cyanopogon Chloropsis Prinia rufescens Chalcophaps indica Eurystomus orientalis Corvus macrorhynchos Dicrurus paradiseus Platylophus galericulatus Phaenicophaeus diardi Surniculus lugubris Cacomantis variolosus Cacomantis sepulcralis Prionochilus percussus Dicaeum trigonostigma Prionochilus maculatus Dicaeum chrysorrheum Lonchura leucogastra Lonchura maja Family ACCIPITRIDAE ALCEDINIDAE BUCEROTIDAE CAMPEPHAGIDAE CHLOROPSEIDAE CISTICOLIDAE COLUMBIDAE CORACIIDAE CORVIDAE DICRURIDAE CUCULIDAE DICAEDIAE ESTRILDIDAE 1654 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT NT NT VU IUCN Status I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I F C C O O O O O O O O O O O guilds Feeding R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M M M R/M R/M R/M R/M Status F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F NF types Forest dependency 3 1 1 2 1 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 OBS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MN2 Dam site 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MN1 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 OBS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 12 MN2 Old-logged site 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 7 24 30 MN1 Common Name Broadbill Black-and-Yellow Green Broadbill Black and Red Broadbill Peregrine Falcon Grey-rumped Treewift Whiskered Treeswift Shrike Tiger Red-throated Barbet Asian Paradise Flycatcher Asian Brown Flycatcher Blue-throated Flycatcher Brown-chested Jungle Flycatcher Flycatcher Jungle Fulvous-chested Grey-chested Flycatcher Hill-blue Flycatcher Pale-blue Flycatcher Flycatcher Verditer Plain Sunbird Brown-Throated Sunbird Sunbird Temminck’s Crimson Sunbird Grey-breasted Spiderhunter Little Spiderhunter Long-billed Spiderhunter Purple-naped Sunbird Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Streaky-breasted Spiderhunter Dark-throated Oriole Woodpecker Buff-rumped Maroon Woodpecker Orange-backed Woodpecker Woodpecker Buff-necked Rufous Piculet Rufous-winged Philentoma Eurylaimus ochromalus Calyptomena viridis macrorhynchos Cymbirhynchus Falco peregrinus longipennis Hemiprocne comata Hemiprocne Lanius tigrinus Megalaima mystacophanos paradisi Terpsiphone Muscicapa dauurica Cyornis rubeculoides Rhinomyias brunneatus Rhinomyias olivacea Rhinomyias umbratilis Cyornis banyumas Cyornis unicolor Eumyias thalassinus simplex Anthreptes malacensis Anthreptes Aethopyga temminckii Aethopyga siparaja Arachnothera modesta Arachnothera longirostra Arachnothera robusta Hypogramma hypogrammicum singalensis Anthreptes Arachnothera affinis Oriolus xanthonotus Meiglyptes tristis Blythipicus rubiginosus validus Reinwardtipicus Meiglyptes tukki Sasia abnormis Philentoma pyrhropterum Scientific Name A APPENDIX ontinue EURYLAIMIDAE FALCONIDAE HEMIPROCNIDAE LANIIDAE MEGALAIMIDAE MONARCHIDAE MUSCICAPIDAE NECTARINIIDAE ORIOLIDAE PICIDAE PRIONOPIDAE Family C 1655 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT IUCN Status I I I I I I I I F F C C C O O O O O O O O O O O O O guilds Feeding R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M M R/M Status F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF types Forest dependency 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 2 4 2 3 0 3 5 0 0 0 3 3 4 0 0 OBS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 MN2 Dam site 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 MN1 3 0 0 0 2 1 4 0 0 0 5 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 2 2 0 5 OBS 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 3 1 0 1 4 MN2 Old-logged site 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 7 1 6 0 MN1 Common Tailorbird Arctic Warbler Warbler Two-barred Ashy Tailorbird Dark-necked tailorbird Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Hill Myna Collared Scops-Owl Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Common Sandpiper Pied Fantail Red-legged Crake Black-headed Bulbul Bulbul Buff-vented Cream-vented Bulbul Grey-bellied Bulbul Grey-eyed Bulbul Streak Bulbul Red-eyed Bulbul Bulbul Puff-backed Olive-winged Bulbul Hairy-backed Bulbul Spectacled Bulbul Stripe-throated Bulbul Bulbul Yellow-bellied Bulbul Yellow-vented Common Name Scientific Name Orthotomus sutorius Phylloscopus borealis Phylloscopus trochiloides Orthotomus ruficeps Orthotomus atrogularis Orthomotus sericeus Gracula religiosa Otus bakkamoena Culicicapa ceylonensis Actitis hypoleucos Rhipidura javanica Rallina fasciata Pycnonotus atriceps Iole olivacae Pycnonotus simplex Pycnonotus cyaniventris Iole propinqua Ixos malaccensis Pycnonotus brunneus Pycnonotus eutilotus Pycnonotus plumosus criniger Tricholestes Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos Pycnonotus finlaysoni Alophoixus phaeocephalus Pycnonotus goiavier A APPENDIX ontinue Family SYLVIDAE STURNIDAE STRIGIDAE STENOSTIRIDAE SCOLOPACIDAE RHIPIDURIDAE RALILIDAE PYCNONOTIDAE C 1656 LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT IUCN Status I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I C O O guilds Feeding R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R M M Status F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F types Forest dependency 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OBS 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MN2 Dam site 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 MN1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OBS 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 MN2 Old-logged site 3 1 4 4 2 1 1 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 15 13 MN1 Common Name Abbott’s Babbler Abbott’s Black-capped Babbler Babbler Buff-breasted Chestnut-winged Babbler Ferruginous Babbler Tit-Babbler Fluffy-backed Grey-headed Babbler Grey-throated Babbler Moustached Babbler Rufous-crowned Babbler Short-tailed Babbler Scaly-Crowned Babbler Sooty-capped Babbler Pin-striped Tit-babbler White-bellied Yuhina White-chested Babbler Orange-breasted Trogon Trogon Diard’s Scarlet-Rumped Trogon Chestnut-naped Forktail Orange-Headed Thrush Siberian Blue Robin White-crowned Forktail White-rumped Shama Oriental Bay-owl Oriental White-eye White-Eye Everett’s Scientific Name Trichastoma abbotti Trichastoma Pellorneum capistratum tickelli Trichastoma Stachyris erythroptera bicolor Trichastoma ptilosus Macronous Stachyris poliocephala Stachyris nigriceps magnirostre Malacopteron magnum Malacopteron Malacocincla malaccensis cinereum Malacopteron affine Malacopteron gularis Macronous Erpornis zantholeuca rostratum Trichastoma Harpactes oreskios Harpactes diardii Harpactes duvaucelii Enicurus ruficapillus Zoothera citrina Luscinia cyane Enicurus leschenaulti Copsychus malabaricus Phodilus badius palpebrosus Zosterops everetti Zosterops A APPENDIX ontinue Family TIMALIIDAE TROGONIDAE TURDIDAE TYTONIDAE ZOSTEROPIDAE C Method: MN=mist-netting, OBS=point count observation; Forest dependency type: F=forest birds, NF= non-forest birds; Status: R=resident, R/M=resident/migrant, M= migrant; Feeding Guild: I=insectivores, F=frugivores, O=omnivores, C=carnivores, O=omnivores, F=frugivores, I=insectivores, Guild: Feeding migrant; M= R/M=resident/migrant, R=resident, Status: birds; non-forest NF= birds, F=forest type: dependency Forest observation; count OBS=point MN=mist-netting, Method: LC= least concern G=granivores; IUCN status: CR=critically endangered, NT=near-threatened,