The Deadly World of Fake Drugs

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Deadly World of Fake Drugs The Deadly World of Fake Drugs This document provides an overview of the many seizures of fake drugs around the globe. Compiling data from the manufacture, sale, and distribution of fake and substandard drugs from over 100 countries, this document illustrates the global nature of the trade, and highlights the riskiest regions. While it is impossible to determine the scale of the problem, the examples below illustrate that the trade in fake and poor-quality medicines is far too large, and far too deadly, to be ignored. The Deadly World of Fake Drugs The burden of fake and substandard drugs is not evenly distributed across the globe. Even where reporting systems are weak and the media is not free, most reported instances of substandard medicines occur in poorer countries, where poor regulation allows criminals to easily infiltrate weak supply chains. Although rich nations face fewer breakdowns in their regulation and supply systems, they are certainly not safe from this threat. This document provides a plethora of examples of the manufacture, sale, and distribution of fake and substandard drug examples from all over the world. Where possible, data has been summarized to report problems at the continental, regional and national levels. Although no comprehensive data on the magnitude of the counterfeit drug trade exists, this document illustrates the breadth, depth, and danger of the problem globally. Many of these examples were compiled from local news sources. Countries without a free press may not appear at all in the following pages, but it is doubtful that the lack of evidence reflects an inconsequential number of substandard drugs. It is much more likely that these locations have a major problem with counterfeit and substandard drugs but data for these locations are simply unavailable. Evidence we do have suggests that counterfeit products are as much a problem in locations without a free press as they are elsewhere. In fact, in some countries like North Korea, counterfeiting operations are part of a vast, government-sponsored enterprise. Some stories of major counterfeiting rings involve numerous countries. Since the reader may only be interested in a specific countries, key statistics from the study are quoted in each location they pertain to, resulting in some overlap. Finally, because of the nature of the literally hundreds of sources cited in this section, it is inevitable that there will be a confusion of definitions. What one reporter, government agency, police statement, pharmaceutical company, academic researcher and others may call a fake product, their peers may not. For this reason, the reports in this chapter should not be viewed as necessarily comparable. In some instances it is possible to tell the claims made apart but overall it is not, and therefore is rarely attempted. With this major caveat in mind, this document hopefully provides a useful detail of the widespread and dangerous nature of dangerous medicines. Emily Putze, Eva Conway, Maura Reilly and Olivia Madrid helped compile this document. I. Developed Countries North America Counterfeit medication is a recognized and well-documented problem in the United States. A major case recorded in 1937, involved the deaths of than one hundred Americans after consuming medicine that contained the dangerous solvent diethylene glycol.1 Since then, a great deal of information has been gathered with regard to the prevalence of fake drugs in the United States, including extensive enforcement records, media reports and comprehensive studies. But while the size of the market is certainly lower than one percent, exactly how much lower is impossible to determine. In 2003, the Pharmaceutical Security Institute (PSI), a partnership of pharmaceutical companies, reported the value of seized counterfeit and diverted drugs in the United States to be roughly USD 200 million.2 Since 2003, most sources indicate the value has increased. The most commonly counterfeited drugs are “lifestyle” drugs, including erectile dysfunction medications, weight loss drugs, Botox, and hair regeneration products. In addition, psychotropic drugs, high-cholesterol treatments, AIDS medications, and more common medicines such as aspirin and anti-histamines are also frequently counterfeited. Most of the counterfeit and substandard drugs found in the United States are probably purchased online, but fakes have managed to infiltrate the legitimate supply chain as well. For instance, in early 2001, counterfeit Serostim, an AIDS drug, was found in two California pharmacies, and in 2003, fake Lipitor (a medication for high cholesterol) was discovered in pharmacies across the US. 3,4 While locally produced counterfeits have been discovered, drug seizures indicate that the majority of fakes are either imported from countries like China and India or smuggled across the Mexican and Canadian borders. Several agencies, including the US FDA’s Counterfeit Drug Task Force, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), and Customs and Border Protection, regularly conduct seizures of counterfeit pharmaceuticals. In a notable drug bust in 2004, customs seized 3,000 packages of suspected counterfeits. 180 of the packages were analyzed, revealing that 67 percent contained drugs that either were never approved by the FDA or had been withdrawn from the US market for safety 1 Bate, Roger. “Making A Killing: The Deadly Implications of the Counterfeit Drug Trade.” AEI Press (2008), available at http://www.aei.org/docLib/20080520_MakingaKillingnew.pdf (accessed Mar 5 2010). 2 Buzzeo, Ronald W. “Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals and the Public Health.” The Wall Street Journal (Oct 4 2005), available at: http://online.wsj.com/ad/article/cigna/SB112838268960659014.html?mod=sponsored_by_cigna (accessed Mar 5 2010). 3 Appleby, Julie. “Fake Drugs Show Up in US Pharmacies.” USA Today (Mar 14 2003), available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2003-05-14-fakedrug-cover_x.htm (accessed Mar 5 2010). 4 “FDA Uncovers More Fake Lipitor.” USA Today (Jun 3 2003), available at http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-06-03-fake-lipitor_x.htm (accessed Apr 9 2010). reasons. 28 percent contained controlled substances banned from importation, and 5 percent of the packages contained no API.5 In November 2009, a national crackdown uncovered nearly 800 packages of alleged fake or suspicious prescription drugs (including Viagra for erectile dysfunction), Vicodin (a pain reliever), and Claritin (an anti-histamine)), and 68 allegedly unauthorized online pharmacies were shut down. Some of the drugs had as much as three times the amount of API than is typically prescribed, while others contained no API at all or consisted of harmful substances like drywall material, antifreeze and yellow highway paint.6 Enforcement officials are especially alert in places with high levels of international travel. For example, in Miami, investigators found ten different types of counterfeit drugs in the period from 2001 to 2003. Among these drugs were anemia medications Procrit and Epogen, a schizophrenia drug Zyprexa, an antifungal Diflucan, and AIDS drugs Serostim, Combivir and Retrovir.7 In October 2009, a shipment containing 21,600 Viagra pills was seized at Miami International Airport, and was determined to contain counterfeits that originated in India.8 In addition to drug seizures, there have been many convictions of counterfeiters in the US. In January 2009, a Chinese man was sentenced to 6½ years in prison for distributing counterfeit and misbranded medicines.9 Later that year, a Dallas man was convicted for conspiring to distribute counterfeit erectile dysfunction drugs and received a maximum sentence of 10 years in federal prison and a USD 250,000 fine.10 The most common way that counterfeit and substandard drugs infiltrate the US market is probably through the Internet, usually from international sources. A 2004 study by the US Government Accountability Office found that four out of twenty-one medicines ordered from websites outside the United States or Canada were counterfeit.11 None of the foreign pharmacies—located in a range of countries, including Argentina, Costa Rica, India, Spain, and 5 Spake, Amanda. “Fake Drugs, Real Worries.” U.S. News & World Report (Sep 12 2004), available at http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/articles/040920/20internet.htm (accessed Mar 5 2010). 6 Mui, Ylan Q. “Crackdown Targets Counterfeit Drugs.” The Washington Post (Nov 20 2009), available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/19/AR2009111904229.html (accessed Mar 5 2010). 7 Appleby, Julie. “Fake Drugs Show Up in US Pharmacies.” USA Today (Mar 14 2003), available at http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/health/drugs/2003-05-14-fakedrug-cover_x.htm (accessed Mar 5 2010). 8 “Fake Viagra Seized in Miami.” The CNN Wire (Oct 23 2009), available at http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2009/10/23/fake-viagra-seized-in-miami/ (accessed Feb 23 2011). 9 “Dallas Man Convicted for Distributing Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Drugs.” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Mar 23 2009), available at http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/0903/090320portland.htm (accessed Feb 23 2011). 10 “Dallas Man Convicted for Distributing Counterfeit Pharmaceutical Drugs.” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Mar 23 2009), available at http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/0903/090320portland.htm (accessed Feb 23 2011). 11 “Internet Pharmacies: Some Pose Safety Risks for Consumers.” United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee
Recommended publications
  • LIBERIA War in Lofa County Does Not Justify Killing, Torture and Abduction
    LIBERIA War in Lofa County does not justify killing, torture and abduction “One of the ATU [Anti-Terrorist Unit] told the others ‘He is going to give us information on the rebel business’. They took me to Gbatala. I saw many holes in which prisoners were held. I could hear them crying, calling for help and lamenting that they were hungry and they were dying.” Testimony of a young man detained at Gbatala military base in August 2000. Introduction The continuation of hostilities in Liberia cannot be used as a justification for killing, torture and abduction. Unarmed civilians are again the main victims of fighting in Liberia – a country still bearing the scars of its seven-year civil war when massive human rights abuses were committed by all sides with impunity. Since mid-2000, dozens of civilians have allegedly been extrajudicially executed and more than 100 civilians, including women, have been tortured by the Anti-Terrorist Unit (ATU) and other Liberian security forces. People have been tortured while held incommunicado, especially at the military base in Gbatala, central Liberia, and the ATU cells behind the Executive Mansion, the office of the presidency in Monrovia, the capital. Women and young girls have been raped by the security forces. All these victims were suspected of backing the armed incursions by Liberian armed opposition groups from Guinea into Lofa County, the northern region of Liberia bordering with Guinea and Sierra Leone. The security forces have mostly targeted members of the Mandingo ethnic group whom they associate with ULIMO-K 1 , a predominantly Mandingo warring faction in the 1989-1996 Liberian civil war, accused by the Liberian government of being responsible for the armed incursions into Lofa County in 1999, notably in April and August of that year and since July 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 ACQ Selected Philippines Serials Newspapers FY 2014
    SELECTED PHILIPPINES SERIALS AND NEWSPAPERS FY 2014 SERIALS ANNUAL ANNUAL UNIT PRICE NO LCCN TITLE CAPSEA FREQUENCY LAST ISSUE RECEIVED SUBSCRIPTION SUBSCRIPTION (PHP) (PHP) (USD) 1 P-2003-711812 ALAYA 01 02 09 23 40 Annual VOL.06 (2010-2011) 495.00 495.00 12.07 2 P-98-642795 AMCHAM BUSINESS JOURNAL 01 02 09 43 39 Monthly VOL.88 NO.03 (MAR. 2013) 395.00 4,740.00 115.61 3 P-92-655149 ANI (MANILA, PHILIPPINES) 01 02 23 40 Annual TOME 37 (2012) 504.00 504.00 12.29 ANIMAL SCENE : A MANILA BULLETIN 4 2005-436447 02 Monthly VOL.13 NO.02 (APR. 2013) 160.00 1,920.00 46.83 PUBLICATION ASIA LIFE SCIENCES : THE ASIAN 5 sn94-030361 01 3M Semi-annual VOL.19 NO.01 (JAN.-JUNE 2010) 1,500.00 3,000.00 73.17 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LIFE SCIENCES ASIAN AND PACIFIC MIGRATION JOURNAL : 6 P-94-941269 01 23 40 Quarterly VOL.21 NO.04 (2012) 270.00 1,080.00 26.34 APMJ 7 P-2012-325396 ASIAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH 3M Annual VOL.02 (JAN. 2012) 1,500.00 1,500.00 36.59 8 P-91-946781 ATENEO LAW JOURNAL 01 37 Quarterly VOL.57 NO.02 (SEPT. 2012) 600.00 2,400.00 58.54 9 P-77-642939 BANNAWAG 02 06 09 43 Weekly ABRIL 29, 2013 35.00 1,820.00 44.39 10 P-2001-201014 BISAYA 02 06 09 15 39 Weekly MAYO O1, 2013 35.00 1,820.00 44.39 11 P-2001-307751 BLUPRINT (PASIG CITY, MANILA, PHILIPPINES) 01 02 43 Bi-monthly VOL.06 (2012) 285.00 1,710.00 41.71 12 P-97-946781 BUDHI (MANILA, PHILIPPINES) 01 02 04 23 32 Semi-annual VOL.16 NO.02 (AUG.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippines: Reports of Corruption and Bribery
    Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIR's | Help 24 August 2006 PHL101564.E Philippines: Reports of corruption and bribery within the police force; government response; frequency of convictions of members of the police force accused of criminal activity (2004 - 2006) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa The Report on the Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer 2004 revealed that Filipinos considered the police to be the most corrupt institution or sector in their country (TI 9 Dec. 2004, 11). The following year, the police dropped to second place in the ranking of corrupt institutions as perceived by the public, behind political parties and the legislature, which tied for first place (ibid. 9 Dec. 2005, 18). Starting in 2000, surveys of efforts made by public and private agencies to combat corruption were conducted by the Quezon City- based non-profit social research organization, Social Weather Stations (SWS n.d.). The results indicated that the Philippine National Police (PNP) received a "bad" rating in 2005, a rating it retained in 2006 (Manila Standard 7 July 2006; The Manila Times 8 July 2006). Both Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and the chief director of the PNP, Edgar Aglipay, have acknowledged that corruption is a problem within the police force (Philippines 17 July 2003; INQ7 3 Jan. 2005; Manila Standard 11 Dec. 2004). In a 2003 statement, President Arroyo called police corruption a "serious problem" that was negatively affecting national security (Philippines 17 July 2003), while Aglipay remarked that "persistent allegations" of police corruption were contributing to a "crisis of confidence" within the force (INQ7 3 Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests--2014
    The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014 Thomas Lum Specialist in Asian Affairs Ben Dolven Specialist in Asian Affairs May 15, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R43498 The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014 Summary The United States and the Republic of the Philippines maintain close ties stemming from the U.S. colonial period (1898-1946), the bilateral security alliance bound by the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1951, and common strategic and economic interests. In the past decade, the Philippines has been one of the largest recipients of U.S. foreign assistance in Southeast Asia, including both military and development aid. Many observers say that U.S. public and private support to the Philippines following Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), which struck the central part of the country on November 8, 2013, bolstered the already strong bilateral relationship. Although the United States closed its military bases in the Philippines in 1992, the two sides have maintained security cooperation. Joint counterterrorism efforts, in which U.S. forces play a non- combat role, have helped to reduce Islamist terrorist threats in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the southern Philippines. During the past year, Washington and Manila have held discussions on the framework for an increased, non-permanent U.S. military presence in the Philippines. Since 2012, the Philippines has played a key role in the Obama Administration’s “rebalancing” of foreign policy priorities to Asia, particularly as maritime territorial disputes between China and other claimants in the South China Sea have intensified. The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Philippines Remains at High Risk of Atrocity Crimes Due to President Duterte’S Anti-Drug War Operations
    Philippines Asia Pacific Regional Outlook, May 2018 Philippines -Very High Risk/Ongoing Atrocity Crimes The Philippines remains at high risk of atrocity crimes due to President Duterte’s anti-drug war operations. Martial law in Mindanao was extended for a year after its expiration end of December 2017 as a result of continuing threats from ISIS-affiliated local extremists. The Philippines’ decision in March to withdraw as a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has serious and negative implications for future atrocity prevention and is a clear setback. The decision does not, however, affect the Court’s jurisdiction over atrocity crimes submitted prior to the country’s withdrawal. The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) took over the anti-drug war from the Philippine National Police (PNP) in October 2017, contributing to a significant decrease in killings involving civilians. In his first 100 days since taking over as head of the PDEA in September, Aaron Aquino reported zero deaths in 3,476 drug-related operations, which resulted in 1,321 arrests and seizure of over $200 million worth of drugs by end of December 2017. [1] Although the police forces were brought back in December as part of the PDEA operations, the number drug related killings are likely to remain low given certain changes in the anti-drug operations involving the police. In January, the PNP announced that anti-drug police operations in coordination with the PDEA will only be conducted during daytime and on weekdays, focus on high-value targets (drug pushers instead of users), require policemen to wear body cameras, and will include human rights officers or civil society advocates as part of the team.[2] Despite the new strategy adopted by the PNP, some 65 people were killed as of 14 February according to a lawyer’s group against EJKs.[3] However, a US State Department drug official said that he is cautiously optimistic about the improvement in human rights in the Philippines as he noted that the trend in drug-related killings has been declining.
    [Show full text]
  • NSM Media Statistics Awards Criteria Month (NSM)
    30th National 9th NSM Media Statistics Awards Criteria Month (NSM) Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority I. About the National Statistics Month Media Awards 1.1 National Statistics Month (N SM) Pursuant to Presidential Proclamation No. 647, “Declaring the Month of October of Every Year as the National Statistics Month”, the NSM is annually observed nationwide. The NSM aims to (a) promote, enhance, and instill awareness and appreciation of the importance and value of statistics to the different sectors of the society and (b) elicit the cooperation and support of the general public in upgrading the quality and standards of statistics in the country. Coinciding with the 14 th National Convention on Statistics, t his year’s 30 th NSM will carry the theme, “Data Innovation: Key to a Better Nation” which signifies the importance of innovation in the provision of quality statistics. Among the various activities of the month -long celebration is recognizing the contribution of media practitioners in the use and widening of public understanding of official statistics. 1.2 NSM Media Awards The NSM Media Awards aims to recognize the significant role and contributions of the media in promoting and popularizing official statistical information and in their advocacy in featuring data services from the Philippine Statistical System in television , print, and in online news service. Page 2 of 8 Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority II. Type of Awards Categories Type of Award Coverage 1. Individual Best Statistical Special feature or editorial type Reporting in Print of articles published in print Media media 2. Individual Best Statistical Special feature or editorial type Reporting in of articles published only in Online Media ¹ online media.
    [Show full text]
  • Filming Illegals : Clandestine Translocation and the Representation of Bare Life / Lars Eckstein
    Philosophische Fakultät Lars Eckstein Filming Illegals Clandestine Translocation and the Representation of Bare Life Suggested citation referring to the original publication: Eckstein, Lars: Filming Illegals : Clandestine Translocation and the Representation of Bare Life / Lars Eckstein. in: Marga Munkelt, Markus Schmitz, Mark Stein, Silke Stroh (Hrsg.): Postcolonial Translocations : Cultural Representation and Critical Spatial Thinking. – Amsterdam : Rodopi Press, 2013. – S. 353–368 ISBN 978-90-420-3631-4 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-94-012-0901-4 (E-Book) Preprint published at the Institutional Repository of the Potsdam University: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-85491 Universität Potsdam Filming Illegals: Clandestine Translocation and the Representation of Bare Life Lars Eckstein Filming Illegals Clandestine Translocation and the Representation of Bare Life Universität Potsdam University of Potsdam 2016 Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-85491 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-85491 1 Filming Illegals Clandestine Translocation and the Representation of Bare Life Lars Eckstein 1. Introduction In this essay, I wish to exemplarily discuss the problematic of representing ‘illegal’ immigrants by investigating two very different attempts to capture their predicament in British film. Human ‘illegality’ is not a marginal phenomenon; in summer 2005, the British government estimated that around 430,000 people lived in Britain entirely off the
    [Show full text]
  • Journalism , Media and the Challenge of Human Rights
    JOURNALISM, MEDIA AND THE CHALLENGE OF HUMAN RIGHTS REPORTING The International Council on Human Rights Policy The International Council on Human Rights Policy was established in Geneva in 1998 to conduct applied research into current human rights issues. Its research is designed to be of practical relevance to policy- makers in international and regional organisations, in governments and intergovernmental agencies, and in voluntary organisations of all kinds. The Council is independent, international in its membership, and participatory in its approach. It is registered as a non-profit foundation under Swiss law. Additional information about the Council, and other research projects it is undertaking, can be found at the end of this document. Journalism, media and the challenge of human rights reporting The International Council on Human Rights Policy wishes to thank the Ford Foundation (New York), the Swedish International Development Co- operation Agency (SIDA), the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DANIDA), the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Human Rights (New York), OXFAM (United Kingdom) and Christian Aid (United Kingdom) for their financial support of the Council and of this research. Journalism, media and the challenge of human rights reporting © 2002, International Council on Human Rights Policy © Copyright 2002 International Council on Human Rights Policy 48, chemin du Grand-Montfleury, POB 147, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland Journalism, Media and the Challenge of Human Rights Reporting, 2002, International Council on Human Rights Policy, Versoix, Switzerland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic mail, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • FRANZ P. VILLARUEL Off Er-In-Charge Administrative Division
    Republic of the Philippines Department of Finance INSURANCE COMMISSION 1071 United Nations Avenue Manila CERTIF1ED ISO 9001: 2008 CN: AINI6-0061 REQUEST FOR QUOTATION The Insurance Commission (IC) invites all interested suppliers to participate and submit their sealed quotations for the Subscription and Delivery of Various Local and Foreign Newspapers and Magazines for the Fiscal Year 2018-2019, subject to the conditions stated in the Terms of Reference. NAME OF PROJECT Subscription and Delivery of Various Local and Foreign Newspapers and Magazines for the F.Y. 2018-2019 by the Insurance Commission PURCHASE REQUEST 2018-08-266 REF. NO. LOCATION Insurance Commission Building, 1071 United Nations Avenue, Ermita, Manila APPROVED BUDGET Three Hundred Sixty Thousand Pesos FOR THE CONTRACT Only (Php 360,000.00) inclusive of tax DATE/TIME OF Ap August 2018, 2:00 p.m. OPENING OF SEALED QUOTATION/S An interested party's SEALED QUOTATION with the enclosed REPLY SLIP, including the required documents, must be submitted in person not later than 2:00 P.M., f August 2018 to the Administrative Division - Records Section. Contact Person: Mr. Edmar D.J. Ignacio; IC Administrative Officer I Mr. John Philip C. Cuenta; IC Administrative Assistant I Office Address: Ground Floor, Insurance Commission Building 1071 United Nations Avenue, Ermita, Manila Telephone Nos.: (02) 523-8461 to 70, local 123 E-Mail: [email protected] / [email protected] FRANZ P. VILLARUEL Off er-in-Charge Administrative Division Head Office; P.O. Box 3589 Manila FAX No. 522-14-34 Tel. Nos. 523-84-61 to 70 Website: www.insurance.gov.ph Republic of the Philippines Department of Finance INSURANCE COMMISSION 1071 United Nations Avenue CERTW1ED Manila ISO 9001: 2008 CS: .k.l.k16-0061 TERMS AND CONDITIONS ON THE SUBSCRIPTION OF NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES FOR F.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Philippine Press System
    This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Freedom lost, freedom won : a study of the Philippine press system Fernandez, Doreen G. 1988 Fernandez, D. G. (1988). Freedom lost, freedom won : a study of the Philippine press system. In Consultation on Press Systems in Asean : Jarkarta, 23‑26 August, 1988. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/86135 Downloaded on 07 Oct 2021 15:34:22 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Freedom Lost, Freedom Won : A Study Of The Philippine Press System By Doreen G Fernandez Paper No.9 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library :,y -^ /^ 10 FREEDOM LOST, FREEDOM HON: A STUDY OF THE PHILIPPINE PRESS SYSTEM Doreen G. Fernandez Ateneo de Manila University Philippines © A paper written for the Consultation on "Press Systems in ASEAN" Jakarta, Indonesia, August 23 - 26, 1988 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Acknowledgement: This paper was greatly enriched by advice and information from Eugenia Duran Apostol, publisher of The Philippine Daily Inquirer; Mlla Alora, Assistant Press Secretary; Alice Colet Vllladolid of the Philippine Press Institute; and Elfren Cruz, Metro Manila Governor. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library The Philippine press system evolved through a history of Spanish colonization, revolution, American colonization, the Commonwealth, indepen­ dence, post-war economy and politics, Martial Law and the Marcos dictator­ ship, and finally the Aquino government.
    [Show full text]
  • Philippine-Iran Relations: 50 Years and Beyond
    50 Years and Beyond 1 PHILIPPINE-IRAN RELATIONS Philippine-Iran Relations 50 Years and Beyond 50 Years and Beyond ©2017 Henelito A. Sevilla, Jr., Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman and the Cultural Counselor, Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran The views and opinions of the authors do not necessarily reflect the official views and opinions of the Asian Center, University of the Philippines and the Cultural Counselorship Office of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Manila. Views and opinions expressed therein are the sole responsibility of the authors. Printed in the Republic of the Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission except in the case of brief quotation in academic articles and reviews. A copy of the publication containing the quotation should be sent to this email address: [email protected], Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, 1101. First Printing February 2017 ISBN 978-971-8992-21-0 PHILIPPINE-IRAN RELATIONS Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................. v FOREWORD Hon. Mohammad Jafarimalek…………………………………….…...... vi Cultural Counselor, Embassy of the I. R. of Iran-Manila PREFACE H. E. Mohammad Tanhaei ………………………………..…….… vii Ambassador, Islamic Republic of Iran INTRODUCTION Joefe B. Santarita .......................................................................... x Asian Center Dean EDITOR'S NOTE
    [Show full text]
  • Dealing with China in the South China Sea. Duterte Changing Course
    PRIF Report 3/2018 DEALING WITH CHINA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DUTERTE CHANGING COURSE PETER KREUZER // ImprInt LEIBNIZ-INSTITUT HESSISCHE STIFTUNG FRIEDENS- UND KONFLIKTFORSCHUNG (HSFK) PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE FRANKFURT (PRIF) Cover: Chinese President Xi Jinping welcomes Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte before the Leaders’ Roundtable Summit of the Belt and Road Forum (BRF) for International Cooperation at Yanqi Lake; © picture alliance / Photoshot. Text license: Creative Commons CC-BY-ND (Attribution/NoDerivatives/4.0 International). The images used are subject to their own licenses. Correspondence to: Peace Research Institute Frankfurt Baseler Straße 27–31 D-60329 Frankfurt am Main Telephone: +49 69 95 91 04-0 E-Mail: [email protected] https://www.prif.org ISBN: 978-3-946459-31-6 Summary Recapitulating the developments of the past years of escalation and the surprisingly successful de-escalation of Sino-Philippine relations since mid-2016, this report ponders the broader question of how to deal prudently with an assertive China in the South China Sea. From 2011 to 2016 the multilateral conflict over territorial sovereignty and maritime rights in the South China Sea intensified dramatically. At its core are China and the Philippines, since the latter took the unprecedented step of bringing a case before the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) against China in early 2013, against the express desire of its opponent. The aftermath of this step was that bilateral relations chilled to an all-time-low, with China retali- ating by escalating its activity in the disputed areas: small low-tide elevations were transformed into huge artificial islands and equipped with fortified harbors and airports that massively extend the op- erational capacity of the Chinese Navy and Airforce.
    [Show full text]