Status of Wintering Populations of the Baikal Teal

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Journal of Asia-Paciﬁc Biodiversity xxx (2014) e1ee5

55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 58 59 journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/journals/journal-of-asia-pacific- 60 biodiversity/2287-884x 61 62 63 Original article 64 65 1 Status of wintering populations of the baikal teal (Anas formosa) 66 2 67 3 in Geumgang River, Korea 68 4 69 a b a a a,* 5 Q4 Jae-Pyoung Yu , Sung-Woo Han , In-Hwan Paik , Seon-Deok Jin , Woon Kee Paek 70 6 a 71 7 National Science Museum, Daejeon, Republic of Korea Q1 b Geum Gang Migratory Bird Observatory, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea 72 8 73 9 74 10 article info abstract 75 11 76 12 Article history: This study investigated the daily changes of individual numbers of the baikal teal migrating in Geumgang 77 13 Received 19 March 2014 River from November in 2008 to March in 2009 and from November, 2011 to February, 2012. The finding 78 14 Received in revised form from 2008 to 2009 showed that the highest number of 500,000 individuals (November, 2008) with an 79 27 March 2014 15 average of 146,582 123,705 individuals were recorded. The finding from 2011 to 2012 indicated that 80 Accepted 1 April 2014 16 the highest number of 250,000 individuals (January, 2012) with an average of 61,696 63,407 in- Available online xxx 81 17 dividuals. The baikal teal’s population was increased in the early wintering period was not observed in 82 the mid-wintering period when the Geumgang River became frozen. On the other hand, the population 18 Keywords: 83 tended to increase again in the late wintering period when the river began to thaw. As the baikal teals 19 Number of individuals 84 prefer flat water areas without currents, they were mainly observed in the upper stream of Geumgang 20 Freezing 85 21 Geumgang estuary barrage estuary barrage but not in the downstream. Copyright Ó 2014, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). 86 22 Flat water Production and hosting by ELSEVIER. All rights reserved. 87 23 88 24 89 25 90 26 91 27 92 28 Introduction individuals increased to 20,000w40,000 in 1986, the baikal teal 93 29 had constantly wintered until the early 1990s (Yu and Hahm, 1994). 94 30 The Baikal Teal (Anas formosa) is a common migratory bird Since the mid-1990s, however, the wintering groups had been 95 31 wintering in Korea. More than about 95% of its total population decreased in Junam Reservoir. On the other hand, the wintering 96 32 around the world winters (Won and Kim, 2012). Since the early groups increased in the reclaimed lands and reservoirs in the west 97 33 20th century, its number of individuals had been large enough to be coast, such as Cheonsuman Bay, Geumgang estuary, Donglim 98 34 recorded as the most common duck in East Asia. In the mid-20th Reservoir, and Yeongamho Lake (Kang and Cho, 1996, 1998). 99 35 century, however, the baikal teal was classified as an endangered Currently, at least 300,000w600,000 individuals of the baikal teal 100 36 species because the number of this species drastically decreased winter (Ministry of Environment, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 101 37 due to reckless hunting and destruction of its habitats (Won and 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, Won and Kim, 2012). 102 38 Kim, 2012). The IUCN classified it as VU (Vulnerable) on the IUCN The population of the baikal teal wintering in Korea has been 103 39 Red List. In 2011, however, it was classified as LC (Least Concern) as reported in ‘Simultaneous Census of Birds in Winter’ which has 104 40 the number of individuals of the baikal teal has recently been been conducted annually between January and February by the 105 41 increased (BirdLife International 2013). Ministry of Environment since 1999. In addition, several researches 106 42 Based on the previous records in Gyeonggi-do areas, Austin on its wintering ecology and behaviors were also carried out (Kang 107 43 (1948) believed this species as a passage migrant observed in Ko- and Cho, 1996, 1998). Most of the researches investigating the 108 44 rea in spring and fall; however, in 1984, the large number of wintering populations of the baikal teal in Geumgang River have 109 45 wintering groups of the baikal teal (5,000 individuals) were firstly been conducted once or twice a month during the wintering period 110 46 observed at Junam Reservoir in winter. Since the number of its (Lee, 2000, Lee et al., 2001, Kim et al., 2004, Kang et al., 2010), 111 47 Nevertheless, there has been no research investigating the daily 112 48 changes of distribution status of the baikal teal during the 113 49 * þ Corresponding author. Tel.: 82 42 601 7861. wintering period. 114 50 E-mail address: [email protected] (W.K. Paek). This study, therefore, investigated the changes of population of 115 51 Peer review under responsibility of National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and 116 Korea National Arboretum (KNA). the baikal teal, aiming to provide the fundamental data to be used 52 117 53 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.04.005 118 54 2287-884X/Copyright Ó 2014, National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Production and hosting by ELSEVIER. All rights reserved. 119

Please cite this article in press as: Yu J-P, et al., Status of wintering populations of the baikal teal (Anas formosa) in Geumgang River, Korea, Journal of Asia-Paciﬁc Biodiversity (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.04.005 JAPB15_proof ■ 29 April 2014 ■ 2/5

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1 for protecting and preserving the baikal teal representing Geum- Result and discussion 66 2 gang estuary as a migratory bird sanctuary. 67 3 The wintering status of the baikal teal (Anas formosa) in the 68 4 Geumgang River 69 5 Materials and methods 70 6 The findings below present the daily changes of individual 71 7 Study area numbers of the baikal teals migrating in Geumgangho Lake from 72 8 November in 2008 to March in 2009 (excluding January in 2009) 73 9 The Geumgang River originates in Subun-ri, Jangsu-eup, Jangsu- and from November in 2011 to February in 2012. The finding from 74 fl 10 gun, Jeollabuk-do. It ows in Daecheong Dam after passing through 2008 to 2009 showed that the highest number of 500,000 in- 75 fl 11 Okcheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. Then, it ows in Jeollabuk-do dividuals (21 November, 2008) with an average of 76 12 before meeting the Mihocheon stream again. Finally, it empties 146,582 123,705 individuals were recorded. The finding from 77 fl 13 into the west sea after owing through Geumgang estuary barrage. 2011 to 2012 indicated that the highest number of 250,000 in- 78 14 As the construction of the Geumgang estuary barrage was dividuals (31 January, 2012) with an average of 61,696 63,407 79 15 completed in 1990, the Geumgangho Lake was formed because the individuals. In the survey between 2011 and 2012, the highest 80 fl 16 in ow of river water and seawater to the estuary became blocked number of individuals was decreased by 50%, compared to that in 81 17 off. Since it has small alluvial bars and reed beds, the Geumgangho the survey between 2008 and 2009. The average number of in- 82 18 Lake is a popular migratory bird sanctuary in which waterbirds dividuals was also decreased by about 40%. Moreover, the number 83 19 such as the baikal teals. Moreover, wide farmland areas formed of the baikal teals migrating to the Geumgang River during the early 84 20 around the Geumgangho Lake are good feeding places for winter wintering period from November to December was decreased more 85 21 migratory birds (Figure 1). drastically in 2011 than in 2008. After the end of January, however, 86 22 the numbers of individuals in 2009 and 2012 showed similar re- 87 23 sults around 60,000 (Table 1). When it comes to the changes of 88 Study methods 24 temperatures during the survey period, the average temperature in 89 25 November 2008 (8.79C) was about 2.56C lower than that in 2011 90 This study investigated the survey points and the individual 26 (11.35C). In December, on the other hand, the average temperature 91 numbers of the baikal teal (Anas formosa) migrating in Geumgang 27 in 2008 was about 2.01C higher than that in 2011. This result 92 estuary on a daily basis from November in 2008 to March in 2009 (4 28 showed that the temperature difference in 2011 was relatively very 93 months; excluding January in 2009) and from November in 2011 to 29 large, compared to that in 2008. Additionally, the average tem- 94 February in 2012 (4 months). Point census method was used to 30 peratures between January and March in 2012 were lower than 95 investigate the total number of individuals from the major survey 31 those in 2009. The overall temperature in average between 96 points where the baikal teal was concentrated (Bibby et al., 1992), 32 November and March in following year showed that the overall 97 Binoculars (10 25, Nikon) and telescopes (15w45, Nikon) were 33 average between 2011 and 2012 (3.03 5.83C) was about 1.29C 98 used to classify the species and to calculate the individual numbers. 34 lower than that between 2008 and 2009 (4.32 4.86C) (Table 1). 99 In addition, in order to investigate the current status of distri- 35 The significant changes of temperature during the early wintering 100 bution of the baikal teals wintering in Korea, this study analyzed 36 period in 2008 and 2011 might result from the fact that the changes 101 the data from ‘Simultaneous Census of Birds in Winter’ which has 37 of surrounding environment, such as Saemangeum constructions, 102 been conducted annually in January or February for 14 years 38 influenced the fluctuating numbers of wintering the baikal teals. 103 (1999w2012) by the Ministry of Environment. 39 104 40 105 41 106 42 107 43 108 44 109 45 110 46 111 47 112 48 113 49 114 50 115 51 116 52 117 53 118 54 119 55 120 56 121 57 122 58 123 59 124 60 125 61 126 62 127 63 128 64 129 65 Figure 1. Map showing the survey points (C) and distribution areas (G) of the baikal teals at Geumgang River, Korea. 130

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1 Table 1 66 2 Monthly average number of individuals and temperature of the baikal teals at Geumgang River. Q3 67 3 Years Items Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Overall average 68 4 69 2008w2009 NI Avg. 265,007 202,677 e 48,210 72,374 146,582 5 STD 120,277 93,578 e 67,917 51,864 123,705 70 6 T(C) Avg. 8.79 3.02 0.08 3.50 6.41 4.32 71 7 STD 3.93 4.21 3.43 3.30 4.12 4.86 72 w e 8 2011 2012 NI Avg. 95,500 36,884 52,903 62,649 61,696 73 STD 28,748 40,787 89,413 63,515 e 63,407 9 T(C) Avg. 11.35 1.01 1.08 0.75 4.65 3.03 74 10 STD 4.81 3.54 2.84 3.78 2.68 5.83 75 11 76 NI.: number of individuals, T: temperature, Avg.: average, STD: standard deviation. 12 77 13 78 14 79 15 The population of the baikal teal migrating to Geumgang The status of the baikal teal (Anas formosa) wintering in Korea 80 16 River tended to move northwards after wintering from 81 ‘ 17 November to March in the next year. The population of the According to the data from the Simultaneous Census of Birds in 82 ’ 18 baikal teal of which number increased in the early wintering Winter conducted by the Ministry of Environment, the baikal teal 83 19 period was not observed in the mid-wintering period when has been observed more than once in 78 areas all over the country. 84 20 Geumgang River became frozen (more than 50% frozen for about The number of individuals of the baikal teals wintering in Korea 85 w w 21 27 days: 27 December, 2011 17 January, 2012; 24 28 January, showed the highest number of 1,063,280 individuals in 2009 and 86 22 2012). On the other hand, the population tended to increase the lowest number of 185,838 individuals in 2001 with the annual 87 23 again in the late wintering period when the river began to thaw average of 440,806 259,131.65 individuals (Figure 3). About 88 fl w 24 (Figure 2). The baikal teals sleep or rest in ocks at safe reser- 200,000 450,000 individuals wintered from 1999 to 2006, 89 25 voirs or swampy places during the daytime, whereas they begin whereas the number was rapidly increased over 800,000 in- 90 26 to move at sunset and generally feed at nearby farmlands at dividuals in 2007. It has been increased up to about 91 w 27 night (Won, 1981, Allport et al., 1990). As the river becomes 600,000 1,000,000 individuals until 2010, exceeding the annual 92 28 frozen from the late December and January because of the average number of individuals. Since then, it tended to decrease 93 decreased temperature, the Geumgang River is not an appro- again below the annual average until 2012 (Figure 3). 29 94 30 priate place for the baikal teals to sleep and rest. In this sense, it Of the 78 areas where the baikal teal has been observed in Ko- 95 31 is speculated that the baikal teals migrate to other places which rea, Chungcheongnam-do has the most number of areas (22 areas), 96 32 are not frozen (Kang and Cho, 1996, Won and Kim, 2012). followed by Jeollanam-do (18 areas) and Daegu and 97 fl 33 Moreover, the baikal teal is considered to prefer at water areas Gyeongsangbuk-do (12 areas) (Table 2). Moreover, the baikal teals 98 34 without currents, in that it was mainly observed in the upper have been observed in 52 areas (approximately 66% of the total) 99 35 stream of Geumgang estuary barrage but not in the down- located in the west coast areas including Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, 100 36 stream. This might be because their energy consumption while Chungcheongnam-do, Jeollabuk-do, and Jeollanam-do (Table 2). 101 fl 37 resting at at water is less than at retarding basins. An Regionally observed number of individuals of the baikal teal 102 38 increasing number of land reclamation projects concentrated showed that Jeollabuk-do including Geumgang River recorded the 103 39 around the west coast result in the increase of nearby farmlands largest average number of individuals (256,385.6 individuals) and 104 fl fi 40 and at water such as arti cial reservoirs and lakes. As a result, the highest number of 740,005 individuals (recorded on 20 January, 105 41 this change can provide appropriate habitats to wintering ducks 2007), followed by Jeollanam-do (163,327.8 individuals in average; 106 42 including the baikal teals. Therefore, it is speculated that it can the highest number of 565,002 individuals, recorded on 23 January, 107 43 be one of the factors to the increasing number of wintering 2010) and Chungcheongnam-do (18,336.5 individuals in average; 108 44 ducks including the baikal teals in the west coast areas (Kang the highest number of 130,277 individuals, recorded on 13 January, 109 45 and Cho, 1996, Lee, 2000, Choi et al., 2007). 2009). 99% of the total number of wintering the baikal teal in- 110 46 dividuals was mainly concentrated in the west coast areas such as 111 47 112 48 113 49 114 50 115 51 116 52 117 53 118 54 119 55 120 56 121 57 122 58 123 59 124 60 125 61 126 62 127 63 128 Figure 3. Yearly changes in the number of individuals of the baikal teals in Korea (The 64 Figure 2. Daily changes in the number of individuals of the baikal teals at Geumgang red line is the average value). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure 129 65 River. legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) 130

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1 Table 2 66 2 The number of individuals of the baikal teals by each province. 67 3 Year SGG CN JB JN BGN DGB GW JJ Total 68 4 69 1999 150 485 11,940 200,000 505 213,080 5 2000 11,204 110,000 90,000 250 11 211,465 70 6 2001 2 3,598 178,412 100 3,529 197 185,838 71 7 2002 11,425 272,750 3,026 19 287,220 72 8 2003 9 303,144 2 303,155 73 2004 3,528 331,402 120,066 172 455,168 9 2005 5 8,720 90,411 238,103 201 148 337,588 74 10 2006 129 269,200 9 1,271 225 270,834 75 11 2007 70,864 740,005 8,400 57 819,326 76 12 2008 289 500,712 115,508 10,090 8 3 626,610 77 2009 30 130,277 400,097 525,734 7,133 5 1 1,063,277 13 78 2010 7 161 75,370 565,002 1,868 210 642,618 14 2011 582 2,955 431,976 498 161 10 1 436,183 79 15 2012 10 15,440 303,000 91 2 4 4 318,551 80 16 NA 5 22 7 18 10 12 3 1 78 81 17 NA: number of areas, SGG: Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, CN: Chungcheongnam-do, JB: Jeollabuk-do, JN: Jeollanam-do, BKN: Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do, DKB: Daegu & 82 18 Gyeongsangbuk-do, GW: Gangwon-do, JJ:Jeju-do. 83 19 84 Jeollabuk-do, Jeollanam-do, and Chungcheongnam-do (Table 2, increased. Thus, it seems that the imbalance of taxonomic number 20 85 Figure 4). of individuals will presumably be exacerbated. If wild birds 21 86 Until the early 1990s, Junam Reservoir showed the highest including the baikal teals, which gather in large flocks, are 22 87 number of 20,000w40,000 individuals (Yu and Hahm, 1994); concentrated in certain areas, they will be highly likely to be 23 88 however, the number had been decreased since then. In Geumgang exposed to infectious diseases such as avian influenza (AI) and fowl 24 89 estuary, the highest number of 300,000w450,000 individuals were cholera, which can lead to the mass mortality. Therefore, it is 25 90 observed, which indicates that its wintering population has been suggested that measures to disperse the population of wild birds 26 91 increasing (Kang et al., 2010). After the mid-1990s, the population should be prepared to make them not concentrated in certain areas. 27 92 of the baikal teals started to increase along the west coast areas. 28 93 Currently, more than 99% of its population is concentrated in the 29 Acknowledgment Q2 94 west coast areas. This result implies that the areas which are suit- 30 95 able for wintering ducks such as the baikal teals have been 31 This study is supported and funded by Gunsan, National Science 96 increased because of the loss of mud flats but the increase of arti- 32 Museum (The study on the changes of birds in Geumgang River and 97 ficial reservoirs and lakes, which result from an increasing number 33 Saemangeum areas), and the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future 98 of land reclamation projects concentrated around the west coast fi 34 Planning (Speci c Research Number: 2008-2004707). Many thanks 99 (Kang and Cho, 1996, Lee, 2000, Choi et al., 2007). The increase of 35 to the Gunsan branch of the Korean Association for Bird Protection 100 land reclamation projects results in the rapidly decreasing number 36 for the assistance and cooperation throughout the site survey in 101 of individuals of shorebirds as their habitats and feeding sources 37 this study. 102 have been reduced by the loss of mud flats (Kang et al., 2011). On 38 103 the other hand, the number of individuals of wintering ducks 39 References 104 receiving appropriate habitat environment has constantly 40 105 41 Allport GA, Poole CM, Cho SR, Eldridge MI, Park EM. 1990. The feeding ecology, 106 requirements and distribution of Baikal Teal Anas formosa in the Republic of 42 Korea. Wildfowl 42:98e107. 107 43 Austin OL. 1948. The birds of Korea. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at 108 44 Harvard College 101:61. 109 Bibby CJ, Burgess ND, Hill DA. 1992. Bird census technique. London: Academic press 45 limited. 237 pp. 110 46 BirdLife International. 2013. 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