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Coming Man from Canton: Chinese Experience in Montana (1862-1943)

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Coming Man from Canton: Chinese Experience in Montana (1862-1943) “THE COMING MAN FROM CANTON” CHINESE EXPERIENCE IN MONTANA (1862-1943) By CHRISTOPHER WILLIAM MERRITT Master’s of Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, 2006 Bachelor’s of Arts, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 2004 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology The University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2010 Approved by: Perry Brown, Associate Provost for Graduate Education Graduate School Dr. Kelly J. Dixon, Committee Chair Department of Anthropology Dr. John Douglas Department of Anthropology Dr. Richard Sattler Department of Anthropology Dr. Philip West The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center Dr. Ellen Baumler Montana Historical Society Merritt, Christopher, Ph.D., May 2010 Cultural Heritage The Coming Man from Canton: Chinese Experience in Montana (1862-1943) Chairperson: Dr. Kelly J. Dixon Abstract Content: The Chinese immigrants who came to Montana during the 19th and 20th centuries forged a new community. The goals of this dissertation were to create a historical and archaeological context for Chinese Experience in Montana, and to frame the interpretation of these results within a social organization framework that highlights the role of Overseas Chinese voluntary organizations such as secret societies. Archaeologists and historians have studied the Chinese in Montana for a little over two decades, though nothing comprehensive has ever been attempted to sew together the various investigations. In addition, there has been no attempt to inventory all the known Chinese archaeological sites in Montana, and how these fit into the broad patterns of history. Between first large-scale gold discovery in Montana Territory during 1862 until 1900, the Chinese engaged largely in placer-mining endeavors and represented the largest ethnic group during this period. Federal Exclusion laws, statewide boycotts, and pervasive racism deeply affected the Chinese experience in Montana, and led to the state’s abandonment by the bulk of this immigrant population in the early 20th century. In overseas communities, the Chinese immigrants relied on voluntary associations to replace the traditional modes of social organization found in China. These organizations provided mutual protection to their members, and helped to organize resistance to the legal and social racism encountered in the United States and other diaspora communities. This dissertation interprets the history and archaeology of the Chinese in Montana in a framework that highlights the role of voluntary social organizations in the success of this population. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are far too many individuals to thank for their assistance during the course of this dissertation research, but primarily I would like to express gratitude to my family (Luella, Don, Heather, and the late Roy), committee (Dr. Kelly J. Dixon, Dr. John Douglas, Dr. Richard Sattler, Dr. Phil West, and Dr. Ellen Baumler), and colleagues for their never-ending dedication to help me complete this project. I would also like to thank the United States Forest Service, Northern Region, for their assistance and funding that supported many of my investigations during the past four years. Specifically, retired Forest Archaeologist Milo McLeod sponsored my first attempts to uncover the Chinese on the Lolo National Forest and led to the adoption of this research project. I would also like to thank other Forest Archaeologists that allowed me to play on their managed lands over the years including Walt Allen, Tammy Cherullo, Carl Davis, Sandi French, Mark Sant and for Dr. Mike Beckes for granting the funds. Countless dozens of students and volunteers provided the back-breaking labor to make all this research happen, and without them it would have been impossible to finish all the work in just four years. Several local historical societies provided me with unrestricted access to their information and have helped this final product express a wide variety of resources, and I would like to thank Kay Strombo and Sue McLees of the Mineral County Historical Society, Esther Williams of the Granite County Historical Museum, Ken Robison of the Overholser Research Center in Fort Benton, Ellen Baumler and Zoe Ann Stoltz of the Montana Historical Society, and Gary Weisz with his open collection of railroad goodies. In the end, all errors in this document are my responsibility alone. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Overseas Chinese Archaeology 5 1.2 Dissertation Research Goals 8 1.3 Chapter Summaries 10 Chapter 2: Research Methods 16 2.1 Chapter Overview 16 2.2 Historical Research Methods Overview 16 2.2.1 Historical Newspapers 17 2.2.2 County Courthouses 20 2.2.3 Federal Census Records 24 2.2.4 Archival Documents and Records 25 2.2.5 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company Maps 27 2.2.6 Secondary Historical Resources 28 2.3 Archaeological Research Methods Overview 30 2.3.1 Recent Archaeological Research in Montana 31 2.3.2 Recent Chinese in Montana Archaeological Research 35 2.4 Omissions in Research 41 Chapter 3: Entrance and Expansion (1862-1880) 43 3.1 Chapter Overview 43 3.2 Montana pre-1862 46 3.3 Chinese Entrance 1862-1870 48 3.4 Montana Chinese Demographics in 1870 55 3.5 Chinese Population Centers and Mining Districts 62 3.5.1 Helena 63 3.5.2 Virginia City 65 3.5.3 Cedar Creek 67 3.5.4 Ninemile Creek 78 iv 3.5.5 German Gulch 79 3.5.6 Blackfoot City 88 3.5.7 Cave Gulch and Chinaman’s Cove 89 3.5.8 Last Chance, Pike’s Peak, Prickly Pear, Garnet, Old Lincoln 96 3.5.9 Yogo Town 97 3.6 Legal Attacks 98 3.7 Violence and Death in the Chinese Community 108 3.8 Chinese Women 117 3.9 Population Growth, but Legal Storms on the Horizon 128 Chapter 4: Restriction and Legal Attacks (1880-1900) 129 4.1 Chapter Overview 129 4.2 Chinese Demographics in 1880 131 4.3 Montana’s Opium Law 139 4.4 Northern Pacific Railroad 154 4.5 Exclusion and Montana’s Boycotts 176 Chapter 5: Diversification, Collapse, Aging (1900-1943) 190 5.1 Chapter Overview 190 5.2 Butte’s Chinatown Excavations 192 5.3 Diversification of the Workforce 195 5.3.1 Laundries 200 5.3.2 Restaurants 208 5.3.3 Gardens 211 5.3.4 Cooks and Servants 217 5.3.5 Other Notable Employment 221 5.4 Sun Descending Over Horizon, 1900-1943 228 5.4.1 Departure and Death 235 5.4.2 Chinese Cemeteries 241 5.4.3 Yee Sing’s Journey 246 5.5 End of Exclusion 247 v Chapter 6: Chinese Social Organization in Montana and Implications 249 6.1 Success of Overseas Chinese in Montana 249 6.2 Chinese Social Organization in Overseas Communities 252 6.3 Chinese Secret Societies in China 257 6.4 Chinese Secret Societies in North America and Montana 277 6.5 Secret Societies in the Modern World 294 6.6 Anthropological/Archaeological Implications of Secret Societies 295 Chapter 7: Conclusion and Future Directions 303 7.1 Chinese Experiences in Montana 303 7.1.1 Dissertation Goals 305 7.1.2 Results for 1862-1880 Period 308 7.1.3 Results for 1880-1900 Period 310 7.1.4 Results for 1900-1943 Period 313 7.1.5 Results for Chinese Social Organization 316 7.2 Myths of the Montana Chinese 320 7.2.1 The “Heathen Chinee” 322 7.2.2 Chinese Rock Work 324 7.2.3 Chinese Tunnels 325 7.2.4 Chinese Hearths and “Ovens” 326 7.3 Future Directions 327 7.3.1 Historical Research Recommendations 328 7.3.2 Archaeological Research Recommendations 331 7.4 Hua Kiu, The Chinese Overseas 334 References Cited 336 Appendix A: Statewide Chinese Archaeological Database 373 Appendix B: Chinese Population by Location (1870-1930) 396 Appendix C: Newspaper Extractions 400 vi FIGURE LIST 1.1 Poacher Gulch Field Crew, 2006 4 1.2 Cedar Creek Field Crew, 2008 5 1.3 Chinese Population in Montana 1868-2000 12 2.1 Unknown Chinese Man Portrait, Missoula, 1890-1900 26 2.2 Unprocessed German Gulch Chinese Artifacts, 2008 32 2.3 Overview of Poacher Gulch Terraces, 2007 35 2.4 Map of Chinese Archaeological Sites in Montana 41 3.1 Map of Chinese Areas Discussed in Chapter 3 46 3.2 Harper’s Weekly Lithograph of Helena, 1878 51 3.3 Chinese Population in Montana, 1870 54 3.4 Population Pyramid of Chinese in Montana, 1870 56 3.5 Bird’s Eye View of Helena, 1875 64 3.6 “Funs” Tray from China Gulch, 2007 71 3.7 U-shaped Rock Hearth at China Gulch, 2008 74 3.8 Map Showing Location of German Gulch, 1887 79 3.9 Selection of Processed German Gulch Artifacts, 2010 82 3.10 Overview of Locality 48 in German Gulch, 2009 84 3.11 Overview of Hydraulic Mining Scars in Chinaman's Cove, 2008 94 3.12 Aerial Photograph of Chinaman's Cove, 1980 95 3.13 Chinese Women from Deer Lodge, undated 118 4.1 Population Pyramid of Chinese in Montana, 1880 135 4.2 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Opium Den in Deer lodge, 1884 144 4.3 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Opium Den in Fort Benton, 1884 148 4.4 German Gulch Opium Can with Paper Label, 2010 149 4.5 Montana Timetable Map for Northern Pacific Railroad, 1887 158 4.6 Chinese Workers Grading near Heron, 1881 160 4.7 Artifacts Recovered from “Taklamakan”, 2003 165 4.8 West Portal of Mullan Tunnel and Chinese, 1890 168 4.9 West Portal of Mullan Tunnel, 2008 169 4.10 Japanese Railroad Workers on the Milwaukee Road 175 vii 4.11 Anti-Chinese Advertisement, Butte Daily Miner, 1883 177 4.12 Unknown Chinese Man from Fort Benton, 1890-1900 183 5.1 Chinese Businesses in Butte, 1890-1945, from Lee (1949:53) 200 5.2 Laundry Stove, 2010 206 5.3 Turtle Plastron and Carapace from Big Timber, 2009 209 5.4 Chinese Gardens in Butte, Anaconda Standard, 1906 215 5.5 Euro-American Family and Chinese Cook in Norwood 217 5.7 Tommy Haw, Chinese Stock-Raiser, ca.
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