I Markedskræfternes Vold

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I Markedskræfternes Vold Infernal Affairs/Wu jian dao (Wai Keung Lau og Siu Fai Mak, 2002) I markedskræfternes vold Hongkong-actionfilmens fortid, nutid og fremtid A f Linn Haynes Det var en kærkommen overraskelse for men snarere end Hongkongs tilbagegivelse Hongkongs filmbranche, da Infernal Af- til Kina var det en serie fortidige disposi­ fairs (Wujian dao, 2002) viste sig at være tioner og manglende fremsynethed, som en publikumstræffer både nationalt og med ét indhentede en branche, der ellers i internationalt. Filmen beviste, at der endnu årtier havde levet højt på netop fremsynet­ kunne komme rystelser fra den populære hed. actionfilms tidligere så ubestridte epicenter Facit var under alle omstændigheder, at - på et tidspunkt, da filmbyen ellers var i en bølge af uheld ramte det asiatiske fyr­ synlig krise. tårn og på kort tid slog det til noget nær Mange har udråbt 1997 til året, hvor halv højde. filmbranchens krise indtraf. Det var som Hongkongs filmindustri har historisk bekendt samme år, at Hongkong officielt klaret sig på rent kommercielle betingelser, 78 ophørte med at være engelsk kronkoloni, så da en generel asiatisk finanskrise ind­ fandt sig i 1997 og betød færre investorer for branchens nye praksis. Budgetterne er og mindre risikovillighed, havde man ikke blevet større, ikke mindst på marketing­ statssubsidier at falde tilbage på. Penge­ fronten, hvor konkurrenterne fra Hol­ manglen i branchen blev forstærket af, at lywood satser stort og offensivt. Fra at have flere af Hongkongs filmkæder op gennem lukreret på små, hypereffektive filmhold, de tidlige 90’ere havde investeret i dyre der kunne holde produktionstid og -om­ multiplex-biografer. kostninger nede, er Hongkong-selskaberne Dermed røg billetpriserne i vejret på et gået i retning af færre film, mere gennem­ tidspunkt, hvor befolkningen havde rela­ arbejdede manuskripter, dyrere stjernebe­ tivt få penge mellem hænderne, og hvor sætninger og et flottere finish. piratkopier kunne fås for en slik på det Således også Infernal Affairs, der er in­ sorte marked. Samtidig var mange af de strueret af Alan Mak Siu Fai og Andrew unge Hongkong-kosmopolitter begyndt at Lau Wai Keung, hvis fortid som fotograf betragte de samlebåndsproducerede lo­ for Wong Kar-wai skinner tydeligt igen­ kale slagvarer som utrendy; hvis man gik i nem på billedsiden. I hovedrollerne ses biografen, foretrak man at løse billet til de hjerte- og benknuserne Andy Lau og Tony udenlandske blockbusters. Globalisering­ Leung som hhv. gangsteren og strisseren, ens bivirkninger blev for alvor synlige for der infiltrerer hinandens netværk. Hongkongs filmbranche i skæbneåret 1997, At den opportunisme og næse for hurtig da de udenlandske film for første gang i profit, der inden da havde gjort filmbyen til 30 år hev flere billetindtægter hjem end de en international magtfaktor, trods alt ikke lokalt producerede film. var gået fløjten, blev dog understreget af, at Tallene taler deres tydelige sprog om instruktørparret lynhurtigt leverede såvel den nedadgående spiral, der endnu ikke en prequel som en sequel (Infernal Affairs er stoppet. Fra at have haft box office-ind- II og III, begge 2003) som opfølgning på tægter fra lokalt producerede film på 200 succesen - med forskellige stjerner fra et­ millioner US$ i 1992, måtte branchen i teren i hovedrollerne. 1999 nøjes med 115 millioner, og ifølge Både tematisk og stilistisk lægger In­ Screen Digest er tallet for 2004 helt nede på fernal Affairs-filmene sig også direkte i 49 millioner (www.screendigest.com). forlængelse af sen-80ernes og 90ernes Tilsvarende styrtdykkede antallet af pro­ Hongkong-actionfilm. Men lad os først se ducerede film, der ellers gennem tre årtier nærmere på udgangspunktet - den såkald­ havde ligget på et højt niveau (ikke mindst te ’Hong Kong New Wave’. set i relation til Hongkongs indbyggertal på under syv millioner) - fra 242 film i 1993 I det urbane morads. Instruktørerne i til 126 i 2001.1 2003 lagde SARS-epidemi- Hongkongs ny bølge - der talte navne som en filmstudierne brak i fire måneder, med Tsui Hark, Ann Hui, Patrick Tam, Yim Ho det resultat at der kun blev lavet 54 film. og Allen Fong - var ikke så forhippede på Men heller ikke efterfølgende er skuden at skildre heltegerninger, som det havde blevet rettet op. I 2004 er det således blot været tilfældet i 70’ernes kung fu-film. De blevet til 64 film. var mere interesserede i millionbyens skyg­ Krisen har kaldt på selvransagelse og gesider. alternative løsninger, og Infernal Affairs Udbredelsen af bandekriminalitet, er på visse punkter ganske symptomatisk sværmen af korrupte politikere og de I markedskræfternes vold hundredtusinder af mennesker stuvet sam­ 1979) vidnede med det samme om hans men i trange lejlighedskomplekser havde inciterende teknik med hurtig klipning og skabt et urbant morads, som så småt blev radikale perspektivskift. Harks beherskelse synligt i medierne op gennem 70erne - af wuxia-genrens billedkompositioner og ikke mindst i film og tv-serier på stationen stil imponerede branchefolk og producen­ TVB. Mere end noget andet var det disse ter. Men det var ikke nok til at lokke det skildringer af det ’virkelige Hongkong, store publikum i biografen. som satte ild i den ny bølges instruktører, De to følgende film var helt uden for hvoraf mange trådte deres barnesko på net­ nummer. Den sorthumoristiske kannibal­ op TVB. Disse faktorer pegede frem mod komedie Were Going to Eat You (Diyu wu en type film, som ikke var så eskapistiske men, 1980) og den brutale studie i terror som førhen, men som alligevel havde kom­ D ont Play With Fire (D iyi lei xing wei mercielt potentiale. xian, 1981) skildrede begge et fænomen, De vigtigste navne i revolutioneringen som de færreste i tiden turde udtrykke så af Hongkong-actionfilmen var Tsui Hark, klart: At Hongkongs elite i vid udstrækning Ringo Lam og Johnnie To - et trekløver, var tolerant over for samfundets ondskab. der op gennem 80’erne og 90’erne ændrede Endnu havde Tsui Hark dog ikke ramt tids­ Hongkong-filmens image både lokalt og ånden rent, og begge film blev salgsmæs­ internationalt. Skønt deres film i stil og sige fiaskoer. Tsui nedtonede herefter sin indhold ligger langt fra hinanden, udgør de grovkornethed og fik prompte kommerciel tilsammen den målestok, alle andre Hong­ succes med komedien All the Wrong Clues kong-instruktører bliver vurderet efter. (for the Right Solution) (Gui ma zhi duo Tsui Hark, Ringo Lam og Johnnie Tos kar­ xing, 1981). rierer afspejler tydeligt, hvordan æstetisk Med den succes i bagagen opsøgte Tsui og idémæssig originalitet i Hongkong det succesfulde Golden Harvest-selskab, længe har været en effektiv, men også flyg­ hvor han foreslog chefen, den legendari­ tig slagvare - i et miljø præget af hurtig ske Raymond Chow, at lave en ny slags kopivirksomhed og endnu hurtigere om­ film. Den skulle ganske vist trække på sætning. inspiration fra Hongkongs stolte tradi­ tion for såkaldte ’magic palm’-fantasyfilm Tsui Hark - alt sat i system. Tsui Hark blev (overnaturlige kung fu-kampe iblandet født i Vietnam i 1951, men flyttede som tegnefilm-effekter og fabeldyr), som Tsui ung teenager med familien til Hongkong. huskede fra sin barndom, men den skulle Han studerede film ved University of Texas benytte sig af tidens mest raffinerede spe­ fra 1969 og arbejdede efter endt uddan­ cial effects. Chow indvilligede, adskillige af nelse i et par år på en kinesisk tv-station Hollywood-folkene bag Star Wars-filmenes i New York. I 1977 vendte han hjem til effekter blev sat i sving, og succesen var Hongkong, fik job på TVB og siden på overvældende. Filmen var eventyret Zu: CTV, hvor han med Gold Dagger Romance Warriors from the Magic Mountain (Suk (1978) skabte en af de mest populære wu- san: Sun Suk san geen hap, 1983), og indtje­ xia1 -miniserier. ningen herfra gjorde det muligt for Hark at På den baggrund fik han arbejde i sel­ etablere sit eget produktionsselskab, Film skabet Seasonal Films Corporation. De- Workshop Co. 80 butfilmen The Butterfly Murders (Die bian, Tsui Hark indkaldte de mest talentfulde af Linn Haynes Tsui Hark under optagelserne til Seven Swords/Qi jian (2005) kolleger fra sin tid på TVB og annonce­ Yun Fat, hvis navn på daværende tidspunkt rede, at det nye selskab målrettet skulle blev betragtet som noget, der i salgsøjemed opsøge de mest salgbare filmgenrer og lave gjorde mere skade end gavn. Chow spiller sikre, hurtige kassesucceser. kun en birolle, men skød sig ind i erindrin­ Hongkongs filmbranche var notorisk gen på en hel generation og gjorde det med kendt for at producere kortlivede film. Med ét moderne at gå med trenchcoat i Hong­ den høje produktionsrate og lave marke­ kongs sommerhede. tingbudgetter holdt en gennemsnitsfilm sig kun i biograferne en uge, succeserne ’Bullet ballet’ og blodig humor. A Better to eller tre uger. Men som producer ramte Tomorrows popularitet skyldes mere end Tsui en guldåre med sin første rendyrkede noget andet, at John Woo her satte stan­ actionfilm - filmen blev den største succes darden for, hvordan slowmotionoptagelser i Hongkongs historie og holdt sig på plaka­ og hektiske actionsekvenser skulle klippes ten i to måneder. sammen; Woo formåede på én gang at til­ Filmen var vennen John Woos A Better fredsstille det æstetisk bevidste øje og den Tomorrow (Yinghung boon sik, 1986), hvis actionhungrende hob. temmelig melodramatiske plot skildrer to Med sine handlekraftige og dog føl­ brødre, hvis veje skilles - den ene bliver somme machotyper, der udviser offervilje politimand, den anden gangster. Til ho­ hinsides enhver forstand, blev John Woo vedrollen valgte de tv-skuespilleren Chow gennem opfølgere som A Better Tomorrow 81 I markedskræfternes vold II (Ying hung boon sik II, 1987) og The Kit­ Fei-hung chi saiwik hung si) kom i 1997, var ler (Die xue shuangxiong, 1989) efterhån­ det dog tydeligt, at kvaliteten og fornyelsen den normdannende for Hongkong-acti- ikke stod mål med Tsui Harks vanvittige onfilmen.
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