The Paperless Society and Me: From PC to PocketPC to TabletPC

Evan Golub Department of Computer Science Human-Computer Interaction Lab University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 [email protected]

ABSTRACT 2. Paperless Attempt 1: The PC This paper presents an informal discussion of my attempts to The has found its place in the home and office. escape the bonds of paper (bad pun). It recalls my experiences When working in conjunction with Internet resources, it felt that a with a traditional PC, a PocketPC, and finally a TabletPC. The large amount of the paper I was producing in my life was coming goal of this paper is to provide an anecdotal form of a “self- from my PC via a printer. Since I had a networked computer ethnography” to share with others who have already made, or (either or desktop) wherever I found myself working, it have future plans that include, exploring moving to a more paper- seemed natural to simply interact with these documents directly free environment. on the computer rather than via printout. While this did not work well for me with a variety of document-based tasks, there were 1. Introduction some for which accessing information via Web sites was a suitable The image of a paperless society appears in both science fiction replacement for printed resources. [refs] and science research [refs]. As computers have dropped in cost, increased in storage capacity, and become easily connected to each other, it seems that the dream of a paperless existence should 2.1 Reading PDF articles have become a reality. However, this is far from the case. Though An example of a common activity in any given week is reading a there are success stories (e.g.: people do not appear to generally journal article. With many such articles available for download as print Web pages to read them) there are far fewer than seem to PDF files on the Internet, common if not typical behavior is to have been predicted (e.g.: some people still print out e-mail download the PDF file and then print it to read. This seemed to messages they have received or bring handouts to meetings rather be a natural candidate for replacing printouts with the PC. than distribute documents in advance electronically). This paper However, there were several barriers to this. does not seek to explore the root causes of these stories of success and failure, nor does it propose an avenue of research to address The first challenge was adapting to reading documents formatted them. Rather it seeks to give an overview of a single person’s for portrait viewing via landscape oriented monitor. One option trials and tribulations in attempting to go paper-free (or at least as was to fill the screen top-to-bottom with the document, and not paper-free as possible). make use of the sides of the screen. With my monitors, reading the documents in this fashion was difficult. There were issues The scenarios and anecdotes provided in this paper are neither with clarity of some text and also general screen glare. In order to exhaustive nor extensive, but rather representative. When I have the same level of reading quality as paper versions of the decided to investigate how much I could remove paper from my documents, I needed to have the PDF at a 115% zoom. However, world I decided to journal the highlights of the experience in some this meant that I was unable to have an entire page on screen at a way. This paper is the final form which I selected. It is my hope time. For documents formatted into two-columns, it was that either the reader will gain insights that will assist in their own frustrating to scroll at least three times within each page. Though endeavors to reduce their use of paper products or that they will these issues might have been addressed at the desk via larger obtain a sense of camaraderie (i.e.: “Wow, it’s not just me”) screens or flat-panel displays, the fact was that my existing 19” regarding their own adventures in the electronic world. CRT monitors were not quite up to the viewing task. Scrolling was an even larger issue with my laptop with its approximately 12” screen.

1 The next challenge was in annotating papers as I read them. would be switching between tasks. I would also naturally get up Adobe’s free reader program provided no ability to add notations. to do other things so it wasn’t continuous time. Finally, I read to The full Acrobat package did provide that ability, but my relax; sitting at my is not my typical setting for explorations with it were frustrating. Drawing with a pen tool relaxing. I was reminded of a Berkeley Breathed cartoon from the was problematic since I would often select an existing pen mark early 1990s. In this cartoon, one of the characters wants to relax when I was attempting to add a new stroke. Highlighting also had and read a good book. In the final panel the character is curled up some difficulties at two levels. Acrobat did not always identify in a large chair in front of a warm fire. He is curled up with a very lines correctly so an attempt to highlight a line would not work unsettled look on his face. He is holding a compact disk that we correctly. Also, I was unable to perform common actions such as the reader must assume holds an eBook. circle a segment of text or image using the highlighter tool.

The final noteworthy challenge was availability. Although all of 2.3 Web pages replacing paper products the documents were available online, and if I wanted to save and I have, however, encountered several examples of paper organize them I could have a central network-accessible drive on documents that I have been able to replace with my PC. A which to hold files, this meant that I needed to consider in advance common thread worth considering in the examples to follow is the situations where I would want access to the documents. If I fact that a for-fee document was replaced with a “free” one. wanted them available during a meeting, I would need to bring my laptop and be sure to have the files on that machine since my In the past I had used a printed movie guidebook to look up movie location might not have network access. Due to the issues plots and casts. I have fully replaced this with online resources, discussed previously about my laptop’s screen size, my laptop primarily the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) [ref]. The reason was the least likely machine on which to have been reading the for this replacement was two-fold. First, there was no need to documents. Additionally, I found that using a laptop to read purchase a new copy every year or two. Second, and more during a meeting felt socially awkward. importantly, using a hypertext guide offers the obvious advantages when searching, browsing, and exploring.

2.2 Reading books Another category of paper documents I have fully replaced with There are a wide variety of formats for eBooks, including my PC is that of television programming guides. In the past I had Microsoft Reader, Adobe eBook Reader, and HTML-formatted either purchased a magazine such as TV Guide or had gotten a free eTexts. I used Microsoft Internet Explorer to explore this aspect guide in the Sunday newspaper or supermarket checkout line. of escaping the paper world. These documents repaginate based Now I use one of several different online services [refs]. It is upon the current screen size and were nicely readable on my worth noting that I move between these services as their user various screens. There are some books that I read with the interfaces change; I use the best (or least annoying) interface at the expectation that I will annotate them. However, since I expected current time. The advantages of this switch cover several levels. to encounter similar issues regarding annotations (as I had with It is no longer possible to forget to pick up a copy at the PDF files previously), I decided to try reading a strictly supermarket or misplace it in the living room. The listings are less recreational book on my PC. likely to be out-of-date and are often more detailed. By selecting your provider (e.g.: broadcast, cable, satellite) listings show the I decided to read H.G. Wells’ “The Time Machine”. As a numeric channel on your specific system rather than a station’s relatively short book that I wanted to read at the time, it felt like a call letters. Several guide sites offer the ability to find future good candidate. I decided to use an HTML-formatted version of airings of a program with a single click. Additionally, using this the book. Each chapter was its own page. At the bottom of each resource at the PC means having simultaneous direct access to chapter, there was a link to the following one. In my initial resources such as the IMDB. experience I found the text easy to read and the ability to use the page-down key to progress through the chapter natural. However, as I continued to read this short book, I found that I did not enjoy 3. Paperless Attempt 2: The PocketPC reading this book at my computer for long periods of time. I The so-called Personal Digital Assistant (it doesn’t actively assist typically enjoy reading for several straight hours, and for a short one, does it?) appeared to present some interesting potential in book such as this one, I would complete it in one sitting. moving towards a reduction of paper. However, I found myself taking several breaks during which I would stretch and even do other tasks before returning to continue 3.1 PDA as electronic organizer reading. The story itself was enjoyable; my setting was not. Before the ubiquity of computers, organizing address books, task

lists and meetings were the job of paper-based pads and books. Although I have sat at the same station for even longer hours Prior to using my first PocketPC [ref], I actually had moved away working on programming projects, e-mail, etc. In those situations I

2 from paper by making use of a collection of text files in a network- days, I read in my normal reading pattern. This did, however, accessible UNIX account as an organizer. I would store present a problem rather quickly; the battery life of this PDA was commonly used e-mail addresses in a .mailrc file. I used a text file much improved over the previous one, but not as long as my named ToDo as a general repository for reminders of things to do reading sessions. As I had left my charging cable at work, I had to and short-term meetings. I used the UNIX calendar service for cut my reading short. However, the fact that the battery died automated long-term reminders. Though this system might not before I had become tired of reading or had switched to other tasks scale well, it suited my goals. was a positive indicator that this method of reading books could work for me. Upon getting my first PocketPC I decided to switch the above activities to that device. I used Microsoft Outlook as my central After finishing the book, I found that I had enjoyed the experience organizational tool. After transferring my existing task and and other than the power issue, had no reservations regarding meeting lists and address book into Outlook and, via cradle reading another book in this manner. However, it was almost two synchronization, the PDA, I began exclusive use of it for years until I did so again. In general I estimate that I read at least 6 organizational activities. On several occasions I forget to take the non-work-related books over the course of a year. This does vary PDA with me when leaving my office, and on occasion forget it at based in part on time constraints and in part on the number of home in the morning. I would then need to go back to retrieve it books friends recommend. The latter of these reasons is since I did not want to risk forgetting an appointment or overlook important within the context of eBooks; when a friend completing an intended task. These occasions became less recommends a book, I usually borrow it from them or the library. frequent over the course of a few weeks, but there came times that Finding publicly available eBooks of books proved to be a having yet another item to carry in my pocket was frustrating. challenge, so I continued reading borrowed paper copies.

After several weeks of using the PDA, I hadn’t found a great There was one book that I decided to buy. However, due to advantage to using it over my previous system. Having it with me concerns with the ability to read an eBook with digital rights did mean that I also had a , solitaire game and notepad at media (DRM) security over time, as well as the limitation of not all times. These, in addition to my desire to allow time to reveal being able to lend it to a friend myself, I decided to purchase a advantages my PDA could offer me, led to my continued usage. traditional paper copy of it. Until it broke. Without apparent reason, I was no longer able to sync the PDA with my computers. After spending an entire The second and third eBooks I read on my third PocketPC [ref] afternoon on the phone with technical support and reinstalling were mainstream books from David Weber’s “Honor Harrington” everything as directed, I was told that I would need to send the series; “On Basilisk Station” and “The Honor of the Queen”. unit in for servicing. I transferred my information back to my Weber’s publisher, Baen Books, maintains a free library of eBooks prior text -file based system and sent the unit in for repair. [ref] of selected works of their authors. As was the case in of “Great Expectations,” the experience was a pleasant one. Since A replacement unit arrived almost two weeks later. By this time I my most recent PocketPC had expansion pack battery sleeves, I had realized how overly dependent upon this device I had become, was able to read each book almost in its entirety without needing and how little benefit it seemed to add over my existing system. I to recharge the batteries while reading. In the case of “The Honor decided to continue to keep an open mind in terms of looking for of the Queen,” I primarily read the book during a blackout. The ways in which a PDA could enhance my activities. I did not, screen’s backlight was more than sufficient, and I was not however, actively pursue this. In retrospect I realized that this hampered by a need to clip a flashlight to a book. was partially due to the low screen quality, poor battery life and weakness of available development tools. As more books become readily available as eBooks from libraries and/or publishers, I expect that I will return to the PocketPC as a preferred medium for reading at leisure. It is also possible that if 3.2 PDA as document viewer DRM issues are handled well, and the cost of eBooks is It wasn’t until about a year later when I got my second PocketPC noticeably lower than that of printed books, that even without [ref] that I had renewed interest in exploring the world of the library support, I might return to eBooks. One thing I would note PDA. The one activity relevant to this paper was the use of it to is that when I searched out a copy of “Wuthering Heights” as an read eBooks. Unlike my previous attempt at the PC, I would be eBook, Amazon.com had it for sale for as a paperback for $3.00 able to take my PocketPC wherever I chose to read. and as an eBook for $2.99, while Project Gutenberg had it online for free. I decided to take a larger leap than I had with my first eBook experience. I decided to read Charles Dickens’ “Great Expectations”. I searched the Web and found a version of the book available for Microsoft Reader. Over the following few

3 4. Paperless Attempt 3: The TabletPC purchase of the compact sheetfed portable scanner. I would be The TabletPC appeared to be “the solution” for going paperless. able to scan the pages and then directly annotate the digital It would have all of the power inherent in a personal computer but versions of those documents. I had anticipated that I would still also have the portability of a laptop and the ability to be held need to provide others with handouts in classes or at meetings. comfortably and directly written on like a PDA. As I present my What I had not anticipated was the situation which would also thoughts and personal discoveries in this section, you might find arise quite often; that I would be asked to fill out some sort of yourself thinking “that’s not new to the TabletPC – the laptop form to return on the spot. and the PDA had those problems also”. Although this might very well be the case, I would simply note that I did not make a 4.3 My first meeting with a TabletPC in hand dramatic attempt to go paperless with my laptop due to my initial The first meeting that I attended with my newfound ally in the dissatisfaction with it for that purpose, that I had a narrow set of war against paper was a short meeting to discuss a workshop goals when using my PDA, and that I do not claim the issues I being hosted at the University over the summer. During this discuss to be perfectly partitioned into the categories in which I meeting I used Microsoft Journal to takes notes that I would have present them, but rather claim that I mention them where I first normally taken on a pad of paper. I found the tablet pen and noticed them in my own work. Journal application easy and natural to use and was (and still am 4.1 Getting ready for a TabletPC in many ways) quite happy at how easily this worked. Based upon my interest in the TabletPC for use with my student note-taking project, Microsoft University Relations donated a As the meeting ended two faculty members approached me to Toshiba Portege 3500. Once I knew which model TabletPC inquire what in the world “that” was. Though they did seem would be en-route from Microsoft, I began considering what impressed at the quality of the writing on the Journal pages, they peripherals would be of use when it arrived. The following items also appeared to view it as a cute and overpriced toy that they made the list: were happy to see amused me. I, however, already had the roots - spare battery of hope taking hold – I had no new sheets of paper to add to the - spare tablet pen growing stacks of notes in my office or to remember to bring with - case/cover for the tablet me to my next workshop planning meeting. - clip-on webcam - 5 megapixel digital camera 4.4 Handling handouts - flatbed scanner I knew that one challenge for which I should prepare was that of - compact sheetfed portable scanner [ref] dealing with handouts in meetings. I experimented in advace with

using the sheetfed scanner, the webcam, and the compact digital I found it interesting that the majority of these devices were for camera as “scanning” devices. What I found was that the quality getting information into the computer. The following sections will of the sheetfed scanner combined with its portability and non- reflect back upon these purchases. obtrusiveness made it the “winner” of the three for use with

handouts. By bringing the very small sheetfed scanner with me, I I have found it frustrating that although I did get a second battery, was able to scan the handouts and then read them and annotate I have no way of charging it while I am using the TabletPC. Yes, them using Journal. In all of my situations I was able to perform there is an external charger, but at a cost of almost $300, this did the scanning while the handouts were being distributed. The not seem like a reasonable expenditure. This has meant that I’ve quality of the scans was good enough that I did not keep the been limited to about 5 hours of battery life (assuming I remember handouts themselves (often giving mine to someone who arrived to fully charge both batteries). This has proved insufficient in late for the meeting). several scenarios – most notably at conferences.

A related issue arose when I served as a thesis reviewer for an 4.2 Still not paper-free undergraduate research team (part of the local Gemstone project). On the afternoon of the second day with my TabletPC I attended I did not have the forethought to request the document in the first meeting of a graduate course in which I was participating. electronic form due to its size. This was the first time I had The professor wanted to get various bits of information from served as a Gemstone reviewer, and had not been expecting the everyone in the class (such as e-mail contact information). He had 100 page document with which I was presented. Rather than prepared photocopied forms for everyone to fill out and then hand scanning the document (far too much of a burden) or going back to in. I had to borrow a pen. ask for an electronic copy (which I felt might be a burden on them) I used the printed version. What I found was that on several I had anticipated the situation would arise quite often that occasions, I had some spare time to read the thesis, but did not handouts would be distributed. This was the motivation of the have the thesis. I did, however, have my TabletPC. The next year

4 when I served as a reviewer for another Gemstone team I was where I did not see any potential for success with the laptop in careful to request (in advance) a PDF version of their thesis. this context.

In addition to scanning documents distributed at meetings, rather What I found was that switching between those “scanning” than print documents distributed in advance of meetings, I would devices, and the TabletPC, and the book itself in the middle of import those documents to Journal. For most documents this reading was more disruptive than my typical habit of having a solution worked well. However, some PDF files, and almost all stack of small and medium Post-It notes handy to jot down PostScript files, that I received were illegible when viewed in thoughts and mark pages. This disruption would likely be more Journal. In these cases, I read them using their native viewer (i.e.: noticeable to those who directly annotate texts. While I did Acrobat or Ghostview) and then annotated the illegible versions in consider creating a system similar to the A-Book [ref] through Journal since there was no convenient way to do so in the native which I would have a camera attached to the back of the TabletPC readers using the tablet. I anticipate that this will become less of a and read the pages on the Tablet screen, I decided that this would problem as an increase of tablet users provides more incentive to remove all of the portability and comfort that the TabletPC had improve the ability to import to Journal. given me over the PC and the PocketPC.

4.5 Reading eDocuments 4.7 Teaching transformation One use for which I had been anxiously awaiting the TabletPC I was unsure as to how the TabletPC would alter my teaching was using it to read and annotate various papers. My existing activities. I had been using a laptop in the classroom since the habit was to carry around printouts of all of the papers I wanted mid-1990s and in terms of my class presentations, it was unclear to read, as well as any which I had read that I thought might come how the tablet might lead to alterations. Additionally, since my up in discussions. Since the vast majority of those were obtained students were not changing their practices, even if I wanted to in electronic form (e.g.: PDFs from the ACM digital library) this stop producing paper artifacts in my world, I was not comfortable was a reasonable goal. In fact, this worked quite well. With few at the idea of trying to enforce the same restrictions on them. exceptions, the papers were easily imported to Journal and from there were easy to read and annotate. By pre-fetching all papers I One nice use that I found for the TabletPC within the framework was able to read one whenever an opportunity arose, even if it of my teaching was using it to create the grading keys for my was not an anticipated opportunity. teaching assistants to use. My prior habit was to take one of the blank exams and write the correct answers as well as any grading I found that the TabletPC offered a nice form factor for reading. rules directly on the test. I would then photocopy this since I Unlike in my experience with reading on a PC, I could read in any often have two or three teaching assistants grading exams in large location in which I would normally read a paper (e.g.: leaning back courses. When I decided to move this task to the tablet, and to in a chair, sitting or reclining on a couch). Additionally, unlike use Journal to write the key, I also decided to use a color printer reading on a PocketPC, I was able to see a full “standard” page of rather than a grayscale printer. I had previously refrained from the document on-screen at once. color-coding the answer key since I did not have easy access to a color copier. I expect that the use of colors made it easier for the The one issue that I did have was one of weight. With the Portege teaching assistants to read the keys. Additionally, since the key I found that I would shift positions on occasion due to the tablet was now in a Journal document, if any quick questions about an becoming “heavy” in my hands. However, it was not so much of exam question arose in class, I could refer to the answer key since an issue that it prevented my continued use of it for reading I was sure to have it with me. papers. In many ways, it was no different from reading a large hardcover book. When I later began using a Compaq TC1100 A larger set of transformations came in how I made use of the which was a slightly smaller slate model (no keyboard) I found TabletPC in the classroom. The one class in which I had never that the weight issue was diminished further. used computer presentation tools was the Discrete Mathematics course I taught. There are some obvious advantages of computer- assisted instruction such as supporting a faster pace when desired, 4.6 Reading “regular” books the ability to better prepare orderly presentations, and ease of One hope which I had for my use of the TabletPC was to also archiving and reuse of notes. However, I found the time make use of it while reading “regular” books. While I knew that it investment and lack of flexibility of using a tool such as would be prohibitive to scan entire books for my own use, I PowerPoint to be serious deterrents to computer presentation in hoped that I would be able to make use of the webcam or the this scenario. I far preferred to use transparencies since I would compact digital camera. It was my hope that the handwriting not need to fiddle with an equation editor, and I would be able to input abilities of the tablet would make this a worthwhile venture have a single example span several pages while maintaining the

5 ability to scroll through the example by connecting several during an informal meeting with a senior professor in the transparencies to become one very long transparency sheet. department.

While neither PowerPoint nor Journal gave me this ability, I was I suspect that there could be some interesting explorations in able to build my own pen-based presentation system to use with social psychology waiting to be studied here. this class. In addition to the anticipated benefits, I was also now able to share my slides with my teaching assistant or even students without any contention for physical slides. A more 4.11 Need more tablets! extensive discussion of this tool and its uses can be found in [ref]. One observation I have made is that one computer is not enough in some situations. Very similar to how one would spread out On hearing that the TabletPC was in development, I had several sheets of paper across a desk, there are times when I envisioned a system in which students would be able to grab a needed to spread several computers out across a desk. In general, copy of whatever was being presented at the front of the this is not a cost-effective solution for many. I made use of my classroom, and then take notes on and around this image. I began PC, my laptop, and my TabletPC to solve my problem. While the implementation of the BIRD note-taking system with a laptop grading final projects for my Human-Computer Interaction course, as the medium and could now finally transition to using the I found that I wanted to have the students’ projects running on TabletPC. While the system was designed for students to use to one machine while looking at my BIRD notes from the take notes during class, I found it quite useful myself as a faculty presentations along with the teaching assistant’s grading notes, in member taking notes during student presentations in class. Using order to write my final comments to the student teams. the BIRD system along with a simple text editor, I was able to stop using paper for note-taking during student presentations, and My solution was to create an arch of machines on my desk and to was also able to improve the quality of the notes that I was taking. use the teaching assistants comments document as the foundation A more extensive discussion of this experience can be found in for my final comments document. I had the projects running on [ref]. my PC tower, and my BIRD notes displayed on my TabletPC. I then viewed and modified my teaching assistnat’s notes document on my laptop. 4.10 Places where a TabletPC doesn’t fit There have been certain situations in which using the TabletPC My hope is that future technologies (such as cheap ePaper using was not appropriate in my opinion. I have divided these into two OLEDs or eInk or some similar technology) will enable more of categories; practical issues and social issues. these multi-document tasks being done without the use of traditional paper. There were tasks during which I felt it would be impractical to use my TabletPC rather than paper. The most notable one is for driving directions. While using resources such as MapQuest [ref] 5. Is there a benefit to dust? or having a friend e-mail you directions is a good way to obtain the An accidental observation I made recently was that a lack of information, I did not feel comfortable with the notion of learning visually apparent clutter might have a down side. While cleaning over to look at the tablet while driving, or driving with the tablet my office between semesters I came across several short notes I on my steering wheel (though I have seen people with a copy of had written to myself. They had things such as the name of a the Washington Post spread out across their steering wheel). I person I wanted to look up, or some real-world example I wanted explored the idea of using a Compact Flash GPS card with my to add to my lecture notes, or some pet program I wanted to write TabletPC and MapPoint to have directions read aloud while I was one afternoon. On finding some, I would stop my cleaning to look driving, but I discovered that the tablet generated too much up the person, or add the example to my lecture notes. Others, interference for the GPS unit to obtain a positional lock. however, were merely transferred to a new location, typically an I was surprised at the social awkwardness I felt at the thought of electronic one such as my ToDo list file or a bookmark list. using the TabletPC in certain situations. For example, when doing some price-comparison shopping at the local Circuit City and This opened my eyes to a different line of investigation that could Best Buy, I felt that it would be unwise to wander around with prove interesting. I am now pondering new things. For example, my computer. When preparing for an outreach event with how often should I clean up my bookmarks list or scroll down my students living in one of the campus dorms, it felt like it would ToDo file in search of activities. Also, without dust to motivate seem too “stuffy” and formal to take notes on the computer while me, why would I bother cleaning my bookmarks list rather than attempting to have an open discourse on student concerns just creating yet another “old bookmarks” folder to explore “when regarding education (the topic of the outreach event). I also felt I have a chance” as is my current practice? uncomfortable at the idea of bringing the TabletPC for note-taking

6 6. Commencement [5] Compaq iPAQ 3850. Just as graduation is called “Commencement” since it is not the [6] Compaq TC1100 TabletPC. end, but rather just a new beginning, I choose not to call this [7] Dell OptiPlex GX1 tower. section “Conclusions”. [8] The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson One of the largest non-revelations has been that there are some [9] GIST, http://www.gist.com. places where paper is currently still better since it is just so easy [10] Hewlett-Packard Jornada 548. to use. However, I have been very happy with many of my explorations and have altered my use of paper considerably. [11] The Internet Movie Database, http://us.imdb.com. Endeavors which were failures when attempted with a PC or [12] The Myth of the Paperless Office PcoketPC were successes with a TabletPC. This was very [13] Reading and Skimming.. encouraging personally, and I hope that others who have made http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~muter/pmuter2.htm paper-free attempts in the past approach this new resource with [14] Star Trek: The Next Generation an open mind and fresh ideas. [15] TMS http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/971300.971322 7. References [16] Toshiba Portege 3500 TabletPC. [1] A-Book http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/571985.571992 [17] TV Guide, http://tvguide.com/listings. [2] Baen Free Library, http://www.baen.com/library. [18] Visioneer XP100 Sheetfeed Scanner [3] BIRD http://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie2004/papers/1240.pdf [19] Yahoo! TV, http://tv.yahoo.com. [4] Cassiopeia E-10. [20] Zap2it, http://tvlistings.zap2it.com

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