Investigated Performance of Okumura-Hata Model for Dvb-T2 Signal Propagation in Nigeria

Investigated Performance of Okumura-Hata Model For Dvb-T2 Signal Propagation In Nigeria

Ezekiel Endurance Chukwuemeke Igbonoba

Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT covered by single frequency network (SFN) or multiple The choice of signal propagation model in the frequency network (MFN) [4]. In wireless communication implementation and analysis of the digital terrestrial technology, radio propagation between the transmitter and television broadcast (DTTB) signal performance level in the receiver is affected by such mechanisms as scattering, the Telecommunication Industry remains pivotal to diffraction and reflection. The radio coverage is Engineers and Scientists. The success recorded in the established with the aid of radio signal path-loss, which design and implementation of any DTTB system is rises with increased frequency [4]. The radio frequency attributed to the choice of the predicting model adopted. (RF) power of radio signals would decrease, when radio The aim of this investigation is to establish the efficacy of signals have travelled over a long distance. Therefore, Okumura-Hata path-loss model in the application of DTTB generally, the systems with higher frequencies will not network in Nigeria. The measured path-loss was relatively operate reliably over the distances required for the investigated with respect to Okumura-Hata and Free space coverage areas with varied terrain characteristics [5]. propagation model using a simple drive test methodology. The Okumura-Hata model offered considerable RMSEs LITERATURE REVIEW closer to zero which is satisfactory for high performance in A Survey on Propagation Models - Overview terms of received signal strength when compared to the The physical mechanisms of electromagnetic wave other propagation model. However, it implies that propagation are free space propagation, reflection, Okumura-Hata model could be preferred in the planning, diffraction, and scattering. These mechanisms determine design and implementation of DTTB network in Nigeria the propagation of electromagnetic signals. However, due to its superior performance in the predicted signal techniques and models have been developed over time for strength using digital video broadcast –terrestrial (second predicting radio wave propagation. The propagation generation - DVB-T2) technology. models are divided into empirical-statistical models and deterministic- geometrical models [6]. This research will KEYWORDS: Digital Terrestrial Television focus more on empirical model of predicting radio wave Broadcasting, Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial propagation. The empirical models are better adapted to a (Second Generation), Path-loss models, Radio Coverage, fast, approximate and reliable calculation of coverage area. Signal Propagation. The Empirical models calculate field strength without requiring an extensive data of the terrain. These models INTRODUCTION use data collected from extensive measurements in The Path-loss is defined as the decline in power density of different locations and presentation of simple equations an electromagnetic wave as it propagates over the space. with negligible dependence on the cartographic data [7]. The path-loss is a strategic factor in the analysis and design of the link budget of a wireless system [1]. Propagation Models Furthermore, path-loss is a function of the effect of both The radio-wave propagation model is essential for the environmental and atmospheric perturbations. These could calculation of DTTB coverage and analysis. The choice of be attributable to parameters such as free space loss, propagation model depends on the availability of terrain refraction, diffraction, reflection, aperture-medium height data for not only the service area but also the coupling loss and absorption. It may also be subject to propagation paths between interfering transmitters and the earth topography, environment (urban or rural, vegetation coverage area [8]. This technique delivers terrestrial point- and foliage), propagation medium (dry or humid air), the to-area field strength prediction standards established on distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the the empirical analysis of evaluated data as found in height and position of antennas [2], [3] Recommendation ITU-R P.1546 [9]. The radio propagation model is an empirical mathematical design for the description of radio wave propagation as a Okumura – Hata Model function of frequency, distance and other characteristics The combination of Okumura (1968) and Hata (1980) [4]. Furthermore, models are usually developed to predict model gave rise to Okumura-Hata model [10], [11]. This the behavior of propagation for every similar link under model is best applied in a macro cell environment and is similar constraints. The vital aim of signal propagation is empirically centered on series of field measurements to validate how the signal can propagate from one point to performed by Okumura in and around the city of Tokyo, another in-order to predict the path-loss effect on an area with results made public in graphical formats. The

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Ezekiel Endurance Chukwuemeke Igbonoba / IJRES, 8(2), 10-15, 2021

application of measurements carried out by Hata further The free space path-loss is the ratio of the transmitted resulted in a set of equations with extra correction factors power to the received power, which is given in its for application in other terrains. This model could be simplified form in (7). In logarithmic form, the free space useful in quasi-level terrains in an urban region without the loss is given in (11). 4휋푑 extra correction factors. The possible operational range of L=( )2 ………………. 7 Okumura-Hata model are as follows: Frequency (f): 휆 PL (dB) = 92.44 + 20 log f (GHz) + 150MHz-1500MHz, with likely extension from 1500MHz 10 20 log d (Km) ………………. 8 - 2000MHz, distance between the transmitter (TX) and the 10 Alternatively path-loss lower frequency band is given as: receiver (Rx), distance (d): 1-20km, transmitter antenna Lp (dB) = 20 log (f) +20 log (d) height hb: 3-200m, receiver antenna height hm : 1-10m. 10 10 - 20 log (훌) ……………… 9 Okumuru-Hata model is mathematically expressed as:- 10 Then substituting λ (in km) and f (in MHz)) and L = 69.55 + 26.16logfc – 13.82log h -a(h ) + 44.9 - p b m rationalizing the equation produces the generic free space 6.55log(h )log (d)+l 1 b others s. ………….. path-loss formula, which is stated in equation (12): and Lp (dB) = 32.4 + 20 log (d) + a(h ) = [1.1 log (f) – 0.7] h - [1.56 log (fc) 10 m 10 m 10 20 log (f) ……………… 10 0.8] …………………. 2 10 L = 32.4 + 20log F + where; 10 20log d ……………….11 fc is the carrier frequency in MHz, 10 where; d is the distance in kilometer (Km), F is the frequency in mega hertz h is the transmitter antenna height in meters (m), b d is the distance in kilometers h is the antenna height in meters(m). m λ=C/F … ……………12 lothers is the additional correction factor Path Loss Measurement and Prediction Compared Model: Free Space Path-Loss Model The path-loss being a function of terrain, frequency of The free space path-loss is defined as the loss of strength operation and antenna height varies with respect to or signal as it moves along free space [12]. The free space distance and power of the transmitter. Path-loss is path-loss model adopts a supreme condition where there is expressed mathematically as [6]:- a line-of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver. Path-loss,L =P (dB)–P (dB) …………… 13 The radio wave propagation signal route generally obeys p t r For a free space model, the relationship between Pt and Pr non-line-of- sight (NLOS) environments with obstructions is given as affecting the signal paths [10]. In certainty, the free space 2 푃푡휆 …………………. Pr= 14 model has limited application because it is based on ideal (4휋푑)2 situations. The obstructions caused by perturbations like The wavelength of the carrier is 훌 = c / f free space loss find useful applications in the estimation of Pr (dBm) = Pt (dBm) – 21- 98 +20log10 (훌) path-loss between the mobile station (MS) and the base – 20log10 (d) …………….. 15 station (BS) in difficult terrains. However, degradation and Lp(d) = Pt – Pr = 21- 98 – 20log10 (훌) + attenuation should be taken into consideration due to the 20log10 (d) ……………. 16 changes in the environment caused by perturbations and =Lo+20log10 (d) ……………..17 other physical obstacles with respect to the LOS condition, Where, while log-normal distribution is used to justify the effects Lo is the path-loss at the first meter (put d = 1) and 20dB of slow fading [13]. per decade loss in signal strength In free space, the power density S at a propagation distance Pt is the transmitter power d is as shown in equation (3). The effective propagation Pr is the receiver power area of the receiver antenna, which affects the received 훌 is the wavelength of the RF carrier power, is given in equation (4) and the received power The relationship between Pt and Pr over a distance is given density is given in equation (5). By combining (4) and (5), by 2 2 2 the power received is given in (6). Pr=Pt훌 /(4휋) d ……………..18 푃 S= 푡퐺푡 ………….. 3 Where d is in meters, therefore 4휋푑2 where; Pr (dBm) = Pt (dBm) – 21.98 + 20log10 (훌) – 20log10 (d) ……………..19 Pt is the power transmitted Path loss = L P – P = 21.98 – 20log (훌) Gt is the gain of the transmission antenna p = t r 10 휆2퐺 + 20log10 (d) ……………..20 A=( 푟) …………. 4 4휋 Path-loss, PLm(dB)=EIRPt-Pr(dB) ……….21 where; Where 훌 is the wavelength EIRPt is the Effective isotropic radiation power in dBm Gr is the gain of the receiver antenna Pr is the Mean reference signal power in dBm 푃푟 S= …………. 5 The effective isotropic radiated power EIRPt (dBm) is 퐴 휆 2 defined as the sum amount of power density that is Pr=PtGtGr( ) …………. 6 4휋푑 transmitted from the base station into the propagation medium [14].

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EIRPt=Pt+Gt-Lr . …………..22 Okumura - Hata, Walfisch-Ikegami, Ericsson, ECC-33, Where; and Lee models using simple field measurement campaign Pt is the Transmitter power in (dBm) methodology. The results obtained showed that the Gt is the Transmitter antenna gain in (dBi) Okumura-Hata model had the best performance with Lr is the Total transmission losses (dB) RMSEs of 7.42dB, 7.63dB and 9.64dB along the investigated routes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The Okumura

– Hata model was further modified using the least square RELATED WORKS method in order to enhance its signal prediction accuracy. The investigated propagation curves and coverage areas of The modified Okumura-Hata model predicted the path loss DTTB base stations in the tropical zone in Nigeria with the along routes 1, 2, and 3, with RMSEs of 5.20dB, 4.89dB aim of developing the propagation curve and classify the and 8.78dB, respectively. Finally, the modified Okumura- coverage area of digital terrestrial television broadcast Hata model showed lower RMSEs closer to zero which network in Nigeria using drive test methodology revealed was acceptable by the researchers but on general principle that digital terrestrial television signal do not decrease was still very high compared to zero [10]. generally with distance as projected by the theoretical inverse square law. Rather, it undulates with respect to MATERIALS AND METHOD distance due to terrain and tropospheric components along Investigated Environment its path of propagation. The researchers could not establish The measurement campaign was carried out in the City of the perturbation component that has higher effect on signal Jos and its environs. The City of Jos is located in the north- propagation [15]. central geo-political zone of Nigeria and geographically However, the predicted radio wave propagation by classified as a Sahel region. The City is semi-urban in simulation of free space propagation path-loss aimed at nature with few high rise building but associated with hilly determining how crucial path-loss is in the design of or rocky features capable of causing signal obstruction. communication systems was achieved with the aid of The measurement campaign was carried out in the wet and MATLAB simulation methodology. The result obtained dry season (July - August and October - November, 2019) showed that path-loss is a vital parameter in the design and to establish the effect of terrain and rain on DTT signal in implementation of the radio communications system. The the area investigated. A total of ninety six (96) sample researchers identified how high frequency affects the path- measurements were taken. The locations were divided into loss but failed to mention the effect of perturbations on two major routes (route A and B) across the investigated signal propagation [12]. The investigated path-loss and area. The two major routes were sub-divided into: A , A modeling for DTT over Nigeria aimed at ascertaining the 1 2 and B , B (route A , A are same routes measured in accurate prediction path-loss for DTT in ensuring quality 1 2 1 2 different season - wet and dry season while B , B are of service (QoS) with the application of field measurement 1 2 same routes but measured in different season - wet and dry methodology. The result obtained showed that path-loss season). The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) signal calculated using Okumura-Hata model was the best fit and Distribution Company -Integrated Television services equally revealed that path-loss increases with increase in (ITS) signal was used for the measurement campaign. At trans-receiver distances. Finally, the authors could not the time of this measurement campaign, ITS was the only outline how the transmitting power affects the path-loss DTT network operator (free-to-air) in Jos, Plateau State. [16]. The investigated propagation models for wireless The Figure 1 presents the geographical map of the study communication system aimed at giving an overview of the area. propagation models in wireless communication systems thereby identifying other additional path-loss model that exist between the transmitter and the receiver was achieved using simple field measurement campaign. The result obtained showed that other additive losses occurred such as losses resulting from walls, floors and doors but no solution was proffered on how to manage these additive losses during transmission [17]. The path-loss model adaptation in urban radio propagation for a DVB-T2 system was investigated using Quantitative measurement method and the measured data was analyzed using data processing based on the least squares (LS) method. The researchers concluded that the proposed model was more accurate in predicting the quantitative measurement of propagation data than the conventional Hata path-loss model but could not identify the obstacles experienced during the measurement exercise [7]. The Path-loss Figure 1: The Study Map [18] modeling of fourth generation long term evolution network along major highways in Lagos, Nigeria aimed at studying The map in Figure 1 presents the geographical location of the comparative analysis of the measured path-loss with the seventeen (17) Local Government Areas (LGA) of the respect to predictions made by free space, flat earth, State with the coverage area. The map was downloaded

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from www.researchgate.net and modified to suite my Table 1: ITS Network Parameters purpose using geographical information system software S/N Parameter Values (ArcGIS). 1 TX frequency 522MHz 2 Effective isotropic 62.14 dBm Experimental Setup and Measurements radiated power (EIRP) To guarantee high permanence and relative precision 3 Base station location and Latitude: 9.89°, using spectrum analyzer in carrying out field Geographical Coordinate Longitude: 8.87° measurement in broadcasting, ITU recommendations on 4 Base station transmitted 1.3Kw field measurement, relevant equipment and settings power (Kw) specified were followed [19]. 5 Base station frequency 522MHz The measurement tool for the field test system comprise of (MHz) test equipment carried in a Van and driven to test locations 6 Height of the 107m within the selected areas. The test equipment used as transmitting antenna (m) presented in Figure 2 include;- 7 Height of the mobile 10m A. A Calibrated Logarithmic Antenna antenna (m) B. Dedicated decoder (Digital Terrestrial Receiver) 8 Antenna Pattern Horizontal – capable of decoding (DVB-T2) signals Omnidirectional C. A Deviser Spectrum analyzer E8000A series

D. A Television monitor capable of displaying RESULT AND DISCUSSION SDTV and HDTV (DVB-T2) signals This section presents the result of path-loss measured E. Global positioning satellite (GPS) enable smart (PLm) and predicted data. The signal strength for each of phone the routes measured at a distance d (km) was used to F. 75Ω, 15m RF cable and connectors determine the mean value path-loss measured and predicted as presented in Table 2 and 3. The graphical presentation of the path-loss Okumura-Hata model (PLO- HM) and path-loss free space model (PLFSM) vs. distance are presented in Figure 3 and 4.

TABLE 2: Table of Signal Analysis of Field data in Route A Model Mean Standard Low High Parameters Deviation Value Value PLm (B1) 118.23 13.1 104.4 134.5

PLm (B2) 115.61 12.6 98.6 129.8 PLO-HM 117.2 14.4 96.8 137.6 PLFSM 107.4 10.9 94.5 120.3 Figure 2: Equipment setup for field measurement The equipment set-up in Figure 2 was in conformity with the ground and rooftop level measurement procedure in TABLE 3: Table of Signal Analysis of Field data in order to achieve acceptable result as laid down by ITU for Route B frequency managers, monitoring services, and the Broadcasters. Model Mean Standard Low High Measurements and Modeling Parameters Parameters Deviation Value Value The methodology adopted for the field measurement was PLm (A1) 122.84 15.9 103.7 135.5 simple drive test. During the measurement exercise, eight PLm (A2) 117.7 14.6 98.5 131.6 (8) Local Government Areas were covered (Jos North, Jos East, Jos South, Bassa, Riyom, Barkin Ladi, Bokkos and PLO-HM 121.1 20.5 95.6 146.6 Mangu). The key parameters measured were: - field PLFSM 109.9 11.8 93.7 126 strength (FS), channel power (CP) and received signal strength (RSS). The ITS transmitter parameters is summarized and presented in Table 1.

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160 160 Pathloss 140 140 Predicted 120 120 : PLO- 100 Pathloss 100 PLm B1 HM, 80 measure PLO-HM PLm B2 PLFSM 60 d and80 (dB) for 40 PLFSP predicte60 PLO-HM Route A d (dB) 20 40 PLFSM 0 20 0 20 40 Log. Distance (Km) 0 0 Log.10 Distance (Km)20 30

Figure 3: Plot of PLO-HM / PLFSM vs. Distance in Figure 6: Plot of Path-loss Measured and Predicted in Route A Route B (B1, B2) vs. Log. Distance

160 The results presented in Figure 5 and 6 imply that path- 140 loss Okumura-Hata model has a better agreement with the Pathloss path-loss measured in both routes in the wet season and predicted 120 dry season in Nigeria. : PLO- 100

HM, 80 PLO-HM Statistical Analysis PLFSM 60 The statistical method was applied to compare the (db) for 40 PLFSP efficiency index of the path-loss models achieved through Route B 20 the use of a root mean square error (RMSE) statistical value between the Okumura-Hata propagation model (O- 0 HPM) and free space propagation model (FPSM). 0 20 40 Okumura –Hata Model Best Fit Log. Distance (Km) The validity of Okumura-Hata prediction model for DVB- T2 was tested using the root mean square error (RMSE). Figure 4: Plot of PLO-HM/ PLFSM vs. Distance in The validity of the result presented a performance value of Route B 0.4 dB and 0.7 dB along route A , A and 0.2 dB and 0.3 The graphical presentation of the measured and predicted 1 2 dB in route B1, B2. The closer the values of the RMSEs to path-loss models is presented in Figure 5 and 6 to actually zero show better performance in the signal prediction interpret the model with the best line of fit. accuracy of the model [20], [21]. 160 This is expressed mathematically as:- [푃퐿 ]2 140 푘 푚 (푑)−푃퐿푟 (푑) RMSE=√∑=1 ………….. 23 Pathloss120 퐾 PLm A1 where; 100 measured PLm (d) is the measured path-loss (dB) 80 and PLMm PLr (d) is the Predicted path-loss (dB) predicted60 A2 K = 24 (number of measured locations on each route) (dB) 40 PLO-HM Example: the RMSE of route A and B for Okumura- 20 Hata are:- 0 (122.84−121.1)2 RMSE,A1 = √ = 0.4dB 0 10 20 30 24 Log. Distance (Km) (117.7−121.1)2 A2 = √ = 0.7dB 24 Figure 5: Plot of Path-loss Measured and predicted in (118.23−117.2)2 Route A (A1, A2) vs. Log. Distance For Route B1, RMSE1 = √ = 0.2 24 (115.61−117.2)2 B2 = √ 0.3 24 The RMSE of route A and B for free space model are:- (122.84−109..9)2 RMSE of A1 = √ = 2.7푑퐵 24 (117.7−109.9)2 RMSE A2 = √ = 1.6푑퐵 24

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