REPORT of THE FIFTH STATE FINANCE COMMISSION
Report of the Fifth State Finance Commission Part II
PART II
FIFTH STATE FINANCE COMMISSION MARCH www.sfc.kerala.gov.in 2016 REPORT of THE FIFTH STATE FINANCE COMMISSION
PART II
MARCH 2016 THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Contents
List of Abbreviations iii List of Tables v List of Annex vii List of Appendices ix 12. Fiscal Issues 603 Borrowings 603 Statutory Audit 605 Performance Audit 606 Streamlining of Asset register 608 Fiscal Data on Local Governments 612 Annual Financial Statement 615 13. Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the 621 process of Plan formulation and execution Plan Formulation and Execution Procedure 624 Plan Performance of Grama Panchayats 628 Plan Performance of District Panchayats 636 Plan Performance of Municipalities 641 Plan Performance of Municipal Corporations 645 Issues raised by LGs on Annual Plans 650 Recommendations 656 14. Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Changes in Laws,Rules 664 and Procedures 15. Summary of Recommendations 671 Note on the Data used for Devolution 678 Acknowledgements 679
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List of Abbreviations
AE Assistant Engineer AFS Annual Financial Statement AMC Annual Maintenance Contract BP Block Panchayat BPL Below Poverty Line CDS Centre for Development Studies CMD Centre for Management Development CSS Centrally Sponsored Scheme CTFM Centre for Training in Financial Management DP District Panchayat DPC District Planning Committee GIFT Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation GP Grama Panchayat IKM Information Kerala Mission KILA Kerala Institute of Local Administration KLGSDP Kerala Local Government Service Delivery Project
KSUDP Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project
KURDFC Kerala Urban and Rural Development Finance Corporation
LG Local Government
LSG Local Self Government LSGD Local Self Government Department LSGI Local Self Government Institutions MC Municipal Corporation
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MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MGNREGs Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme PPRI Public Policy Research Institute
SC Scheduled Caste SCP Special Component Plan SFC State Finance Commission SIRD State Institute of Rural Development SOTR State’s Own Tax Revenue SSS State Sponsored Scheme ST Scheduled Tribe ToR Terms of Reference TRR Total Revenue Receipts TSP Tribal Sub Plan WCP Women Component Plan MIS Management Information System
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page Number Number
12.1 Details of Loan availed by Local Governments from KURDFC 604
12.2 Road Assets 609
12.3 Non-Road Assets 610
12.4 Movable Assets 611
13.1 Annual Plan Expenditure of Local Governments 2014-15 623
13.2 Annual Plan Expenditure of Local Governments 2015-16 (upto 31/01/2016) 624
13.3 Average Number of Projects executed by LGs during 2014-15 624
13.4 Project Identification Stage (Phase I) 625
13.5 Scrutiny and Approval of Construction related Projects 626
13.6 Engineers authorized for giving technical sanction 627
13.7 Project Execution 627
13.8 Constitution of working groups for Plan Formulation in 2014-15 in Grama 628 Panchayats
13.9 Grama Sabha and Development Seminar in Grama Panchayats for 2014-15 629
13.10 Date of Approval of Annual Plan Projects of Grama Panchayats by Committee 631 and DPC for 2014-15
13.11 Number of Projects Executed in 2014-15 in Grama Panchayats 632
13.12 Details of Implementation of Projects in Grama Panchayats 633
13.13 Percentage of Fund Utilisation (Plan+Maintenanace) in Grama Panchayats 634
13.14 Plan Spending : Quarter wise of 2014-15 of Grama Panchayats 635
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13.15 Total Plan Spending of the 15 Grama Panchayats for 2014-15 (Month wise) 636
13.16 Plan Formulation Process in 2014-15 in District Panchayats 636
13.17 Approval of Projects and Annual Plan of 2014-15 in District Panchayats 638
13.18 Number of Projects Implemented in District Panchayat 639
13.19 Percentage of Fund Utilisation in District Panchayats (Plan+Maintenance) 639
13.20 Plan Expenditure : Quarter wise in 2014-15 in District Panchayat 640
13.21 Total Plan Spending for the 5 District Panchayat for 2014-15 640
13.22 Plan Formulation Process in 2014-15 in Municipalities 641
13.23 Approval of Projects and Annual Plan of 2014-15 in Municipalities 642
13.24 Number of Projects Implemented in Municipalities 643
13.25 Percentage of Fund Utilisation (Plan+ Maintenance) in Municipalities 644
13.26 Plan Expenditure : Quarter wise in 2014-15 in Municipalities 644
13.27 Total Plan Spending for all the 5 Municipalities in 2014-15 645
13.28 Plan Formulation Process in 2014-15 in Municipal Corporations 646
13.29 Approval of Projects and Annual Plan of 2014-15 in Municipal Corporations 647
13.30 Number of Projects Implemented in Municipal Corporations 648
13.31 Percentage of Fund Utilisation (Plan+Maintenance) in Municipal Corporations 648
13.32 Plan Expenditure : Quarter wise in 2014-15 in Municipal Corporations 649
13.33 Total Plan Spending of Municipal Corporations for 2014-15 650
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Annex
Annex. No. Title Page Nos
13.1 Plan Formulation Process 659 13.2 Constitution of Working Groups in three tier Panchayats 660 13.3 Constitution of Working Groups in Urban Local Governments 662 13.4 Programme Schedule of Grama/Ward Sabha 663
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List of Appendices
Appendix No. Title Page Nos
1.3 Staff of the Commission 681 1.4 Commission’s Meetings 682 13.1 Commission sittings in five Districts of Kerala 683 13.2 Meeting with Officials 686 13.3 Workshop held on 17.02.16 in the Office of GIFT, 687 Thiruvananthapuram A Data on Population, Area, BPL Households and Average Resources 688 B Data on Assets 718
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Fifth State Finance Commission
Chapter 12 Fiscal Issues
12.1 As per the Terms of Reference, Fifth State Performance Audit Officer, Kerala State Finance Commission has to look Urban and Rural Development Finance into the measures needed to strengthen Corporation (KURDFC), Information the financial position of Panchayats and Kerala Mission (IKM) and Officials of Municipalities with special reference to- Local Governments in this regard have been made (list of officials participated in (i) the potential of Local Governments to the meeting is shown in Appendix- raise funds from financial 12.1). A workshop on the Effectiveness of institutions and the market, and to Financial Reporting System of Local suggest a framework for realizing this Governments in Kerala with special potential; reference to Annual Financial Statement (ii) improving the quality of upkeep of (AFS) was also held at GIFT on 17.02.2016 assets owned by the Local (list of persons attended the workshop is Governments as well as those given in Appendix- 12.2). transferred to the Local
Governments; (i) Borrowings
(iii) maintaining a proper fiscal data base 12.4 Articles 292 and 293 of the relating to Local Governments; and Constitution empower the Central and State Governments to borrow funds from (iv) putting in place measures required the public on the security of their assets for improving the capacity of or on the guarantee furnished. Article 293 financial management by Local prescribes the guidelines for borrowing by Governments; the State Governments and envisages that 12.2 The 5th State Finance Commission the State Government has to enact examined the following items of fiscal appropriate legislation for borrowings issues: within the country upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State. Since (i) Borrowings the Constitution does not clearly specify (ii) Statutory Audit the condition for borrowings by LGs and (iii) Performance Audit hence LGs can derive powers from Acts and Rules of State for borrowing. (iv) Streamlining of Asset Register 12.5 The own fund of Local Governments (v) Fiscal Data on Local Governments and the transfers from the Government of (vi) Annual Financial Statement (AFS) Kerala are insufficient to meet the 12.3 Discussions with Accountant increasing developmental requirements. General, Kerala State Audit Department, Local Governments may borrow any sums
603 Fiscal Issues of money which may be required for the 12.6 Kerala Urban Development purpose for which the funds of the Local Finance Corporation Limited was a non- Governments may be applied under the banking financial company under the provisions of the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act State Government established in 1970 for and the Kerala Municipality Act or any providing loans to Urban Local other law in force provided that while Governments in Kerala for their raising such loan the assets of the Local infrastructural projects. Subsequently in Governments shall not be pledged for 2004, Kerala Urban Development Finance purposes other than for utilizing in Corporation had been merged with the remunerative development schemes. then Rural Development Board to form a Kerala has a framework for borrowing by new organization, viz., the Kerala Urban Local Governments and the Kerala Urban and Rural Development Finance and Rural Development Finance Corporation. The area of Kerala Urban Corporation is the only institution under and Rural Development Finance the State Government to provide loans to Corporation extended over the entire Local Governments. For the last five Local Governments in Kerala. For the years only 88 numbers of Local purpose of providing loans to Local Governments have approached KURDFC. Governments the projects are classified Out of this 38 are Urban Local into remunerative and non-remunerative Governments and 50 Rural Local schemes. Remunerative schemes include Governments. Details of loan provided by construction of commercial complexes, the KURDFC during the five years from bus stands, lodges etc. and non- 2009-10 to 2013-14 are shown in table remunerative schemes include
12.1. construction of roads, small bridges,
Table 12.1: Details of loan availed by Local Governments from KURDFC Urban Local Bodies Rural Local Bodies Grand Total Year Amount Amount Amount No No (Rs. in lakh) (Rs. in lakh) (Rs. in lakh) 2009-10 7 296 7 221 517 2010-11 9 642 13 444 1086 2011-12 9 526 12 256 782 2012-13 6 585 10 364 949 2013-14 7 1344 8 164 1508
From the above it is evident that only a parks, stadiums etc. Being a financing few Local Governments had availed loan agency to Local Governments in Kerala from KURDFC. It means that there are the KURDFC has to be strengthened. It some difficulties or procedural issues in should be able to attract more Local getting loans from the KURDFC by Local Governments. There are two stages for Governments. disbursement of loan from the Company -
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(i) Approval of schemes, and (ii) Sanction causing delay in sanctioning loans. of loan. Those Local Governments, which Sharing of responsibility and co- have defaulted the payment of overdues ordination are major solutions to to the Company in respect of the loans overcome these conflicts. Hence we availed, will not be eligible for applying observe that the KURDFC shall do all for loan from the Company. All loans works including preparation of design and sanctioned by the Company are to be estimate of projects testing their financial secured by deposit of title deeds of viability and related matters and property worth at least 150% of the loan obtaining sanction from Government in amount. For depositing title deeds with Local Self Government Department. That the Company the Local Governments is, all the procedures are completed have to produce the documents in through a single window system which original, non-encumbrance certificate for helps Local Governments to get loan in the last 14 years, latest land tax receipt, time. valuation of the property prepared by the 12.8 In the light of the above, the Engineer of the Local Governments and Commission recommends that KURDFC countersigned by the Secretary and shall be designated as nodal agency to specific resolution of the Governing Body clear all formalities relating to availing of of the Local Government for equitable loans by Local Governments for mortgage in favour of the Company and remunerative projects as detailed at para authorizing the Secretary of the Local 12.7. State Government may provide Government to execute the mortgage with guarantee to the borrowings by LGs. the Company. The Local Government concerned has also to produce sanction of (ii) Statutory Audit competent authority under section 3 of 12.9 Kerala State Audit Department the Local Authorities Loans Act for headed by the Director is entrusted with availing loan of the Company. After the statutory audit of accounts of Local execution of necessary documents for Governments and other Local Funds availing the loan, it will be disbursed in included in the schedule of section 4(1) installments according to the progress of the scheme. and 4 (2) of the Kerala Local Fund Audit Act, 1994. As per section 6(3) of the Local 12.7 At present technical persons in Fund Audit Act, the Director of State Local Governments are preparing the Audit Department has the authority to design and estimate of the projects. There inspect any office of Local Fund Accounts are only limited technical persons in Local under the control of the State. The Governments especially in Grama Accountant General is responsible for Panchayats to prepare the design and ‘Test Audit’, ie; check/examination/ estimate of the project. Lack of co- assessment/ evaluation/ inspection/ ordination and conflicts at various levels analysis/scrutiny of state accounts of are major issues in Local Governments Local Governments. The C&AG verifies
605 Fiscal Issues and compiles the accounts of the state developmental projects of such nature. and prepares Finance and Appropriation 12.11 The Local Governments by and Accounts every year. The main objective large do no not have any complaints of Kerala State Audit Department is to about the attitude of the Accountant ensure the effectiveness of financial General Audit. In the meetings of the management and administration through Commission with them the State Audit a comprehensive financial audit, Department officials pointed out that compliance audit and performance audit they are conducting audit as per the and to enhance the accountability of the existing Act and Rules. They denied most Local Governments. Non- receipt of of the allegations raised by Local details sought by audit is a major Governments. The Commission feels that hindrance in finalising Audit Report. This the reality lies between the views leads to mounting of audit paras. Hence, expressed by Local Governments and the elected representatives shall discuss audit Kerala State Audit Department. In the reports in the council meetings and light of the observations of the appropriate steps may be taken thereon. Commission the State Audit Department 12.10 The Local Governments are given authorities assured that the views of the 20% to 25% of the SOTR as General Commission will be taken into Purpose Fund, Maintenance Fund and consideration while conducting audit in Development Fund. Besides, they also get future. ‘B’ funds and funds under Centrally 12.12 Taking into account the above, the Sponsored Schemes and State Sponsored Commission recommends that audit by Schemes. These are the funds of public. the State Audit Department should take a There should be a system of check and more development-friendly approach balance on receipts and utilization of without compromising the basic funds by Local Governments. Statutory principles of audit. auditors are responsible to ensure that funds are received and utilized as per the (iii) Performance Audit rules, regulations and procedures. Most of the Local Governments are not averse 12.13 Performance Audit was introduced to statutory audit. Majority of the Local in 1997. Performance Audit is mainly Governments which attended the sittings concentrating on the developmental and of the Commission pointed out that the social welfare responsibilities of Local Local Fund Audit is more harsh, rigid and Governments and directs to takes not development friendly especially in corrective measures by Local the case of the developmental Governments. As per the Kerala Panchayat expenditure. Because of the harsh Raj Act, 1994 and the Kerala Panchayat Raj observations and objections the (Manner of Inspection and Audit System) implementing officers of the Local Rules, 1997, tri-monthly performance Governments are not willing to take audit system came into existence in
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Panchayats. As per G.O(Ms)No.88/2015/ measures to the defects. LSGD dated 08.06.2015, as part of reforming the audit system, monthly Suggestions of State Performance Audit performance audit is conducted in Grama Officer and Field level Panchayats and report is forwarded to Performance Audit Officers Grama Panchayats concerned in the duly fixed proforma. In Urban Local 12.15 Commission contacted State Governments performance audit is Performance Audit Officer and collected conducted on a quarterly basis. details from field level performance audit Eventhough the system of audit is done officers and they made the following as envisaged in the Act in Rural Local suggestions to improve the performance Governments this is done as a post audit audit system in Local Governments: in Urban Local Governments. In Urban (i) Effective and proper training to the Local Governments, performance audit is members of performance audit staff. pending for a number of years. It means Officers having willingness shall be that it is a post audit and not a corrective appointed in Performance Audit audit as envisaged in the Act and Rules. In team. Officers posted in Performance the discussion with the Commission the Audit shall be permitted to continue State Performance Audit Officer pointed there for at least three years and out that shortage of staff is a main reason officials facing disciplinary action for this pathetic condition. should not be posted in Performance audit. 12.14 Performance audit means the inspection on the administration (ii) Proper follow up action on audit intended to evaluate whether the references. developmental and social welfare (iii) Shortage of staff in Performance functions vested in Local Governments Audit Wing in Urban Local and the financial and controlling powers Governments. entrusted to that Local Governments are being executed and utilized effectively (iv) Simplification of monthly and efficiently in accordance with the performance audit forms. Acts, Rules and directions and giving of 12.16 Taking into account all the above timely directions to rectify the defects, if factors the Commission feels that any. It also includes the scrutiny of the Performance audit system is found to be accounts, records, proceedings and the more effective in Rural Local assessment of demand and collection of Governments to correct the defects and tax and public works of the Local bottlenecks in the execution of Governments or of an institution under developmental activities. In Urban Local the administrative control of the Local Governments the performance audit Governments and to point out corrective system requires improvement. Hence,
607 Fiscal Issues the Commission recommends that the using ‘Saankhya’ software also requires Performance Audit System in Urban Local the LGs to have proper accounting of Governments should be strengthened assets. The IKM has developed a software, urgently and adequate staff should be viz., ‘Sachitra’ for the preparation of asset provided either through fresh recruitment register by LGs. or through deployment in this regard so 12.19 There are some apprehensions and as to make the system as envisaged in the anxieties with regard to the ‘Sachitra’ Act and Rules. software. One issue is that the software is (iv) Streamlining of Asset Register not so user-friendly. When the maintenance work is done in a road asset 12.17 An asset is a resource with already entered in the asset register, the economic value that a Local Government length of the road for which maintenance owns or controls with the expectation fund has been used is again recorded as that it will provide future benefit. It is a an asset in the register resulting in balance sheet item representing what a duplication or triplication of the same Local Government owns. A huge volume asset. For example, length of a road ‘A’ is of assets has been transferred from the 10 Km. A maintenance work is State Government to the LGs as part of undertaken in 3 Km of the road. This 3 the big-bang decentralization. Not less Km road is entered as a new asset (road) than 25% of the state plan resources has in the asset register. This process will also been transferred to LGs. With this continue as long as maintenance work on fund, LGs have been able to create a the same road is undertaken. This is an substantial number of assets. anomaly. The asset register of the Local 12.18 The second and subsequent SFCs Governments does not provide an abstract recommended to devolve around 5.5% of of the various items of assets owned by the SOTR as fund for the maintenance of them. The total length of a particular type assets either owned by the LGs or of road or the plinth area of buildings transferred to them by Government. The cannot be ascertained at a glance. A second SFC had recommended that the person has to go through the asset LGs should prepare asset base and register which contains hundreds of pages maintenance grant be distributed to get the above information. This is a according to need related to ownership of herculean task in the case of asset register assets and its maintenance. The Third of Municipal Corporations and District and Fourth SFCs emphasized this norm. Panchayats where the volume of asset is The Fourth SFC clearly recommended that higher. The data base on asset of LGs the maintenance grant should be furnished by the IKM and that collected distributed strictly on asset base of Local from the LGs directly by the SFC at the Governments. As a result, the Local Self time of preparation of Part I of the Report Government Department made all earnest was found to be inconsistent. This efforts to encourage the LGs to prepare Commission had to spare a substantial asset register. The preparation of AFS amount of time and human resources to
608 Fifth State Finance Commission fine-tune the asset base of LGs to to the existing assets). distribute maintenance fund. Refinement (5) In the case of roads which pass of asset base was a struggle and a through more than one ward/division challenge faced by the Commission. The that should be entered in the asset issues and inconsistencies relating to data register as one road in single length base on asset of LGs cannot be let to chainage. continue. (6) While searching the assets, the 12.20 Considering the above facts and following details should be exhibited: situations, the Commission recommends a) Name of asset the following: b) Name of ward/division (1) The ‘Sachitra’ software be made more c) Name of village user-friendly. d) Block number e) Survey number (2) There should be provision to recognize addition/deletion of assets (7) The cost of assets the valuation of each and every year. which could not be undertaken is (3) The ‘Sachitra’ software be integrated shown as Re.1 in asset register. The with ‘Saankhya’ software so as to market value of such assets should be update assets automatically. assessed and the asset register be (4) When a project which creates asset is updated accordingly. completed, the asset register should (8) Duplication of assets should be updated automatically (Asset is completely be avoided. The facing mainly created with development sheet of the asset register should fund and own fund. Maintenance contain an abstract of the total assets fund is given for the maintenance of under the control of Local assets and not for asset creation. Government as detailed at table 12.2, However, this fund is permitted to 12.3 and 12.4. This abstract should be utilize for the construction of certified by the Kerala State Audit compound wall and roof changing. Department at the time of statutory The assets created so with the audit every year. maintenance fund can also be added
Table 12.2 : Road Assets Sl. Length Type of Asset Value (Rs) No. (Km) 1 Concrete roads 2 Black top roads 3 Metalled roads 4 Earthen roads 5 Bridges (width of bridges and height of piers should also be shown) 6 Culverts (width and height should also be given) 7 Others
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Table 12.3: Non-Road Assets Sl. Type of Asset Date of Plinth Area Value (Rs) No. Construction (M2/Acre) 1 Land 2 Buildings: (a) Ordinary buildings: (i) Commercial buildings (ii) School buildings (iii) LGs own office buildings (iv) Anganwadis (v) Bus stand buildings (vi) Bus waiting shelters (vii) Poor homes (viii) Old age homes (ix) Library buildings (x) Public comfort stations (xi) Community halls and auditoriums (xii) Others (b) Special Buildings: (i) Hospitals/dispensaries/ clinics (ii) Rest/Guest houses (iii) Residential quarters (iv) Slaughter houses (v) Buildings in burial and burning grounds (vi) Others (c) Heritage Buildings: (i) Palace (ii) Cultural centre (iii) Others 3 Drinking water supply system 4 Irrigation system 5 Sewage treatment plant 6 Solid waste treatment plant: (a) Bio- gas plant (b) Vermi compost plant (c) Windrow compost plant (d) Others 7 Park 8 Market 9 Stadium 10 Play ground 11 Ponds 12 Tanks 13 Others
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Table 12.4: Movable Assets Measurement Sl. Date of Type of Assets (M)/Quantity Value(Rs) No. purchase (Nos) 1 Furniture & fixtures: (a)Cabinet (b)Cupboard/shelf (c )Chair (d)Table (e)Bed/cot (f)Others 2 Office and other equipments: (a) Air conditioner (b) Computer (c) Printer & peripherals (d) Photo copier (e) Fax machine (f) Fan (g) Electrical fittings (h) Generator (i) Others 3 Plant, machinery & tools 4 Vehicles: (a) Car (b) Jeep (c) Truck/lorry (d) Tractor (e) Pick-up van (f) Tanker (g) Ambulance (h) Others 5 Electricity: (a) Line extension (b)Street lights (c)Others 6 Other movable assets
12.21 Even though most of the Local backing. Local Governments fail in the Governments have prepared their asset court of law when there is a dispute register and uploaded the same into the with regard to the ownership of assets. ‘Sachitra’ software developed by the An LG can claim ownership of an asset IKM the asset register has no legal when it is officially notified. The asset
611 Fiscal Issues register of the entire 1200 LGs has to be departments besides funds under CSSs notified by the Government in LSGD. and SSSs. Funds of the state means Taking into account, we recommend money of the public or tax payers. that the LSGD shall take urgent steps to Hence, public has all the rights and notify the asset register in the official privileges to know the utilization of gazette so as to help the Local fund by Local Governments. Governments to claim legal validity over Information to the public helps them to the assets owned by them. The have an awareness as to how effectively Commission also recommends that public funds are utilized or the funds there should be a mechanism in LSGD have been diverted for the purpose to monitor updating of asset register by other than those for which they are Local Governments concerned regularly. meant. (v) Fiscal Data on Local Governments 12.24 State Finance Commission and 12.22 The previous four SFCs had Union Finance Commission are expressed their concerns over the constituted at the interval of every 5 availability of data on Local Government years. They require fiscal data on Local finance and their reliability. The Governments. The Ministry of current situation is not far different Panchayati Raj and the Ministry of from that. This Commission had to Urban Development, Government of spare a lion portion of its time for the India often require statistics on Local collection of data from Local Government finance. State Government Governments and its refinement. The departments like Panchayat, Urban data on asset base of Local Affairs and Rural Development also Governments collected from the IKM require such information. Other and that directly by the SFC from the agencies/institutions like Kerala Local Governments were not tallying. Institute of Local Administration (KILA), The Commission struggled a lot to fine- Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation tune the data. Accessibility to reliable (GIFT), State Institute of Rural data in time is essential for analyzing Development (SIRD), Kerala Local various issues of local governance. Government Service Delivery Project 12.23 Consequent on 73rd and 74th (KLGSDP), Kerala Sustainable Urban amendments to the Constitution of Development Project (KSUDP), India the role of Local Governments Kerala Urban & Rural Development have substantially been expanded. More Finance Corporation Ltd (KURDFC), functions, funds and functionaries have Public Policy Research Institute (PPRI), been devolved to Local Governments. In Centre for Development Studies (CDS), Kerala 20% to 25% of the total net SOTR Centre for Management Development is given to the Local Governments as (CMD) etc which deal with Local devolution. The Local Governments also Government matters directly or get ‘B’ fund from various Government indirectly are also the users of data on
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Local Government finance. Non- Governments for the subsequent years Governmental organizations, researchers from 2014-15 onwards until the and other stakeholders which/ who are Management Information System (MIS) interested/ engaged in local governance is introduced by the IKM. When the MIS also require accurate and reliable fiscal comes into force and the IKM is able to data on Local Governments. For provide necessary information on LG claiming ‘Performance Grant’ to Local finance the data collection through the Governments recommended by the 14th software developed by the KELTRON Finance Commission for the period shall be done away with. The SFC cell in from 2016-17 to 2019-20, reliable data Finance Department shall be entrusted on Local Bodies receipts and with this task. For this purpose the expenditure through audited accounts AMC with the KELTRON be renewed and on improvement in own revenues periodically. Any lapse in collection of of Local Governments are required. fiscal data on Local Governments, Thus, from Government Departments publishing them in the domain of and institutions to NGOs and persons Finance Department and renewal of of different walks of life are the users AMC of software developed by of fiscal data on Local Government. KELTRON shall be avoided. Except SFC, others find it more difficult 12.25 In order to ensure more accuracy to get even the crude data from Local and reliability of data it is better to Governments. This pinpoints the capture the data at the time of its entry necessity of building up a data bank on by the Accountant or other staff of Local the finances of Local Governments. Governments itself. At present, the data Everybody should be able to access the entered by the staff of Local data collected and used by the SFCs. Governments are able to be captured Hence, the data collected by successive through the ‘Saankhya’ software SFCs should be published in its web developed by the IKM. If the software site. The Commission ceases to exist at used by the SFC or its modified version, the end of its tenure, which is usually if any, is integrated with the ‘Saankhya’ one year to one and a half years. the SFC cell can capture data at the time Therefore, at the end of the term of the of its entry by the staff of Local Commission, its web application should Governments. These data will be more be linked with the official site of correct, accurate, error-free and reliable. Finance Department. In the Inconsistency in data can also be circumstances, we recommend that the minimized. Hence, we recommend that th software used by the 5 SFC, which has the SFC software which is adopted for been developed by the KELTRON, shall the continued collection of fiscal data be considered to have been modified on Local Government be integrated with and this shall be continued to be used the ‘Saankhya’ software developed by for the collection of fiscal data on Local the IKM.
613 Fiscal Issues 12.26 Quality and accuracy of fiscal rank of Head Clerk be designated in all data depend, upto a certain extent, Municipalities, Municipal Corporations upon the officer who deals with them. and District Panchayats by deploying A raw hand or an untrained person may existing post in the same LG. No new commit mistake while entering data post shall be created in this regard. The which will affect the outcome/report proposed Accountant should be generated therefrom. The official who responsible for handling AFS and deals with the financial data of Local budget of LGs. The Accountant shall be Governments must have sufficient permitted to be in the post for at least knowledge, awareness and work three years. Since all expenses in this experience in the field and the matter. regard is met by Local Governments Hence, the accounts of the Local from their own fund or GPF given by Government should be dealt with in a Government, there will be no financial separate accounting wing. The 4th SFC commitment on the state exchequer. had recommended to put in place an accounting cadre in Local Governments 12.27 Elected representatives and staff and Government accepted this of Local Governments get training at recommendation. Consequently, a post KILA in various matters including Acts, of Accountant has been created in Rules and regulations, decentralized Grama Panchayats. The Head Clerks in planning and financial and accounting Block Panchayats have also been matters. They pointed out that though entrusted with the responsibility of they received good training in other account keeping. This has resulted in matters the training imparted by the proper maintenance of accounts in KILA to the officials of Local Grama Panchayats and Block Governments in financial matters is not Panchayats. The Accountant in Grama found to be satisfactory. They also Panchayat is able to know all accounting demanded more effective training in matters. But no such post of Accountant financial matters in other better exists in comparatively larger Local training institutes. At this juncture, it Governments like Municipalities, may be noted that the Finance Municipal Corporations and District Department has its own training division Panchayats. The Municipalities, under its control – Centre for Training in Municipal Corporations and District Financial Management (CTFM). This Panchayats which attended the sitting training institution imparts all types of of the Commission strongly demanded training in financial matters, project that the post of Accountant in the cadre management and I.T. Decentralisation of Head Clerk as in the case of Grama Analysis Cell (DAC) in GIFT has also Panchayats and Block Panchayats be expressed its willingness to provide created for the effective account training to the staff of LGs in accounting, keeping. Hence, we recommend that financial and other related matters. one post each of an Accountant in the
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Hence, the Commission recommends that This system of accounting found a place the CTFM under the control of Finance in Rural Local Governments only in 2012- Department and the DAC in GIFT shall be 13. Since it is in the infant stage, it has all entrusted with the task of imparting the shortcomings and limitations of a trial training to Local Government staff with run. It is the beginning of a new era. The regard to finance, accounting, and related Local Governments have switched over matters. The KILA may also be associated from the unscientific cash system of while designing the training programme. accounting to the systematic double entry A fee may be collected from the system of accounting. We find that this is sponsoring institution in this regard. the apt time to redress the grievances and resolve the issues and difficulties faced by (vi) Annual Financial Statement (AFS) Local Governments in the matter. The 12.28 A Financial Statement is a formal accounting system has to be fine-tuned so record of the financial activities and as to make it user-friendly. Modifications position of a Local Government. Relevant in the accounting rules, accounting codes financial information is presented in a and structure of the format are required. designed manner and in a form easy to The Commission made all efforts towards understand. The Annual Financial this end. The Commission held Statement of a Local Government, which discussions with the officials of the office is prepared on accrual basis consists of of the Accountant General, Kerala State Income and Expenditure Account, Audit Department, Information Kerala Receipts and Payments Account and Mission and Local Governments and Balance Sheet. The objective of Annual various other stakeholders. The Financial Statement is to provide Commission also conducted a workshop information about the financial position, in association with the Decentralisation performance and changes in financial Analysis Cell of the GIFT in this regard. position of an institution that is useful in The delegates from the Institute of decision making process. Financial Chartered Accountants of India have also Statements should be comprehensible, participated in the workshop. The relevant, reliable, comparable and useful. Commission also made deliberations with 12.29 A good chunk of the state the elected representatives and resources is transferred to Local Secretaries of selected Local Governments Governments. Hence, quality in proper in this regard. account keeping is essential. Local 12.30 The Commission found that Governments in Kerala had been Grama Panchayats have moved forward to maintaining their books of accounts on a great extent vis-à-vis application of cash basis of accounting till 2006-07. ‘Saankhya’ software developed by the Accrual accounting system has been Information Kerala Mission but progress introduced in Urban Local Governments of the Urban Local Governments in this on an experimental basis in 2007-08. regard is not so remarkable. There are a
615 Fiscal Issues number of issues in the application of (vii) It should be able to generate report ‘Saankhya’ and other software developed on various funds (Category ‘A’ to ‘G’) by the Information Kerala Mission. Hence source-wise(both receipts and we are of the view that a revisit to the expenditure).The receipts and ‘Saankhya’ software developed by the expenditure under General Purpose Fund, Information Kerala Mission is essential to Maintenance Fund (Road), Maintenance fine-tune the accounting system now Fund (Non-Road), Development Fund, followed by Local Governments. Some Central Finance Commission Grant and modifications are needed in the case of KLGSDP Fund should also be generated other software also. We have identified separately. This report should be made as some areas in which special attention is a separate schedule/annex to the AFS. required. They are discussed below: (viii) Budget of Local Governments shall (i) The income and Expenditure Account be integrated with Annual Financial should exhibit a true and fair view of all Statement. That is, ‘Subhadra‘ software be revenue expenditure due and all revenue integrated with the ‘Saankhya’ software. incomes accrued during the financial year. This will ensure that the expenditure under a head does not exceed the budget (ii) The Receipts and Payments Account provision under the same head. Budget should show all receipts and payments of once passed should not be permitted to cash during the financial year. be tampered with unless it is revised as
(iii) The Balance Sheet should contain all per section 214 (5) of the KPR Act or assets, liabilities and capital fund of the section 293(5) of the KM Act. Local Governments as on the date. The (ix) ‘Sulekha’ software be integrated assets the value of which were shown as with ‘Saankhya’ software in a full fledged Re 1 should be revalued and the revised manner so as to book expenditure on value should be taken into account of. plans shown in ‘Sulekha’ automatically in
(iv) All expenditures like honorarium, Annual Financial Statement. The T.A, sitting fee, telephone allowance etc. expenditure on spillover work and on the relating to the elected representatives current year’s projects be shown should be booked under Administrative separately in ‘Sulekha’. Expenses. (x) ‘Sachithra’ software should be
(v) Expenditure on insurance of vehicles integrated with the ‘Saankhya’ software should be booked under operations and so as to show the same value of assets maintenance expenses instead of shown in Asset Register in AFS also. administrative expenditure. (xi) ‘Sanchaya’ application should be
(vi) A new expenditure head, viz., integrated with the ‘Saankhya’ application ‘Miscellaneous Expenditure’ be opened so as to link collection of revenues with in both Income and Expenditure Account their demand. and Receipts and Payments Account to (xii) A single uniform software should be book unusual and petty expenses.
616 Fifth State Finance Commission used for the accounting purpose of all Council of the LG. Hence, Malayalam RLGs and ULGs and other software like (Tamil/ Kannada in some places) version ‘Sulekha’, ‘Sachithra’, ‘Subhadra’, is also required. ‘Sthaapana’, ‘Sanchaya’ etc should be (xxii) Items such as MGNREGS, the integrated with that uniform software. receipt and expenditure under them are (xiii) All online receipts should be not through the LGs, need not be shown recorded automatically in ‘Saankhya’. in the AFS. (xiv) There should be provision for link (xxiii) A separate expenditure head of in the home page of AFS to furnish account is required for booking LG required reports contribution under New Pension (xv) There should be provision to Scheme (NPS). generate Deposit Register, Advance (xxiv) Head office and zonal offices of a Register and DCB Statement. Municipal Corporation/ Municipality (xvi) Depreciation on assets should be should be taken as a single unit and tax/ automatically provided based on the non-tax collection in zonal offices be value and age of the assets. The assets connected with the Head Office through internet so as to avoid details of the cost of which are shown as Re.1 in balance sheet should be revalued and revenue collection in zonal office being necessary modifications be made in the entered into the computer of the head books of accounts accordingly. office again.
(xvii) The expenditure on one-time (xxv) Previous year’s figure should also pensionary benefits like DCRG, be shown in the accounts of the current commutation of pension and terminal year. surrender should be booked separately. (xxvi) Current and arrear collection in The annual pension expenditure (paid respect of library cess shall be able to be monthly) should also be booked bifurcated. separately. (xxvii) Payments can be made beyond (xviii) Voucher should be correct and cash in hand or bank balance. This is an accurate in all respects. Hence, there anomaly and should be rectified. should be a complete revamping at the (xxviii) Journal entry should be voucher entry level. recorded by only one Accountant/Clerk (xix) The closing balance of the and it should have the approval of previous year shall be shown as the Finance/Accounts Officer/Secretary. opening balance of the subsequent year. (xxix) Corrections in entries should not (xx) Closing inventory should be be permitted after one month from the automatically generated. close of financial year. The mistakes in (xxi) The AFS has to be passed by the entry should be permitted to be
617 Fiscal Issues corrected with back date, ie., the date of detailed at para 12.7. State Government original entry. may provide guarantee to the borrowings by LGs. (para 12.8). (xxx) Profession Tax from both the traders and employees shall be recorded 2. Audit by the State Audit Department in Income & Expenditure Account on should take a more development-friendly accrual basis and the actual collection approach without compromising the basic for the current year and previous year’s principles of audit (para 12.12). arrear be shown separately in Receipts 3. Performance Audit System in Urban and Payments Account. Local Governments should be (xxxi) There should be a proper system strengthened urgently and adequate to capture expenditure incurred by staff should be provided either through Kudumbashree (if the fund is provided fresh recruitment or through deployment by LG), under MP/MLA funds (if the in this regard, so as to make the system as fund is directly received and spent by envisaged in the Act and Rules (para LG) and on share from other LGs and 12.16). joint venture projects. 4. The following shall be done in 12.31 In view of the above we connection with the assets of LGs: recommend that the ‘Saankhya’ (i) The ‘Sachitra’ software be made more accounting software developed by the user friendly. IKM and other software shall be fine- tuned after considering the areas/points (ii) There should be provision to discussed at Para 12.30 (i) to (xxxi). We recognize addition/deletion of assets also recommend that LSGD shall come each and every year. out immediately with a budget manual (iii) The ‘Sachitra’ software be integrated applicable to both rural and urban LGs. with ‘Saankhya’ software so as to The budget estimates of most of the LGs update assets automatically. are found to be far away from the real (iv) When a project which creates asset is situation. That is, the budget is completed, the asset register should unrealistic and, hence, does not act as a be updated automatically (Asset is tool for effective financial management. mainly created with development In the light of this the Commission fund and own fund. Maintenance recommends that the budgets of LGs fund is given for the maintenance of should be more realistic based on assets and not for asset creation. systematic and scientific estimates. However, this fund is permitted to be Recommendations: utilized for the construction of compound wall and roof changing. 1. The KURDFC shall be designated as The assets created so with the nodal agency to clear all formalities maintenance fund can also be added relating to availing of loans by Local to the existing assets). Governments for remunerative projects as
618 Fifth State Finance Commission
(v) In the case of roads which pass 12.21). through more than one ward/division 6. The software used by the 5th SFC, that should be entered in the asset which has been developed by the register as one road in single length KELTRON, shall be considered to be chainage. modified and this shall be continued to (vi) While searching the assets, the be used for the collection of fiscal data following details should be exhibited: on Local Governments for the subsequent years from 2014-15 onwards a) Name of asset until the Management Information
b) Name of ward/division System (MIS) is introduced by the IKM. c) Name of village When the MIS comes into force and the IKM is able to provide necessary d) Block number information on LG finance the data e) Survey number collection through the software (vii) The cost of assets the valuation of developed by the KELTRON shall be which could not be undertaken is done away with. The SFC cell in shown as Re.1 in asset register. The Finance Department shall be entrusted market value of such assets should with this task. For this purpose the be assessed and the asset register be AMC with the KELTRON be renewed updated accordingly. periodically. Any lapse in collection of fiscal data on Local Governments, (viii) Duplication of assets should publishing them in the domain of completely be avoided. The facing Finance Department and renewal of sheet of the asset register should AMC of software developed by contain an abstract of the total KELTRON shall be avoided (para 12.24). assets under the control of Local Government as detailed at table 7. The SFC software which is adopted 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4. This abstract for the continued collection of fiscal should be certified by the Kerala data on Local Government be integrated State Audit Department at the time with the ‘Saankhya’ software developed of statutory audit every year (para by the IKM (para 12.25). 12.20). 8. One post each of an Accountant in 5. The LSGD shall take urgent steps to the rank of Head Clerk be designated in notify the asset register in the official all Municipalities, Municipal gazette so as to help the Local Corporations and District Panchayats by Governments to claim legal validity over deploying existing post in the same LG. the assets owned by them. There should No new post shall be created in this be a mechanism in LSGD to monitor regard. The proposed Accountant updating of asset register by Local should be responsible for handling AFS Governments concerned regularly (para and budget of LGs. The Accountant shall
619 Fiscal Issues be permitted to be in the post for at 10. The ‘Saankhya’ accounting software least three years. (para 12.26). developed by the IKM and other 9. The CTFM under the control of software shall be fine-tuned after considering the areas/points mentioned Finance Department and the DAC in GIFT shall be entrusted with the task of at Para 12.30 (i) to (xxxi) (para 12.31). imparting training to Local Government 11. The LSGD shall come out staff with regard to finance, accounting, immediately with a budget manual and related matters. The KILA may also be applicable to both rural and urban LGs associated while designing the training (para 12.31). programme. A fee may be collected from 12. The budgets of LGs should be more the sponsoring institution in this regard realistic based on systematic and (para 12.27). scientific estimates (para 12.31).
620 Fifth State Finance Commission Chapter 13 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
13.1 As per Terms of Reference, the 13.2 The 73rd and 74th amendments of Commission has to make the Constitution of India have given recommendations relating to the Constitutional status to Rural and Urban measures needed for the proper Local Governments and assigned institutionalisation of decentralization responsibility for preparation of plans for initiatives. Institutionalisation implies the economic development and social justice. creation of a permanent framework for The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 and local government functioning in all the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 also aspects which protects the freedom and assigned the role of formulation and autonomy of local governments, which implementation of development plans for eliminates the need for day to day economic development and social justice governmental interventions and provides for Panchayats and Municipalities. The all that is required for effective, successive State Finance Commissions accountable, efficient and democratic have given high priority for development local governance in respect of laws, and recommended major share of procedures, systems, processes and expert devolved funds for development advisories. It involves radical purposes. The 5th State Finance restructuring of existing systems and Commission recommended more than procedures and replacing them with half of the devolved funds for financing modern, simple, appropriate and practical the development plans of the Local ones. In India, the basic structure of Governments. Though the Local administrative system in Centre and Governments have been preparing and States has been designed for centralized executing development plans for the last governance. Transformation of the system two decades, majority of them were not to decentralization is a challenging and able to achieve a satisfactory performance very difficult task. Kerala’s decentralization due to a number of factors, so far. Poor is basically developmental. Decentralised plan performance on all fronts viz. plan planning has been used as an instrument formulation, execution, monitoring, for accelerating the process of achievement of physical and financial decentralization. Though Kerala has targets etc. may be identified as the most succeeded in evolving a methodology of important problem faced by the Local local level planning, it has not developed Governments during the last two decades. sound systems or practices for plan Not many attempts have been made to formulation and implementation, so far. examine the reasons for poor plan
621 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution performance and take action for of Local Governments and office bearers improving the performance either by the who attended the sittings are given in the State or Local Governments. In this Appendix 13.1 & 13.2. context, the Commission examines the Objectives of Decentralised Planning causes for the poor plan performance and makes recommendations for institutional 13.4 The basic objectives of changes. decentralised planning pursued during the last four Five Year Plans are the 13.3 In order to review plan following: performance of Local Governments, the Promotion of local economic Commission has conducted sittings in development by enhancing production five sample districts viz. Kozhikode, and productivity of agriculture and allied Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kollam and sectors and traditional and small scale Thiruvananthapuram. Data was collected industries with focus on employment and from the selected sample Local poverty reduction Governments based on a questionnaire and the review of the performance was Reduction in gender disparities based on it. In the sittings five municipal Integrated area development corporations, five municipalities, five block panchayats and fifteen grama Improving governance especially in panchayats attended. The Commission terms of transparency, people’s also conducted field visits to assess the participation and responsiveness major development projects implemented Bringing about an organic relationship by four Municipal Corporations and four between transferred departments and Grama panchayats. For reviewing the plan Local Governments and bring in role performance, the Commission used clarity indicators like date of constitution of Achieving sustainable local level working groups, date of meeting of the development through preservation of working groups, date of meeting of Grama ecology, environment and natural Sabha/Ward Sabha, date of development resources seminar, date of approval of annual plan by council of LG, date of approval of DPC, Infrastructure development to achieve category of projects implemented better quality of life for all (provision of (contractor and beneficiary committee), housing, drinking water, electricity, better percentage of projects completed in a transport facilities, health services, clean year, percentage of fund utilization (plan environment for all, sanitation including and maintenance), quarter wise spending solid waste management) of plan and month wise spending of the Improving the delivery of public plan. As separate data is not available services (hospitals, schools, anganwadis, about the annual outlay of development etc) plan and expenditure, we have taken the fund availability and expenditure of Improving the welfare of marginalized development and maintenance. The list and vulnerable sections of people 622 Fifth State Finance Commission (Women, children, old aged people, SC/ST (viii) Focus continues to lie on local categories, traditional fishermen and government level plan and annual plan. those employed in traditional industries) (ix) No significant achievement in the production sector and local economic Review of Development Plan development sector. (x) Absence of 13.5 The 4th SFC has examined the effective system of quality assurance for issues in decentralized planning of LGs concurrent monitoring. (xi) Weak role of and identified certain serious concerns. intermediate panchayats. (xii) DPCs still We give below a list of concerns function as Committees with emphasis expressed by the Commission. (i) on project clearance of local governments. Tendency to divide the devolved funds Their maturity into a planning institution ward-wise leading to relatively small functioning with the major objective of projects being taken up. (ii) Plans appear ensuring quality of planning through to emerge from negotiated priorities than support services and effective from participatory situation analysis coordination is still awaited. based on data and experience. (iii) 13.6 A review of recent annual plan Working Groups and Technical Advisory expenditure of the Local Governments Groups, the instruments of preparation of gives a dismal picture. During the plans, are becoming perfunctory. (iv) financial year 2014-15, the total plan Planning and implementation of SCP and outlay of LGs was Rs 4700 crore. But the TSP is far below the desired levels. (v) actual expenditure incurred was only Rs Although 10% of the general sector 2085 crore, i.e. 44%. Table 13.1 gives the expenditure has to be spent as Women outlay and expenditure of the annual plan Component Plan (WCP), the realization of 2014-15. It is disturbing to note that the desirable outcome is poor. The planning utilization of funds was very low in three and implementation of WCP is below tier panchayats as well as municipalities expectations.(vi) Significant improvement and municipal corporations. The
Table 13.1 Annual Plan expenditure of Local Governments 2014-15 Outlay Expenditure % of LG (Rs. in (Rs. in Expenditure Crore) Crore) Grama Panchayat 2595.59 1185.05 46 Block Panchayat 622.99 332.58 53 District Panchayat 622.99 261.49 42 Municipalities 482.38 191.12 40 Corporations 376.05 114.85 31 Total LSG 4700.00 2085.09 44 Source: CPM Unit, Planning and Economic Affairs Department. in the horizontal and vertical integration percentage of plan expenditure in village, of plans is needed. (vii) Poor record of block and district panchayat is 46%, 53% service delivery in public institutions. and 42% respectively. The percentage of
623 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution expenditure of municipalities to total administrative capacity. The average plan outlay was 40%. The lowest plan number of projects implemented during expenditure is reported from municipal 2014-15 is given in Table 13.3 corporations, i.e. 31%. The situation is Table 13.3 worse during the year 2015-16. Data is Average Number of Projects executed by LGs available about the annual plan during 2014-15 Average expenditure of the LGs during the first LG number of eleven months of the financial year. It is Projects reported that only 26% of the total plan Grama Panchayat 116 outlay was spent up to 31st January 2016. Block Panchayat 49 Table 13.2 gives the annual plan outlay District Panchayat 733 and expenditure of the Local Municipal Corporation 1051 Governments for the year 2015-16. Local Municipality 208 Governments attribute the conduct of Source : Chief Engineer, LSGD elections in November 2015 to the poor While a Grama Panchayat implemented plan performance. One of the important on an average 116 projects, the District Table 13.2 Panchayats 733 and a municipal Annual Plan expenditure of Local corporation 1051. The Commission feels Governments 2015-16 (upto 31/01/2016) that LGs cannot improve plan performance without addressing this LG basic issue. % of Outlay Plan Formulation and Execution Procedures Expenditure Expenditure Expenditure (Rs. in Crore) (Rs. in Crore) 13.7 A development plan comprises of Grama 2685.59 756.16 28 Panchayat a list of economically, financially and Block Panchayat 622.99 95.03 15 technologically feasible projects and schemes. Preparation of financially District 622.99 173.98 28 Panchayat feasible and implementable type of Municipalities 491.38 123.77 25 project is the pre-condition of a good Corporations 377.05 88.66 24 development plan. Plan should also be Total LSG 4800.00 1237.60 26 supported by adequate resources. Review of the current situation of the local Source: CPM Unit, Planning and Economic Affairs Department. economy and its problems, identification causes for the poor plan expenditure is of development requirements, fixing the the practice followed by LGs to divide the priorities of development, preparing plan fund ward-wise. The elected feasible projects are the initial process involved in the planning process. Instead representatives usually wish to have small of following simple procedures taking and tiny projects instead of medium size into account of the manpower, projects. This results in the formulation administrative capacity and ground of very large number of projects which are realities of Local Governments, elaborate unmanageable for a Local Government procedures are prescribed by the State having limited manpower and
624 Fifth State Finance Commission Government and State Planning Board project formulation stage are given in from the inception of decentralized Table 13.4. The time frame given for planning in Kerala since mid-1990s. various steps in plan formulation is given Insisting on implementation of elaborate, in Annex 13.1. The first step in plan time consuming and unnecessary formulation is appointment of Plan co- procedures has resulted in exhausting a ordinators and Working groups. According lot of time and effort of the Local to the guidelines issued by the State
Table 13.4 Project Identification Stage (Phase I) Step Committee/Group Responsible Appointment of Plan Co-ordinator, Committee/Council of LGs Constitution of Working Groups under Standing Committees Preparation of Status Report Standing Committees/Working Groups Stakeholder Consultations Working Group/Standing Committees Discussion of project proposals/issues of Grama/Ward Sabha development Finalisation of Status Report and Project Standing Committees, Working Groups Proposals Preparation of Draft Development Standing Committee for Development, Plan/Annual Plan Working Groups Development Seminar Committee/Council of LGs, Development SC Plan outlay finalisation Committee/Council of LGs Preparation of Projects Working Groups
Governments on initial activities of plan Government, a Grama Panchayat will have formulation process. Due to this very to constitute 13 Working groups on little time is left in a financial year for finance, development, social welfare, formulation of projects, getting approvals, education, health, etc. Similarly, a District entrusting the work for execution, Panchayat will have to constitute 15 monitoring the execution and achieving Working groups. The list of Working physical and financial targets of the groups and officers who have to work as projects. Convenors in Grama and District 13.8 The elaborate procedures Panchayats and municipalities are given prescribed for the various stages of plan in Annex 13.2 and 13.3. The second step formulation and execution are discussed is to prepare a status report of the plan below. Though the procedures are comprising project proposals. The third prescribed by the State Government in step is consultation with banks and other the initial stages of implementing stakeholders about the proposed plan. decentralized plans in the second half of The fourth step is the discussion of the 1990s, the practice continued without development issues, problems and project much change till 2013. Some marginal proposals at the Grama/Ward Sabhas. changes in the procedures were effected Guidelines are issued about the in November 2013. The procedures which procedures to be followed in the conduct are being followed at present in the pre- of Grama Sabhas (Annex 13.4). The fifth
625 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution step is finalization of status report, available with them or transferred project proposals and preparation of a institutions. draft development plan. The sixth step is Approvals and Technical Sanctions conduct of a development seminar by 13.10 The second major stage in the inviting the people interested in the preparation of a development plan is development issues. The seventh step is scrutiny, approval and giving technical the approval of the Panchayat Committee sanctions of projects having engineering on the proposed plan outlay for the nature. Initial preparation will have to be financial year. Thus the above elaborate, done by the Assistant Engineer in a Grama time consuming and irrelevant plan Panchayat or municipality. The scrutiny or procedures are prescribed to identify the approval of the projects will have to be projects. The actual preparation of done by a Engineer at a higher level in projects starts only after observing these Block or District Panchayat. Similarly, in numerous procedures mentioned above. municipal corporations having a 13.9 According to the guidelines issued, superintending Engineer, all the projects the total time given for the preparation of will have to be sent to Chief Engineer, Local all projects of an annual plan in a Self Government Department. The Table financial year is 35 days during the first 13.5 gives the hierarchy of engineers who year in which the guidelines are have the power to scrutinize and approve
Table 13.5 Scrutiny and Approval of Construction related projects Sl. No. Projects of Rural and Urban LG Engineer who is authorized to Approve 1 Projects of Grama Panchayats Asst. Executive Engineer of Block Panchayat 2 Projects of Block Panchayats Executive Engineer of District Panchayat 3 Projects of District Panchayats Superintending Engineer (decided by Chief Engineer) 4 The project of Municipalities having Assistant Executive Engineer of Block Assistant Engineer as Municipal Panchayats Engineer 5 The projects of Municipalities having Executive Engineer of District Panchayats Asst. Executive Engineer as Municipal Engineer 6 The projects of Municipalities having Superintending Engineer (decided by Executive Engineer as Municipal Chief Engineer) Engineer 7 Projects of Municipal Corporations Chief Engineer of LSGD implemented (August 30 to September 5). construction related projects. The approved During the subsequent year, the number projects will have to be sent to the District of days given for preparation of all Planning Committee (DPC) for approval. projects is 15 days (December 25 to After getting the approval of the DPC, the January 10). It is humanly impossible to projects will have to be sent to engineers prepare all projects of a Grama Panchayat for technical sanction. In the case of or municipality within this period with majority of the Local Governments, the the few engineering and other staff detailed project estimates will be prepared
626 Fifth State Finance Commission only at this stage. Again the projects will project or identifying a beneficiary have to be sent to the engineers designated committee. Once the formalities of tender to give technical sanction. Table 13.6 gives process are completed, the LG can award the engineers authorized for giving the work to a contractor, or entrust it to a Table 13.6 Engineers authorized for giving Technical Sanction Sl. No Projects Engineer who is authorized to Approve 1 The projects of Grama Panchayats and Asst. Executive Engineer of the Block Municipalities which have the Assistant Panchayat (The Executive Engineer Engineer as Municipal Engineer District Panchayat will decide the AEE) 2 The projects of Block Panchayats and municipalities which have the Asst. Executive Engineer of District Panchayat Executive Engineer as Municipal Engineer 3 The Projects of District Panchayats and Municipalities which have the Executive Superintending Engineer (LSGD Chief Engineer as Municipal Engineer Engineer will decide the SE) 4 The projects of Municipal Corporation Chief Engineer/LSGD technical sanction. Thus four levels of beneficiary committee. Supervising the clearances are required for qualifying a execution of work especially construction project for actual implementation viz. (1) related work is a challenging task. The the initial preparation of a project by an flooding of execution of work during the Assistant Engineer of an LG, (2) scrutiny last quarter of the financial year creates and approval by an Engineer at a higher serious problems in supervision. Lack of level, (3) approval of the projects by DPC adequate staff-- both engineers and and (4) issue of technical sanction by overseers-- is also a serious constraint. It competent engineers. Thus considerable is also the duty of the executing staff to time is required for this process of getting ensure that good quality work has been approvals or clearances from various done by the contractor/beneficiary hierarchy of engineers. committee. The last step in execution is Execution of Projects the preparation and payment of bills to 13.11 The third major stage is execution the contractors/beneficiary committees. of projects. Compared to the earlier Table 13.7 gives the various steps stages, this is the most difficult stage. The involved in the execution of the projects. first step in execution is tendering a Table 13.7 Project Execution Step Committee/Officer Responsible Project Execution- Ist Stage Tendering/Identifying Beneficiary Committee Project Execution- IInd Stage Finalisation of Tender/Award of work to Contractor/Beneficiary Committee Execution of Work-Supervision Designated Officer/Engineer Completion of the work Verification by designated officer Payment of Bills Implementing officer/finance officer of LGs
627 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution Plan Performance of Grama Panchayats co-ordinator, constitution of working Plan Formulation Stage groups, conducting stakeholder meeting, convening Grama Sabhas, preparation of 13.12 The Commission has reviewed the draft development plan and organizing performance of annual plans of 15 Grama development seminar. Elaborate Panchayats belonging to five districts viz. guidelines are prescribed for the conduct Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Ernakulam, of the above procedures. Table 13.8 gives Thrissur and Kozhikode. Data was the date of appointment of plan collected from them based on detailed co-ordiantor, working groups and questionnaire. The Commission also
Table 13.8 Constitution of working Groups for Plan formulation in 2014-15 in Grama Panchayats Date of Date of Date of No. of No.of Sl. Appointment Working Stake participants Name of GP Working No of Plan Co- Group holders in stake Groups ordinator conducted meeting holder meeting Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal 08/01/2014 12 22/02/2014 13/05/2014 16 2 Anchuthengu 1/8/2014 13 1/10/2014 NA NA 3 Vithura 30/04/2014 13 8/7/2014 NA NA Kollam District 4 Kottankara 18/12/2013 13 28/12/2013 4/1/2014 11 5 Kadakkal 22/11/2013 11 9/1/2014 28/2/2014 16 6 Alappad 5/11/2013 13 17/12/2013 17/12/2014 10 Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad 12/11/2013 13 21/1/2014 19/1/2014 22 8 Cheranallur 10/7/2013 11 22/1/2014 1/3/2014 26 9 Kuttampuzha NA 13 NA NA NA Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti 6/11/2013 12 22/12/2013 1/2/2014 37 11 Nattika 28/11/2013 12 7/12/2013 30/01/2014 15 12 Puthur 7/11/2013 13 10/12/2013 12/1/2014 101 Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta 25/10/2013 13 24/12/2013 NA NA 14 Kadalundi NA 13 23/12/2013 NA NA 15 Unnikulam 28/10/2013 12 29/11/2013 10/12/2013 67 5/2/2014 NA- Not Available
discussed the performance with the convening the stakeholder meetings. Of officials, engineers and office bearers of the 15 Grama Panchayats studied, 11 the Local Governments responsible for appointed the plan co-ordinators during plan formulation and execution and the preceding year of the plan year. In visited a few GPs to see the execution of two Grama Panchayats, it was done plan projects. The first stage in plan during April 2014 and August 2014. The formulation is the appointment of plan number of working groups constituted
628 Fifth State Finance Commission ranged from 11 to 13. Our discussion with development. The Grama Panchayats the Local Governments revealed that the reported that they used to convene a working groups are not contributing much meeting of Grama Sabha exclusively for to the plan formulation or identification the discussion of the issues related to of projects except in the case of few LGs. annual plan. Table 13.9 gives the months From the stakeholder consultations the in which Grama Sabhas met, the average
Table 13.9 Grama Sabha and Development Seminar in Grama Panchayats for 2014-15 No. of Month in Average no. Date of participants Sl. Name of GP which Grama of Development in No. Sabha met participants Seminar Development Seminar Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal February 2014 131 31/05/2014 175 2 Anchuthengu January 2014 104 2/5/2014 75 3 Vithura August 2014 204 8/7/2014 NA Kollam District 4 Kottankara January 2014 134 20/5/2014 127 5 Kadakkal January 2014 137 26/2/2014 NA 6 Alappad December 2013 126 15/1/2014 200 Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad January 2014 110 28/1/2014 110 8 Cheranallur February 2014 127 28/2/2014 67 9 Kuttampuzha NA NA 1/2/2014 NA Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti December 2013 135 23/12/2013 71 11 Nattika December 2013 120 25/01/2014 160 12 Puthur December 2013 177 30/2/2013 128 Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta January 2014 129 27/1/2014 NA 14 Kadalundi January 2014 146 12/2/2014 203 15 Unnikulam January 2014 155 12/2/2014 228
LGs are not getting the desired results. Of number of participants, date of the 15 GPs, five have not conducted the development seminar and number of meetings. The participation in the participants. The Grama Sabhas met meetings is very poor in the case of during December 2013, January and majority of the meetings. February 2014, except in one GP. The 13.13 According to the Kerala Panchayat average number of participants in Grama Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act, Sabhas ranged between 104 to 204 in the Grama Sabhas are given an important role Grama Panchayats reviewed. But it is in identifying the development issues and pointed out that majority of the suggesting project proposal for local level participants are women. In a good
629 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution number of GPs, the average number of year, i.e. from February to March. On the women participants ranged between 70 to other hand, two Panchayats have 80 per cent. Majority of participants are approved the annual plan during the persons connected with the activities of month of May and four during the month GPs such as MGNREGA workers, of June. Of the Grama Panchayats Kudambashree members and beneficiaries reviewed, five got the approval of annual of housing and other schemes meant for plan from DPC during the month of June the poor. Usually the participants are and July. Of the 12 Grama Panchayats, concerned about only those issues from three started execution in June, two started in July, one in August and four in which benefits will accrue to them. Some October or afterwards. In nearly half of of them present the problems they face in the Grama Panchayats, a portion of the the locality. Only a few persons who projects was started between September attend the meeting can discuss on 2014 and January 2014. This indicates development problems, project proposals, that the execution of the project starts in etc. Except a few, all the Grama third or fourth quarter of the financial Panchayats which attended the sittings of year. the Commission told us that the Grama Sabhas are not contributing much to the Execution of Projects projects and schemes to be included in 13.15 The fourth stage is the execution the annual plan of the Local Government. stage. Here the projects are entrusted to The Grama Panchayats reported that all of contractors or beneficiary committee for them conducted the development execution. Usually more than one month seminar. Majority of them conducted the is required for completing the procedures seminar during the month of January and of tendering the work. The data given by February 2014. But four GPs conducted the Grama Panchayats reveal that except the development seminar in May and July in a few Grama Panchayats (4), the rest 2014. are executing majority of the projects through beneficiary committees and 13.14 The third stage in plan others. Table 13.11 gives the number of formulation is getting approval of projects executed by the contractors. The Panchayat Committee, District Planning practice followed in the majority of the Committee (DPC), scrutiny of the projects GPs is to entrust the execution of projects by engineers at a higher level and issue of to beneficiary committees. Even road technical sanctions. The projects of an construction, tarring, construction of engineering type are prepared by the buildings, etc. are given to beneficiary Assistant Engineers of the Grama committees without assessing their Panchayats. Table 13.10 gives date of capability to execute the projects. The approval given by Panchayat Committee, civil engineers of the Grama Panchayats DPC and the month in which execution of told the Commission that they face the project started. Of the 15 Grama serious problems in the execution of Panchayats, 8 reported that the Panchayat projects through beneficiary committees. Committee has given the approval of the annual plan during the previous financial Most of the beneficiary committees do
630 Fifth State Finance Commission
Table 13.10 Date of Approval of Annual Plan projects of Grama Panchayats by Committee and DPC for 2014-15 Date of approval Sl. of Annual Plan Date of Period of starting execution No Name of GP by Panchayat approval by of Projects Committee DPC Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal 16/6/2014 7/11/2014 Since January 2 Anchuthengu 2/6/2014 25/2/2014 Since June 17/3/2015 31/3/2015 02/7/2014 3 Vithura 6/10/2014 26/6/2014 Since July 30/12/2014 31/3/2015 Kollam District 4 Kottankara 23/6/2014 2/7/2014 Since October 5 Kadakkal 3/3/2014 27/6/2014 Since August 16/3/2015 6 Alappad 6/5/2014 27/6/2014 NA 29/1/2015 Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad 19/2/2014 13/6/2014 NA 8 Cheranallur 6/3/2014 28/8/2014 Since November 19/3/2015 9 Kuttampuzha 10/2/2014 30/6/2014 NA Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti 30/6/2014 12/6/2014 June to September 11 Nattika 10/2/2014 2/7/2014 April to March 30/8/2014 25/3/2015 12 Puthur 28/2/2014 30/6/2014 July to September 30/8/2014 19/1/2015 25/3/2015 Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta 13/2/2014 30/6/2014 June to September 14 Kadalundi 15/2/2014 30/6/2014 October to January 19/11/2014 15 Unnikulam 6/5/2014 11/7/2014 Since May 29/12/2014 20/2/2015 18/3/2015 4/5/2015 not have expertise, skilled staff, and Engineers also told us that they also equipment for undertaking road found it difficult to have an effective construction, repair, building construction supervision of work executed by and other civil works. In many cases, the beneficiary committees. It was also beneficiary committee sublets the work to pointed out that in majority of the cases, contractors and executes it. Secondly, the quality of the work executed was not settling the payments also involves up to the standard. The engineers told difficulties due to the lack of production that the execution of projects through the of proper receipts and other documents. contractors is a better option for effecting
631 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Table 13.11 No. of Projects executed in 2014-15 in Grama Panchayats Number of Projects Executed Sl. Percentage No Name of GP Beneficiary executed by Contractor Committee and Total Contractors others Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal 2 223 225 0.89% 2 Anchuthengu 9 80 89 10.11% 3 Vithura 17 153 170 10.00% Kollam District 4 Kottankara 87 76 163 53.37% 5 Kadakkal 122 144 266 45.86% 6 Alappad 22 59 81 27.16% Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad 78 47 125 62.40% 8 Cheranallur 0 109 109 0.00% 9 Kuttampuzha 23 243 266 8.65% Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti 10 123 133 7.5% 11 Nattika 22 138 160 13.8% 12 Puthur 113 119 232 48.7% Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta 45 108 153 29.41% 14 Kadalundi 50 104 154 32.47% 15 Unnikulam 10 291 301 3.32% Total 610 2017 2627 23.22% speedy execution, ensuring quality of the which attended the sittings of the work and fixing accountability of the Commission told us that the practice work executed and effecting payments followed in almost all Grama Panchayats promptly. is to divide the total annual plan amount among the members equally. The general 13.16 A major reason for the poor requirement of the development projects execution of projects in the Grama of the Grama Panchayat is seldom taken Panchayats is the large and unmanageable into consideration. The members are number of projects. The number of total mostly concerned about the projects ranged between 81 to 301. The developmental activities in their wards, average number of projects including distribution of benefits, subsidies, etc. to spillover executed in the Grama the people in the ward. The clashes Panchayats for the financial year 2014-15 between ruling and opposition members is 175. The Commission feels that one of also prevent them from going for major the basic reasons for the poor development projects taking into performance in execution of projects is consideration the overall development the large number of projects requirements of Grama Panchayat. simultaneously undertaken by the GPs. Another tendency is to formulate and The representatives of Local Governments
632 Fifth State Finance Commission implement very small and tiny projects. projects. 13.17 The Grama Panchayats reported 13.18 In some of the Grama Panchayats, that the engineering projects are prepared an Assistant Engineer is in charge of more by the engineers. The others are prepared than one Grama Panchayat and finds it by implementing officers of the Grama extremely difficult to attend to the project Panchayat and transferred institutions. A formulation and implementing activities problem raised by the engineers of the in a satisfactory manner. Lack of Grama Panchayat is that they find it sufficient number of Overseers to difficult to prepare the large number of supervise the execution of the work also projects within a short period. They affects the quality of the work. Among the suggested that the same amount of work 15 GPs, two GPs have no Overseers and can be executed by reducing the number two GPs have one Overseer each. The rest of projects by one-third or one-fourth. The of them have two overseers each. The Commission feels that there is a need to Engineers also pointed out that they do reduce the number of projects in order to not get any clerical support for preparing increase the efficiency of execution of the bills and other administrative work
Table 13.12 Details of implementation of Projects in Grama Panchayats Sl. Number of Projects Implemented Percentage of Projects Completed Name of GP No 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2014- 12 13 14 15 12 13 14 15 Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal 0 22 125 225 0 86.36 92.80 52.44 2 Anchuthengu 78 73 87 89 67.95 69.86 94.25 78.65 3 Vithura 0 149 156 170 0 85.23 85.90 71.18 Kollam District 4 Kottankara 111 89 107 163 88.29 68.54 96.26 66.87 5 Kadakkal 171 158 235 266 57.89 48.10 74.04 71.80 6 Alappad 105 90 75 81 48.57 54.44 86.67 64.20 Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad 95 85 111 125 57.89 35.29 72.07 66.40 8 Cheranallur 89 115 119 109 57.30 46.96 67.23 51.38 9 Kuttampuzha 183 214 191 266 61.75 77.57 73.30 59.40 Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti 139 118 117 133 55.40 56.78 53.85 54.89 11 Nattika 0 84 114 160 0.00 91.67 80.70 83.13 12 Puthur 149 197 242 232 63.09 54.31 75.62 82.33 Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta 102 135 128 153 0.00 62.96 74.22 67.32 14 Kadalundi 0 121 129 154 0.00 54.55 79.84 47.40 15 Unnikulam 265 353 393 301 63.02 35.41 50.64 66.11 Total 1487 2003 2329 2627 57.70 57.91 73.38 65.85
633 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution required for project formulation, projects to be completed during the execution and payment of bills. They subsequent financial year. During the demanded that at least one post of clerk financial year 2014-15, of the 15 Grama should be created for the purpose. Panchayats, five completed only less than 60% of the number of projects executed. 13.19 We have collected data from the Another five Grama Panchayats completed Grama Panchayats about the total projects 60-70% of the projects. This means that executed including the spillover projects nearly 30% to 40% of the projects were not and the number of projects completed completed and became spillover projects. during the last four financial years. Table 13.12 gives the total number of projects Achievement of Financial Targets executed including the spillover and the 13.20 The fifth stage is the monitoring percentage of projects completed. The and achievement of financial and physical data indicates that except in a few, there targets. The percentage of plan spending has been a steady increase in the number to total plan outlay gives an indication of of projects executed in all Grama achievement of financial targets. Here the Panchayats. As the GPs are handling more utilization of funds includes both plan projects than their administrative and maintenance. Table 13.13 gives the capacity, the percentage of uncompleted percentage of fund utilisation of the 15 projects is high. Due to this, a good Grama Panchayats. During the financial number of projects become spillover Table 13.13 Percentage of Fund Utilisation (Plan + Maintainance) in Grama Panchayats Sl. Name of GP 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 No. Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal 0 65 60 65 2 Anchuthengu 38.6 59.85 74.2 69.7 3 Vithura 0 74.74 81 72.3 Kollam District 4 Kottankara 69.6 59.2 69.54 48.08 5 Kadakkal 90 65 86 76 6 Alappad 47.18 42.81 81.4 66.17 Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad 75.2 49.7 78.5 69.5 8 Cheranallur 80 55 75 70 9 Kuttampuzha 23.46 58.81 72.13 53.8 Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti 62.6 62.01 61.6 74.7 11 Nattika 0 75.47 79.68 75.35 12 Puthur 68.42 57.86 60.99 58.29 Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta NA NA NA NA 14 Kadalundi 39.5 54 69 54 15 Unnikulam 44.5 49.62 63.15 60.61 Total 44.89 50.65 68.58 66.49
634 Fifth State Finance Commission year 2014-15, only three GPs were able to spending starts only in the second spend about 75%. Another 7 GPs spent quarter. Of the 15 GPs, nearly half spent a fund ranging between 60 and 72 per cent. share between 10 to 22 per cent during The rest of them spent below 60% of the the third quarter. Of the 15 GPs, two-third funds. The level of fund utilisation is far spent more than 50% of the plan below the financial targets. expenditure during the last quarter of the financial year. In three GPs, more than 13.21 Bunching of expenditure to the 73% of the expenditure was incurred last quarter or last month of a financial during the last quarter. Thus spending the year is a common practice seen in the major share of expenditure during the last spending of Local Governments. In order three months or the last month of the to assess the pattern of plan spending we financial year is the practice that were have estimated the quarter-wise spending followed by the GPs. Table 13.15 gives the of the GPs for 2014-15. Table 13.14 gives month-wise total spending of the 15 GPs the quarter-wise plan spending of the GPs for the financial year 2014-15. Of the total for 2014-15. During the first quarter of the plan expenditure, 21% was spent during financial year, of the 15 GPs, only two the first two quarters, 24% during the spent more than 10% of their total second quarter and 55% during the last expenditure. In a majority of the GPs,
Table 13.14 Plan Spending : Quarter wise in 2014-2015 of Grama Panchayats Total percentage Sl. 3rd Name of GP 1st quarter 2nd quarter 4th quarter No quarter Total (April-June) (July-Sept) (Jan-March) (Oct-Dec) Thiruvananthapuram District 1 Kottukal 0.00 27.79 31.09 41.13 100.00 2 Anchuthengu 1.71 16.91 28.39 52.99 100.00 3 Vithura 0.00 17.26 26.75 55.98 100.00 Kollam District 4 Kottankara 0.00 11.27 11.56 77.17 100.00 5 Kadakkal 1.73 13.05 12.27 72.95 100.00 6 Alappad 0.15 28.07 20.49 51.28 100.00 Ernakulam District 7 Edavanakkad 1.54 25.57 29.74 43.16 100.00 8 Cheranallur 0.00 4.81 50.98 44.21 100.00 9 Kuttampuzha 16.13 15.37 12.09 56.41 100.00 Thrissur District 10 Erumappetti 10.30 12.93 30.72 46.05 100.00 11 Nattika 0.00 23.42 18.72 57.86 100.00 12 Puthur 0.22 16.27 9.89 73.63 100.00 Kozhikode District 13 Narippatta 0.00 18.58 33.36 48.06 100.00 14 Kadalundi 0.00 12.83 30.53 56.64 100.00 15 Unnikulam 0.00 23.66 22.56 53.79 100.00 Total 2.03 19.36 24.28 54.34 100.00
635 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution quarter. A notable point is that out of the performance of plan with officials, total expenditure, 36% is spent during the engineers and office bearers of the last month of the financial year. District Panchayats responsible for plan
Table 13.15 Total Plan Spending of the 15 Grama Panchayats for 2014-15 (Monthwise) Month Amount Spent (In Rs. lakh) Percentage Apr-14 39.90 0.61 May-14 5.72 0.09 Jun-14 87.17 1.33 Jul-14 288.60 4.41 Aug-14 580.94 8.87 Sep-14 398.07 6.08 Oct-14 521.07 7.96 Nov-14 516.30 7.88 Dec-14 553.09 8.44 Jan-15 429.90 6.56 Feb-15 793.74 12.12 Mar-15 2335.42 35.66 Total 6549.92 100 Plan Performance of District Panchayats formulation and execution. The first stage in plan formulation is appointment of Plan Formulation Stage 13.22 The Commission has assessed the plan co-ordinator, constitution of working performance of annual plans in five groups, conducting stakeholder meeting, District Panchayats, viz. Thiruvanan- convening meeting of elected thapuram, Kollam, Ernakulam, Thrissur representatives of three tier panchayats and organizing development seminar. and Kozhikode. Data was collected from them based on a questionnaire. The Table 13.16 gives the date of appointment Commission also discussed the of plan co-ordiantor, number of working groups, date of stakeholders meetings, Table 13.16 Plan formulation process in 2014-15 in District Panchayats Sl. Thiruvanan Item Kollam Ernakulam Thrissur Kozhikode No thapuram 1 Date of Appointment of 18/12/2013 8/11/2013 30/11/2013 26/6/2012 1/1/2014 Plan Co-ordinator 2 No.of Working Groups 15 17 17 15 15 3 Date of Working Groups 18/1/2014 3/1/2014 to 4/1/2014 17/12/2013 28/1/2014 meeting 26/05/2014 15/1/2014 4 Date of Stake holders NA NA 17/12/2013 4/2/2014 3/1/2014 meeting (SHM) 5 No. Of persons NA NA 36 136 46 participated (SHM) 6 District Panchayat Sabha Jan-2014 Jan-2014 Dec-2015 Jan-2014 Jan-2014 meeting (Month) 7 Average no. of participants 211 124 98 136 215 8 Date of Development 29/01/2014 23/1/2014 6/1/2014 6/2/2014 3/2/2014 Seminar 9 No. of participants 253 118 97 164 252
636 Fifth State Finance Commission number of participants, meeting of the have a large number of small projects for District Panchayat sabha, date of satisfying the demands of their wards. development seminar and its participants. This approach has defeated the macro Most of the plan co-ordinators were perspective of a development plan of the appointed in November, December of district. Compared to Grama and Block 2013 and January of 2014. The number of Panchayats, District Panchayats have working groups constituted ranged from more resources and can prepare and 15 to 17. It is reported by the District execute medium size and large projects. Panchayats that the working groups met Instead of formulating bigger projects by mostly during December 2013 and taking into consideration the overall January of 2014. Of the five District development requirements and Panchayats, only three have conducted backwardness of regions, they implement stakeholder meetings. The District small projects as in the case of Grama Panchayat is expected to conduct a Panchayats. The projects are prepared by meeting of ‘District Sabha’, comprising all the officers, engineers of District members of District Panchayats, Panchayats, transferred institutions. In Presidents of the Block Panchayats, Chairpersons of the Standing Committee some cases, the project preparation is of Block Panchayats and Presidents of entrusted to retired persons and others. Grama Panchayats to discuss about the As the District Panchayats have to prepare issues on annual plan. All the District a large number of projects, mostly in the Panchayats had convened the meetings of nature of engineering type, there is much District Panchayat Sabha. The District delay in project formulation. Panchayats also conducted development 13.24 The third stage in formulation is seminars to discuss the issues of plan getting approvals of District Panchayat formulation in January and February 2014. The District Panchayats reported Committee (DPC), scrutiny of projects and that this elaborate exercise has not issue of technical sanctions. Table 13.17 contributed much to the identification of gives the dates of getting the approvals development issues, projects and and starting the execution of projects. preparing project proposals. Though a Among the five District Panchayats, in number of working groups are two, the approval of the annual plan for constituted, their contribution is meagre. 2014-15 was given prior to the starting of Most of the working groups met just to the financial year. In another three, the complete the official formality. approval was given in the month of May, 13.23 The second stage in plan June and August 2014. Consequently, the formulation process is the preparation of first batch of approval of projects for DPC projects. The District Panchayats have a was received since July or August 2014. In large number of projects ranging from 61 the case of second batch of projects, the to 1654. Due to the demand of the approval was received only during the last members of the District Panchayats, the quarter of the financial year, i.e. January total plan outlay is being divided to March 2015. ward-wise. The members also want to
637 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Table 13.17 Approval of Projects and Annual Plan of 2014-15 in District Panchayats Sl. Thiruvanan Items Kollam Ernakulam Thrissur Kozhikode No thapuram 1 Date of Approval of 10/6/2014 26/5/2014 10/1/2014 28/8/2014 14/2/2014 Annual Plan by District Panchayat 2 Date of Approval by 31/07/2014 12/8/2014 25/7/2014 to 30/8/2014 16/8/2014 DPC 26/3/2015 31/3/2015 19/1/2015 18/3/2015 10/2/2015 25/3/2015 3 Months in which Jul-2014 Aug-2014 Aug-2014 NA Apr-14 execution of project started 4 Total No. of projects 1038 728 1654 637 361 5 Projects executed by 552 32 385 186 256 contractors 6 Percentage executed 53.18 4.40 23.28 29.20 70.91 by contractors Execution of Projects execute the works. Here beneficiary 13.25 The fourth stage is the execution committee plays the role to bypass the stage. Usually more than a month is procedure to give contracts through required to complete the formalities observing the formalities. This is not a connected with the tender process. This healthy practice. Engineers say that indicates that major share of the work of supervision, settling accounts and bills of the projects was executed during the fag the beneficiary projects are difficult end of the financial year. A disturbing compared to projects executed by thing is that execution of a small share of contractors. projects through contractors in Kollam, 13.26 The number of projects fully Ernakulam and Thrissur districts. In these executed in a financial year and the districts, major share of the projects were number of projects taken up give an idea executed through beneficiary committee about the performance in execution. and others. The civil engineers who Table 13.18 gives the number of projects attended the sittings of the Commission implemented and percentage of projects pointed out that implementing the road completed. In Thiruvananthapuram and other construction related projects of District Panchayat, percentage of District Panchayats through beneficiary completed projects ranged from 26.6% to committee is not a healthy practice. 78.8% during the four years. Failure to Usually a beneficiary committee does not complete not even half of the total have the expertise, expert workers, and projects can be considered as very poor equipment for executing road or building level of plan execution. In Kollam, the construction type of projects. And in percentage of completed projects ranged majority of cases beneficiary committees from 30.8% to 73.8% during the period. give sub-contract to the contractors to The Ernakulam District Panchayat was
638 Fifth State Finance Commission
Table 13.18 Number of Projects Implemented in District Panchayat Sl. Number of Projects Implemented Name of DP No 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 1 Thiruvananthapuram 0 407 770 1019 2 Kollam 366 408 540 728 3 Ernakulam 601 921 1234 1654 4 Thrissur 470 477 562 637 5 Kozhikode 380 340 365 361 Total 1817 2553 3471 4399 Percentage of Projects Completed Sl. No Name of DP Percentage of Projects Completed 1 Thiruvananthapuram 0 49.63 26.62 78.80 2 Kollam 30.87 52.94 73.89 70.88 3 Ernakulam 42.93 34.42 30.15 46.07 4 Thrissur 44.04 68.55 86.30 29.98 5 Kozhikode 56.05 53.82 3.01 11.91 Total 43.53 48.77 42.41 52.62 not able to achieve even 50% of the created serious strain for the DPs in the completion during all the four years. In subsequent years. Thrissur, the percentage of completion of 13.27 The fifth stage is the achievement the projects ranged from 30% to 86% of physical and financial targets. during this period. The percentage of Percentage of plan expenditure will give completion of projects was also very low us an idea about the financial in Kozhikode district. Based on the achievement of plan targets. Table 13.19 evidence cited above, we can conclude gives the percentage of plan expenditure that the District Panchayats generally to total outlay for four years from 2011-12 failed to achieve a satisfactory level of to 2014-15. In Thiruvananthapuram DP, Table 13.19 Percentage of Fund Utilisation in District Panchayats (Plan+Maintenance) Sl. No Name of DP 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 1 Thiruvananthapuram NA 59 70.16 61.91 2 Kollam 61 52 74.1 68.1 3 Ernakulam 56.51 65.53 66.94 78.91 4 Thrissur 76.2 75.7 84.9 61.3 5 Kozhikode 62.37 22.32 42.36 74.03 Total 60.43 68.14 63.71 67.09 execution of annual plan projects. Due to the percentage of plan expenditure this, a large number of projects became ranged between 59% and 70% between spillover and was forced to transfer to the 2012-13 and 2014-15. In Kollam District subsequent years for completing the Panchayat, the figure varied between 52% execution. This spillover practice has and 74% during the four years. In
639 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Table 13.20 Plan Expenditure : Quarter wise in 2014-2015 in District Panchayat Percentage Sl. No Name of DP 1st quarter 2nd quarter 3rd quarter 4th quarter (April-June) (July-Sept) (Oct-Dec) (Jan-March) Total 1 Thiruvanan thapuram 11.74 36.60 25.44 26.21 100 2 Kollam 3.50 9.91 18.95 67.64 100 3 Ernakulam 8.61 12.69 19.57 59.14 100 4 Thrissur 0.00 3.73 19.15 77.12 100 5 Kozhikode 3.60 15.00 43.76 37.64 100 Total 5.85 14.55 23.58 56.02 100
Ernakulam District Panchayat, it varied In all the District Panchayats, the plan between 56.5% and 78.9%. In Thrissur spending in the first and second quarter district, it ranged between 61% and 85%. was meagre. There was some progress in The lowest plan expenditure was reported the plan spending during the third in Kozhikode district during the period. quarter. But major share of the plan These figures suggest a dismal picture spending was done during the fourth about the financial achievement of plan quarter. In Thrissur DP, 77% of the plan targets. And the Commission feels that expenditure was incurred during the last raising the annual plan expenditure is an quarter in 2014-15. The corresponding important issue to be addressed by the share of Kollam and Ernakulam DPs are District Panchayats. 68% and 59%. This indicates the pattern of plan spending of DPs. Table 13.21 gives 13.28 Another serious issue in plan the month-wise total plan expenditure of spending is the bunching of expenditure towards the last quarter or the last month of the financial year. Due to the initial delays in project formulation, getting approvals, technical sanctions and entrusting the work for execution, the actual execution was done in the last quarter of the financial year. Due to elaborate and unnecessary procedures in pre-project formulation stage, the DPs spent a lot of time and energy for completing these procedures and neglect the important role of project formulation and execution. Hasty implementation of projects during the fag end of the financial year is the common practice. Table 13.20 gives the quarter wise plan the five District Panchayats for the spending of the five District Panchayats. 640 Fifth State Finance Commission financial year 2014-15. Of the total plan Plan Performance of Municipalities expenditure, 20.40% was spent during the 13.29 The Commission has reviewed the first two quarters. It is likely that the performance of annual plans in five expenditure shown is mainly that of the municipalities, viz. Attingal, Punalur, spillover projects of the previous year. Muvattapuzha, Guruvayoor and Koyilandi. The share of plan expenditure in the third The Commission collected data from quarter was 23.59% and fourth quarter them and held detailed discussions with 56.01%. A notable point is that out of the the officials responsible for plan total plan expenditure, 48% was spent formulation and execution. The first stage during the last two months of the in plan formulation is appointment of financial year. Two District Panchayats plan co-ordinator, constitution of working reported that the Treasury restrictions on groups, conducting stakeholder the presentation and processing of bills in consultations, convening ward sabhas and a month imposed by the State organizing development seminars. Table Government have adversely affected their 13.22 gives the date of appointment of plan spending. Kollam District Panchayat plan co-ordiantor, working groups, date of Table 13.22 Plan formulation process in 2014-15 in Municipalities Sl. Muvattu Item Attingal Punalur Guruvayoor Koyilandi No puzha 1 Date of Appointment of Plan Co -ordinator 10/12/2013 17/12/2013 24/12/2013 25/6/2012 10/7/2012 2 No. of Working Groups 13 16 12 14 17 3 Date of Working 18/12/2013 2/1/2014 24/12/2013 30/12/2013 17/2/2014 Groups meeting 1/1/2014 10/2/2014 4 Date of Stake holders 20/1/2014 17/12/2013 7/1/2014 10/1/2014 23/8/2012 meeting (SHM) 21/1/2014 5 No. Of persons 67 72 13 20 70 participated (SHM) 6 Ward Sabha meeting Dec-2013 Jan-2014 Jan-2014 Feb-2014 Feb-2014 (Month) 7 Average no. of 93 110 87 137 103 participants 8 Date of Development Seminar NA 29/1/2014 25/1/2014 10/2/2014 17/2/2014 9 No. of participants NA 310 110 570 218 reported that the total amount rejected stakeholder meetings, date of ward sabha due to Treasury restrictions on meeting and development seminar. Most development fund was Rs 340.39 lakh in of the plan formulation process started in 2013-14. The Thiruvananthapuram DP the municipalities with the appointment reported that the total bills on of plan co-ordiantors in December 2013. development fund rejected due to The number of working groups Treasury restrictions was 16 and the constituted ranged between 12 and 17. It amount was Rs 140 lakh in 2013-14. is reported that the working groups met
641 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution during December 2013 and January and getting approvals from DPC and technical February in 2014. The stakeholder sanctions. Large and unmanageable type meetings were held in January 2014 and of projects is cited as the principal reason the participation in the meetings was very for this. The number of projects in the poor in two municipalities, viz. municipalities range from 124 to 376 in Muvattapuzha and Guruvayoor. Ward 2014-15. The projects are prepared by the sabhas met during December 2013 and officials and engineering staff of January and February 2014 exclusively for municipalities and officials of transferred plan related discussion. The average institutions. During the last quarter of the participation in the ward sabhas ranged financial year (Jan-March), they are busy between 87 and 137. The municipalities with executing the projects. And they can reported that most of the participants in get time for preparation of the projects ward sabhas are persons such as only during the first quarter of the Kudambashree workers, beneficiaries of financial year (April to June). Hence the housing and other schemes meant for the municipal council was able to finalise the poor. More than three-fourths of the annual plans only in May and June of participants are women. The participants 2014. such as retired persons and others who 13.31 The third stage in plan are interested in development issues are formulation is getting approvals of the very few in number. Due to this, Council of Municipalities, District worthwhile discussions have not taken Planning Committee (DPC), scrutiny of place on issues of development problems, projects and issue of technical sanctions. development needs and type of projects, Table 13.23 gives the date of approvals schemes required. given by the Municipal Council, DPC, etc.
13.30 The second stage in plan The date of approval of annual plan was Table 13.23 Approval of Projects and Annual Plan of 2014-15 in Municipalities Sl. Muvattu Items Attingal Punalur Guruvayoor Koyilandi No puzha 1 Date of Approval of Annual Plan by 4/6/2014 24/11/2014 19/5/2014 31/5/2014 19/2/2014 Municipal Council 2 Date of Approval by 14/5/2014 19/6/2014 DPC 11/7/2014 30/7/2014 20/12/2014 NA 12/05/2015 16/2/2015 3 Months in which Jun-2014 to Aug-2014 to execution of project NA July-2014 NA Sept-2014 Dec-2014 started 4 Total No. of projects 229 376 124 225 250 5 Projects executed by 164 216 58 137 225 contractors 6 Percentage executed 71.62 57.45 46.77 60.89 90 by contractors formulation process is preparation of given by the Municipalities between projects. Delays in preparation of projects February and November 2014. It is is the main reason for the delays in reported that in three municipalities, viz.
642 Fifth State Finance Commission Guruvayoor, Muvattapuzha and Attingal, the works were executed through the approval of annual plan was given in contractors, it took more than a month for May and June. The DPC has given completing the tender formalities. We approval to the annual plan in the have examined the total number of municipalities between May 2014 and projects executed and the number February 2015. Besides this, there is also a completed during the four years. The need to get technical sanction for the review of project execution reveals that engineering type of projects from the municipalities are implementing a Engineers at a higher level. One of the large number of projects which are major reasons for the delays in project beyond their manpower and formulation and getting approval is the administrative capacity. The reason for large number of projects simultaneously the increase in the number of projects is undertaken. The number of projects the practice of dividing the total plan executed during the financial year ranged amount ward-wise. Priority is not given between 124 and 376 in the for the overall development requirement municipalities. Except one municipality, of the municipality. The councilors are the major shares of the projects were mainly concerned about the requirements implemented through contractors. of their wards and want to have very small and tiny projects. The political 13.32 The fourth stage is the execution interests of the councilors also prevent stage. In Punalur Municipality, it is them from going for major projects taking reported that the execution started since into consideration the overall July 2014. In Muvattapuzha Municipality, development of the municipality. Table the execution of projects started between 13.24 gives the number of projects June and September. In Guruvayoor, the executed and percentage of completed execution started during a period between projects. During the financial year 2014- August to December 2014. As majority of
Table 13.24 Number of Projects Implemented in Municipalities Sl. Name of Number of Projects Implemented No Municipality 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 1 Attingal 124 137 134 190 2 Punalur 284 242 371 376 3 Muvattupuzha 107 250 236 124 4 Guruvayoor 240 281 232 225 5 Koyilandi NA NA NA NA Total 755 910 973 915 Percentage of Projects Completed Sl. Name of No Municipality Percentage of Projects Completed 1 Attingal 86.29 83.94 79.10 43.68 2 Punalur 90.85 89.26 71.70 75.53 3 Muvattupuzha 91.59 91.20 97.03 90.32 4 Guruvayoor 87.50 85.41 85.34 94.22 5 Koyilandi NA NA NA NA Total 100 100 100 100
643 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution 15, the number of projects executed in of plan expenditure during four years. the municipalities ranged between 124 During 2011-12, the percentage of plan and 376. The data on the percentage of expenditure ranged between 72% to 79% completed projects shows a dismal and in the subsequent year, it ranged picture. Attingal Municipality was able to between 49% to 78%. Though the complete only 44% of the total projects expenditure was comparatively better in implemented. Punalur Municipality 2013-14, the spending was poor in 2014- completed 75% of the projects. The 15. The total plan spending of all the percentage of completion of projects was municipalities was only 63% during 2014- above 90% in Muvattapuzha and 15. Guruvayoor. Due to this, a good number 13.34 Bunching of expenditure to the of projects became spillover and have to last quarter or the last month of the be executed in the next financial year financial year is a common practice seen along with the projects for the year. in Local Governments in Kerala. In order to examine the pattern of expenditure, 13.33 The fifth stage is the achievement data on quarter-wise spending was of physical and financial targets. We do collected. Table 13.26 gives the quarter- not have data to evaluate the physical wise plan spending of the municipalities. achievement of targets. But we have data The data shows that in Koilandy about the achievement of financial Municipality, of total plan spending, 68% targets. Table 13.25 gives the percentage
Table 13.25 Percentage of Fund Utilisation (Plan + Maintenance) in Municipalities Sl. Name of 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 No Municipality 1 Attingal 75.15 78.08 80.39 56.45 2 Punalur 71.64 49.02 62.01 58.97 3 Muvattupuzha 79 71 76 79 4 Guruvayoor 72 67 83 67 5 Koyilandi NA NA NA NA Total 73.48 62.81 73.21 62.91
Table 13.26 Plan Expenditure : Quarter wise in 2014-2015 in Municipalities Percentage Sl. Name of 1st quarter 2nd 3rd No Municipality (April- quarter quarter 4th quarter Total June) (July-Sept) (Oct-Dec) (Jan-March) 1 Attingal 0 17.10 25.20 57.71 100 2 Punalur 7.63 16.04 12.66 63.68 100 3 Muvattupuzha 1.78 7.05 48.68 42.49 100 4 Guruvayoor 4.67 12.24 29.94 53.16 100 5 Koyilandi 0.55 17.48 14.37 67.61 100 Total 4 13.37 26.72 55.91 100
644 Fifth State Finance Commission was spent in the last quarter of the year MCs responsible for plan formulation and 2014-15. The corresponding share in execution. The first stage in plan Punalur Municipality was 64% and formulation is appointment of plan co- Attingal Municipality 58%. Except one ordinator, constitution of working groups, municipality, all of them spent major conducting stakeholder consultations, share of plan expenditure of the financial convening ward sabhas, preparation of year 2014-15 during the last quarter. Table draft development plan and organizing 13.27 gives the month-wise total plan development seminars. Table 13.28 gives
Table 13.27 Total Plan Spending for all the 5 Municipalities for 2014-15 Amount Spent Month (Rs. In Lakhs.) Percentage Apr-14 150.51 2.03 May-14 55.64 0.75 Jun-14 89.83 1.21 Jul-14 212.79 2.88 Aug-14 320.89 4.34 Sep-14 455.45 6.16 Oct-14 471.14 6.37 Nov-14 790.07 10.68 Dec-14 715.15 9.67 Jan-15 859.29 11.62 Feb-15 1217.43 16.46 Mar-15 2058.91 27.83 Total 7397.11 100 expenditure of the municipalities for the the date of appointment of plan co- financial year 2014-15. Of the total plan ordinator, number of working groups, expenditure, 17.4% was spent during the date of stakeholder meetings, number of first two quarters, 26.7% during the third participants, date of ward sabha meetings quarter and 55.9% during the fourth and organizing development seminars. quarter. A notable point is that out of the The plan co-ordinators were appointed in total plan expenditure, 44.3% was spent December 2013 and January 2014. The during the last two months of the number of working groups constituted financial year. ranged from 15 to 19. Thiruvanan- thapuram MC constituted 19 working Plan Performance of Municipal Corporations groups. It is reported by the MCs that working groups had met mostly during 13.35 The Commission has reviewed the January and February 2014. Of the five performance of annual plans in five MCs, only four have conducted municipal corporations (MCs), viz. stakeholder meetings. Among the MCs, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, the participation in stakeholder meetings Thrissur and Kozhikode. The Commission was very poor in Kozhikode. collected data from them and held detailed discussion with the officials, 13.36 The MCs reported that the ward engineers and other office bearers of the sabhas were convened exclusively to
645 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Table 13.28 Plan formulation process in 2014-15 in Municipal Corporations Sl. Thiruvanan Item Kollam Ernakulam Thrissur Kozhikode No thapuram 1 Date of Appointment 6/1/2014 NA 7/12/2013 18/12/2013 28/1/2014 of Plan Co-ordinator 2 No. of Working 19 15 17 15 15 Groups 3 Date of Working 28/1/2014 14/2/2014 Groups meeting 6/1/2014 3/2/2014 23/1/2014 25/1/2014 18/2/2014 30/4/2014 4 Date of Stake holders 23/1/2014 NA 28/1/2014 11/2/2014 8/8/2012 meeting (SHM) 5 No. Of persons 141 NA 113 78 17 participated (SHM) 6 Ward Sabha meeting Jan-2014 Jan-2014 Jan-2014 Feb-2014 Jan-2014 (Month) 7 Average no. of participants 237 NA 71 81 80 8 Date of Development 4/2/2014 18/2/2014 3/2/2014 13/5/2014 6/2/2014 Seminar 9 No. of participants 1635 353 473 284 354 discuss about the annual plans in January the above procedures in the first stage of and February 2014. The average number plan formulation. It is also pointed out of participants in the ward sabhas range that the MCs are not getting much benefit between 71 to 81 in three MCs and 237 in in identifying development issues, one MC. The representatives of MCs who projects and formulating project participated in the Commission sittings proposals. Though a number of working told us about the lack of interest of people groups are constituted, they are not to attend the meetings. Most of the effectively functioning and not participants in the ward sabha meetings contributing much to providing inputs for are persons such as Kudumbashree plan formulation. workers, beneficiaries of housing and 13.37 The second stage in plan other schemes, the casual workers formulation process is preparation of employed for cleaning work etc. It is also projects. This becomes a complex and pointed out that majority of the difficult process due to the large number participants are women. Only few of projects. During the year 2014-15, the persons such as retired people, teachers, number of projects implemented in the residents associations office bearers etc. MCs ranged between 428 and 1161. are attending the ward sabhas. Due to Instead of having medium type projects, this, serious discussion about the the MC formulates large number of small, development issues, needs, type of very small and tiny projects. The general projects required etc. are not taking place. practice followed in MCs is to share the The MCs told us that alot of time and total plan outlay ward-wise. The resources are being spent for completing councilors want to have a large number of
646 Fifth State Finance Commission small projects and they are not interested LSGD. For getting these approvals, a lot of to have medium or bigger projects. Here time is required. Table 13.29 gives the the concept is for putting emphasis on date of approval of annual plan by MCs
Table 13.29 Approval of Projects and Annual Plan of 2014-15 in Municipal Corporations Sl. Thiruvanan Items Kollam Kochi Thrissur Kozhikode No thapuram 1 Date of Approval of Annual Plan by 11/8/2014 4/8/2014 11/7/2014 26/5/2014 27/2/2014 Municipal Council 2 Date of Approval by 7/8/2014 16/7/2014 to 22/8/2014 17/7/2014 31/7/2014 DPC 29/1/2015 25/3/2015 3 Months in which Jul-2014 to Aug-2014 execution of project NA Sept-2014 Jul-2014 Jan-2015 to Dec-2014 started 4 Total No. of projects 1161 862 825 468 678 5 Projects executed by NA 862 793 230 84 contractors 6 Percentage executed NA 100.00 96.12 49.15 12.39 by contractors ward level activities and ignoring the and DPCs. Of the five MCs, approval of overall development requirement of the the plan was given by the Council of MCs MC. The projects are prepared by the in February 2014, May 2014, July 2014 officers and engineers of the MC as well and August 2014. The MCs got approval as those belonging to transferred from DPC mainly during July and August. institutions. As the MC has to prepare a 13.39 The fourth stage is the execution large number of projects with limited stage. Here the projects shall be entrusted staff, there is also delay in project to contractors or beneficiary committees formulation. for actual execution. Usually one to two 13.38 The third stage in plan months’ time is required for completing formulation is getting approval of the the tendering process. Similarly Council of the MC, District Planning considerable time is required for Committee (DPC), scrutiny of the projects entrusting the work to beneficiary by Engineers at a higher level and issue of committees and the formalities associated technical sanctions. The projects with it. So the MCs were able to start especially engineering type of projects are executing the engineering projects only prepared by the engineers of the MC. In during a period between January to all the MCs, the engineering wing is March. We will get an idea about the headed by the superintending engineer. efficiency of execution of the projects Hence for scrutiny and approval, all the based on their completion. Table 13.30 projects should be sent to the Chief gives the number of projects Engineer, Local Self Government implemented and the percentage of Department (LSGD). Similarly the projects completed between 2011-12 and technical sanction for execution will have 2014-15. In Thiruvananthapuram MC, the to be accorded by the Chief Engineer, percentage of completed projects was very
647 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Table 13.30 Number of Projects Implemented in Municipal Corporations Sl. Name of Municipal Number of Projects Implemented No Corporations 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 1 Thiruvananthapuram 743 971 998 1161 2 Kollam 276 374 472 428 3 Kochi 598 621 816 825 4 Thrissur 335 418 363 468 5 Kozhikode 676 445 555 678 Total 2628 2829 3204 3560 Percentage of Projects Completed Sl. Name of Municipal No Corporations Percentage of Projects Completed 1 Thiruvananthapuram 18.57 20.70 38.78 22.22 2 Kollam NA NA NA NA 3 Kochi 61.20 39.13 59.80 66.91 4 Thrissur 74.03 36.84 65.84 73.50 5 Kozhikode 59.91 60.00 58.02 59.14 low. It ranged between 18.5% to 38.7%. becomes spillover projects and requires to This indicates the inefficiency in be executed in the subsequent year. execution. In Kochi MC, of the total 13.40 The fifth stage is the achievement projects implemented, the completion of physical and financial targets. We do rate ranged between 39% to 67%. In not have data to evaluate the physical Thrissur MC, the percentage of completed achievements of targets. But we have data projects ranged between 37% and 74%. about the achievement of financial The situation is not different in targets. Percentage of plan expenditure Kozhikode MC. The percentage of may be taken as an indicator of the completion of projects ranged between achievement of financial targets. Table 58% to 60%. Based on the above review, 13.31 gives the percentage of plan we can conclude that the MCs generally expenditure to total outlay for four years fail to achieve a satisfactory level of from 2011-12 to 2014-15. In execution of annual plan projects. This Thiruvananthapuram MC, the percentage means that a large share of projects Table 13.31 Percentage of Fund Utilisation (Plan + Maintenance) in Municipal Corporations Sl. Name of Municipal 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 No Corporation 1 Thiruvananthapuram 86.62 75.52 64.88 45.62 2 Kollam 76 33.57 45.88 42 3 Kochi 68.45 60.54 67.58 67.67 4 Thrissur 49.63 53.8 76.23 74.18 5 Kozhikode 63 47 45 52 Total 71.09 55.89 58.68 54.06
648 Fifth State Finance Commission of plan expenditure witnessed a steady the plan spending in the first quarter was decline. It fell from 86.6% in 2011-12 to very small or nil. Thrissur and Kozhikode 45.6% in 2014-15. In Kollam MC the MCs have not spent any amount during percentage of plan expenditure was 76% the first quarter. There is some progress in 2011-12. But during the subsequent in the plan spending during the second years it ranged between 33.5% to 42%. In quarter and the spending ranges from 11% Kochi MC, the percentage of plan to 15% of the total expenditure. Nearly utilization maintained almost a steady one-fourth of the spending of MCs was level and ranged between 60.5% to 68.4% done during the third quarter of the during the four years. In Thrissur, the financial year. It is likely that the plan expenditure ranged between 49.6% expenditure shown the first three to 76.2% during the four years. The quarters are mainly that of spillover situation is also not better in Kozhikode projects of the previous years. The MC. The percentage of plan expenditure quarter- wise spending of MCs shows that ranged between 45% to 63% during the 51% to 66% of the total expenditure was four years. These figures indicate a dismal spent during the last quarter of the picture about the financial achievement financial year. While Kollam MC spent of plan targets. And the Commission feels 51% of the plan expenditure during the that completing the execution of projects last quarter, the corresponding figure of within the financial year and increasing Kozhikode was 66%. We have also the percentage of plan utilization are the attempted an examination of month-wise important issues to be addressed by the plan spending of all the five MCs. Table MCs with regard to plan execution. 13.33 gives the month-wise total plan expenditure of the five MCs for the 13.41 An unhealthy practice of plan financial year 2014-15. Of the total plan spending in MCs is a bunching of expenditure 14.1% was spent during the expenditure towards the last quarter or first two quarter of the financial year. The the last month of the financial year. In share of plan expenditure in the third order to examine this aspect, we have quarter was 26.8%. It is likely that major collected data about the quarter-wise plan share of the plan expenditure relates to spending. Table 13.32 gives the quarter- the spillover projects. The share of plan wise plan spending of MCs. In the MCs,
Table 13.32 Plan Expenditure : Quarter wise in 2014-2015 in Municipal Corporations Percentage Sl. Name of Municipal 1st 2nd 3rd 4th No Corporation quarter quarter (April- quarter quarter (Jan- Total June) (July-Sept) (Oct-Dec) March) 1 Thiruvananthapuram 3.16 10.92 22.19 63.73 100 2 Kollam 0.86 14.80 33.70 50.63 100 3 Kochi 4.04 10.74 26.51 58.71 100 4 Thrissur 0 12.77 23.27 63.96 100 5 Kozhikode 0 11.17 23.23 65.60 100 Total 1.81 12.29 26.84 59.06 100
649 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Table 13.33 Total Plan Spending of Municipal Corporations for 2014-15 Month Amount Spent Percentage (Rs.in lakh) Apr-14 0.00 0.00 May-14 365.96 0.73 Jun-14 543.80 1.08 Jul-14 1277.10 2.55 Aug-14 2605.81 5.20 Sep-14 2275.64 4.54 Oct-14 3584.10 7.15 Nov-14 3749.71 7.48 Dec-14 6119.71 12.21 Jan-15 4020.79 8.02 Feb-15 6481.88 12.93 Mar-15 19104.81 38.11 Total 50129.31 100 expenditure in the last quarter was 59%. prepared for all categories of LGs. As the An important observation is that 38% of nature and magnitude of plan activities the total plan expenditure of the five MCs are very much different in rural and was spent during the last month, March urban LGs, different guidelines are 2015. Two municipal corporations needed. They suggested restructuring the reported that the Treasury restrictions on guidelines and separate guidelines for the presentation and processing of bills different categories of LGs. The imposed by the State Government have Commission feels that the present adversely affected their plan spending. guidelines issued by LSGD are not Kollam MC reported that the total amount suitable for speedy and efficient project rejected due to Treasury restrictions on formulation and execution. As the development fund was Rs 85.61 lakh in development requirement, nature and the case of 83 bills during 2013-14. The magnitude of plan activities are different Thiruvananthapuram MC reported that among different categories of LGs, there is the total bills on development fund the need to have different guidelines for rejected due to Treasury restrictions was LGs. Rs 86.46 lakh in 2014-15. The Commission recommends that the Issues raised by LGs on annual plans at the plan guidelines should give emphasis for sittings of the Commission the preparation of financially, technically 13.42 The Local Governments which and economically feasible projects, speedy attended the sittings of the Commission formulation of projects taking into pointed out that the guidelines prepared consideration local development for the 12th Five Year Plan (published on requirements, changing the procedures to 16/11/2013) is not helpful for speedy get speedy approvals and technical formulation and execution of annual sanctions, effective machinery/ plans. At present a single plan guideline is mechanism for execution, efficient and
650 Fifth State Finance Commission time-bound executions and achievement geographic needs of LGs (coastal area, of physical and financial targets. The hilly area, water bound areas, small Commission recommends to prepare island,etc).The Commission recommends three plan guidelines for the three that the GPs and municipalities facing categories, viz. (1) Grama and Block problems due to geographic location Panchayats, (2) District Panchayats and (3) (coastal area, hilly area, water bound and municipalities and municipal corporations. small islands) shall be permitted to spend The Commission recommends that State 10% of the plan fund for meeting Planning Board shall constitute an Expert geographic related development projects. Committee to restructure the plan 13.46 The Treasury restrictions imposed guidelines taking into consideration all on utilization of Development Fund the recommendations of the Commission adversely affect the plan spending on restructuring the process of plan especially in municipal corporations and formulation and execution. District Panchayats. The LGs should be 13.43 A major cause for the poor plan exempted from Treasury restrictions. performance is the large number of 13.47 Release of funds for certain items projects in annual plans. So they suggest during the last quarter or last month of reduction in the number of projects by the financial year by the Government combining small projects, projects of creates serious problems for LGs in similar nature, identical works in a ward, formulation and execution of projects. integrating maintenance work of a ward Fund should be released as per the as a single project, etc. The DPs should existing guidelines. mainly focus on bigger projects having an amount of more than Rs 25 lakh instead 13.48 The LSGD engineering staff of having small projects. working in LGs should be put under the administrative control of the LG. The LGs 13.44 A large number of beneficiary (Presidents of three-tier Panchayats, committees are not genuine. It is reported Municipal Chairman and Mayor) should that they are constituted to bypass the be given powers to take disciplinary tender process in many cases. Binami action against the engineering staff. committees were also constituted in many LGs. So the genuineness of the 13.49 The SFC cell should prepare a committee should be verified by Grama handbook of guidelines for utilization of Sabhas/social audit/committee of public funds, viz. General Purpose, Maintenance citizens. A social audit mechanism should and Development Fund, recommended by be formulated to inspect the projects, the Fifth Finance Commission for various especially the projects executed by the items. The Commission recommends that beneficiary committees. the SFC cell should prepare a handbook of guidelines for utilization of funds, viz. 13.45 The LGs wanted that 10% of the General Purpose, Maintenance (Road and plan fund should be earmarked for Non-Road) and Development for various undertaking projects to meet the specific items in Malayalam.
651 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution 13.50 In municipal corporations, the Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats, following posts may be created for Municipalities and Municipal efficient formulation and execution of Corporations in a district at the district plans. Environmental Engineer, headquarters. Mechanical Engineer, Electrical Engineer 13.51 There exists much disparity in the and Accounts Officer with CA total amount and rate of subsidies given qualifications. All the MCs that attended to similar beneficiary schemes such as the sittings demanded for the creation of housing, land purchase and others the above posts. The Commission implemented by Government recommends that new posts in the cadre departments and Local Governments for of Assistant Engineer shall be created in BPL households, SC/ST etc. This disparity three regions to look after the engineering should be removed. The Commission related issues of municipal corporations recommends that the total amount and and municipalities. The posts the rate of subsidies given to similar recommended are Environmental beneficiary schemes such as housing, land Engineer, Mechanical Engineer and purchase and other schemes meant for Electrical Engineer. BPL households, SC/ST, etc. by the Government Departments and LGs should The other issues and suggestions put be made uniform. The rate of subsidies of forward by LGs are the following. LGs will be taken as base rate. a) Time limit should be fixed for the The above review of the return of projects sent for vetting. performance of the four categories of LGs b) The administrative procedures needed may be concluded with the following for project approvals and observations: implementation should be simplified. c) For preparing projects, the services of 13.52 The elaborate procedures followed experts, retired people, NGOs and for the appointment of plan co-ordinator, technical consultancy organisations constitution of a number of working should be used. groups, conducting stakeholder d) A time limit for measurement of work, consultations, discussion of project inspection of work, bill preparation proposals in Grama Sabhas, finalization of and release of funds should be status report, preparation of development stipulated. plan and development seminar has not e) The vacant posts of engineers, contributed much to the identification overseers and other staff connected and preparation of projects. Lot of time with plan in LGs should be filled in a and energy of the Local Governments is time bound manner. The engineers spent for completing these procedures. should be retained in a Local All these exercises are done simply for Government for at least three years. identification of development issues and f) Separate training programme shall be projects. The Panchayat Committee of the conducted for plan formulation and three-tier Panchayats and the Urban Local execution for elected members of Governments give little importance for
652 Fifth State Finance Commission this exercise in the selection of projects. activities (b) Industry and service sector Projects to be executed in a ward or activities (c) Infrastructure (road, water, division are mainly decided based on the electricity, housing, etc.) (d) Development interest of the elected representatives. of transferred institutions and (e) Social The Commission feels that too much welfare and poverty alleviation. Second, emphasis is given for completing a strengthening the role of Grama/Ward number of pre-project formulation Sabhas/Ward Committees to have an procedures and too little emphasis for effective role in review of projects actual project formulation process. Second implemented in the ward, suggest thing is that peak period in plan improvement in execution, identify the formulation and implementation stage is development requirements and suggest between December and March, resulting new projects in the next annual plan. in poor formulation as well as execution. Effort should be made to bring more The Commission recommends four major knowledgeable people to the Grama changes in the procedures at pre-project Sabhas/Ward Sabhas/Ward Committees. formulation stage and project Third, prepare list of projects and identification. First, reduce the number of schemes with rough cost estimates to be working groups and make them more included in the annual plan/budget for functional and effective in providing the next year based on the above exercise. inputs for plan formulation. They should Four, the time limit recommended for review the progress of plan, suggest observing the formalities of pre-project improvements in execution of projects, preparation is five weeks during prepare status report, discuss with November and first week of December stakeholders and give an overall shape of (constitution of working groups, plan outline. The number of working convening Grama/Ward Sabhas, conduct groups for Grama Panchayats, Block of development seminar and Panchayats and municipalities shall be identification of projects). The time limit reduced to three. ((a) Sector-wise recommended for preparing a list of (primary, secondary and tertiary) and preliminary projects for inclusion in the overall development of the local economy annual plan/budget is three weeks (in (b) Infrastructure, civic amenities and December). welfare schemes (c) Development of 13.53 As per the guidelines of the State transferred institutions). Five working Government, very little time is given for groups shall be constituted in municipal the preparation of projects for a financial corporations, viz. (a) Sector wise and year (about 15 days). It is humanly overall development (b) Civic amenities impossible to prepare hundreds of (c) Infrastructure (road, water, electricity, projects (plan and maintenance) within housing) (d) Social welfare and poverty this short time. The project preparation alleviation and (e) Development of guidelines is formulated without transferred institutions. In District considering the ground realities, staff Panchayats, five working groups shall be position and other constraints at the local constituted, viz. (a) Agriculture and allied
653 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution level and is unsuitable. The LGs also do maintenance of a road spread in several not have expertise in preparing projects wards into one, etc. The Commission having engineering or technical nature. recommends to reduce the number of The Commission recommends that at projects (plan and maintenance) to a level least two months should be given to LGs of two-thirds of the existing number of for preparation of projects other than the projects. The recommended range of peak period of execution (January to number of projects for different March). In the case of medium or major categories of LGs are given below: Grama engineering or technical projects, the Panchayat (60-75), Block Panchayat (30- detailed project preparation shall be 40), District Panchayat (400-480), entrusted to retired engineers, officers, municipalities (110-140) and municipal consultancy organisations, engineering corporations (600-690). In the case of colleges and research institutions on projects using Development Fund, payment basis. The DPC shall give priority should be given to asset creating approval of a panel of persons and medium or large size projects in all institutions submitted by the LGs for the category of LGs. In GPs and purpose. municipalities, out of the total projects, at least one-fifth should have an outlay of Rs 13.54 A basic reason for the poor plan 5 lakh per project. performance at all levels – formulation, getting approvals, entrusting the work for 13.55 Due to the delays in project execution and actual execution – is the formulation, getting approvals from DPC, large number of projects. Without technical sanctions and awarding the considering the administrative capacity to work, the execution starts during the handle the projects, large and third or fourth quarter of the financial unmanageable number of projects are year. Due to delayed execution, the LGs executed. Due to this, a substantial share were able to complete only a portion of of the projects remain uncompleted the projects implemented in a financial during the end of the financial year. The year. general practice followed in all categories 13.56 Except a small share, the entire of LGs is to share the total plan outlay projects are implemented through ward wise. The Commission feels that beneficiary committees in Grama and the large and unmanageable number of Block Panchayats. This results in poor projects is the basic reason for poor plan execution, delays in execution and poor performance at all stages of plan quality of the work. In some District formulation and execution and Panchayats, a good number of projects are recommends to reduce the number. This executed by beneficiary committees. The should be achieved by combining several LGs which attended the sittings of the small and tiny projects into one, Commission pointed out that substantial combining projects having similar nature, number of beneficiary committees are not integrating all maintenance work of a genuine. In this context, the Commission ward as single project, treating the recommends that a mechanism shall be
654 Fifth State Finance Commission formulated to scrutinize the work expenditure to the last two months or the executed by the beneficiary committees. last month of the financial year is the The GPs, municipalities and municipal general trend observed. In order to corporations should place a list of all prevent the unhealthy practice of projects implemented through beneficiary bunching of plan expenditure, the committees in a ward during a financial Commission recommends execution and year in the first Grama Sabha meeting of completion of projects of non-engineering the subsequent financial year. Details of nature preferably in the first two quarters the names of the persons of beneficiary of the financial year. committee, the purpose of project and 13.60 Shortage of engineers, overseers amount spent, achievement of physical and other supporting staff is cited as a and financial target, etc. may be placed in reason for the poor plan formulation and the Grama/Ward Sabha for scrutiny and execution. In many GPs, a full time making assessment/observations. The Assistant engineer (AE) is not available. observations of Grama/Ward Sabha may An AE is holding charge of two to three be recorded and appropriate action shall GPs. The Commission recommends that be initiated by the Panchayat all the vacant posts of engineers, Committee/Municipal Council/Council of overseers and other field staff in Grama, MC on it. The quality of the work Block and District Panchayats, executed through the contractor should municipalities and municipal also be scrutinized in the same manner. corporations should be filled 13.57 An important reason for the delays immediately. There should be a in getting approvals from the mechanism to fill the vacancies as and Committees/Councils of LGs and DPCs is when they arise. Every Grama Panchayat the large number of projects. This has also should have at least a full time AE. The resulted in starting of execution of the unhealthy practice of frequent transfer of projects during the fourth quarter of the engineers should be stopped. An engineer financial year. should be given a tenure of at least three years in a LG. 13.58 A review of the plan expenditure to total outlay indicates that the plan 13.61 Lack of supporting clerical staff to expenditure is generally poor in Grama assist in project formulation, getting Panchayat, District Panchayat, approvals of projects, tendering the work, Municipalities and Municipal entrusting the work to beneficiary Corporations. committees, preparing bills of the large 13.59 Low spending of the plan funds number of projects is cited as a major during the first three quarters and problem by the majority of engineers of spending the major share during the last GPs who attended the sittings of the quarter is the general trend observed in Commission. The Secretaries of GPs who Grama Panchayat, District Panchayat, attended the sittings reported that they municipalities and municipal do not have clerical staff to give to the corporations. Bunching of plan engineering wing. The Commission feels
655 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution that this is a serious constraint faced by recommends that State Planning Board the GPs in plan formulation and shall constitute an Expert Committee to execution. The Commission recommends restructure the plan guidelines taking into to create a clerical post to support the consideration all the recommendations of engineering wing in all GPs based on a the Commission on restructuring the work study. The expenditure needed for process of plan formulation and this shall be met from their own fund and execution. (para 13.42) General Purpose Fund. 2. The Commission recommends that the 13.62 The LGs especially the District GPs and municipalities facing problems Panchayats and municipal corporations due to geographic location (coastal area, reported that they were not able to incur hilly area, water bound and small islands) plan expenditure due to the Treasury shall be permitted to spend 10% of the restrictions. The practice of retaining of plan fund for meeting geographic related the bill book in treasuries for three days development projects. (para 13.45) practically prevents them from submitting 3. The Commission recommends that the the bills in three days. The Commission SFC cell should prepare a handbook of feels that the treasury restrictions is an guidelines for utilization of funds, viz. important cause for poor plan General Purpose, Maintenance (Road and expenditure. The Commission Non-Road) and Development for various recommends that all LGs shall be items in Malayalam. (para 13.49) exempted from all Treasury restrictions. 4. The Commission recommends that Recommendations new posts in the cadre of Assistant 1. The Commission recommends that the Engineer shall be created in three regions plan guidelines should give emphasis for to look after the engineering related the preparation of financially, technically issues of municipal corporations and and economically feasible projects, speedy municipalities. The posts recommended formulation of projects taking into are Environmental Engineer, Mechanical consideration local development Engineer and Electrical Engineer. (para requirements, changing the procedures to 13.50) get speedy approvals and technical 5. The Commission recommends that the sanctions, effective machinery/ total amount and the rate of subsidies mechanism for execution, efficient and given to similar beneficiary schemes such time-bound executions and achievement as housing, land purchase and other of physical and financial targets. The schemes meant for BPL households, Commission recommends to prepare SC/ST, etc. by the Government three plan guidelines for the three Departments and LGs should be made categories, viz. (1) Grama and Block uniform. The rate of subsidies of LGs will Panchayats, (2) District Panchayats and (3) be taken as base rate. (para 13.51) municipalities and municipal corporations. The Commission 6. The Commission recommends four
656 Fifth State Finance Commission major changes in the procedures at pre- knowledgeable people to the Grama project formulation stage and project Sabhas/Ward Sabhas/Ward Committees. identification. First, reduce the number of Third, prepare list of projects and working groups and make them more schemes with rough cost estimates to be functional and effective in providing included in the annual plan/budget for inputs for plan formulation. They should the next year based on the above exercise. review the progress of plan, suggest Four, the time limit recommended for improvements in execution of projects, observing the formalities of pre-project prepare status report, discuss with preparation is five weeks during stakeholders and give an overall shape of November and first week of December plan outline. The number of working (constitution of working groups, groups for Grama Panchayats, Block convening Grama/Ward Sabhas, conduct Panchayats and municipalities shall be of development seminar and reduced to three. ((a) Sector wise identification of projects). The time limit (primary, secondary and tertiary) and recommended for preparing a list of overall development of the local economy preliminary projects for inclusion in the (b) Infrastructure, civic amenities and annual plan/budget is three weeks (in welfare schemes (c) Development of December). (para 13.52) transferred institutions). Five working 7. The Commission recommends that at groups shall be constituted in municipal least two months should be given to LGs corporations, viz. (a) Sector wise and for preparation of projects other than the overall development (b) Civic amenities peak period of execution (January to (c) Infrastructure (road, water, electricity, March). In the case of medium or major housing) (d) Social welfare and poverty engineering or technical projects, the alleviation and (e) Development of detailed project preparation shall be transferred institutions. In District entrusted to retired engineers, officers, Panchayats, five working groups shall be consultancy organisations, engineering constituted, viz. (a) Agriculture and allied colleges and research institutions on activities (b) Industry and service sector payment basis. The DPC shall give activities (c) Infrastructure (road, water, approval of a panel of persons and electricity, housing, etc.) (d) Development institutions submitted by the LGs for the of transferred institutions and (e) Social purpose. (para 13.53) welfare and poverty alleviation. Second, strengthening the role of Grama/Ward 8. The Commission recommends to Sabhas/Ward Committees to have an reduce the number of projects (plan and effective role in review of projects maintenance) to a level of two-thirds of implemented in the ward, suggest the existing number of projects. The improvement in execution, identify the recommended range of number of development requirements and suggest projects for different categories of LGs are new projects in the next annual plan. given below: Grama Panchayat (60-75), Effort should be made to bring more Block Panchayat (30-40), District
657 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution Panchayat (400-480), municipalities (110- 10. In order to prevent the unhealthy 140) and municipal corporations (600- practice of bunching of plan expenditure, 690). In the case of projects using the Commission recommends execution Development Fund, priority should be and completion of projects of given to asset creating medium or large non-engineering nature preferably in the size projects in all category of LGs. In GPs first two quarters of the financial year. and municipalities, out of the total (para 13.59) projects, at least one-fifth should have an 11. The Commission recommends that outlay of Rs 5 lakh per project. (para all the vacant posts of engineers, 13.54) overseers and other field staff in Grama, Block and District Panchayats, 9. The Commission recommends that a municipalities and municipal mechanism shall be formulated to corporations should be filled scrutinize the work executed by the immediately. There should be a beneficiary committees. The GPs, mechanism to fill the vacancies as and municipalities and municipal when they arise. Every Grama Panchayat corporations should place a list of all should have at least a full time Assistant projects implemented through beneficiary Engineer. The unhealthy practice of committees in a ward during a financial frequent transfer of engineers should be year in the first Grama Sabha meeting of stopped. An engineer should be given a the subsequent financial year. Details of tenure of at least three years in a LG. the names of the persons of beneficiary (para 13.60) committee, the purpose of project and amount spent, achievement of physical 12. The Commission recommends to and financial target, etc. may be placed in create a clerical post to support the the Grama/Ward Sabha for scrutiny and engineering wing in all GPs based on a making assessment/observations. The work study. The expenditure needed for observations of Grama/Ward Sabha may this shall be met from their own fund and be recorded and appropriate action shall General Purpose Fund. (para 13.61) be initiated by the Panchayat 13. The Commission recommends that Committee/Municipal Council/Council of all LGs shall be exempted from all MC on it. The quality of the work Treasury restrictions (para 13.62). executed through the contractor should also be scrutinized in the same manner. (para 13.56)
658 Fifth State Finance Commission
Annex 13.1 Plan Formulation process Time Table Sl. Committee/Group Steps Subsequent No. Responsible First Year Year 1. Fixing Plan co -ordinator Committee/Council of LGs Before June 25 Before November 20 ( if needed) 2. Constituting working Implementing officer Before July 5 Before groups (recommending); November 25 Standing committees (recommending); Administrative Committee (approving) 3. Preparation of District November 25 wise Priority list 4. Preparation of status Standing committee; Before July 15 report including project working groups If necessary plan 5. Discussion with Bank Standing Committees; Before July 20 If necessary Working Groups; Administrative Committees 6. Discussion with Stake Working groups; standing Before July 20 If necessary holder committees 7. Rapid assessment Working groups; standing NA Before committees November 25 8. Grama Sabhas/ ward Working group members; Before July 30 Before sabhas facilitators; Administrative December 15 committee; ward member/Councillor 9. Finalisation of status Working groups; standing Before August 4 Before Report and project committees December 15. suggestions preparation ( Status report is not applicable for coming years) 10. Development document Working group; Before August 7 (in the 5 year plan period development standing Development and annual plan committees document ( NA document) for coming years) 11. Preparation of integrated Working groups; standing Before August 12 If necessary programmes committees 12. Development Seminar Administrative Committee; Before August 17 Before development standing December 15 committee 13. Approval of development Administrative committee Before August 22 NA document 14. Decision on plan Administrative Committee; Before August 24 Before provision and allocation Finance standing committee December 30 of plan total 15. Preparation of project Working groups Before August 30 Before January 10 16 Approval of projects by Standing committees Before standing committees Before September 5 January 15 17. Approval of plan projects Administrative Committees Before September 7 Before January, 20
659 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation:Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Annex 13.2 Constitution of working groups in three tier Panchayats The Standing The officer who should be the convener Sl. Committee Name of working group to Grama No. which has be formed Block Panchayat District Panchayat control Panchayat 1. Finance Accounts, preparation of Secretary Secretary Secretary Documents, make public service efficient 2. Development 1.Agriculture and allied Agriculture Asst. Director, Principal areas including preservation officer Agriculture Agriculture Officer of soil-water, irrigation, environment and afforestation
2. Animal husbandry and Veterinary Senior veterinary Deputy Director dairy development surgeon surgeon/Dairy Animal Extension Husbandry/Dairy Officer development 3. Small scale industries Village Industries General Manager, Extension Development District Industries Officer Officer Centre 4. Fisheries See notes See notes below Deputy Director of below Fisheries 5. Public works ( including Asst. Assistant Not Applicable power and electricity) Engineer Executive Engineer 3. Welfare 1. Poverty alleviation( only Member, Secretary District mission in Grama Panchayats and Kudumbasree coordinator, Block Panchayats - including Secretary Kudumbasree housing) 2. Social welfare( including ICDS, CDPO District Officer, Old aged and physically and Supervisor social welfare mentally challenged)
3. Development of VEO Tribal District Scheduled caste Development Tribal Development Officer Officer 4. Scheduled Tribe (See note (See note below) District Development below) Tribal Development Officer 5. Women and child ICDS CDPO District Panchayat development Supervisor Lady welfare officer 4. Health and 1. Health Medical Medical Officer District Medical Education Officer Officer 2. Drinking water and Asst. Asst. Executive Executive Engineer Sanitation ( including Engineer Engineer treatment of waste) 3. Education, culture, Arts Head master Secretary Deputy Director of and Sports and Youth / Head Education Affairs Mistress
5. Public works Public works ( including NA NA Executive Engineer Electricity and Power) 6. Housing NA NA Project Director, poverty allevation
660 Fifth State Finance Commission
1. This working groups may be formed with an official as convener from Fisheries if the official is under the control of the Local Government. If not, this subject may also be given to the Agricultural Working group. 2. This Working Group may be formed with an official or convener from Scheduled Tribe Development Department. If the official is under the control of Local Government . If not, this subject may also be given to the Working Group of Scheduled Tribe Development Corporation.
661 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation:Restructuring the process of Plan Formulation and Execution
Annex 13.3 Constitution of Working groups in Urban Local Governments Sl. Supervisory Officials to be worked as convener Name of working group to N Standing be formulated Municipality Corporation o Committee 1 Finance Accounts, Preparation of Secretary Secretary documents, effectiveness of peoples welfare 2 Development 1. Agriculture and allied Senior officers of Senior officers of sectors (water, sand Agriculture department Agriculture protection, irrigation nature, under the control of department under the forestation) Corporation control of corporation 2. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Veterinary Dairy development surgeon/Senior surgeon/Senior veterinary surgeon veterinary surgeon 3. Small scale industry Industry Industry Development Officer Development Officer 4. Fishing Senior officer of Senior officer of fisheries department fisheries department under the control of under the control of municipality corporation 3 Welfare 1. Poverty alleviation Project Officer urban Project Officer urban poverty reduction cell poverty reduction cell 2. Social Welfare(Older people, Assistant child Assistant child physically/mentally challenged development project development project persons) officer officer 3. Scheduled caste Scheduled caste Scheduled caste development development officer development officer 4. Development of scheduled Scheduled Tribe Scheduled Tribe tribe (only to areas getting TSP Development Officer Development Officer fund) (T.E.O/S.C.D.O) (T.E.O/S.C.D.O) 5. Development of women Assistant child Assistant child and children development project development project Officer Officer
4 Health 1. Health sanitation (including Senior Doctor under Senior Doctor under waste disposal) the control of the control of Municipality Corporation 5 Education 1. Education, Art, Culture, Higher Secondary Not applicable Sports, Youth affairs School Principal 2. Education, Sports, Not applicable Higher Secondary Entertainment, Youth affairs School Principal 6 Urban 1. Art, Culture, Protection of Not applicable Higher Secondary Planning monument, Urban School Principal beautification 7 Public Works 1. Public works (including Municipal Engineer Corporation Engineer energy, electricity) 2. Housing Project Officer (PAU) Project Officer (PAU) 3. Drinking Water Municipal Engineer Corporation Engineer
662 Fifth State Finance Commission
Annex 13.4 Programme Schedule of Grama/Ward Sabha 1 Welcome (5 minute) Grama Sabha convener 2 Development views of Panchayat President/Vice president (10 minutes) 3 Rights and duties of Grama sabha Resource person (10 minutes) 4 Plan implementation report of current Secretary/Plan Co-ordinator year and previous year (10 minutes) 5 Presentation of Draft project Development standing committee chair suggestions of next year (10 minutes) person/welfare standing committee chairperson 6 General discussion and question Questions may be collected in the meeting or answers (previous plan activities, earlier in writing. Participants may also activities of Organisations and permitted to raise questions. employees, decisions of grama sabha, General Administration etc. (45 minutes) 7 Group discussion (draft project Discussions may be done in groups based on proposals) (90 minutes) the number of working groups. Service of a facilitator may be made available by Panchayat in each group. 8 Reporting of group discussion Presentation of the proposals of the group (Plenary session) (30 minutes) 9 General discussion on draft plan (15 minutes) 10 Summing of discussions President/Vice president/Standing committee Chairperson 11 Approval of written minutes, putting Apart from people’s representatives and signature officials, anybody who attended Grama sabha can sign 12 Conclusion, Vote of thanks Grama sabha co-ordinator/ Secretary
Urban Local bodies should also conduct ward sabha meetings as per this schedule Block-district Panchayats may conduct Grama sabha meetings as per this schedule as mentioned in Panchayat Rule 15. But item 3 of this schedule may be excluded.
663 Chapter 14 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Changes in Laws, Rules and Procedures
14.1 As per the terms of reference, the meant for, the people may be frustrated. Commission has to look into the Difficulties, distress, sufferings and institutionalisation of decentralisation frustrations may attract rebellion and initiatives in the State. Local revolt. History points to this fact. We have Governments are the third stratum of French Revolution and American Government. They are the Governments Revolution, to cite a few as examples, at the grass root level. Providing basic before us. To avoid such a situation, the services at the bottom level makes them Panchayats, Municipalities and Municipal the primary link in the participatory Corporations ought to be transferred into democracy. Actually, Local Government is Local Governments in the right spirit. the lone Government that deals directly They should be equipped with sufficient with the people. When there is an issue functional and financial autonomy. Acts, relating to their day-to-day life like natural Rules, Procedures, Systems etc. should be calamity, drinking water shortage, non- modified or changed if found necessary. functioning of street lighting system, 14.2 The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 waste problem, epidemics, stray dog and the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 are menace, trees dangerous to vehicles and the basic Acts governing LGs in the State. pedestrians etc. the citizens approach the There are a number of other Acts like the elected representatives of LGs since they Kerala Local Authorities Entertainments are more accessible to the local people. Tax Act, 1961, the Kerala Local Authorities The LGs are more accountable and (Prohibition of Defection) Act, 1999, the answerable to the people of the locality. Cattle Trespass Act, 1961, the Cinemas The LGs are forced to intervene into (Regulation) Act, 1958, the Local almost all issues discussed above. But Authorities Loans Act, 1963, the Places of they have a lot of limitations in the Public Resort Act, 1963, the Public Health interventions of such issues. There are Act, 1939 (Madras), the Public Health Act, some legal obstacles and financial, 1955 (Travancore-Cochin), the administrative and operational barriers. Registration of Births and Deaths Act, These obstacles and barriers pull the LGs 1969 etc. A number of Rules have been back from fulfilling the wishes of their framed to operationalise various people. A government is for and on behalf provisions in the above Acts. There are of the people and for the welfare and around 200 such Rules which a LG has to well-being of its citizens. If the deal with. Some sections/rules in the Government cannot function as it is above Acts/Rules come in the way of LGs
664 Fifth State Finance Commission in discharging their activities properly and time of getting permission, the tree might smoothly. They are against the spirit of have fallen due to wind or other reasons decentralization concept. Hence, they are and the people sustained injuries/ to be simplified or amended. casualties. If the LG has the power to cut such trees without waiting for the 14.3 The Council of the LGs is usually clearance of the Social Forestry wing, such elected at the expiration of every five casualties/accidents could be avoided. year. But the officials are functioning as a Delayed action means denial of justice. permanent set up for 2 to 3 decades or Prompt and timely action is the symptom more. The policy decisions are taken by of effective and efficient management. the political executives and the officials are executing such decisions. The 14.5 The vehicles allotted to the decisions of the Council are subject to Mayor/Chairperson/President, Deputy various provisions in Acts and Rules and Mayor and Standing Committee Chairman procedures then in force. But the elected of the Municipal Corporation and Vice representatives may not be fully aware of President of the District Panchayat can such things. The officials have to act as now be freely used by respective elected advisors to the Council in such cases. If representatives. There is no the Council takes a decision contrary to daily/monthly ceiling with regard to the existing statutes over-ruling the consumption of fuel or distance that can advice of officials, it should own be travelled or the purpose for which the responsibility for such decisions. If the vehicle can be used. The vehicles are LG suffers any loss of money consequent provided to them to help discharge their on such decisions, the elected duties effectively and efficiently. Usage of representatives have to be made vehicle for personal or private purpose responsible for such decisions. If any loss should not be permitted. occurs due to ill-advice or lack of advice 14.6 Revenues amounting to crores of by the officials concerned they should be rupees as arrears are pending to be held liable for this. collected by LGs. Some portion of these 14.4 Some formalities and procedures amounts has to be collected through to be observed are found to be harsh and revenue recovery proceedings. Currently, rigid. These formalities and procedures the revenue recovery proceedings can be prevent the LGs from timely action in the initiated by the Land Revenue case of emergent situations. For example, Department. This is a time consuming for cutting a tree growing by the side of a process. This affects the LGs in collecting busy road, which is in a dangerous arrear amounts. condition and will be harmful to the 14.7 Even though Panchayats and passengers, pedestrians and vehicles Municipalities are Local Governments, going by, the LG concerned has to obtain their own staff and staff of the permission of the Social Forestry wing. institutions transferred to them are This procedure will take 10 to 15 days to provided by the State Government. The get the permission to cut trees. By the officials are responsible for implementing
665 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Changes in Laws, Rules and Procedures the decisions of the Council. But the the preparation of such lists. Others Council has virtually no administrative seldom show much interest in this regard. control over the staff (except to take If the views of others who attended the minor punishments). The administrative Grama/Ward Sabha/Ward Committees are control rests with the Director of not duly considered while preparing the Panchayats/Urban Affairs or development plans, they will not attend Commissioner for Rural Development. subsequent meetings. Immediate steps on The LGs have only the functional control the part of LGs are required to improve over the staff. That is, there exists dual the participation in Grama/Ward control. The officials are transferred and Sabha/Ward Committees. posted even without the knowledge of the 14.10 A number of cases against LGs Mayor/Chairperson/President of the LG. are pending in various courts of law. Land The staff should be permitted to continue acquisition, construction of roads, in a station for at least three years. If an buildings, slaughter houses, exigency arises to transfer an employee crematoriums etc. are the main areas in before completing 3 years the views of the which litigations are there. In most cases, elected head of the LG should be sought. LGs fail in the Court. The defence of the Copies of all orders transferring and LGs is found to be very weak. The amount posting employees be compulsorily be that can be spent by the LGs with regard marked to the elected head of that LG. to payment of Advocate fee is very 14.8 The Director of Panchayats/Urban nominal. Hence, LGs are not able to get Affairs and the CRD have no role to play the service of good advocates. That as per the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 explains the weak defence of LGs in the and the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994. case and the ultimate losing of litigation. They are the appointing authorities of This failure causes heavy monetary loss to staff of LGs. But they have no legal LGs. Therefore, the ceiling on Advocate backing in the affairs of LGs. This is an fee that can be paid by LGs has to be anomaly which has to be rectified. Their raised periodically taking into account the role in the affairs of LGs has to be clearly real situation in the field. defined in the respective Acts. 14.11 Considering the above facts, 14.9 Participation in the Grama/Ward realities and situations, the Commission Sabha/Ward Committees is generally poor. makes the following recommendations in LGs find it difficult to get required this regard: quorum in Grama/Ward Sabha/Ward (i) LGs shall be given more financial Committees. The situation is more powers to undertake health and literacy pathetic in ULGs. Those engaged with programmes. Kudumbasree and MGNREGS are forced to attend the Sabha/Committee. Those who (ii) The present practice of obtaining are keen to find a place in individual permission from Government to purchase beneficiary list participate in the land by LGs for the construction of their Sabha/Committee which is convened for office buildings/providing facilities for
666 Fifth State Finance Commission discharging civic functions shall be done (v) Departments of Panchayats, Rural away with. Instead, a District Level Development and Urban Affairs at the Monitoring Committee with President of Government level shall be integrated to District Panchayat as Chairman, the form the Ministry of Local Governments. District Collector as the Convenor and 5 The Secretary and other staff in elected representatives of LGs, DDP, Government Secretariat shall be the part ADC(General) and Regional Joint Director of the Ministry. Similarly, the Directorates of Urban Affairs as members shall be of Panchayats and Urban Affairs, the constituted to clear the proposal to Commissionerate of Rural Development purchase land. The decision of the and the LSGD Engineering wing shall be Committee shall be binding on LGs. The integrated into one Department, viz, Local District Collector shall be the sole Government Department with a Senior authority to fix the value of the land. If IAS Officer as head. This department will there is any difference of opinion the LGs have four wings, viz, Panchayat, Rural can appeal before the State Government. Development, Urban Affairs and Engineering. The Panchayat, Rural (iii) The Local Governments shall be Development and Urban Affairs shall given the power to demolish an old have a separate Additional Director each building of the transferred institutions and the Engineering wing a Chief with a view to constructing a new Engineer. The proposed Director shall building for the same purpose for which have a role in the affairs of LGs for which the old building was constructed. The the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 and the decision in this regard can be taken by the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 may be Council based on the report of the LSGD suitably amended. Engineering wing in this regard and with the concurrence of the Head of the (vi) Extensive public awareness Department of the transferred institution. programmes shall be conducted to Executive Engineer in the case of Grama improve participation in Grama/Ward and Block Panchayats and Municipalities Sabha and Ward Committee meetings. and Superintending Engineer in the case Judicious and fair selection of of District Panchayats and Chief Engineer beneficiaries, provision of effective and in the case of Municipal Corporations will mandatory civic services, due be the authority to give report. consideration of proposals put forward by the participants shall also be ensured to (iv) The staff posted in a LG or improve participation. The entire transferred institutions shall be permitted proceedings of the Sabha/ Committee to work there for at least 3 years. Before shall be video recorded. All participants transferring them, the views of the should be covered in the recording. The Mayor/Chairperson/President of the LG CD/ DVD of the recording shall be kept in ought to be obtained. A copy of the order the office like any other records and the transferring and posting an official shall same shall be subject to verification/ compulsorily be marked to the elected inspection/audit in future. The LG shall head of the LG concerned. give an incentive which can be a project
667 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Changes in Laws, Rules and Procedures costing not less than Rs.1 lakh to one (x) The LGs shall be permitted to revise Grama/Ward Sabha and Ward Committee their budget only twice in a financial year. which has the maximum percentage of Section 214(5) of the Kerala Panchayat Raj participation in a financial year. The LG Act, 1994 and section 293 (5) of the Kerala shall keep a complaint/suggestion book in Municipality Act, 1994 shall be amended the Grama/Ward Sabha and Ward accordingly. Committee meeting to record the opinion Recommendations: of the participants as to the functioning of the meeting and their opinion shall be 1) LGs shall be given more financial given due weightage in future. powers to undertake health and literacy programmes (para 14.11) (vii) The provision in section 253 and section 67 which were in existence in the 2) The present practice of obtaining original the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 permission from Government to purchase and the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 land by LGs for the construction of their respectively shall be re-introduced so as to office buildings/providing facilities for make the elected representatives also discharging civic functions shall be done liable for the loss, waste or away with. Instead, a District Level misappropriation of money or property of Monitoring Committee with President of the LG occurred due to their action. District Panchayat as Chairman, the District Collector as the Convenor and (viii) The Advocate fee which an LG can five elected representatives of LGs, DDP, pay in a year in connection with litigation ADC (General) and Regional Joint Director in a Court of Law can be revised as of Urban Affairs as members to clear the follows: proposal to purchase land shall be a) Litigation up to District level Court constituted. The decision of the – Rs.5000- Rs.10000 Committee shall be binding on LGs. The b) Litigation in High Court – Rs.10000- District Collector shall be the sole Rs.20000 authority to fix the value of the land. If there is any difference of opinion the LGs c) Litigation in Supreme Court – can appeal before the State Government Rs.50000 (para 14.11). The present practice will continue in the 3) The Local Governments shall be given case of payment of any amount beyond the power to demolish an old building of this ceiling. the transferred institution with a view to (ix) The LGs shall be given the power to constructing a new building for the same cut trees which are found to be dangerous purpose for which the old building to the vehicles or pedestrians passing constructed. The decision in this regard through without the permission of the can be taken by the Council based on the Social Forestry wing provided that the LG report of the LSGD Engineering wing and shall plant two saplings of the same tree with the concurrence of the Head of the in the same or nearby place. Department of the transferred institution.
668 Fifth State Finance Commission Executive Engineer in the case of Grama 6) Extensive public awareness and Block Panchayats and Municipalities programmes shall be conducted to and Superintending Engineer in the case improve participation in Grama/Ward of District Panchayats and Chief Engineer Sabha and Ward Committee meetings. in the case of Municipal Corporations will Judicious and fair selection of be the authority to give report (para beneficiaries, provision of effective and 14.11). mandatory civic services, due consideration of proposals put forward by 4) The staff posted in a LG or the participants shall also be ensured to transferred institutions shall be permitted improve participation. The entire to work there for at least three years. proceedings of the Sabha/ Committee Before transferring them, the views of the shall be video recorded. All participants Mayor/Chairperson/President of the LG should be covered in the recording. The ought to be obtained. A copy of the order CD/ DVD of the recording shall be kept in transferring and posting an official shall the office like any other records and the compulsorily be marked to the elected same shall be subject to verification/ head of the LG concerned (para 14.11). inspection/audit in future. The LG shall 5) Departments of Panchayats, Rural give an incentive which can be a project Development and Urban Affairs at the costing not less than Rs.1 lakh to one Government level shall be integrated to Grama/Ward Sabha and Ward Committee form the Ministry of Local Governments. which has the maximum percentage of The Secretary and other staff in participation in a financial year. The LG Government Secretariat shall be a part of shall keep a complaint/suggestion book in the Ministry. Similarly, the Directorates of the Grama/Ward Sabha and Ward Panchayats and Urban Affairs, the Committee meeting to record the opinion Commissionerate of Rural Development of the participants as to the functioning and the LSGD Engineering wing shall be of the meeting and their opinion shall be integrated into one Department, viz, Local given due weightage in future (para Government Department with a Senior 14.11). IAS Officer as head. This department will 7) The provision in section 253 and have four wings, viz, Panchayat, Rural section 67 which were in existence in the Development, Urban Affairs and original the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 Engineering. The Panchayat, Rural Development and Urban Affairs shall have and the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 a separate Additional Director each and respectively shall be re-introduced so as to the Engineering wing a Chief Engineer. make the elected representatives also The proposed Director shall have a role in liable for the loss, waste or the affairs of LGs for which the Kerala misappropriation of money or property of Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 and the Kerala the LG occurred due to their action (para Municipality Act, 1994 may be suitably 14.11). amended (para 14.11). 8) The Advocate fee which an LG can pay
669 Institutionalisation of Decentralisation: Changes in Laws, Rules and Procedures in a year in connection with litigation in a 9) The LGs shall be given the power to cut Court of Law can be revised as follows: trees which are found to be dangerous to the vehicles or pedestrians passing Litigation up to District level Court – through without the permission of the Rs.5000- Rs.10000 Social Forestry wing provided that the LG Litigation in High Court – Rs.10000- shall plant two saplings of the same tree Rs.20000 in the same or nearby place (para 14.11). Litigation in Supreme Court – 10) The LGs shall be permitted to revise Rs.50000 their budget only twice in a financial year. The present practice will continue in the Section 214(5) of the Kerala Panchayat Raj case of payment of any amount beyond Act, 1994 and section 293 (5) of the Kerala this ceiling (para 14.11). Municipality Act, 1994 shall be amended accordingly (para 14.11).
670 Fifth State Finance Commission Chapter 15 Summary of Recommendations
Fiscal Issues 69. The Commission recommends that completed, the asset register should KURDFC shall be designated as nodal be updated automatically (Asset is agency to clear all formalities relating to mainly created with development availing of loans by Local Governments for fund and own fund. Maintenance remunerative projects as detailed at para fund is given for the maintenance of 12.7. State Government may provide assets and not for asset creation. guarantee to the borrowings by LGs. (para However, this fund is permitted to be 12.8). utilized for the construction of compound wall and roof changing. 70. We recommend that audit by the State The assets created so with the Audit Department should take a more maintenance fund can also be added development-friendly approach without to the existing assets). compromising the basic principles of audit (para 12.12). (v) In the case of roads which pass through more than one ward/division 71. The Commission recommends that that should be entered in the asset Performance Audit System in Urban Local register as one road in single length Governments should be strengthened chainage. urgently and adequate staff should be provided either through fresh recruitment (vi) While searching the assets, the or through deployment in this regard, so as following details should be exhibited: to make the system as envisaged in the Act a) Name of asset and Rules (para 12.16). b) Name of ward/division 72. We recommend that the following shall be done in connection with the assets c) Name of village of LGs: d) Block number (i) The ‘Sachitra’ software be made more e) Survey number user friendly. (vii) The cost of assets the valuation of (ii) There should be provision to which could not be undertaken is recognize addition/deletion of assets shown as Re.1 in asset register. The each and every year. market value of such assets should (iii) The ‘Sachitra’ software be integrated be assessed and the asset register be with ‘Saankhya’ software so as to updated accordingly. update assets automatically. (viii) Duplication of assets should (iv) When a project which creates asset is completely be avoided. The facing
671 Summary of Recommendations sheet of the asset register should AMC of software developed by KELTRON contain an abstract of the total assets shall be avoided (para 12.24). under the control of Local 75. The Commission recommends that Government as detailed at table 12.2, the SFC software which is adopted for 12.3 and 12.4. This abstract should the continued collection of fiscal data on be certified by the Kerala State Audit Local Government be integrated with the Department at the time of statutory ‘Saankhya’ software developed by the audit every year (para 12.20). IKM (para 12.25). 73. The Commission recommends that 76. The Commission recommends that the LSGD shall take urgent steps to one post each of an Accountant in the notify the asset register in the official rank of Head Clerk be designated in all gazette so as to help the Local Municipalities, Municipal Corporations Governments to claim legal validity over and District Panchayats by deploying the assets owned by them. There should existing post in the same LG. No new be a mechanism in LSGD to monitor post shall be created in this regard. The updating of asset register by Local proposed Accountant should be Governments concerned regularly (para responsible for handling AFS and budget 12.21). of LGs. The Accountant shall be 74. The Commission recommends that permitted to be in the post for at least the software used by the 5th SFC, which three years. (para 12.26). has been developed by the KELTRON, 77. The Commission recommends that shall be considered to be modified and the CTFM under the control of Finance this shall be continued to be used for the Department and the DAC in GIFT shall be collection of fiscal data on Local entrusted with the task of imparting Governments for the subsequent years training to Local Government staff with from 2014-15 onwards until the regard to finance, accounting, and related Management Information System (MIS) matters. The KILA may also be associated is introduced by the IKM. When the MIS while designing the training programme. A comes into force and the IKM is able to fee may be collected from the sponsoring provide necessary information on LG institution in this regard (para 12.27). finance the data collection through the software developed by the KELTRON 78. The Commission recommends that shall be done away with. The SFC cell in the ‘Saankhya’ accounting software Finance Department shall be entrusted developed by the IKM and other software with this task. For this purpose the AMC shall be fine-tuned after considering the with the KELTRON be renewed areas/points mentioned at Para 12.30 (i) periodically. Any lapse in collection of to (xxxi) (para 12.31). fiscal data on Local Governments, 79. The Commission recommends that publishing them in the domain of the LSGD shall come out immediately Finance Department and renewal of with a budget manual applicable to both
672 Fifth State Finance Commission rural and urban LGs (para 12.31). the SFC cell should prepare a handbook of guidelines for utilization of funds, viz. 80. The budgets of LGs should be more General Purpose, Maintenance (Road and realistic based on systematic and Non-Road) and Development for various scientific estimates (para 12.31). items in Malayalam. (para 13.49) Restructuring Plan Formulation and 84. The Commission recommends that Execution new posts in the cadre of Assistant
81. The Commission recommends that Engineer shall be created in three regions the plan guidelines should give emphasis to look after the engineering related issues for the preparation of financially, of municipal corporations and technically and economically feasible municipalities. The posts recommended projects, speedy formulation of projects are Environmental Engineer, Mechanical taking into consideration local Engineer and Electrical Engineer. (para development requirements, changing the 13.50) procedures to get speedy approvals and 85. The Commission recommends that technical sanctions, effective machinery/ the total amount and the rate of subsidies mechanism for execution, efficient and given to similar beneficiary schemes such time-bound executions and achievement as housing, land purchase and other of physical and financial targets. The schemes meant for BPL households, SC/ST, Commission recommends to prepare three etc. by the Government Departments and plan guidelines for the three categories, LGs should be made uniform. The rate of viz. (1) Grama and Block Panchayats, (2) subsidies of LGs will be taken as base rate. District Panchayats and (3) municipalities (para 13.51) and municipal corporations. The 86. The Commission recommends four Commission recommends that State major changes in the procedures at pre- Planning Board shall constitute an Expert project formulation stage and project Committee to restructure the plan identification. First, reduce the number of guidelines taking into consideration all the working groups and make them more recommendations of the Commission on functional and effective in providing restructuring the process of plan inputs for plan formulation. They should formulation and execution. (para 13.42) review the progress of plan, suggest 82. The Commission recommends that improvements in execution of projects, the GPs and municipalities facing prepare status report, discuss with problems due to geographic location stakeholders and give an overall shape of (coastal area, hilly area, water bound and plan outline. The number of working small islands) shall be permitted to spend groups for Grama Panchayats, Block 10% of the plan fund for meeting Panchayats and municipalities shall be geographic related development projects. reduced to three. ((a) Sector wise (primary, (para 13.45) secondary and tertiary) and overall 83. The Commission recommends that development of the local economy (b)
673 Summary of Recommendations Infrastructure, civic amenities and welfare 87. The Commission recommends that at schemes (c) Development of transferred least two months should be given to LGs institutions). Five working groups shall be for preparation of projects other than the constituted in municipal corporations, viz. peak period of execution (January to (a) Sector wise and overall development (b) March). In the case of medium or major Civic amenities (c) Infrastructure (road, engineering or technical projects, the water, electricity, housing) (d) Social detailed project preparation shall be welfare and poverty alleviation and (e) entrusted to retired engineers, officers, Development of transferred institutions. consultancy organisations, engineering In District Panchayats, five working groups colleges and research institutions on shall be constituted, viz. (a) Agriculture payment basis. The DPC shall give and allied activities (b) Industry and approval of a panel of persons and service sector activities (c) Infrastructure institutions submitted by the LGs for the (road, water, electricity, housing, etc.) (d) purpose. (para 13.53) Development of transferred institutions 88. The Commission recommends to and (e) Social welfare and poverty reduce the number of projects (plan and alleviation. Second, strengthening the role maintenance) to a level of two-thirds of the of Grama/Ward Sabhas/Ward Committees existing number of projects. The to have an effective role in review of recommended range of number of projects projects implemented in the ward, suggest for different categories of LGs are given improvement in execution, identify the below: Grama Panchayat (60-75), Block development requirements and suggest Panchayat (30-40), District Panchayat (400- new projects in the next annual plan. 480), municipalities (110-140) and Effort should be made to bring more municipal corporations (600-690). In the knowledgeable people to the Grama case of projects using Development Fund, Sabhas/Ward Sabhas/Ward Committees. priority should be given to asset creating Third, prepare list of projects and schemes medium or large size projects in all with rough cost estimates to be included in category of LGs. In GPs and municipalities, the annual plan/budget for the next year out of the total projects, at least one-fifth based on the above exercise. Four, the time should have an outlay of Rs 5 lakh per limit recommended for observing the project. (para 13.54) formalities of pre-project preparation is five weeks during November and first 89. The Commission recommends that a week of December (constitution of mechanism shall be formulated to working groups, convening Grama/Ward scrutinize the work executed by the Sabhas, conduct of development seminar beneficiary committees. The GPs, and identification of projects). The time municipalities and municipal corporations limit recommended for preparing a list of should place a list of all projects preliminary projects for inclusion in the implemented through beneficiary annual plan/budget is three weeks (in committees in a ward during a financial December). (para 13.52) year in the first Grama Sabha meeting of
674 Fifth State Finance Commission the subsequent financial year. Details of General Purpose Fund. (para 13.61) the names of the persons of beneficiary 93. The Commission recommends that all committee, the purpose of project and LGs shall be exempted from all Treasury amount spent, achievement of physical restrictions (para 13.62). and financial target, etc. may be placed in the Grama/Ward Sabha for scrutiny and Changes in law, Rules and Procedures making assessment/observations. The 94. The Commission recommends that observations of Grama/Ward Sabha may be LGs shall be given more financial powers recorded and appropriate action shall be to undertake health and literacy initiated by the Panchayat programmes (para 14.11) Committee/Municipal Council/Council of 95. We recommend that the present MC on it. The quality of the work executed practice of obtaining permission from through the contractor should also be Government to purchase land by LGs for scrutinized in the same manner. (para the construction of their office 13.56) buildings/providing facilities for 90. In order to prevent the unhealthy discharging civic functions shall be done practice of bunching of plan expenditure, away with. Instead, a District Level the Commission recommends execution Monitoring Committee with President of and completion of projects of non- District Panchayat as Chairman, the engineering nature preferably in the first District Collector as the Convenor and five two quarters of the financial year. (para elected representatives of LGs, DDP, ADC 13.59) (General) and Regional Joint Director of 91. The Commission recommends that all Urban Affairs as members to clear the the vacant posts of engineers, overseers proposal to purchase land shall be and other field staff in Grama, Block and constituted. The decision of the District Panchayats, municipalities and Committee shall be binding on LGs. The municipal corporations should be filled District Collector shall be the sole immediately. There should be a authority to fix the value of the land. If mechanism to fill the vacancies as and there is any difference of opinion the LGs when they arise. Every Grama Panchayat can appeal before the State Government should have at least a full time Assistant (para 14.11). Engineer. The unhealthy practice of 96. We recommend that the Local frequent transfer of engineers should be Governments shall be given the power to stopped. An engineer should be given a demolish an old building of the transferred tenure of at least three years in a LG. (para institution with a view to constructing a 13.60) new building for the same purpose for 92. The Commission recommends to which the old building constructed. The create a clerical post to support the decision in this regard can be taken by the engineering wing in all GPs based on a Council based on the report of the LSGD work study. The expenditure needed for Engineering wing and with the this shall be met from their own fund and concurrence of the Head of the
675 Summary of Recommendations Department of the transferred institution. 99. The Commission recommends that Executive Engineer in the case of Grama extensive public awareness programmes and Block Panchayats and Municipalities shall be conducted to improve and Superintending Engineer in the case participation in Grama/Ward Sabha and of District Panchayats and Chief Engineer Ward Committee meetings. Judicious and in the case of Municipal Corporations will fair selection of beneficiaries, provision of be the authority to give report (para 14.11). effective and mandatory civic services, due consideration of proposals put forward by 97. The Commission recommends that the participants shall also be ensured to the staff posted in a LG or transferred improve participation. The entire institutions shall be permitted to work proceedings of the Sabha/ Committee shall there for at least three years. Before be video recorded. All participants should transferring them, the views of the be covered in the recording. The CD/ DVD Mayor/Chairperson/President of the LG of the recording shall be kept in the office ought to be obtained. A copy of the order like any other records and the same shall transferring and posting an official shall be subject to verification/ inspection/audit compulsorily be marked to the elected in future. The LG shall give an incentive head of the LG concerned (para 14.11). which can be a project costing not less than 98. We recommend that departments of Rs.1 lakh to one Grama/Ward Sabha and Panchayats, Rural Development and Urban Ward Committee which has the maximum Affairs at the Government level shall be percentage of participation in a financial integrated to form the Ministry of Local year. The LG shall keep a Governments. The Secretary and other complaint/suggestion book in the staff in Government Secretariat shall be a Grama/Ward Sabha and Ward Committee part of the Ministry. Similarly, the meeting to record the opinion of the Directorates of Panchayats and Urban participants as to the functioning of the Affairs, the Commissionerate of Rural meeting and their opinion shall be given Development and the LSGD Engineering due weightage in future (para 14.11). wing shall be integrated into one 100. We recommend that the provision in Department, viz, Local Government section 253 and section 67 which were in Department with a Senior IAS Officer as existence in the original the Kerala head. This department will have four wings, viz, Panchayat, Rural Development, Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 and the Kerala Urban Affairs and Engineering. The Municipality Act, 1994 respectively shall Panchayat, Rural Development and Urban be re-introduced so as to make the elected Affairs shall have a separate Additional representatives also liable for the loss, Director each and the Engineering wing a waste or misappropriation of money or Chief Engineer. The proposed Director property of the LG occurred due to their shall have a role in the affairs of LGs for action (para 14.11). which the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 101. We recommend that the Advocate fee and the Kerala Municipality Act, 1994 may which an LG can pay in a year in be suitably amended (para 14.11).
676
Note on Data used by the Commission
The Commission has used mainly 8 types of No.290/2015/LSGD dated 15/09/2015 using datasets for determining devolution to LGs 2011 Population data. (Refer chapter 10 of Part I of the report). They Area are Population including SC and ST In 2001 Census area of all LGs in Kerala at population, Area, BPL Households, Average that time had been included in the District Resources, road assets and non-road assets. Census Data Book 2001.But in 2011 Census Population LG wise area of LGs have not been included. The 2011 population figures noted in District Hence the Commission has decided to collect Census Data book 2011 are used by the and collate data on area of LGs from different Commission regarding total population and stakeholders. Most of the data used in the SC Population. In the case of ST population, present report is taken from the database the decision in the Constitution (Scheduled used by Finance Department Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 2013 dated BPL Households 18.9.2013 i. e to include Marati population of The LG wise BPL household data is provided the Hosdurg and Kasargod Taluks of Kasargod by Commissioner of Rural Development. The is incorporated .The LG wise details of Marati data is based on most recent BPL Survey population is provided by Tribal Development Officer, Kasergod vide Letter Average Resources No A-5374/15 dated 6.11.2015. All other population figures used are strictly in The data of average resources contain five accordance with District Census Data book year average of own revenue of LGs. The data published by the Office of the Registrar is collected directly from the LGs through the General and Census Commissioner. software developed by KELTRON.
During the tenure of the Commission, The data is given in Appendix A majour delimitation exercises were took Road and Non Road Assets place and 27 new municipalities and 1 new The data on road as well as non road assets corporation were created. Endeavour has was furnished by IKM. But the Commission been made to determine the population of all found serious inconsistencies in that data LGs in Kerala in accordance with G.O.(P) and therefore SFC Secretariat was entrusted No.145/2015/LSGD dated 30/04/2015,G.O.(P) with onsite verification with records for No.146/2015/LSGD dated 30/04/2015,G.O.(P) streamlining the data. Thus streamlined data No.147/2015/LSGD dated 30/04/2015,G.O.(P) is used by the Commission for devolving No.148/2015/LSGD dated 30/04/2015,G.O.(P) Maintenance Fund. (Refer Chapter 8 of Part I No.153/2015/LSGD dated 30/04/2015,G.O.(P) report for the procedure). No.178/2015/LSGD dated 26/05/2015,G.O.(P) The data is given in Appendix B
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Acknowledgements
Though the Fifth State Finance Commission was constituted on 17th December 2014, the Commission was not able to conduct the activities on a regular basis due to lack of supporting staff and infrastructure. The appointment of staff was completed only in April 2015. Since then a team of dedicated staff under Shri. T K Soman, Secretary of the Commission and Smt V Yamuna, Joint Secretary, ably supported by Smt N Remadevi, Under Secretary and George Thomas, Section Officer (HG) have been earnestly assisted the Commission. The arduous task of conducting sittings in all districts, collecting and compiling huge volume of data of all LGs in the state was successfully handled by the staff within the stipulated period of hardly 10 months. I wish to place on record my sincere thanks and appreciation to the entire staff under the SFC secretariat. The contributions made by Shri E K Prakash, former Secretary of the Commission is also appreciated.
I would like to thank Shri M Chandra Dhas, Consultant and former Additional Secretary, Finance Department and Shri B Pratheep Kumar, Deputy Secretary, who has almost two decades of experience in SFC cell, for their valuable support and assistance.
The excellent research support and undertaking the difficult task of processing the entire data by Shri Abhilash S, Section Officer and Research Assistant to the Commission is greatly appreciated. The support provided by Shri. Pradeep Kumar C S, Computer Assistant (Sr Grade) in typing draft reports and Shri Ratheesh Rajan S, Office Assistant is appreciable. The research support extended by Shri Raj Madhav Kartik Nair is also appreciated. I would like to place my heartful thanks to all of them
Several experts, Heads of Department and Public Sector Undertakings/Agencies connected with LG’s, Office bearers of LGs, representatives of political parties attended the sittings and provided useful and suggestion to the Commission. The Commission has conducted sittings in all districts and 139 LGs belonging to Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats, District Panchayats, Municipalities and Municipal Corporations attended the sittings. In majority of the sittings office bearers of LGs such as Presidents/ Vice Presidents, Chairman/Vice Chairman and Mayor/Deputy Mayor actively participated. I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all the above persons. We are
679 thankful to GIFT and KILA for conducting the studies for the Commission and KELTRON for developing software for the collection of data from all LGs
The Commission would like to place on record its appreciation of the support and cooperation extended by Shri Oommen Chandy, Hon’ble Chief Minister, Shri K M Mani, Former Minister for Finance,Shri K C Joseph, Hon’ble Minister for Rural Development, Dr M K Muneer, Hon’ble Minister for Panchayats , Shri Manjalamkuzhi Ali, Hon’ble Minister for Urban Affairs and Dr K M Abraham, Additional Chief Secretary (Finance).
Members of the Commission Shri. James Varghese, Principal Secretary, LSGD and Dr V K Baby, Special Secretary (Finance-Resources) deserve all praise for their valuable contributions and unqualifying support. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to former member of the Commission, Shri Rabindra Kumar Agarwal, former Secretary (Finance-Resources) for his valuable contributions.
Dr B A Prakash Chairman
680 Fifth State Finance Commission APPENDIX- 1.3 (Contd. from Part I) Staff of the Commission Sl. Name and designation From To No 1 Shri. E.K. Prakash, Secretary 21-01-2015 08-04-2015 2 Shri. T.K. Soman, Secretary 08-04-2015 16-03-2016 3 Smt. V. Yamuna, Joint Secretary & Drawing and 08-04-2015 16-03-2016 Disbursing Officer 4 Shri. B. Pratheep Kumar, Deputy Secretary 20-04-2015 16-03-2016 5 Smt. N. Remadevi, Under Secretary 18-06-2015 16-03-2016 6 Shri. George Thomas, Section Officer (HG) 16-04-2015 16-03-2016 7 Shri. K. Dinesh Kumar, Assistant on Training 17-04-2015 16-03-2016 8 Shri. S. Praveesh, Assistant Section Officer 24-04-2015 16-03-2016 9 Shri. S. Abhilash, Research Assistant & Section Officer 25-04-2015 16-03-2016 10 Shri. V. Sunil Kumar, Assistant Section Officer 22-06-2015 16-03-2016 11 Shri. R. Raj Govind, Assistant Section Officer 22-06-2015 16-03-2016 12 Shri. K. Shibu, Assistant 21-04-2015 16-03-2016 13 Smt. L. Manila, Assistant 18-06-2015 16-03-2016 14 Shri. C.S. Pradeep Kumar, Computer Assistant (Sr.Gr) 29-04-2015 16-03-2016 15 Smt. V.V. Saudiya, Confidential Assistant 21-06-2015 16-03-2016 16 Smt. M. Sheeba, Confidential Assistant 22-06-2015 16-03-2016 17 Shri. R.S. Sanjayan , Confidential Assistant 22-04-2015 16-03-2016 18 Shri. C.G. Leons , Office Attendant 24-04-2015 16-03-2016 19 Shri. S. Ratheesh Rajan, Office Attendant 22-04-2015 16-03-2016 20 Shri. K.T. Titus Paul, Office Attendant 21-06-2015 16-03-2016 21 Shri. M. Chandra Dhas, Additional Secretary (Rtd), 01-03-2015 16-03-2016 Consultant 22 Shri. M. Deepu Das , Research Assistant 01-05-2015 16-09-2015 23 Shri.Raj Madhav Kartik Nair, Research Assistant 05-10-2015 16-03-2016
681 Fifth State Finance Commission
APPENDIX- 1.4 (Contd. From Part I) Commission’s Meetings Sl. Date Name of Participants Venue No 16 06-02 -2016 Dr. B.A Prakash Office of Chairman Shri. James Varghese DPC Building Shri. T.K. Soman (Secretary) 17 27-02 -2016 Dr. B.A Prakash Office of Chairman Shri. James Varghese DPC Building Dr.V.K.Baby Shri. T.K. Soman (Secretary)
682 Appendix APPENDIX- 13.1 Commission sittings in five Districts of Kerala Commission sittings in Ernakulam District on 05-01-2016 Venue – Govt. Guest House Conference Hall Sl. Name of Local Body Name of the participants Designation No 1 Edavanakkad Grama Shri. Jeevan Mitra. K.U President Panchayat Smt. Bindhu Benny Vice president Shri. Manoharan. P.G. Secretary Smt. Manjusha. P.H Assistant Engineer (Adl.Charge) Smt. Veena.S Accountant 2 Cheranallur Grama Smt. Sony Cheeku President Panchayat Shri. Raju. C.K Vice President Shri. Jayaraj. P.M Secretary Smt. Bindu Prasad.S Assistant Engineer Shri. Titus Joseph Senior Clerk 3 Kuttampuzha Grama Shri. Soman.P.A Assistant Secretary Panchayat Shri. Benoy M.P Assistant Engineer Shri. Jayachandran.A Accountant 4 Kochi Municipal Smt. Soumini Jain Mayor Corporation Shri. Vinod. T.J Deputy Mayor Shri. Amit Meena IAS Secretary Smt. Anuja.A.S Additional Secretary Smt. Sreedevi.P Deputy Secretary Shri. Sasikumar. K.S. Superintending Engineer Shri. Manoj.V Superintendent Shri. Varghese. K.M Superintendent Accounts Shri. Radhakrishnan.V.N Accounts Officer Shri. Shine.V.R Plan clerk 5 Muvattupuzha Shri.Shibu. V.P Secretary Municipality Shri. Shibu Mathew Senior Clerk 6 Ernakulam District Smt. Asha Sanil President Panchayat Shri.Abdul Muthalib. B.A Vice President Shri. Abdul Rasheed.K.K Secretary Shri. Babu.T.V Finance Officer Smt. Jalajamani. V.D Executive Engineer Shri. Nihal.M Plan clerk
Commission sitting in Thrissur District on 07-01-2016 Venue - Govt. Guest House Conference Hall Sl. Name of Local Body Name of the participants Designation No 1 Nattika Grama Panchayat Shri. Vinu.P President Shri. Shoukath Ali .K.A. Vice president Shri. Ramadas. K.S. Secretary Shri. Shamarin.P. Salahudeen Plan clerk 2 Puthur Grama Smt. Mini Unnikrishnan President Panchayat Smt. Sreeja Prathapan Vice President
683 Fifth State Finance Commission Shri. Thampi.A.S Secretary Shri. Shane Chakko Plan clerk Shri.Biju. K.N Overseer 3 Erumapetty Grama Smt. Meena Solamon President Panchayat Smt. Vrinda.V Secretary (i/c) Shri.Rakesh Ravindran Senior Clerk 4 Thrissur Municipal Smt. Ajitha Jayarajan Mayor corporation Shri. Varghese Kandamkulathy Deputy Mayor Shri. Basheer.K.M Secretary Shri. Abdul Majeed P.K Deputy Secretary Shri. Sureshk Kumar Nair.E Superintendent Shri. Jayakumar.S Assistant Secretary Shri. Jeesis.C.C Revenue Officer Shri. Nahas .N.M Superintendent Engineer Smt Ranjini A.D Senior Clerk 5 Guruvayoor Smt. Prof. Santhakumari.P.K Chairperson Municipality Shri.Vinod.K.P Vice Chairman Shri. Gopakumar.V Superintendent Shri. Raneesh. K.R Plan Clerk 6 Thrissur District Smt.Sheela Vijayakumar President Panchayat Shri. Radhakrishnan.K.P Vice President Shri. Ramachandran T.P Plan Senior Clerk 7 Puzhakkal Shri.Laiju.C. Edakkalathur President BlockPanchayat Shri. Muralidharan. C.A Block Development Officer Shri.Manikanda Kumar.T Assistant Executive Engineer Shri. Prasad. M.B Clerk
Commission sitting in Kollam District on 11-01-2016 Venue - Govt. Guest House Conference Hall Sl. Name of Local Body Name of the participants Designation No 1 Alappad Grama Panchayat Smt. Saleena.P President Shri. Sanjeev.M.B Vice president Shri. Pradeep.S Secretary Smt.Asha.B Senior Clerk 2 Kottamkara Grama Panchayat Smt. Vinitha Kumary.P President Shri.Prabhakaran Pillai.N Vice President Sri. Anil Kumar.P Secretary Shri. Muhammed Shafi Senior Clerk 3 Kadakkal Grama Panchayat Smt. Devayani Amma K Vice president Shri. Rajesh Kumar.R Asst. Secretary Shri.Suthi Kumar.S Assistant Engineer Shri. Abhai. J.C Technical Assistant 4 Kollam Municipal Corporation Shri. Rajendrababu.V Mayor Smt. Vijaya Francis Deputy Mayor Sri. Raju.V.R Secretary Shri. Ajayaghosh. K.D Superintending Engineer Shri. Manoharan.K Superintendent
684 Appendix Shri. Pranab Panicker V Senior Clerk Smt. Valsala.V Senior Clerk 6 Kollam District Panchayat Shri. Sivasankara Pillai.H Vice president Shri. Anil Kumar.K Secretary Shri. Ananda Raju.B Executive Engineer Shri. Sajeev.S Junior Superintendent Shri.Pradeep.G Senior Clerk
Commission sitting in Kozhikode District on 13-01-2016 Venue – Collectorate Conference hall Sl. Name of Local Body Name of the participants Designation No 1 Unnikkulam Grama Shri . Binoy.E.T President Panchayat Smt. Naseera Habeeb Vice president Smt.Rosamma Jacob Secretary Shri. Juby.K.G Plan clerk 2 Narippatta Grama Shri. Pavithran. T.P Vice President Panchayat Shri Shiju.L.N Secretary 3 Kadalundi Grama Shri Bhakta Valsalan President Panchayat Shri .Jony Varghese Secretary Shri . Ravindran. C.K Senior Clerk Smt.Thushara P.R Assistant Engineer 4 Kozhikode Municipal Shri. Mammad Koya.V.K.C Mayor corporation Shri. Rajan.P.C Chairman, Development Standing Committee Shri. Regunath Senior Clerk (Accounts) Shri. Baburajan Senior Clerk (Planning) 5 Quilandy Municipality Shri. Sasidharan.T Superintendent Shri. Manoj Kumar.K.P Senior Clerk 6 Kozhikode District Shri. Reena Mundangat Vice President Panchayat Shri. M. Salim Secretary Shri. Rajan. V.R Finance Officer Shri. Shamil. P.T Junior Superintendent Shri .Mohammed Ashraf.A Executive Engineer 7 Vadakara Block Smt. Shyamala Vice President Panchayat Krishnarppitham Shri.Unnikrishnan.A Secretary Shri .Udayan K.U Assistant Executive Engineer Shri. Biju.P Senior Clerk
Commission sitting in Thiruvananthapuram District on 22-01-2016 Venue - Office of the Chairman, DPC Building, Kerala University Campus, Palayam Sl. Name of Local Body Name of the participants Designation No 1 Kottukal Grama Shri .Saji.K.S Vice President Panchayat Shri .Sajeev lal.S Secretary Shri. Ani. T.P Assistant Engineer Shri. Dileesh.A. Divakar Plan Clerk 2 Vithura Grama Smt. Krishnakumary.S.L President Panchayat Shri .Anil Kumar.B Vice President
685 Fifth State Finance Commission Shri. Anu Sachethanan.V.S Secretary Smt Nisha Pillai Asst.Engineer Shri. Shijilal.S Plan Clerk 3 Anchuthengu Grama Smt. Cristy Simon President Panchayat Shri .Yesudasan Vice president Smt. Beena. T.K. Secretary Smt.Shaina Hashim Assistant Engineer Shri. Harikumar.R.S Head Clerk Smt. Smitha.R.S Senior Clerk 4 Thiruvananthapuram Shri .Adv. V.K. Prasanth Mayor corporation Smt.Adv. Rakhi Ravikumar Deputy Mayor Shri .Nizarudeen.M Secretary Shri . Muhammed Shafeek.E Assistant Engineer Shri .Sulaiman.C.M Corporation Engineer Shri. Gopakumar.A Superintendent (Planning) Shri. Vipin Kumar.V.C Clerk 5 Attingal Municipality Shri. Pradeep.M Chairman Smt. Rekha.R.S Vice Chairperson Shri Pradeep Kumar.R Secretary Smt. Rani.G Municipal Engineer Shri Jose.H. Jones Assistant Engineer Shri . Nazeer. E.J Senior Clerk Shri . Lijunath.R Clerk Shri .Raveendran.V L.D. Clerk 6 Thiruvananthapuram Shri. Madhu.V.K President District Panchayat Smt. Adv. Shailaja Beegam.A Vice President Shri. Chandrasekharan Nair.K Secretary Shri. Jagadeesh.D Finance Officer Shri. Anwar Hussian.S Executive Engineer Shri. Sreekumar.K Plan clerk 7 Nemom Block Smt. Anitha.L President Panchayat Shri.Krishnankutty Nair Secretary Shri Rajesh Kumar. Y.J Plan clerk
Appendix 13.2 Meeting with officials Sl. Date Name of the participants Designation No 1 10.02.2016 Shri. L. Rajeeve Managing Director, KURDFC 2 10.02.2016 Shri. S. Divakaran Pillai State Performance Audit Officer 3 11.2.2016 Shri. E.G. Premkripal Additional Director, Planning & Economic Affairs Department 4 11.02.2016 Shri.E.K. Prakasan Director (i/c) Kerala State Audit Department Shri.Satheesh John Deputy Director, Kerala State Audit Department Shri. John Manohar Accounts Officer (Kerala State Audit Department) Shri .A. Mohammed Salim Assistant Audit Officer
686 Appendix Kerala State Audit Department Shri.N. Gopalakrishnan Senior Audit officer Office of the Accountant General (Audit) Smt .R. Sreekumari Audit Officer Office of the Accountant General (Audit) Shri .C.P. Sureshkumar Executive Director, IKM Shri .P.K. Abdul Basheer Team Leader, IKM Shri K. Vinod Kumar Secretary, Kayyur Cheemeni Grama Panchayat 5 15.02.2016 Shri .M. Gangadharan Nair Secretary Karadukka Grama panchayat Shri. T.S. Vijoy Senior Clerk, Kollam Corporation Smt. S. Aneesa Senior Clerk, Kollam Corporation Shri. K. Narayanan Senior Clerk, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation Shri. M. Gopakumar Assistant Secretary Athiyannor Grama Panchayat Shri Sathikumar Accountant, Kollayil Grama Panchayat
Appendix 13.3 Workshop held on 17.02.2016 in the Office of GIFT, Thiruvananthapuram Sl. Name and Designation of Participants No. 1 Shri. M. Gireesh Kumar IAS, Deputy Director, Decentralisation Analysis Cell 2 Dr. B.A. Prakash, Chairman, 5th State Finance Commission 3 Dr. Thomas Joseph, Registrar, Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation 4 Shri. T.K. Soman, Secretary, 5th State Finance Commission 5 Shri. M. Ganesan, Chartered Accountant 6 Shri. M.S. Mukundan Nair, Chartered Accountant 7 Shri. K.V.K. Thampuran, Chartered Accountant 8 Shri. Basheer, Deputy Director, Information Kerala Mission 9 Shri. Ramalingam, Associate Professor, Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation 10 Shri. B. Pratheep Kumar, Deputy Secretary, 5th State Finance Commission 11 Smt. S. Sheela, Accountant, Vakkom Grama Panchayat 12 Shri.R.R. Sathikumar, Kollayil Grama Panchayat 13 Shri. Anu Alex, Head Clerk, District Panchayat, Thiruvananthapuram 14 Shri. Narayanan Kunneth, Senior Clerk, Thiruvananthapuram Corporation 15 Shri. T.S. Vijoy, Senior Clerk, Kollam Corporation 16 Shri. S. Sunil Kumar, Nedumangad Municipality 17 Shri. L. Jayakumar, Head Accountant, Nemom Block Panchayat 18 Shri. Abdul Basheer.P.K, Team Leader, Information Kerala Mission
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Appendix A Data of Population,Area,BPL Households and Average Resources used for Devolution of DF and GPF Average Area Resources SC ST BPL (in (Rs in Population Population Population Households Sq.KM) Lakhs) Grama Panchayat 25765514 2530576 478243 2651049 35401.41 45142.50 Abdul Rahiman Nagar 41993 1992 54 1909 14.83 45.99 Adat 31973 3979 77 2400 23.02 68.08 Adichanelloor 33638 4079 99 3199 19.85 77.33 Adimaly 40484 3158 6655 6340 271.53 92.30 Agali 34941 1452 10919 6413 139.00 81.35 Aikaranad 21107 3496 70 1634 25.65 77.88 Ajanoor 49153 920 547 3659 27.83 88.11 Akalakunnam 19718 940 86 1923 34.84 34.46 Akathethara 28592 2912 270 1949 23.00 86.78 Ala 13395 2864 8 1238 10.44 12.49 Alagappa Nagar 29341 2168 96 2516 18.38 48.02 Alakkode (IDK) 9768 747 131 1258 22.54 32.37 Alakkode (KNR) 34878 846 2021 3492 77.70 45.38 Alamcode 33918 3960 31 2304 7.85 49.72 Alanallur 52554 5744 173 4961 58.24 66.03 Alangad 41251 4516 114 3512 19.05 54.96 Alappad 21655 361 18 3061 17.50 22.28 Alathoor 26720 3045 23 2635 19.62 86.76 Alayamon 20108 2914 93 2291 35.91 47.03 Alipparamba 41725 4607 94 1609 20.20 46.01 Aloor 43488 4982 59 3717 34.39 116.90 Amarambalam 35975 4192 996 3993 140.15 41.79 Ambalappara 38276 5796 35 3912 50.08 33.17 Ambalappuzha North 30492 1322 75 3350 10.88 52.57 Ambalappuzha South 23205 1329 154 2362 13.29 49.65 Ambalavayal 35207 955 5867 4795 60.65 107.64 Amballoor 25628 2783 59 2428 22.59 47.30 Amboori 15920 869 1065 3091 49.47 13.15 Anad 31687 2562 118 4101 24.15 29.88 Anakkara 24699 5332 41 2369 20.95 192.37 Anakkayam 50634 3053 84 3679 45.23 65.89 Ananganadi 24445 3394 46 2177 20.78 20.19 Anchal 33088 2992 82 3567 24.45 87.97 Ancharakkandi 23030 370 72 1550 15.47 48.84 Andoorkkonam 30781 4883 130 2602 13.96 46.32
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Angadippuram 56451 4287 137 3635 36.74 96.59 Anicadu 14585 1776 85 1542 19.04 17.72 Anjuthengu 17396 975 28 3226 3.36 33.85 Annamanada 30289 3441 20 2804 25.08 100.15 Anthikkad 21449 2364 55 1922 13.31 26.11 Arakkulam 18481 1330 3840 2715 192.64 44.91 Arakkuzha 15404 875 25 1342 29.31 30.78 Aralam 29328 388 4359 3691 77.93 37.49 Aranmula 28695 6926 72 2734 24.94 76.00 Arattupuzha 29264 1166 37 4451 22.53 25.69 Areekkode 31563 2991 35 2038 12.21 102.91 Arikkulam 18378 1562 44 1976 23.12 41.97 Arimpoor 32292 3756 27 2831 22.66 13.63 Arookutty 19411 1665 48 2493 11.10 35.69 Aroor 41146 4735 181 4569 15.15 14.83 Arppookkara 23809 1493 57 2280 24.53 133.46 Aruvappulam 19536 2523 206 1963 277.70 106.96 Aruvikkara 33396 2188 155 4624 21.86 54.46 Aryad 32265 1198 129 3453 6.87 45.96 Aryanad 26361 2759 576 4461 104.92 22.19 Aryancode 24328 2301 71 4181 21.78 22.38 Aryankavu 11133 2841 430 2448 196.84 37.42 Asamannoor 19311 1869 21 1986 21.27 33.79 Athavanad 41187 1568 140 2025 17.00 49.56 Athirampuzha 40196 1678 154 2749 20.12 111.77 Athirappilly 9153 2404 1393 1672 489.00 23.96 Athiyannoor 26973 3599 47 4046 12.44 38.99 Atholi 28213 4483 49 2500 21.06 46.36 Avanoor 22482 3161 60 2215 18.93 64.20 Avinissery 21707 1478 31 1797 20.20 33.95 Avoli 19797 945 70 1598 18.60 46.48 Ayancheri 26293 707 79 1835 20.81 25.61 Ayarkkunnam 34555 2799 114 3248 30.70 45.21 Ayavana 20539 1265 85 2011 29.47 30.02 Ayiloor 28419 3880 479 3686 40.94 17.65 Ayiroor 21797 1074 41 1740 26.76 30.00 Aymanam 34906 1574 114 2627 30.03 48.58 Ayyampuzha 14211 1708 44 1542 43.88 23.30 Ayyankunnu 22436 389 956 2145 122.80 33.64 Ayyappancoil 15611 1302 1067 2176 42.08 18.29 Azhikode 47323 2639 76 2982 16.05 84.43
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Azhiyoor 30023 716 76 1823 9.77 45.90 Azhoor 27390 5245 45 3764 12.46 14.06 Badiyadukka 31282 3922 3288 3215 67.79 33.59 Balal 23610 94 6177 3315 93.20 27.01 Balaramapuram 36134 3913 58 5012 10.53 63.13 Balussery 27363 3722 182 2663 22.44 62.89 Bedadukka 27830 402 3386 2275 85.19 32.47 Belur 8887 1708 1409 993 64.59 7.02 Bharananganam 15848 674 43 1511 27.04 90.64 Bharanikkavu 35426 5754 53 3529 37.78 47.56 Bisonvaly 13941 1127 695 1838 44.03 15.21 Budhanoor 18444 3586 46 2389 12.92 13.53 Chadayamangalam 22473 2702 110 2797 19.40 36.42 Chakkittappara 21086 2966 345 2538 142.45 32.57 Chakkupalam 21936 2613 443 2895 40.71 28.61 Chalavara 23466 5008 16 2476 27.90 19.12 Chalissery 24238 3907 58 2165 19.20 33.07 Chaliyar 20834 1473 2058 2691 125.00 20.02 Chambakkulam 15848 1239 27 1790 22.97 28.85 Changaroth 32107 2812 205 3419 30.24 129.19 Chapparappadavu 31622 1086 363 2551 69.99 55.08 Chathamangalam 46688 5888 109 3770 40.24 105.36 Chathannur 28585 3536 75 2721 17.76 71.08 Chavara 42655 3672 88 4671 11.89 92.53 Chazhoor 29141 4936 33 2813 27.42 41.28 Cheekkode 32867 2685 46 2544 20.40 68.10 Chekyadu 24246 303 220 1536 24.47 20.82 Chelakkara 40450 5857 92 5181 54.08 71.53 Chelampra 34149 2905 24 2361 7.76 49.28 Chelannur 40697 4493 223 3751 23.83 44.19 Chellanam 37399 1758 65 4868 17.60 86.45 Chemanchery 34819 1810 36 2821 16.76 41.09 Chembilode 34319 483 52 1692 20.99 55.51 Chemmanad 54747 1276 273 3316 40.11 90.13 Chemmaruthy 32444 7626 67 3604 17.54 25.00 Chempu 21049 2262 45 2847 18.42 26.74 Chengalai 30559 1923 272 2387 67.33 44.17 Chengamanad 27978 2156 27 1982 15.58 73.96 Chengottukavu 26791 1331 55 2525 13.60 28.49 Chenkal 36544 3736 63 5121 19.37 57.90 Chenkala 55688 2298 1201 3192 53.73 116.22
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Chennamangalam 29326 1990 69 2691 10.83 39.58 Chennampallippuram 28276 3196 120 4094 25.53 41.10 Chenneerkara 19124 3632 25 1697 19.50 32.21 Chennithala Thripperumthura 27586 3737 24 2813 22.26 33.62 Cheppad 20052 2915 73 2186 12.67 36.94 Cheranalloor 30594 1882 59 2305 10.59 102.73 Cheriyamundam 31212 475 57 1488 11.96 34.16 Cheriyanad 22018 3303 43 2363 14.00 31.35 Cherode 38245 692 80 2242 13.41 40.98 Cherpu 37099 5119 130 2997 20.88 59.58 Cherthala South 40102 2075 236 5641 18.04 55.35 Cherukavu 36773 3312 45 2903 16.87 36.34 Cherukole 12169 688 48 1079 15.61 20.90 Cherukunnu 16111 1158 40 1008 15.37 25.27 Cherunniyoor 18114 4449 53 1895 10.87 20.20 Cherupuzha 30733 790 1558 3451 75.64 50.81 Cheruthana 12854 2199 56 1672 14.25 12.55 Cheruthazham 29348 1565 41 2125 32.18 58.33 Cheruvannur 23388 2870 33 2424 21.61 116.89 Cheruvathur 27435 1301 85 2440 18.37 69.90 Chettikkulangara 37495 6172 96 3684 20.45 86.39 Chingoli 13785 1353 38 1469 5.36 25.42 Chinnakkanal 11553 4278 1205 1320 66.71 36.43 Chirakkadavu 36164 2081 214 3069 38.40 103.68 Chirakkal 45601 2702 128 2457 13.56 111.30 Chirakkara 22669 3887 144 2351 16.00 62.38 Chirayinkeezhu 29907 5072 25 3780 10.87 81.16 Chithara 45383 5997 588 5747 87.70 40.67 Chittar 16525 2472 790 2403 25.90 38.63 Chittariparamba 23878 231 1112 2082 33.81 28.74 Chittattukara 31303 2700 85 3208 9.46 30.28 Chokkadu 32224 2575 615 3089 79.00 17.79 Chokli 28415 573 98 1548 11.98 42.38 Choomikkara 32746 2225 149 1725 11.01 81.82 Choondal 32436 3153 39 2694 19.42 37.79 Chottanikkara 22656 2620 112 1656 12.68 99.24 Chowwannur 16690 1619 28 1470 13.70 16.53 Chunakkara 22730 3482 75 2375 17.32 23.25 Chunkathara 36269 2530 2237 3923 129.00 44.20 Clappana 22250 1604 51 2603 17.49 37.07 Delampady 17812 1817 5968 2093 49.85 15.40
691
Desamangalam 21883 3460 15 2415 23.35 175.78 Devikulam 23709 13607 239 631 170.41 42.04 Devikulangara 20390 2423 39 2269 7.67 29.00 Dharmmadam 30804 615 56 1761 10.66 47.49 East Eleri 25075 170 2223 2416 62.52 31.23 East Kallada 21434 4353 45 2867 5.75 41.45 Edacheri 26819 541 55 1877 16.17 37.48 Edakkara 28162 1801 844 2906 43.90 78.86 Edakkattuvayal 18158 1914 18 1772 26.28 19.16 Edamalakudy 1321 0 1321 350 84.17 15.89 Edamulakkal 39244 4514 117 4450 38.73 73.44 Edappal 32550 3821 61 2094 9.26 43.45 Edappatta 22729 2065 100 2157 25.77 20.62 Edarikode 27356 1152 41 1248 15.65 42.74 Edathala 44204 4216 172 2947 15.98 95.73 Edathua 19094 1872 30 2143 22.27 33.38 Edathuruthy 29325 4856 81 2775 16.62 103.18 Edava 25994 2473 57 1949 9.14 22.65 Edavaka 33665 450 5412 3569 47.26 43.21 Edavanakkad 21787 3922 27 2779 11.24 34.98 Edavanna 46128 5345 365 3865 19.75 99.29 Edavetty 14260 857 171 1546 18.92 24.99 Edavilangu 20363 1294 68 2346 9.58 30.62 Edayoor 36498 2872 99 2607 30.43 25.09 Elakamon 25307 4163 20 2443 17.75 26.84 Elamadu 27248 3603 59 3340 9.20 24.10 Elamballur 38536 6574 78 3698 10.63 51.37 Elamkulam 26456 3452 60 2190 21.31 23.24 Elamkunnappuzha 50714 4721 244 5722 11.66 61.63 Elanji 16495 714 12 1673 29.48 24.99 Elanthoor 15344 2560 58 1324 15.09 24.13 Elappara 23666 5297 102 5038 83.74 36.09 Elappilli 39032 6574 72 4867 49.07 58.09 Elavally 27209 1379 30 2557 16.47 28.98 Elavancherry 17940 4204 74 2253 32.18 16.71 Elikkulam 24499 1401 106 2156 40.14 23.85 Enadimangalam 20453 4228 50 2494 30.77 22.41 Engandiyur 23583 619 45 2450 15.68 44.01 Enmakaje 19799 2150 7268 2571 78.23 19.84 Eramala 34658 801 50 2048 19.06 58.95 Eramam Kuttur 27830 670 256 2364 75.14 30.63
692
Eramholi 25818 363 57 1467 10.08 34.34 Erathu 24880 4564 135 2599 21.74 53.54 Erattayar 19097 798 121 2249 32.37 21.91 Eraviperoor 25172 3866 119 2012 17.64 39.38 Erimayoor 30645 6514 27 3597 33.67 20.96 Eriyad 46213 2555 72 4764 16.83 39.81 Erumappetty 29834 5091 25 3301 32.11 22.76 Erumeli 43273 5570 1803 4995 84.50 67.83 Eruthampathy 18158 2532 315 2916 36.93 21.33 Eruvessi 19216 272 1107 2102 49.09 31.61 Ezhamkulam 32642 4852 81 2662 30.55 41.06 Ezhikkara 18019 3649 47 2399 15.27 17.75 Ezhom 19261 1729 33 1523 18.95 45.72 Ezhukone 24251 3980 137 2637 9.85 43.29 Ezhumattoor 18799 1777 88 2262 27.89 15.76 Ezhupunna 21506 3957 91 3626 14.08 59.43 Idukki Kanjikuzhi 26809 1076 2869 4285 227.51 25.71 Irikkur 13820 151 20 1071 11.22 39.82 Irimbilayam 30635 3493 214 2419 24.06 34.66 Ittiva 36172 3950 76 4393 49.89 30.10 Kadakkal 30719 3517 130 3677 29.30 103.43 Kadakkarappally 17496 706 47 3174 4.55 32.45 Kadakkavoor 23155 4213 34 2633 10.39 38.44 Kadalundi 42516 2919 83 2997 11.83 62.85 Kadamakkudi 16295 1156 27 1786 12.92 78.85 Kadambazhippuram 31506 3998 62 3369 39.71 27.33 Kadamboor 18979 290 58 1132 7.95 23.90 Kadampanadu 26909 5038 24 2618 23.95 24.89 Kadanad 18734 793 163 1924 40.19 25.00 Kadangode 32574 4057 34 2972 32.05 24.44 Kadannapally Panapuzha 21785 585 75 2105 53.75 95.87 Kadaplamattom 13046 1475 44 1330 12.98 24.35 Kadappuram 25305 689 23 2297 9.85 23.64 Kadapra 20827 2730 31 1828 14.74 47.62 Kadavallur 36464 5456 39 3459 29.84 53.46 Kadinamkulam 46476 3915 105 5711 17.68 88.52 Kadiroor 31087 366 75 1917 12.30 34.84 Kadukutty 25128 2759 43 1774 17.63 41.90 Kadungalloor 41827 3368 81 2795 18.06 105.05 Kaduthuruthi 31844 4687 86 3721 32.73 49.48 Kainakary 19094 1515 44 2973 33.05 23.55
693
Kaiparamba 31299 2634 28 2567 20.48 73.63 Kaippamangalam 35626 3414 82 3549 13.59 47.01 Kakkodi 42866 3745 70 3732 18.59 121.61 Kakkur 22788 2950 251 2289 20.36 25.38 Kaladi 25872 3942 38 1966 16.91 24.59 Kalady 28279 2925 61 2388 16.44 101.74 Kalanjoor 32047 5152 89 3067 61.50 47.83 Kalikavu 35210 2975 122 3440 95.00 32.70 Kallar 14822 121 8211 2086 53.31 36.77 Kallara (KTM) 13562 2554 36 1533 27.48 33.29 Kallara (TVM) 25844 2893 71 3657 39.48 53.56 Kallikkadu 13553 878 684 2542 106.27 21.80 Kalliyoor 40816 6689 144 4800 17.23 55.08 Kallooppara 16921 1914 50 1466 23.08 27.48 Kalloorkkadu 13337 823 85 1371 23.95 24.83 Kalluvathukkal 52541 9394 254 5399 37.00 91.25 Kallyassery 31122 1497 87 1762 15.73 74.66 Kalpakancherry 33721 209 118 1425 16.25 33.54 Kamakshi 19762 569 68 2495 32.38 18.13 Kanakkary 22744 1502 139 1935 19.49 32.85 Kandallor 19925 1365 47 1908 9.74 24.75 Kandanassery 24452 1834 35 2148 15.28 32.76 Kangazha 20115 1275 71 1989 31.19 26.37 Kaniambatta 33956 772 6563 4282 37.80 51.47 Kanichar 15570 263 1757 1832 51.96 13.80 Kanjikuzhi 29951 1617 149 4164 16.62 33.56 Kanjiramkulam 18821 1510 17 2345 10.36 27.61 Kanjirampuzha 32999 3284 708 3949 58.44 35.14 Kanjirappally 43057 2474 141 4232 64.00 91.58 Kanjiyar 22513 1323 769 3774 64.65 38.30 Kanjoor 22541 1693 75 1373 14.32 88.79 Kankole Alapadamba 19325 1162 79 1853 42.07 23.06 Kannadi 24030 5709 19 2809 19.80 40.98 Kannamangalam 41260 3562 181 2038 28.24 32.68 Kannambra 25084 2977 158 3217 29.72 28.17 Kannapuram 18459 1299 23 1157 14.39 46.78 Kanthalloor 10963 3105 2470 2226 116.21 29.46 Kappur 31337 3942 44 2306 25.52 23.51 Karadukka 20345 1950 1030 1975 41.17 30.52 Karakkurissi 27999 3509 24 2675 27.00 18.43 Karakulam 52417 4638 196 5937 25.01 120.64
694
Karalam 21315 3185 25 2088 17.79 21.34 Karassery 31536 3026 606 3020 28.54 42.35 Karavaloor 23947 2989 64 2754 23.46 31.96 Karavaram 30660 5234 60 4264 22.07 27.28 Kareepra 29771 3481 50 3095 23.20 73.52 Karimannoor 19675 873 125 2031 33.33 42.40 Karimba 27480 2584 238 2939 69.22 24.18 Karimpuzha 32117 3839 87 3591 47.49 22.75 Karinkunnam 12454 966 104 1456 22.67 55.10 Karivellur Paralam 21105 921 23 1781 22.23 26.57 Karode 32090 2277 54 4855 15.67 27.65 Karoor 22746 2071 123 2156 36.84 34.07 Karthikappally 12766 954 26 1759 11.72 23.13 Karukachal 23631 3103 134 1901 8.10 44.19 Karukutty 28118 2163 52 2199 33.57 51.97 Karulai 23277 2707 985 2476 48.00 17.31 Karumaloor 36078 5368 176 3162 21.05 44.96 Karumkulam 28290 1357 16 5365 12.43 26.13 Karunapuram 26637 1757 71 3526 44.76 30.14 Karuvarakkundu 41583 3318 229 4234 78.69 40.89 Karuvatta 21211 1611 62 2715 17.68 23.72 Kattakada 40448 4353 147 5711 22.54 61.82 Kattakambal 25903 3868 34 2555 18.86 45.75 Kattippara 22706 3287 204 3130 20.17 31.09 Kattur 18017 2675 22 1561 11.69 28.03 Kavalam 14010 1094 16 1866 17.25 15.81 Kavalangade 29727 2634 640 3385 59.91 52.66 Kavannur 37977 4209 77 2847 31.30 39.75 Kavassery 29003 4678 64 3744 30.46 29.17 Kavilumpara 22828 323 280 2796 84.81 58.88 Kaviyoor 16852 2869 76 1627 12.67 32.49 Kayakkodi 24578 612 54 2413 28.14 28.88 Kayanna 13755 1390 63 1819 16.83 8.83 Kayyur-Cheemeni 23495 884 346 2618 72.70 40.34 Keerampara 12525 1496 67 1772 28.75 20.27 Keezhalloor 20440 386 82 1344 29.02 35.31 Keezhariyoor 15116 1372 21 1669 13.69 19.76 Keezhmadu 36567 3067 111 2358 17.79 79.10 Kelakam 16506 238 1043 1801 77.92 26.20 Keralassery 15022 2526 11 1876 23.87 16.87 Kidangoor 21261 1385 29 1684 25.12 38.02
695
Kilimanoor 20515 3948 19 2226 19.04 29.11 Kinanoor Karindalam 27585 308 3224 3481 77.45 28.86 Kizhakkambalam 33363 3134 88 2368 31.57 135.71 Kizhakkancherry 40928 4526 400 4911 112.56 29.60 Kizhakkothu 31261 1852 46 2320 19.84 33.39 Kizhattoor 36317 3901 40 2882 40.00 24.66 Kizhuparamba 22062 1921 42 1683 9.00 71.06 Kizhuvilam 32901 6656 35 3711 14.74 32.75 Kodakara 32298 3923 30 2750 21.36 167.77 Kodamthuruthu 25385 4358 85 2891 10.81 27.84 Kodancheri 34854 1913 1003 3439 102.58 69.48 Kodassery 34198 4780 760 4076 38.02 58.19 Kodikkulam 12952 587 27 1360 18.92 17.37 Kodiyathur 28335 2261 58 2151 29.81 96.50 Kodom-Beloor 33211 191 6480 3919 95.44 33.06 Kodoor 38258 1077 73 2138 7.06 62.27 Kodumba 23828 4695 63 2484 25.42 74.78 Kodumon 27700 7171 66 3357 36.36 42.88 Koduvayoor 29197 5820 12 3210 20.61 54.78 Koipram 26425 3769 115 2027 22.26 48.87 Kokkayar 11786 1510 965 1655 55.91 13.72 Kolacheri 27943 1488 36 1525 20.72 54.70 Kolayad 19790 210 4009 2426 33.15 30.65 Kolazhy 31567 2336 59 2279 16.62 95.58 Kollamgode 29587 6988 651 3876 49.33 49.73 Kollayil 25077 3870 21 3865 13.73 29.77 Kondazhy 22403 3945 66 2925 29.89 70.37 Kongad 30020 4672 62 3461 33.55 54.77 Konnathadi 29092 908 769 4141 93.08 43.26 Konni 30299 3965 76 2143 41.45 78.41 Koorachundu 17027 1334 116 1863 72.74 20.83 Kooroppada 27977 1140 125 2944 26.51 23.09 Koottikkal 14277 1559 273 2116 33.82 16.31 Koottilangadi 36602 2132 49 2498 20.91 40.43 Koovappady 36241 3828 134 3397 31.18 76.08 Koppam 30169 3783 55 2075 20.85 39.05 Koratty 32523 3349 52 2707 7.50 78.05 Koruthodu 16413 2746 1485 2832 40.00 8.74 Kottamkara 39635 5291 68 3849 14.80 53.98 Kottanadu 14396 1767 38 1550 17.01 16.75 Kottangal 17164 1345 41 1967 16.86 24.83
696
Kottappadam 43283 3184 598 42333 29.81 46.53 Kottappady 17903 2499 91 1834 31.94 23.18 Kottathara 16670 531 4808 2494 31.75 32.44 Kottayam 19176 268 61 1167 8.43 21.59 Kottayi 22037 6322 6 2635 19.96 50.48 Kottiyoor 16768 450 1125 1962 155.87 15.23 Kottukal 33336 3884 61 5442 12.16 61.82 Kottur 30982 3299 981 3645 28.98 22.99 Kottuvally 42852 4753 451 4118 20.82 59.33 Kozhencherry 12021 1220 39 798 8.61 80.09 Kozhinjampara 28751 2204 722 3589 43.84 60.99 Kozhuvanal 13381 742 53 1107 21.13 21.90 Krishnapuram 26705 2802 124 2633 21.42 26.88 Kudali 30239 572 87 2060 40.27 39.32 Kudaranji 18678 812 627 2182 98.21 22.69 Kudayathoor 12122 780 1163 1442 27.64 29.58 Kulakkada 32415 5597 60 3716 29.18 113.50 Kulanada 23655 4241 43 2233 21.50 52.38 Kulasekharapuram 49157 2855 100 5270 16.75 63.76 Kulathoor 32569 2281 35 6070 11.24 76.54 Kulathuppuzha 34721 7104 2109 4915 424.06 61.53 Kulukkallur 27971 3490 38 2413 22.89 18.07 Kumali 35915 6660 1882 4486 795.28 138.44 Kumarakom 22358 1038 111 2692 51.67 89.89 Kumaram Puthur 32860 3346 192 3388 37.25 28.97 Kumaramangalam 14865 1075 62 1410 19.35 25.02 Kumarapuram 20572 886 98 2428 13.75 39.82 Kumbadaje 14087 1491 723 1361 31.03 12.63 Kumbala 46662 2510 334 3276 40.18 111.97 Kumbalam 29193 3740 101 2938 20.79 57.45 Kumbalangy 28248 1855 20 2793 15.21 29.86 Kummil 20383 2430 66 2865 19.60 24.72 Kundara 14651 1110 22 2118 11.07 72.60 Kunjimangalam 18965 1103 25 1178 15.44 35.70 Kunnamangalam 53223 4835 119 4124 27.23 91.88 Kunnanthanam 20573 2857 58 1967 17.57 29.47 Kunnathukal 39414 3884 91 5998 26.85 58.03 Kunnathunad 33508 5198 83 2651 26.86 121.59 Kunnathuparamba 39392 403 115 2166 29.77 31.65 Kunnathur 25009 5234 75 3231 30.00 87.11 Kunnukara 21765 2881 33 2450 21.25 50.16
697
Kunnummal 18031 392 24 1457 10.58 50.01 Kuravilangadu 18033 712 93 1620 17.57 50.52 Kuruchi 35815 4628 255 4080 16.22 37.25 Kurumathur 31023 923 50 1965 50.79 45.66 Kuruva 45354 2457 85 3611 35.70 32.80 Kuruvattur 34241 3129 27 2835 17.94 31.32 Kuthali 16969 1751 26 1950 14.13 16.63 Kuthannur 23891 5267 32 2858 35.83 99.63 Kuthiyathodu 23669 1855 99 3274 15.68 36.17 Kuttambuzha 24451 1995 3914 4480 543.07 88.31 Kuttiadi 19351 434 49 1633 15.22 60.30 Kuttiattur 25925 1082 32 1784 35.10 25.45 Kuttichal 18343 1632 1477 2975 19.74 52.15 Kuttikol 23871 165 5554 2580 66.30 37.58 Kuttippuram 47023 4241 116 3128 17.75 97.22 Kuttoor 19652 2787 48 1752 12.16 22.09 Kuzhalmannam 27366 5717 25 2790 30.62 32.55 Kuzhimanna 34413 3322 68 2103 23.66 29.84 Kuzhoor 19916 1600 13 2127 19.11 25.42 Kuzhuppilly 12137 2016 16 1552 7.73 20.47 Lakkidi Peroor 32858 4252 58 3305 30.79 43.20 Madakkathara 27181 2155 40 2821 21.59 62.59 Madappalli 35245 4088 131 2899 24.02 52.80 Madavoor (KZD) 28672 2735 270 2467 19.24 25.86 Madavoor (TVM) 21091 3041 20 2823 18.53 41.35 Madayi 35888 2564 53 1866 16.71 32.31 Madhur 40961 2027 684 2768 26.04 53.65 Madikai 22050 325 1264 2490 51.83 25.49 Makkarapparamba 18702 1197 17 1222 7.00 44.73 Mala 34371 4482 42 2742 28.35 101.42 Malambuzha 14479 2059 1028 1695 183.42 35.98 Malappattam 9628 481 27 868 19.30 21.52 Malayalappuzha 17033 2128 43 1634 27.53 29.45 Malayattoor Neeleswaram 25485 2108 37 2383 34.22 79.29 Malayinkeezh 37068 3803 118 4576 16.38 62.61 Mallappally 17712 1600 178 1262 20.01 79.60 Mallappuzhassery 11784 2078 21 1044 12.45 26.73 Malur 22314 307 413 2009 41.38 22.62 Mambadu 37221 2923 1209 3224 67.93 63.77 Manakkad 15106 1008 37 1662 19.85 31.45 Manaloor 32886 4065 25 3133 18.12 97.12
698
Manamboor 23198 4018 68 2545 15.08 21.54 Manarkad 27579 1539 217 2099 13.00 63.37 Maneed 16980 3200 31 1787 26.20 58.67 Mangalam 33442 1780 74 2587 12.41 33.98 Mangalapuram 36956 7038 99 4220 21.66 73.47 Mangalpady 48229 2679 376 2833 36.30 94.62 Mangara 18732 3842 29 2233 20.53 22.84 Mangattidom 34652 538 138 2729 33.31 152.03 Manickal 37906 4644 131 4402 33.34 68.89 Manimala 21053 4697 239 2732 24.20 22.84 Maniyoor 39961 2324 94 3632 31.03 104.48 Manjalloor 17361 1353 75 1401 23.02 44.51 Manjapra 16011 1100 35 1379 21.20 26.96 Manjeshwar 41487 1784 389 3143 24.40 70.80 Manjoor 27888 1894 84 2241 28.98 41.63 Mankada 32748 2786 129 2486 9.95 35.44 Mankulam 9595 490 2099 2055 123.00 12.91 Mannamcheri 50990 3155 101 7268 34.52 51.92 Mannar 28916 3730 53 2640 17.50 42.00 Mannur 19813 2900 21 2181 18.51 36.81 Maradi 15543 1138 83 1187 21.37 70.03 Marakkara 40404 1380 155 2265 27.76 36.78 Maranalloor 36832 5458 130 5550 25.13 45.16 Marancheri 35011 1361 75 2269 10.87 31.41 Marangattupally 17758 796 45 1555 37.58 35.86 Mararikkulam South 53263 1802 217 7259 19.07 57.04 Mararikulam North 31322 1985 245 4020 16.97 74.21 Maravanthurathu 21728 2138 47 2924 15.69 27.71 Marayoor 12399 3990 3436 2662 108.07 39.11 Mariyapuram 12071 466 45 1654 32.18 46.80 Marutharoad 34627 4825 117 2818 19.68 102.25 Maruthonkara 19871 701 167 2043 26.90 29.98 Mathilakam 27833 2940 81 2697 12.87 40.67 Mathoor 25016 6035 19 3145 24.54 29.27 Mattathur 47875 5144 482 4881 103.11 52.08 Mattool 27806 833 66 1203 12.82 31.11 Mavelikkara Thamarakkulam 27017 4397 137 3073 20.88 46.32 Mavelikkara Thekkekkara 32373 5875 87 3195 20.00 39.99 Mavoor 29781 3915 37 2724 20.48 83.96 Mayyanad 51891 5570 85 4193 17.47 60.72 Mayyil 29649 1433 31 1841 33.08 85.77
699
Mazhuvannoor 34083 3987 103 3127 49.11 67.65 Meenachil 16863 714 61 1581 15.49 29.23 Meenadom 13393 488 108 1348 11.44 15.29 Meenangadi 33450 908 7775 4548 53.52 103.73 Meenja 23093 1356 377 2131 44.91 31.00 Melarcode 26090 3864 60 3022 25.52 33.17 Melattoor 27250 3402 32 2243 27.24 37.42 Melila 21936 2901 30 2732 18.52 21.32 Meloor 27659 2005 29 2705 23.30 46.03 Melukavu 11476 412 2960 1286 30.49 15.42 Meppadi 37785 3502 3577 4552 125.50 366.64 Meppayoor 27929 1821 58 2490 23.41 34.88 Mezhuveli 14535 3332 31 1894 14.44 29.21 Mogral Puthur 24839 1222 52 1693 14.24 38.83 Mokeri 19684 197 21 1405 10.53 18.53 Moodadi 30170 2109 45 2267 16.02 36.22 Moonnilavu 8731 292 2654 1192 33.41 17.09 Moorkkanad 36324 3121 89 2702 11.77 45.51 Moothedam 25261 2126 708 2587 140.30 17.93 Morayoor 33960 2313 45 2383 24.57 29.27 Mudakkal 36467 7416 50 4409 27.46 32.36 Mudakkuzha 17355 2786 10 1873 21.96 27.17 Muhamma 25861 1495 127 3567 26.76 43.51 Mukkannoor 19628 1324 133 1720 17.50 35.67 Mulakkulam 25798 2425 48 2801 26.15 40.26 Mulakkuzha 28280 5669 105 2538 22.67 33.47 Mulamthuruthi 25852 2918 42 2150 21.47 50.78 Mulankunnathukavu 20256 1904 33 1932 25.22 50.94 Mulavukadu 21833 2681 27 1669 19.27 83.24 Muliyar 24808 2022 371 2085 34.34 41.70 Mullankolli 28400 1578 3108 3976 71.58 48.50 Mullassery 21676 2861 6 2177 19.42 35.90 Mullurkkara 20100 2174 30 1950 44.28 30.38 Mundakkayam 38445 4933 2096 4826 42.67 86.14 Munderi 37029 1190 68 1847 20.42 30.11 Mundrothuruthu 9440 1296 6 1505 13.60 7.71 Mundur 30648 5045 19 3596 33.04 28.54 Munnar 28665 17657 855 1061 142.37 119.59 Munniyoor 55535 2916 68 2780 21.66 61.42 Muppainadu 24590 1832 1899 3097 68.76 31.30 Muriyad 27059 4964 60 3046 58.00 28.20
700
Muthalamada 37060 6428 4767 4912 66.76 48.06 Mutholy 16880 980 48 1507 18.12 30.07 Muthukulam 20740 2065 51 2228 11.58 29.55 Muthuthala 24861 5151 39 2299 19.95 94.14 Muthuvalloor 26028 3207 70 1940 26.32 17.29 Muttar 9388 954 2 1125 10.48 10.53 Muttil 35281 1030 5279 4352 47.38 86.50 Muttom 10909 922 807 1254 25.44 34.05 Muzhakunnu 21807 237 1082 2150 31.04 23.40 Muzhappilangad 23709 451 66 1272 7.19 28.03 Mylam 34090 6790 137 4242 27.49 39.88 Mylapra 10258 1202 18 763 10.38 36.40 Mynagappally 41027 6767 41 4962 9.50 32.44 Nadapuram 40230 572 73 2318 20.44 92.46 Nadathara 31352 2010 254 3004 17.22 52.09 Naduvannur 25979 2936 55 2635 22.20 25.48 Naduvil 31190 254 3147 3048 87.97 28.91 Nagalassery 27606 5592 38 2569 26.20 38.18 Nagaroor 26512 5053 56 3352 23.30 52.61 Nalleppilly 32713 5468 146 4145 39.87 60.24 Nanmanda 27316 3130 1207 2456 23.01 51.79 Nannambra 40543 1066 48 1862 7.00 31.34 Nannamukku 28989 2834 46 1769 19.36 30.72 Nanniyode 26930 2725 2256 4143 38.85 32.71 Naranamoozhi 15454 1442 1703 2334 33.61 44.69 Naranganam 16452 1646 144 1508 20.42 19.74 Narath 26769 3063 75 1641 17.24 57.44 Narikkuni 24290 2853 245 2158 17.75 58.14 Narippatta 26529 416 227 2568 50.63 22.97 Nattika 19406 1043 40 1599 9.60 62.94 Navaikulam 40702 6963 142 3747 28.23 48.25 Nayarambalam 24127 3915 35 2641 12.19 39.73 Nedumbana 51384 5923 107 5400 28.06 79.83 Nedumbassery 31304 4293 80 2679 23.14 155.15 Nedumkandam 41980 2753 308 5367 71.95 100.28 Nedumkunnam 21700 2069 139 1968 24.24 27.01 Nedumpram 12791 986 47 1081 8.49 27.08 Nedumudi 19701 1772 16 2522 17.60 24.78 Neduvathur 29627 4430 64 3372 9.50 41.17 Neelamperoor 13514 1169 53 1787 16.47 23.92 Neendakara 16976 1182 32 2329 10.19 28.29
701
Neendoor 19903 1514 122 1796 26.00 31.10 Nellanad 25981 3756 56 3103 18.46 99.24 Nellaya 36146 3670 30 2930 27.41 29.68 Nelliampathy 5545 1248 908 1261 576.54 16.07 Nellikkuzhi 41181 2062 117 3838 25.03 45.20 Nenmara 36549 4718 257 3564 36.84 63.80 Nenmeni 46950 1866 7871 6311 69.38 76.05 Nenmenikkara 22002 2216 42 1923 11.41 67.29 New Mahi 16303 189 47 792 5.08 31.38 Nilamel 15395 1939 52 1584 22.02 30.00 Niramaruthur 29846 1553 86 2208 9.20 21.37 Niranam 13445 1760 15 1347 13.17 19.85 Njarakkal 23760 3514 44 2479 8.60 46.44 Njeezhoor 17640 994 44 2056 28.91 19.85 Nochad 26857 2347 31 2809 23.64 21.99 Noolppuzha 27833 862 11233 4347 242.97 27.32 Nooranad 25375 4397 44 2659 21.29 28.17 Oachira 28412 2478 132 2683 12.86 53.60 Okkal 24186 1341 35 1883 12.80 175.78 Olavanna 68432 2667 141 4771 21.43 353.68 Omallur 17611 2411 45 1342 14.54 34.00 Omassery 35009 3340 132 3184 25.46 41.24 Onchiyam 28650 393 48 1824 8.72 41.06 Ongallur 43271 5298 33 3603 31.68 36.04 Oorakam 29157 1498 50 1556 21.65 32.67 Orumanayoor 11688 1141 23 1068 5.18 37.44 Othukkungal 39139 1574 47 1732 17.27 42.88 Ottasekharamangalam 18794 1955 131 3195 18.14 22.54 Ottoor 16085 2988 33 1772 9.47 23.63 Ozhoor 34016 1203 48 1983 16.20 23.56 Padane 21738 1737 43 1814 12.39 34.47 Padinjarethara 25965 1830 3131 2932 58.18 48.18 Padiyoor 18745 2356 50 2049 18.57 26.37 Padiyoor Kallyad 21524 535 985 2529 55.40 26.11 Paingottur 15441 1170 33 1761 23.50 28.21 Paivalike 32165 2236 2671 2919 72.51 29.41 Palakkuzha 13412 802 39 1357 22.65 15.05 Palamel 32556 5289 68 3536 15.20 41.98 Pallarimangalam 14848 494 32 1299 15.82 14.66 Pallassana 23729 5340 15 3043 29.33 19.29 Pallichal 45219 6245 77 5812 21.70 43.21
702
Pallickal (PTA) 41737 7991 117 4105 45.43 68.37 Pallickal (TVM) 16900 2012 37 1794 16.36 18.84 Pallikkal 46962 4129 135 3202 22.85 94.75 Pallikkara 43255 966 970 3259 39.09 49.68 Pallikkathode 17579 610 156 1913 22.46 29.55 Pallippad 17528 3461 63 2072 11.00 27.73 Pallippuram 44042 3569 146 5056 16.66 83.12 Pallivasal 17044 4570 115 2339 67.47 71.41 Pambadumpara 21172 2538 220 2962 44.64 22.94 Pambakkuda 17672 1739 68 1599 30.09 26.59 Pampady 33004 1906 544 3149 30.00 60.92 Panachikkad 42701 2772 305 3806 22.74 77.70 Panamaram 45627 1026 10815 5962 80.90 67.17 Panangadu 33971 4383 414 3865 46.96 36.22 Pananjery 45963 3834 1233 5605 367.01 70.90 Panathadi 17244 280 8009 2944 87.31 24.87 Panavalli 31570 3739 179 4608 19.33 35.67 Panavoor 20348 1986 661 2992 21.90 20.95 Panayam 26825 3990 37 3007 11.06 27.10 Pandalam Thekkekara 18366 3970 37 1886 19.39 27.01 Pandanad 11489 1890 22 1201 10.39 25.12 Pandikkad 55213 5950 115 3948 35.86 58.10 Pangode 29039 4017 944 4310 23.31 27.21 Panjal 25024 3641 26 3122 30.39 202.06 Panmana 50001 5237 147 4886 16.85 302.22 Pannyannur 22308 223 37 1334 10.02 20.80 Pappinissery 35134 3025 68 1970 15.24 67.53 Parakkadavu 30752 2942 75 2915 24.67 32.73 Paralam 24825 3344 43 2451 17.04 24.64 Parali 34451 6332 87 3345 30.27 43.09 Parappukkara 29659 5053 43 2851 22.01 40.50 Parappur 36270 612 56 1611 18.50 34.19 Parassala 52263 5452 117 6779 20.02 55.02 Parathodu 32864 1597 566 3682 53.49 39.34 Pariyaram (KNR) 32878 1526 71 2370 54.77 48.32 Pariyaram (TSR) 23070 2247 99 2693 16.08 44.96 Parudur 26638 4971 40 2219 20.71 114.30 Pathanapuram 31660 3884 79 3709 28.80 115.11 Pathiyoor 33925 3545 181 3469 16.27 49.57 Pattanakkadu 34620 2093 189 4912 15.34 70.83 Pattancherry 26018 6143 298 3435 30.30 23.42
703
Pattazhi 17718 2710 61 2001 18.65 46.40 Pattazhi Vadakkekara 15160 2681 50 2101 18.07 17.75 Pattiam 30502 325 1368 2379 27.88 27.17 Pattithara 33157 6745 87 2942 27.20 39.34 Pattuvam 15659 1288 56 1227 16.85 20.84 Pavaratty 20676 769 21 1587 9.50 46.47 Pavithreswaram 31810 7141 62 3839 23.62 61.57 Payam 28196 879 652 2624 31.21 30.88 Payippad 23928 3086 34 2285 22.88 28.86 Payipra 42682 2258 138 3697 32.18 43.56 Payyavur 22998 203 1855 2646 67.34 34.52 Pazhayakunnummel 24608 5124 115 3427 25.31 56.32 Pazhayannur 40256 6585 274 5053 59.03 46.00 Peerumedu 21712 8178 73 4289 114.75 162.89 Peralasseri 29107 643 48 1673 19.40 32.81 Perambra 32784 3985 116 3357 26.12 126.64 Peravoor 23558 403 931 2389 34.10 44.70 Perayam 21236 3401 50 2443 15.48 17.13 Perinad 33955 5228 54 4241 13.86 37.52 Peringammala 27667 3580 2523 4888 217.94 37.41 Peringara 21001 2115 35 1932 20.10 34.32 Peringom Vayakkara 29374 1198 254 3056 76.98 30.14 Peringottukurissi 25075 4967 17 3194 31.45 16.57 Perinjanam 21012 2714 75 2135 9.06 42.52 Perumanna 35460 2288 57 2754 13.45 106.28 Perumannaclari 27278 576 100 1336 17.83 25.38 Perumatti 30445 4606 2101 4277 60.79 43.72 Perumbadappu 29766 321 28 2144 5.76 28.44 Perumbalam 9733 657 35 1500 16.14 23.44 Perumkadavila 23385 1933 33 3623 17.54 37.17 Peruvallur 34941 2619 61 1920 18.91 29.89 Peruvanthanam 15626 1156 787 1994 57.36 21.04 Peruvayal 47700 3652 70 3865 26.39 123.21 Peruvemba 19312 4880 29 2567 20.49 27.94 Pilicode 25122 1398 272 2449 26.77 39.16 Pinarayi 33706 562 73 2311 20.04 41.85 Pindimana 16519 1613 55 1707 25.77 20.49 Piravanthur 33914 6122 578 5067 129.85 38.23 Pirayiri 41359 4216 42 3799 18.69 66.62 Polpully 16500 3548 32 2380 19.90 21.60 Ponmala 33922 1387 88 1847 21.65 28.59
704
Ponmundam 25855 406 78 1228 9.16 45.06 Pookkottukavu 14427 3757 1 2321 22.01 11.23 Pookkottur 37636 2251 66 2494 20.63 32.73 Poomangalam 12541 2665 3 1294 16.83 13.68 Poonjar 12649 455 82 1364 12.75 11.48 Poonjar Thekkekkara 17588 851 561 2151 60.86 19.85 Poothadi 39649 930 7813 5679 82.88 43.67 Poothakkulam 29453 4227 69 3115 16.56 61.60 Poovachal 43610 3602 281 6633 30.06 51.62 Poovar 19628 2588 22 3023 7.34 15.64 Pooyappally 24447 3182 82 2668 22.28 38.97 Porkkulam 16339 2672 1 1558 13.31 18.40 Porur 29561 4845 107 2595 34.86 19.56 Poruvazhi 28722 5266 26 3454 18.00 40.27 Pothanikkad 10221 702 60 858 17.14 26.03 Pothencode 29370 3218 111 3614 20.85 57.71 Pothukal 28077 1039 1294 3369 106.00 34.40 Poyya 22490 2456 40 2274 20.20 27.84 Pozhuthana 18406 1222 3622 2259 71.30 41.06 Pramadom 31251 3729 195 3208 37.10 45.35 Pulamanthol 37785 2699 47 2623 33.15 42.36 Pulikkal 40133 3571 101 2836 22.20 34.50 Pulimath 32293 5624 163 4483 26.93 28.09 Pulinkunnu 20947 842 47 2940 31.53 30.67 Puliyoor 16668 2814 34 1656 11.92 16.60 Pullampara 21817 3647 124 3216 25.90 14.60 Pulloor Periya 29642 449 2989 2802 63.25 297.71 Pulpalli 33951 1022 7027 5150 77.70 134.02 Pulpatta 42683 4651 493 2679 32.36 33.27 Punnapra Notth 28749 1103 71 3302 11.06 193.19 Punnapra South 28377 837 114 3841 9.15 34.70 Punnayoor 36722 2341 66 3087 16.60 31.78 Punnayoorkkulam 33368 2091 50 2762 11.62 33.35 Purakkad 29782 1695 132 4340 23.19 20.02 Puramattom 14069 1811 23 1223 14.66 25.44 Purameri 27612 530 43 2034 20.27 23.82 Purappuzha 11836 477 53 1352 23.52 17.44 Purathur 31915 3794 65 2664 19.60 27.31 Puthanvelikkara 28227 2812 40 3324 19.87 30.90 Puthenchira 21416 2929 31 2229 22.01 22.92 Puthige 21126 1320 1003 1731 39.61 25.43
705
Puthoor (PKD) 12170 558 8131 3389 413.47 6.13 Puthoor (TSR) 49284 5001 333 5452 39.05 55.01 Puthrukka 21053 2626 206 1640 25.53 56.95 Puthukkad 23375 3611 15 2184 15.48 42.67 Puthukkode 21642 2573 50 2497 16.29 15.41 Puthunagaram 17892 2695 25 2048 9.24 27.36 Puthuppadi 42083 3940 624 4690 64.75 42.47 Puthuppally 29784 1303 250 2476 22.40 62.81 Puthuppariyaram 39428 4668 539 3223 29.58 83.65 Puthussery 51185 5899 1176 4886 122.84 241.41 Puzhakattiri 29886 1865 58 2087 8.75 36.11 Rajakkad 15198 345 50 2006 31.03 25.14 Rajakumari 16086 1262 278 2188 38.15 59.38 Ramamangalam 14850 2170 71 1425 23.40 55.02 Ramankari 13332 1882 21 1576 16.17 19.33 Ramanthaly 25711 1208 52 1520 29.99 23.91 Ramapuram 29395 1301 118 2548 54.54 91.52 Ranni 13445 1132 106 1266 15.64 35.63 Ranni Angadi 14855 810 33 1341 30.72 31.81 Ranni Pazhavangadi 24468 1851 146 2217 53.38 90.35 Ranni Perunad 20561 2329 1182 2735 82.05 48.00 Rayamangalam 36722 4067 57 3009 36.77 77.88 Santhanpara 15632 3780 392 2367 78.71 27.07 Sasthamcotta 33285 4951 79 3797 24.42 71.73 Seethathodu 15773 1411 127 2192 651.94 29.92 Senapathy 12529 1082 258 2017 31.23 44.94 Sholayoor 17207 1044 8577 3893 150.76 16.27 Sooranad North 28471 4911 168 3703 22.67 316.20 Sooranad South 24766 3923 47 2954 17.17 27.14 Sree Narayanapuram 37959 4405 34 4469 50.50 58.00 Sreekrishnapuram 21873 3399 291 2487 29.56 29.66 Sreemoola Nagaram 25708 2939 52 2308 14.46 30.65 T.V. Puram 19511 1371 205 2618 17.03 17.90 Teekoy 10852 406 364 1337 27.19 26.86 Thachambara 18087 1868 189 2321 53.97 27.63 Thachanattukara 26669 3114 47 2327 35.04 21.87 Thakazhi 18826 2717 44 2331 27.80 31.99 Thalakkad 35820 2416 83 1855 6.71 37.35 Thalakkulathoor 29388 2517 25 2627 21.54 57.22 Thalanad 7029 320 1063 881 32.24 10.20 Thalappalam 13361 642 99 1327 29.92 12.11
706
Thalavadi 20459 1806 52 2430 15.76 28.76 Thalavoor 34228 5114 73 4523 33.67 45.28 Thalayazham 20151 2403 18 2734 22.41 19.43 Thalayolapparambu 22571 2938 114 2257 21.12 82.88 Thalikkulam 25507 1247 30 2415 4.25 20.86 Thamarassery 35706 3374 127 3047 35.00 100.18 Thanaloor 47976 1489 97 2449 24.32 28.58 Thanneermukkam 42302 1552 207 5184 18.88 39.92 Thannithodu 13012 1348 65 1473 428.50 30.23 Thannyam 29238 4517 33 2737 17.53 44.23 Thariyode 11725 224 2695 1673 71.17 29.35 Tharoor 26178 3122 87 3329 34.27 46.48 Thavanoor 34500 4966 159 2663 25.29 37.51 Thavinhal 39813 1557 7676 5310 142.30 34.75 Thazhakkara 35989 6045 85 3398 25.26 41.19 Thazhava 40571 3539 84 4344 23.58 56.35 Thazhekkode 41982 4895 169 2449 45.03 51.73 Thekkumbhagam 16937 1435 28 2505 20.26 21.54 Thekkumkara 29511 3125 87 3452 38.20 21.15 Thenhippalam 32045 3083 71 2035 17.32 66.28 Thenkara 26734 2387 427 3181 28.36 56.26 Thenkurussi 27196 7766 26 2451 29.92 22.75 Thenmala 23555 3471 559 3940 162.34 29.93 Thennala 29190 594 25 1371 10.00 21.72 Thevalakkara 42977 4150 94 4433 15.71 76.55 Thidanad 20752 1052 137 2354 37.19 18.18 Thikkodi 27051 1416 27 2098 14.15 37.89 Thillankery 14583 248 400 1335 25.06 11.64 Thirumaradi 17585 1629 41 1700 29.24 25.40 Thirumittakode 31998 4827 68 2697 32.31 32.51 Thirunavai 45848 2126 190 2723 19.58 107.20 Thirunelli 29696 480 13179 5250 201.16 59.43 Thirupuram 18898 999 60 2399 8.57 22.89 Thiruvali 27734 5700 55 2723 33.83 27.84 Thiruvalloor 35598 1314 56 2860 27.58 63.47 Thiruvambadi 28820 1673 365 2978 83.96 54.02 Thiruvaniyoor 25171 2947 54 1892 21.91 86.70 Thiruvanvandur 14701 1382 23 1229 11.65 19.98 Thiruvarppu 29435 1899 83 3205 33.59 23.30 Thiruvegappuram 33942 3737 45 2738 20.46 65.27 Thiruvilwamala 28544 6339 14 3587 98.26 72.20
707
Thodiyoor 47607 5139 87 5375 9.58 54.80 Tholicode 25274 976 2316 3623 22.37 20.30 Tholoor 18431 2705 9 2010 17.19 17.72 Thondarnadu 23142 466 5147 3138 131.15 26.08 Thottapuzhassery 14469 1255 34 1218 14.46 30.26 Thrikkadeeri 23196 2941 17 2166 21.35 16.16 Thrikkalangode 52090 6688 137 4014 36.13 33.97 Thrikkaripur 38687 2342 57 2389 23.31 64.95 Thrikkaruva 25432 3642 54 2911 18.33 28.08 Thrikkodithanam 35906 3763 102 3441 6.52 38.23 Thrikkovilvattom 61287 6348 122 5635 18.66 86.90 Thrikkunnappuzha 26679 1184 38 3663 12.53 24.85 Thrikkur 27874 2348 64 2900 25.38 35.89 Thriprangode 41167 2341 194 2205 20.67 120.70 Thriprangottur 29911 487 402 1832 32.39 27.77 Thrithala 27796 5254 19 4961 20.95 63.34 Thumpamon 7566 1713 4 652 7.84 22.52 Thuneri 23421 352 31 1538 15.45 28.43 Thuravoor (ALP) 28802 4049 36 4693 19.16 37.19 Thuravoor (EKM) 21468 1375 86 1795 12.33 30.65 Thurayoor 14176 2117 13 1156 10.48 26.63 Thuvvoor 29991 3825 98 2898 31.38 18.71 Thycattussery 20874 2399 86 2984 13.82 48.69 Udayagiri 18804 196 1741 2315 51.80 46.82 Udayamperoor 39538 3428 237 3293 24.85 59.08 Udayanapuram 25612 4307 85 3723 20.15 27.29 Uduma 37537 1268 86 2524 23.54 89.17 Udumbanchola 14059 1522 600 3538 80.14 38.66 Udumbanoor 23859 984 2563 3300 30.94 25.87 Uliari 32509 3990 29 3293 25.89 62.31 Ulikkal 35429 504 1887 3477 73.37 35.12 Ummannur 33790 5175 154 3675 34.43 40.99 Unnikulam 49348 4784 272 4516 38.26 47.72 Upputhara 26236 3246 2224 4828 71.62 33.73 Urangattiri 40297 3255 1052 4199 76.09 37.90 Uzhamalackal 21472 1518 117 3221 18.74 20.51 Uzhavoor 14339 1001 55 1370 26.67 54.81 Vadakarapathy 26459 1771 829 3262 49.51 26.68 Vadakkancherry 35969 4971 85 3790 33.88 71.44 Vadakkekkad 26109 1191 23 2053 13.72 35.39 Vadakkekkara 32745 1478 118 3877 9.32 55.08
708
Vadanappilly 30184 798 10 2797 15.28 63.58 Vadasserikkara 21755 2655 182 2115 59.57 60.80 Vadavannur 17126 4132 3 2018 17.38 18.54 Vadavucode Puthancruz 24911 5148 175 2130 36.89 230.64 Vaithiri 18305 2808 1289 2051 47.84 89.76 Vakathanam 33550 2005 187 2921 26.48 44.06 Vakkom 16533 1823 19 1606 5.36 20.44 Valakom 18308 779 58 1488 23.72 36.95 Valapattanam 7955 184 26 384 2.04 34.82 Valappad 35237 977 32 3531 16.33 70.26 Valavannur 33159 742 98 1543 15.28 29.86 Valayam 18374 226 226 1809 31.08 25.20 Valiyaparamba 12790 614 24 1285 16.14 10.08 Vallachira 20233 3188 22 2153 26.36 27.79 Vallappuzha 28018 2787 26 2122 21.64 23.31 Vallathol Nagar 26133 2524 14 2442 19.87 222.46 Vallicode 20287 3356 54 1590 18.66 28.29 Vallikkunnam 30394 4437 40 3393 21.42 117.10 Vallikkunnu 48006 3447 69 3232 25.14 48.03 Vamanapuram 21038 1922 38 2869 23.87 29.03 Vandanmedu 30567 4619 585 5096 68.18 41.38 Vandazhi 31929 3716 373 3888 15.78 36.35 Vandipperiyar 40809 15649 456 8747 107.83 63.05 Vandoor 49013 6646 288 4527 16.00 71.44 Vanimel 25412 135 1195 2408 36.53 34.00 Vaniyamkulam 32050 5460 15 3543 35.52 107.66 Vannappuram 28900 1637 2188 4024 23.29 26.59 Varantharappilly 40892 2860 477 3343 103.00 63.65 Varappetti 18529 878 33 1731 21.50 21.85 Varappuzha 26750 787 48 2012 7.74 105.92 Varavoor 20045 3868 11 2910 29.76 206.41 Vathikkudy 27670 774 570 3545 50.90 52.39 Vattamkulam 36147 4808 115 2768 20.84 79.27 Vattavada 5697 903 1582 1315 67.81 13.56 Vayalar 24804 2360 85 3641 14.50 27.90 Vazhakkad 35774 3740 115 2785 23.78 111.55 Vazhakkulam 41521 3251 243 2867 19.64 95.95 Vazhappalli 35800 2222 80 2998 21.73 56.96 Vazhathoppu 19723 1696 1346 2760 199.84 72.44 Vazhayoor 30262 3698 102 2571 21.19 50.32 Vazhikkadavu 47322 3072 848 5268 77.00 37.94
709
Vazhoor 25169 1775 95 2187 22.54 49.36 Vechoor 17041 2181 23 2401 29.13 16.20 Vechuchira 21627 1603 436 2076 51.80 47.52 Veeyapuram 11320 1757 10 1333 8.64 33.63 Velinallur 28864 3150 77 3219 11.50 32.77 Veliyam 32030 5400 70 3975 30.28 56.72 Veliyanad 12501 1135 44 1712 19.41 79.35 Veliyancode 32554 496 36 2272 15.15 30.52 Veliyannoor 11195 320 34 1118 19.49 12.73 Vellamunda 40627 811 6605 4710 64.54 31.58 Vellanad 31156 2050 484 4232 22.19 56.14 Vellangallur 38243 4256 57 3765 26.61 47.14 Vellarada 40206 2265 280 7271 31.60 61.70 Vellathooval 25701 1656 355 3363 43.06 33.85 Vellavoor 17115 2405 112 2064 23.46 19.83 Vellinezhi 17101 2818 95 2321 26.86 49.22 Velliyamattom 21440 1054 5102 3430 30.56 25.11 Velloor 22785 3382 31 2566 19.30 88.45 Velom 26738 1127 89 2184 25.80 123.60 Velookkara 29207 4823 64 2697 26.67 37.51 Veloor 27633 3686 45 2906 28.32 38.05 Vembayam 38630 2989 233 4681 30.58 51.54 Vengad 38606 537 120 2657 28.09 53.73 Venganoor 35963 6356 70 4822 10.12 44.54 Vengappally 11756 266 2977 1676 21.16 17.21 Vengara 48600 2530 144 2275 18.66 83.88 Vengola 50476 4221 325 3958 35.65 71.60 Vengoor 21937 2152 344 2647 248.01 30.79 Venkitangu 25118 2526 83 2738 20.46 37.64 Venmony 19932 3858 54 1712 18.02 22.88 Vettathoor 28104 3737 29 2088 35.84 27.29 Vettikkavala 36204 5725 41 4562 36.23 35.10 Vettom 37456 1367 57 2775 15.49 31.51 Vettoor 18704 2037 47 1880 6.82 21.22 Vijayapuram 30838 2569 110 1876 16.06 156.37 Vilakkudy 32995 3224 64 3925 21.44 44.58 Vilappil 36212 2655 236 4839 19.42 50.57 Vilavoorkkal 31761 2579 68 3592 12.02 42.66 Vilayoor 23389 2572 56 1935 17.73 25.20 Villyappally 34502 692 75 2189 17.35 47.86 Vithura 26249 2800 3449 4584 131.56 38.05
710
Vorkady 25226 733 779 2386 45.40 18.02 West Eleri 29316 100 4707 3147 77.45 26.85 West Kallada 18176 4125 50 2565 13.36 65.52 Yeroor 33929 4233 142 4606 44.80 37.34 Block Panchayat 25800516 2530576 443241 2651049 35401.41 0.00 Adimaly 126262 11419 8589 18021 519.17 0.00 Alangad 145906 14039 419 11481 65.90 0.00 Alathur 236169 32406 894 27720 310.47 0.00 Ambalappuzha 140605 6286 546 17195 67.57 0.00 Anchal 219725 31058 3596 28971 950.59 0.00 Angamaly 175741 14396 523 14779 193.46 0.00 Anthikkad 145006 19638 173 13436 99.04 0.00 Areekkode 287990 28379 2178 21958 224.77 0.00 Aryad 162379 7650 574 21547 87.22 0.00 Athiyannoor 143383 16706 211 22020 57.51 0.00 Attappadi 64318 3054 27627 13695 703.23 0.00 Azhtha 149514 38450 4265 26209 1214.87 0.00 Balussery 217179 24448 2049 22480 257.47 0.00 Bharanikkavu 173498 27756 417 18565 133.89 0.00 Chadayamangalam 226637 27288 1158 27622 248.61 0.00 Chalakkudy 151731 17544 2376 15627 591.53 0.00 Chambakkulam 113022 10921 213 14189 139.45 0.00 Chavakkad 133192 7453 185 11267 56.97 0.00 Chavara 169546 15676 389 18824 74.90 0.00 Chelannoor 187345 19688 2021 17013 125.08 0.00 Chengannur 144927 25366 335 14326 112.01 0.00 Cherpu 103864 13129 226 9398 84.48 0.00 Chirayinkeezhu 156359 26155 191 19365 72.18 0.00 Chittoor 192058 26703 4217 25436 299.91 0.00 Chittumala 152973 23020 268 19092 89.15 0.00 Chowwannur 212491 26345 255 19762 170.78 0.00 Devikulam 119534 47810 13599 13987 957.46 0.00 Edakkad 147377 4094 262 7869 89.48 0.00 Edappaly 119436 10440 357 11482 54.44 0.00 Elamdesom 128716 6662 11299 16845 187.22 0.00 Elanthur 104505 14235 380 8792 106.22 0.00 Erattupetta 102438 4430 7920 11892 264.05 0.00 Ettumanoor 170607 9196 641 15349 185.94 0.00 Harippad 122930 12052 353 15642 89.57 0.00 Idukki 124516 5911 8738 17454 735.45 0.00 Irikkur 178189 4661 5944 16318 343.90 0.00
711
Irinjalakkuda 96050 15877 150 9546 109.49 0.00 Iritty 145222 2862 6536 13199 326.29 0.00 Ithikkara 166886 25123 641 16785 107.17 0.00 Kaduthuruthi 134200 16980 359 14934 155.69 0.00 Kalikavu 220989 21657 3145 22287 497.99 0.00 Kallyassery 204764 13708 418 12285 143.39 0.00 Kalpatta 200483 13245 29277 25086 543.04 0.00 Kanjangad 181637 3928 5856 14734 205.54 0.00 Kanjikuzhy 161173 7935 884 22183 75.06 0.00 Kanjirappally 209382 23576 6603 25415 342.68 0.00 Kannur 136013 8550 298 7793 46.89 0.00 Karadukka 146883 9555 9198 13362 372.47 0.00 Kasaragode 258728 13255 1283 17460 242.09 0.00 Kattappana 135960 13901 5209 21018 319.61 0.00 Kilimanoor 213281 36999 612 26116 179.77 0.00 Kodakara 223657 22270 1206 20497 298.12 0.00 Koduvally 277789 22926 3398 27437 469.21 0.00 Koipram 120731 13552 420 10482 123.67 0.00 Kollamgode 176192 37086 5785 22066 214.11 0.00 Kondotty 250081 24562 592 18598 140.97 0.00 Konni 141676 18251 657 12774 841.32 0.00 Koovappadi 155752 16043 601 14795 371.99 0.00 Kothamangalam 201345 15543 5042 22665 792.43 0.00 Kottarakkara 140126 20473 403 15747 95.11 0.00 Kozhikode 110948 5586 224 7768 33.26 0.00 Kunnamangalam 306964 28994 1083 25243 204.08 0.00 Kunnummal 157926 4005 890 15094 242.08 0.00 Kuthuparamba 177511 2252 3196 12355 165.59 0.00 Kuttippuram 229468 13763 842 13869 133.25 0.00 Kuzhalmannam 174611 41783 144 19882 192.12 0.00 Lalam 104452 5974 491 9786 158.81 0.00 Madappally 164429 15164 534 14544 101.63 0.00 Mala 150554 16961 174 13664 127.13 0.00 Malampuzha 192139 25058 3193 17055 403.94 0.00 Malappuram 233549 11655 403 14273 136.41 0.00 Mallappalli 118203 14128 526 11381 126.24 0.00 Mananthavady 166943 3764 38019 21977 586.41 0.00 Mangada 199616 13558 427 14606 94.08 0.00 Manjeswaram 221951 12258 2037 17714 341.36 0.00 Mannarkkad 260666 25511 2572 65399 370.33 0.00 Mathilakam 218331 22178 493 22735 129.05 0.00
712
Mavelikkara 162359 25559 345 15730 105.47 0.00 Melady 84272 6726 119 7413 61.73 0.00 Mukhathala 242733 29706 460 22775 89.62 0.00 Mulamthuruthi 148812 16863 499 13086 134.07 0.00 Mullassery 94679 7535 140 9059 65.85 0.00 Muthukulam 184786 17634 590 20613 107.24 0.00 Muvattupuzha 162971 9436 619 14095 201.62 0.00 Nedumangad 176478 14363 1363 22335 123.50 0.00 Nedumkandam 147661 11259 1785 21604 341.90 0.00 Neeleswaram 149267 8276 827 12995 169.68 0.00 Nemom 264042 31342 831 34181 122.41 0.00 Nenmara 170201 26970 2166 20717 757.13 0.00 Nilamboor 185925 12041 7989 20744 621.20 0.00 Oachira 209652 15976 472 23336 97.76 0.00 Ollukkara 153780 13000 1860 16882 444.87 0.00 Ottappalam 238455 33308 243 22631 235.47 0.00 Palakkad 190045 29533 271 20491 178.46 0.00 Pallom 173693 14071 1034 15486 108.12 0.00 Palluruthi 94840 7353 186 10599 53.60 0.00 Pambakkuda 80014 7054 231 7754 134.86 0.00 Pampady 185010 9409 1371 17216 203.51 0.00 Panamaram 181583 5328 35326 25049 350.86 0.00 Pandalam 92817 20182 187 9399 88.11 0.00 Panoor 101494 1359 231 6204 44.83 0.00 Panthalayani 138371 11295 229 12089 90.56 0.00 Parakkadavu 165734 18023 307 15658 118.97 0.00 Parakkode 206368 38996 562 20902 250.30 0.00 Parappa 181247 1264 28647 21308 546.68 0.00 Parassala 191992 17333 351 28247 82.21 0.00 Paravoor 154245 14570 770 16293 65.70 0.00 Pathanapuram 165675 23735 905 21326 250.48 0.00 Pattambi 210241 29002 306 17282 154.27 0.00 Pattanakkad 199932 23407 766 27606 104.72 0.00 Payyannur 173043 7052 2247 15203 337.49 0.00 Pazhayannur 182810 28891 486 22310 291.52 0.00 Perambra 166946 18121 819 18316 275.02 0.00 Peravoor 136313 2108 10360 14569 425.42 0.00 Perinthalmanna 296070 30980 608 19719 259.51 0.00 Perumbadappu 160238 8972 216 10758 58.99 0.00 Perumkadavila 200677 17955 2376 33766 285.38 0.00 Ponnani 129069 17537 373 9491 72.30 0.00
713
Pothencode 170973 24299 490 19911 86.61 0.00 Pulikeezhu 87716 10378 176 7940 68.66 0.00 Puzhakkal 156008 16719 266 13403 121.46 0.00 Ranni 164463 15705 4705 18679 1004.61 0.00 Sasthamcotta 199456 35177 486 24666 135.12 0.00 Sreekrishnapuram 145023 21320 560 16764 192.63 0.00 Sulthan Bathery 143440 4591 32746 20001 426.52 0.00 Thalasseri 191976 3087 491 11810 96.61 0.00 Thalikkulam 133917 4684 157 12792 61.14 0.00 Thaliparambu 248398 8627 7796 21460 530.95 0.00 Thanur 229342 6444 564 12235 103.95 0.00 Thirur 225648 13824 663 14809 94.46 0.00 Thirurangadi 211070 13131 317 11829 90.03 0.00 Thodannur 136354 5037 304 10516 96.77 0.00 Thodupuzha 79430 5305 1234 8680 129.75 0.00 Thrithala 200831 35599 355 20009 172.33 0.00 Thuneri 186114 2659 1843 13520 164.41 0.00 Thycattussery 109864 11656 468 15679 85.92 0.00 Uzhavoor 154398 9001 612 13717 217.30 0.00 Vadakara 131576 2602 254 7937 50.96 0.00 Vadakkamchery 121373 17718 168 14028 167.70 0.00 Vadavucode 159833 23402 691 13074 185.95 0.00 Vaikkom 125092 14662 423 17247 122.83 0.00 Vamanapuram 216222 27184 6143 30588 421.15 0.00 Vandoor 250832 32752 1911 21031 224.61 0.00 Varkala 159846 27754 345 16088 86.67 0.00 Vazhakkulam 238877 20114 1088 16223 131.64 0.00 Vazhoor 143894 12708 765 13178 147.93 0.00 Veliyanad 83692 7076 183 11006 111.31 0.00 Vellanad 232913 19690 8847 35440 372.12 0.00 Vellangallur 120152 17029 205 12034 110.69 0.00 Vengara 253826 11940 551 12008 127.53 0.00 Vettikkavala 190245 33329 484 22766 169.47 0.00 Vypin 125853 16936 268 14507 56.42 0.00 District Panchayat 25800516 2530576 443241 2651049 35401.41 0.00 Alappuzha 1759167 183298 5674 214281 1219.43 0.00 Ernakulam 2129359 204212 11601 196491 2561.05 0.00 Idukki 1011593 140717 54718 143818 4405.43 0.00 Kannur 1840300 58360 37779 139065 2550.84 0.00 Kasaragode 1139713 48536 47848 97573 1877.82 0.00 Kollam 2083654 280561 9262 241910 2307.98 0.00
714
Kottayam 1667595 135171 20753 168764 2008.49 0.00 Kozhikode 2101784 152087 13233 184826 2070.63 0.00 Malappuram 3363713 261195 20779 238215 2880.05 0.00 Palakkad 2450949 367333 48333 309147 4184.40 0.00 Pathanamthitta 1036479 145427 7613 100349 2609.13 0.00 Thiruvananthapuram 2126166 259780 21760 288057 1889.51 0.00 Thrissur 2397595 266971 8520 236440 2929.82 0.00 Wayanad 692449 26928 135368 92113 1906.83 0.00 Municipality 4484914 311367 31452 386959 2395.84 31172.51 Adoor 29171 3621 38 2635 20.82 361.64 Alappuzha 174176 3436 467 43812 46.71 828.05 Aluva 22428 835 90 743 6.46 673.09 Angamaly 33465 1419 68 2868 28.24 470.20 Anthur 37637 2256 69 1892 24.84 298.28 Attingal 37346 4057 48 3156 16.87 370.51 Chalakkudy 49525 3401 77 4014 25.23 556.36 Changanassery 47685 3718 78 3705 13.50 524.95 Chavakkad 39098 825 58 3569 12.41 249.49 Chengannur 23466 2588 75 2042 14.60 185.47 Cherplassery 38365 4132 73 2906 32.53 86.93 Cherthala 45827 1530 112 6221 16.19 333.58 Chittoor Thathamangalam 32298 3837 30 4237 14.71 208.36 Elloor 36722 4005 361 2012 11.21 97.68 Erattupetta 29705 227 166 2991 7.50 88.59 Ettumanoor 45837 3297 235 3639 27.81 258.44 Feroke 54074 4884 81 3336 13.53 93.50 Guruvayur 70012 2519 130 1210 30.78 650.52 Harippad 30174 2138 82 2649 18.38 47.16 Irinjalakkuda 62532 7071 93 1729 33.57 429.41 Iritty 40369 574 997 3101 46.65 100.83 Kalamassery 71038 5630 384 3956 27.00 849.78 Kalpetta 31580 2200 3228 4002 40.74 324.40 Kanhhangad 73342 1707 754 6120 39.54 398.86 Karunagappally 49604 4572 104 5281 18.65 106.26 Kasaragode 54172 1543 166 4036 16.69 552.53 Kattappana 42546 2582 524 4845 52.77 202.68 Kayamkulam 68634 4477 137 7220 21.79 328.62 Kodungallur 71244 5418 153 4104 27.81 408.14 Koduvally 48687 2638 367 3947 23.85 71.96 Kondotty 59256 7274 72 2150 11.99 119.40 Koothuparamba 29619 402 108 2687 16.76 179.33
715
Kothamangalam 38837 2340 125 3936 40.04 399.74 Kottakkal 44382 1171 113 2211 20.45 242.17 Kottarakkara 30055 4240 78 2625 17.40 194.77 Kottayam 138283 9044 552 4182 50.14 1637.14 Kunnamkulam 54071 6419 77 5609 34.18 479.39 Kuthattukulam 17253 1029 130 1542 23.18 84.46 Malappuram 68127 3319 58 4719 33.60 542.81 Mananthavady 47974 1689 7501 5686 80.10 246.94 Manjeri 97102 8257 264 8130 53.10 425.84 Mannarkkadu 31410 2804 109 2640 35.02 67.08 Marad 44704 3939 261 2664 12.35 330.60 Mattannur 47078 945 132 4508 54.32 161.06 Mavelikkara 26421 3776 27 2379 12.65 247.90 Mukkom 40670 5494 110 3715 31.28 121.37 Muvattupuzha 30397 1588 139 2158 13.18 526.21 Nedumangad 60161 5752 263 10096 32.53 283.08 Neyyattinkara 70850 7772 131 9761 29.05 373.30 Nilambur 46345 3470 945 3952 10.65 180.97 Nileshwar 40148 1497 89 112 27.27 105.63 North Paravoor 31503 1577 117 2808 9.02 321.30 Ottappalam 53792 4765 89 5610 32.66 299.14 Pala 22056 626 79 1617 16.06 501.04 Palakkad 130955 10068 213 10330 26.60 1554.69 Pandalam 41594 7678 89 3443 28.40 123.00 Panoor 57730 898 131 3469 29.00 107.13 Parappanangadi 70903 3428 70 4342 22.25 143.65 Paravoor 37245 4528 52 4419 16.19 140.34 Pathanamthitta 37538 3292 131 3710 23.50 490.11 Pattambi 28632 3471 37 2011 15.84 258.54 Payyannur 72111 4018 153 5578 54.63 398.93 Payyoli 49470 2856 53 4442 22.34 137.54 Perinthalmanna 49723 5175 103 3886 34.41 401.85 Perumbavoor 28110 2365 26 1978 13.61 522.88 Piravam 27229 1813 63 2451 29.36 115.02 Ponnani 90491 5202 196 8055 24.82 575.91 Punalur 46702 4054 356 7071 34.35 323.02 Quilandy 71873 4550 80 7622 29.05 298.37 Ramanattukara 35937 3605 38 2228 11.71 151.27 Shornur 43533 7423 88 4012 32.28 300.91 Sreekandapuram 33489 1712 726 3073 69.00 63.18 Sulthan Bathery 45417 1761 5346 4963 103.22 241.82
716
Thalassery 92558 2096 267 5558 23.96 1097.93 Thaliparamba 34828 558 83 3983 43.08 313.20 Thanur 69870 2378 83 5371 19.49 65.77 Thirur 56058 2717 128 2585 16.55 532.13 Thirurangadi 56632 1338 68 2390 17.73 117.02 Thiruvalla 52883 4488 237 4596 27.15 586.42 Thodupuzha 52045 2146 572 4766 35.43 447.19 Thrikkakkara 77319 7123 380 4643 27.46 1351.44 Thrippunithura 92550 10550 258 4487 29.18 693.48 Vadakara 75295 1190 196 5980 21.32 679.19 Vadakkamchery 61341 7513 61 5544 51.33 166.72 Vaikkom 23234 1820 109 2679 8.73 177.33 Valancherry 40318 3342 111 2106 10.64 156.19 Varkala 40048 5885 134 3713 14.87 213.40 Municipal Corporation 3118588 197630 10146 256540 680.99 30056.19 Kannur 237284 11531 926 11450 78.11 1875.16 Kochi 602046 20030 2213 63568 94.88 9042.61 Kollam 387942 30241 909 47796 72.13 2097.98 Kozhikode 608503 21887 1070 27602 118.59 4876.84 Thiruvananthapuram 966856 89731 4423 61845 215.86 8853.25 Thrissur 315957 24210 605 44279 101.42 3310.35
717
Appendix B Data on Assets used for Devolution of Maintenance Fund Lenth of Road Area of Non Road in KM in SqM Grama Panchayat 47184.71 3874188.88 Abdul Rahiman Nagar 81.87 9066.16 Adat 43.72 2833.85 Adichanelloor 45.82 5764.45 Adimaly 40.71 1671.19 Agali 37.11 10000.00 Aikaranad 62.25 4161.93 Ajanoor 10.95 6688.44 Akalakunnam 40.21 2711.15 Akathethara 46.31 4006.90 Ala 30.29 2027.25 Alagappa Nagar 80.48 3060.98 Alakkode (IDK) 51.84 1281.10 Alakkode (KNR) 40.28 6522.73 Alamcode 70.11 5093.42 Alanallur 100.00 7791.61 Alangad 100.00 1722.27 Alappad 15.63 8814.59 Alathoor 42.57 6404.77 Alayamon 27.28 4598.17 Alipparamba 81.90 3056.14 Aloor 100.00 5605.71 Amarambalam 41.57 9969.31 Ambalappara 46.42 4622.10 Ambalappuzha North 7.24 1784.11 Ambalappuzha South 20.73 2051.34 Ambalavayal 75.77 9158.28 Amballoor 56.64 2760.73 Amboori 25.70 3769.05 Anad 22.33 4754.73 Anakkara 100.00 4628.76 Anakkayam 63.00 6438.49 Ananganadi 18.34 3306.43 Anchal 29.50 6929.13 Ancharakkandi 34.71 4320.13 Andoorkkonam 58.44 10000.00 Angadippuram 100.00 3730.93
718
Anicadu 50.92 1825.69 Anjuthengu 7.00 2519.05 Annamanada 100.00 3315.08 Anthikkad 20.30 4292.57 Arakkulam 39.14 6406.89 Arakkuzha 53.80 2430.49 Aralam 73.18 3666.85 Aranmula 49.43 5475.41 Arattupuzha 26.08 1648.81 Areekkode 59.25 5974.37 Arikkulam 21.20 2422.46 Arimpoor 42.54 4143.23 Arookutty 13.26 3195.28 Aroor 44.55 806.24 Arppookkara 51.31 2698.09 Aruvappulam 25.82 1354.85 Aruvikkara 47.80 5871.65 Aryad 30.53 2624.50 Aryanad 45.00 10000.00 Aryancode 17.11 5751.75 Aryankavu 43.01 6157.47 Asamannoor 61.00 3251.44 Athavanad 100.00 4812.44 Athirampuzha 96.83 3086.60 Athirappilly 27.12 3748.24 Athiyannoor 46.17 4962.42 Atholi 59.64 4226.05 Avanoor 83.80 2949.00 Avinissery 53.23 1781.09 Avoli 60.09 1755.20 Ayancheri 27.80 791.86 Ayarkkunnam 45.09 2309.85 Ayavana 66.92 3156.03 Ayiloor 64.52 4406.40 Ayiroor 88.20 1498.68 Aymanam 59.74 3711.31 Ayyampuzha 67.93 1771.57 Ayyankunnu 64.96 3294.22 Ayyappancoil 32.32 2173.73 Azhikode 22.49 3809.82 Azhiyoor 32.98 3672.01
719
Azhoor 60.09 5169.41 Badiyadukka 80.56 9124.21 Balal 100.00 5615.79 Balaramapuram 64.56 4467.39 Balussery 42.28 3070.82 Bedadukka 73.08 6393.60 Belur 15.17 3087.99 Bharananganam 50.63 2677.49 Bharanikkavu 100.00 3696.22 Bisonvaly 45.78 1292.86 Budhanoor 54.08 2104.91 Chadayamangalam 20.00 8197.41 Chakkittappara 99.64 1349.25 Chakkupalam 32.86 1172.00 Chalavara 80.11 921.55 Chalissery 42.50 4668.73 Chaliyar 31.65 5166.51 Chambakkulam 8.88 563.24 Changaroth 26.88 5937.77 Chapparappadavu 64.26 7220.76 Chathamangalam 65.86 4733.56 Chathannur 48.00 5334.86 Chavara 66.94 9016.12 Chazhoor 36.41 4154.16 Cheekkode 49.60 9461.85 Chekyadu 43.48 2858.32 Chelakkara 94.00 5259.25 Chelampra 35.09 2406.55 Chelannur 24.26 2862.37 Chellanam 4.88 1599.93 Chemanchery 20.31 3874.34 Chembilode 57.69 2775.58 Chemmanad 100.00 4602.68 Chemmaruthy 76.24 5667.33 Chempu 15.41 3531.91 Chengalai 51.15 2532.57 Chengamanad 50.78 6475.63 Chengottukavu 30.24 1514.79 Chenkal 21.20 10000.00 Chenkala 100.00 5262.25 Chennamangalam 54.64 940.68
720
Chennampallippuram 16.62 3533.05 Chenneerkara 50.40 3663.93 Chennithala Thripperumthura 58.51 3167.70 Cheppad 50.77 2502.89 Cheranalloor 35.37 3840.99 Cheriyamundam 42.76 778.59 Cheriyanad 41.01 4802.23 Cherode 44.61 697.34 Cherpu 70.83 3003.79 Cherthala South 27.13 2375.30 Cherukavu 24.74 2934.88 Cherukole 18.61 2459.46 Cherukunnu 27.46 1611.78 Cherunniyoor 20.48 1985.96 Cherupuzha 76.82 1487.56 Cheruthana 11.04 1818.23 Cheruthazham 69.18 4891.52 Cheruvannur 31.47 3720.55 Cheruvathur 100.00 4411.76 Chettikkulangara 4.86 3333.65 Chingoli 23.42 2595.70 Chinnakkanal 28.23 2486.52 Chirakkadavu 100.00 4322.50 Chirakkal 87.99 4295.49 Chirakkara 66.32 1353.81 Chirayinkeezhu 56.41 2033.56 Chithara 50.34 5304.26 Chittar 30.10 3566.88 Chittariparamba 36.23 2494.02 Chittattukara 49.35 1972.66 Chokkadu 59.81 6104.22 Chokli 35.95 1819.30 Choomikkara 62.54 3190.67 Choondal 100.00 3861.90 Chottanikkara 64.10 1926.91 Chowwannur 39.00 2219.31 Chunakkara 43.50 6560.95 Chunkathara 48.00 5514.19 Clappana 41.86 2775.90 Delampady 81.60 3831.60 Desamangalam 53.54 2992.41
721
Devikulam 0.10 2356.17 Devikulangara 43.98 2941.02 Dharmmadam 31.87 1222.61 East Eleri 100.00 3797.02 East Kallada 30.34 4297.57 Edacheri 27.81 2602.95 Edakkara 34.04 7373.39 Edakkattuvayal 85.65 4613.97 Edamalakkudy 0.00 187.61 Edamulakkal 54.19 4772.03 Edappal 51.95 1227.90 Edappatta 18.14 4542.44 Edarikode 44.84 2780.65 Edathala 100.00 5241.45 Edathua 24.34 1055.79 Edathuruthy 50.75 2686.14 Edava 47.55 6434.56 Edavaka 93.06 3722.28 Edavanakkad 28.41 2848.59 Edavanna 100.00 10000.00 Edavetty 24.00 1628.18 Edavilangu 16.22 5294.94 Edayoor 33.13 2669.80 Elakamon 14.95 4969.27 Elamadu 52.69 3042.29 Elamballur 59.54 4309.76 Elamkulam 32.24 3510.78 Elamkunnappuzha 14.88 4030.61 Elanji 72.39 4481.39 Elanthoor 60.00 2311.22 Elappara 3.90 7964.47 Elappilli 27.84 6399.19 Elavally 50.25 2520.17 Elavancherry 26.06 3624.41 Elikkulam 67.02 1423.65 Enadimangalam 22.52 3696.23 Engandiyur 37.35 2156.47 Enmakaje 87.00 5765.36 Eramala 47.22 2868.65 Eramam Kuttur 65.57 1880.54 Eramholi 29.97 1109.40
722
Erathu 50.23 7823.54 Erattayar 29.47 1814.46 Eraviperoor 54.80 1758.87 Erimayoor 78.66 4711.33 Eriyad 54.00 5264.93 Erumappetty 50.36 2578.23 Erumeli 78.90 4847.13 Eruthampathy 21.99 3546.44 Eruvessi 41.00 4532.31 Ezhamkulam 100.00 7523.79 Ezhikkara 20.43 710.86 Ezhom 34.18 3493.86 Ezhukone 41.55 10000.00 Ezhumattoor 39.18 972.08 Ezhupunna 28.65 1776.03 Idukki Kanjikuzhi 33.25 6340.17 Irikkur 16.71 1096.95 Irimbilayam 26.27 2082.19 Ittiva 51.05 3433.78 Kadakkal 100.00 6748.23 Kadakkarappally 10.65 3915.54 Kadakkavoor 7.08 6117.83 Kadalundi 53.09 3966.41 Kadamakkudi 38.75 1234.95 Kadambazhippuram 47.10 4037.97 Kadamboor 23.67 1479.66 Kadampanadu 40.68 6535.43 Kadanad 43.61 3467.39 Kadangode 77.07 2783.03 Kadannapally Panapuzha 55.59 4451.22 Kadaplamattom 75.53 3724.12 Kadappuram 23.63 1023.25 Kadapra 34.20 1346.56 Kadavallur 100.00 2786.66 Kadinamkulam 81.70 2762.83 Kadiroor 13.55 1185.20 Kadukutty 55.60 2408.62 Kadungallur 52.47 514.01 Kaduthuruthi 88.03 4559.98 Kainakary 0.83 471.37 Kaiparamba 83.74 3680.77
723
Kaippamangalam 44.77 6059.39 Kakkodi 62.17 4718.07 Kakkur 39.57 2115.16 Kaladi(EKM) 100.00 6748.61 Kaladi(MLM) 38.56 7649.08 Kalanjoor 87.48 716.54 Kalikavu 62.19 7317.73 Kallar 100.00 4349.20 Kallara (KTM) 22.31 2838.48 Kallara (TVM) 100.00 3746.43 Kallikkadu 74.01 4084.57 Kalliyoor 68.16 5161.74 Kallooppara 48.18 2069.07 Kalloorkkadu 45.55 5843.99 Kalluvathukkal 70.02 2352.48 Kallyassery 73.54 5670.08 Kalpakancherry 83.87 2191.59 Kamakshi 18.29 3175.05 Kanakkary 57.59 3287.74 Kandallor 26.62 1495.29 Kandanassery 73.63 1800.91 Kangazha 39.36 1510.26 Kaniambatta 48.93 7507.65 Kanichar 85.92 120.00 Kanjiar 24.50 3222.07 Kanjikuzhi 24.28 1710.43 Kanjiramkulam 55.79 3586.58 Kanjirampuzha 62.31 4560.23 Kanjirappally 100.00 2984.86 Kanjoor 64.25 1844.55 Kankole Alapadamba 43.93 5600.14 Kannadi 42.27 2593.33 Kannamangalam 45.63 4948.19 Kannambra 53.81 4101.58 Kannapuram 27.66 3250.37 Kanthalloor 18.50 3218.52 Kappur 74.12 3511.32 Karadukka 61.63 2564.89 Karakkurissi 47.54 3315.80 Karakulam 60.92 5909.38 Karalam 22.94 1636.00
724
Karassery 71.66 2991.01 Karavaloor 17.35 4265.45 Karavaram 57.16 5060.01 Kareepra 16.65 6412.06 Karimannoor 41.13 2517.60 Karimba 60.38 8088.16 Karimpuzha 75.73 4180.75 Karinkunnam 33.12 2799.59 Karivellur Paralam 36.97 2579.98 Karode 76.15 2798.03 Karoor 100.00 7916.84 Karthikappally 28.19 4121.32 Karukachal 26.73 3051.05 Karukutty 100.00 3470.11 Karulai 28.79 4386.74 Karumaloor 84.19 5041.23 Karumkulam 17.84 2671.50 Karunapuram 48.18 2395.90 Karuvarakkundu 54.72 1998.30 Karuvatta 21.77 4094.93 Kattakada 100.00 5250.00 Kattakambal 60.17 4906.96 Kattippara 43.06 2293.65 Kattur 29.56 1826.30 Kavalam 5.25 1516.78 Kavalangade 62.45 9529.04 Kavannur 96.95 4159.80 Kavassery 50.70 2312.68 Kavilumpara 25.67 5038.50 Kaviyoor 65.00 2231.18 Kayakkodi 35.29 2090.67 Kayanna 20.89 2065.17 Kayyur-Cheemeni 37.83 9181.36 Keerampara 36.71 1357.59 Keezhalloor 26.96 1877.60 Keezhariyoor 19.09 1261.13 Keezhmadu 77.14 2870.73 Kelakam 44.53 9532.78 Keralassery 24.94 2192.36 Kidangoor 61.84 4606.75 Kilimanoor 95.82 5177.85
725
Kinanoor Karindalam 84.14 7011.83 Kizhakkambalam 100.00 7148.13 Kizhakkancherry 60.44 3061.92 Kizhakkothu 63.44 10000.00 Kizhattoor 53.56 4597.49 Kizhuparamba 49.33 4116.94 Kizhuvilam 100.00 5671.72 Kodakara 6.19 7677.15 Kodamthuruthu 19.86 6804.78 Kodancheri 79.34 6516.57 Kodassery 80.50 7280.61 Kodikkulam 41.78 2851.10 Kodiyathur 50.09 7806.96 Kodom-Beloor 98.40 5753.95 Kodoor 44.74 2455.66 Kodumba 25.53 2478.16 Kodumon 50.16 2356.59 Koduvayoor 38.62 4852.56 Koipram 58.09 5161.47 Kokkayar 92.38 1070.13 Kolacheri 76.41 2954.06 Kolayad 43.39 5731.26 Kolazhy 33.12 2316.17 Kollayil 19.45 2144.50 Kollengode 59.76 5489.25 Kondazhy 100.00 2688.20 Kongad 31.49 5960.73 Konnathadi 84.75 10000.00 Konni 75.18 2895.92 Koorachundu 32.40 1961.40 Kooroppada 34.19 4190.65 Koottikkal 34.40 1797.91 Koottilangadi 81.59 4757.66 Koovappady 100.00 4240.88 Koppam 49.43 2137.94 Koratty 100.00 3783.43 Koruthodu 22.71 1338.00 Kottamkara 57.84 3463.91 Kottanadu 37.49 1724.31 Kottangal 42.85 2770.34 Kottappadam 100.00 4310.33
726
Kottappady 100.00 4012.24 Kottathara 100.00 3682.13 Kottayam 20.98 2308.03 Kottayi 47.16 2120.01 Kottiyoor 35.38 8950.69 Kottukal 83.02 10000.00 Kottur 38.38 4543.23 Kottuvally 43.50 2254.79 Kozhencherry 27.77 2324.16 Kozhinjampara 60.31 8859.07 Kozhuvanal 91.40 7957.86 Krishnapuram 42.15 2288.35 Kudali 44.04 3638.21 Kudaranji 32.68 2976.97 Kudayathoor 41.09 3432.20 Kulakkada 45.36 7040.87 Kulanada 54.15 3843.23 Kulasekharapuram 60.92 4530.80 Kulathoor 100.00 10000.00 Kulathuppuzha 44.48 9851.56 Kulukkallur 44.81 2337.18 Kumali 100.00 7653.18 Kumarakom 54.41 597.80 Kumaram Puthur 66.17 6550.76 Kumaramangalam 20.96 5005.96 Kumarapuram 25.20 2677.13 Kumbadaje 18.98 3161.36 Kumbala 58.42 10000.00 Kumbalam 28.57 2140.45 Kumbalangy 17.79 2814.75 Kummil 40.12 1690.29 Kundara 56.28 4314.55 Kunjimangalam 10.87 2019.57 Kunnamangalam 55.93 5530.99 Kunnanthanam 20.60 3258.53 Kunnathukal 37.00 10000.00 Kunnathunad 24.80 4741.80 Kunnathuparamba 4.37 2310.87 Kunnathur 21.33 6788.34 Kunnukara 67.45 3284.72 Kunnummal 30.38 4453.27
727
Kuravilangadu 38.01 5050.88 Kuruchi 34.24 2815.06 Kurumathur 52.40 3799.92 Kuruva 67.07 5546.11 Kuruvattur 18.45 2272.89 Kuthali 12.26 1285.34 Kuthannur 40.66 2640.42 Kuthiyathodu 12.94 4293.08 Kuttambuzha 35.40 2129.61 Kuttiadi 26.81 2313.75 Kuttiattur 47.74 2625.05 Kuttichal 32.29 3878.12 Kuttikol 49.75 4673.85 Kuttippuram 13.36 9355.96 Kuttoor 45.33 1821.24 Kuzhalmannam 41.51 3343.81 Kuzhimanna 44.35 4212.97 Kuzhoor 54.30 3905.63 Kuzhuppilly 21.65 2446.22 Lakkidi Peroor 84.81 2693.33 Madakkathara 47.04 7678.01 Madappalli 27.33 2238.25 Madavoor (KZD) 29.82 3225.76 Madavoor (TVM) 76.41 10000.00 Madayi 37.96 1452.83 Madhur 63.35 4301.57 Madikai 42.96 2923.44 Makkarapparamba 23.80 2598.76 Mala 100.00 5885.34 Malambuzha 29.33 3298.32 Malappattam 100.00 1949.90 Malayalappuzha 20.15 5277.04 Malayattoor Neeleswaram 47.63 3034.33 Malayinkeezh 56.71 2177.66 Mallappally 52.02 2666.66 Mallappuzhassery 8.53 2943.15 Malur 22.00 3167.64 Mambadu 48.88 7920.58 Manakkad 35.42 3387.18 Manaloor 56.22 4988.47 Manamboor 42.41 2454.42
728
Manarkad 31.85 4599.73 Maneed 76.76 5469.69 Mangalam 11.44 1533.34 Mangalapuram 76.84 6815.34 Mangalpady 100.00 10000.00 Mangara 28.80 1136.34 Mangattidom 97.26 3093.66 Manickal 68.12 10000.00 Manimala 100.00 7263.39 Maniyoor 46.07 3556.12 Manjalloor 52.71 2226.73 Manjapra 68.26 1906.36 Manjeshwar 59.28 10000.00 Manjoor 100.00 5268.11 Mankada 89.71 5681.84 Mankulam 3.59 1534.28 Mannamcheri 43.31 5647.18 Mannar 98.01 1671.84 Mannur 36.34 3665.09 Maradi 54.17 3534.06 Marakkara 100.00 3465.17 Maranalloor 60.90 6870.46 Marancheri 40.39 1409.59 Marangattupally 49.53 6429.69 Mararikkulam South 37.34 4048.01 Mararikulam North 17.20 3101.62 Maravanthurathu 18.92 1946.91 Marayoor 58.70 4220.98 Mariyapuram 26.38 3088.78 Marutharoad 57.38 10000.00 Maruthonkara 39.73 2247.19 Mathilakam 31.48 3782.57 Mathoor 100.00 5885.24 Mathur 33.53 2418.31 Mattool 20.19 1948.26 Mavelikkara Thamarakkulam 91.57 3104.39 Mavelikkara Thekkekkara 92.37 1091.67 Mavoor 53.99 8849.34 Mayyanad 32.50 4657.92 Mayyil 49.78 2372.18 Mazhuvannoor 100.00 10000.00
729
Meenachil 37.73 3361.15 Meenadom 15.20 2790.16 Meenangadi 100.00 10000.00 Meenja 40.18 3145.53 Melarcode 56.05 2937.20 Melattoor 66.00 3282.84 Melila 45.38 4391.63 Meloor 57.00 3057.75 Melukavu 28.19 1869.01 Meppadi 51.32 9528.32 Meppayoor 24.26 2400.00 Mezhuveli 50.71 9982.27 Mogral Puthur 40.63 4121.87 Mokeri 19.37 2466.00 Moodadi 59.63 8791.70 Moonnilavu 31.76 2694.13 Moorkkanad 76.55 4223.69 Moothedam 25.80 3554.44 Morayoor 32.02 5298.33 Mudakkal 83.83 7810.93 Mudakkuzha 53.65 4034.46 Muhamma 27.20 1554.74 Mukkannoor 100.00 2210.60 Mulakkulam 37.72 4689.54 Mulakkuzha 66.82 3654.34 Mulamthuruthi 100.00 686.29 Mulankunnathukavu 51.04 5495.77 Mulavukadu 5.50 2562.59 Muliyar 74.67 4287.85 Mullankolli 6.96 6641.09 Mullassery 38.00 4843.37 Mullurkkara 42.25 3794.93 Mundakkayam 66.59 4456.53 Munderi 73.40 2618.90 Mundrothuruthu 4.50 1878.63 Mundur 66.23 6229.56 Munnar 49.81 3752.15 Munniyoor 96.49 4426.11 Muppainadu 64.40 2935.53 Muriyad 59.13 2564.30 Muthalamada 45.85 8684.28
730
Mutholy 69.21 3266.21 Muthukulam 71.69 4697.97 Muthuthala 58.40 2880.92 Muthuvalloor 22.12 3487.98 Muttar 3.34 1409.85 Muttil 75.19 7508.87 Muttom 22.27 1698.82 Muzhakunnu 27.00 2409.68 Muzhappilangad 28.37 2619.96 Mylam 33.74 3493.77 Mylapra 19.38 698.24 Mynagappally 100.00 5090.25 Nadapuram 100.00 5460.91 Nadathara 71.51 5996.66 Naduvannur 22.88 2662.36 Naduvil 100.00 2811.85 Nagalassery 71.50 4025.32 Nagaroor 48.25 5097.87 Nalleppilly 65.59 1981.08 Nanmanda 37.04 3215.15 Nannambra 68.70 3571.49 Nannamukku 41.12 948.22 Nanniyode 48.00 4755.75 Naranamoozhi 29.83 2201.57 Naranganam 26.97 10000.00 Narath 64.27 2576.46 Narikkuni 32.95 4279.07 Narippatta 29.00 3905.59 Nattika 30.50 2224.12 Navaikulam 100.00 5637.67 Nayarambalam 29.90 120.00 Nedumbana 59.05 6209.97 Nedumbassery 100.00 3916.85 Nedumkandam 54.13 6794.19 Nedumkunnam 12.90 1444.97 Nedumpram 42.93 299.14 Nedumudi 1.66 1611.75 Neduvathur 28.05 6518.54 Neelamperoor 9.08 1687.37 Neendakara 28.63 2623.03 Neendoor 30.65 2948.08
731
Nellanad 40.00 6000.03 Nellaya 35.25 3666.99 Nelliampathy 5.54 4752.67 Nellikkuzhi 92.22 6303.92 Nenmara 35.56 10000.00 Nenmeni 100.00 7862.18 Nenmenikkara 31.82 1733.85 New Mahi 33.30 1965.79 Nilamel 65.00 120.00 Niramaruthoor 16.21 1812.01 Niranam 10.13 2352.99 Njarakkal 60.32 2064.44 Njeezhoor 64.53 2798.84 Nochad 57.99 3779.51 Noolppuzha 59.29 7176.63 Nooranad 57.17 2941.29 Oachira 38.38 2978.12 Okkal 100.00 3146.50 Olavanna 58.52 7464.75 Omallur 36.89 3271.14 Omassery 31.93 7587.59 Onchiyam 28.54 2229.28 Ongallur 62.85 3496.49 Oorakam 30.69 6125.42 Orumanayoor 15.19 989.60 Othukkungal 41.33 3304.39 Ottasekharamangalam 66.03 1972.48 Ottoor 30.72 3087.65 Ozhoor 55.25 3985.03 Padane 34.30 1982.80 Padinjarethara 50.19 3344.25 Padiyoor 16.60 821.62 Padiyoor Kallyad 46.78 2384.70 Paingottur 42.35 3704.06 Paivalike 92.50 5458.86 Palakkuzha 51.10 3875.41 Palamel 98.58 4546.31 Pallarimangalam 26.10 4186.10 Pallassana 26.48 4977.15 Pallichal 71.69 1628.42 Pallickal (PTA) 33.22 6750.55
732
Pallickal (TVM) 42.55 2886.26 Pallikkal 84.92 7278.72 Pallikkara 100.00 9637.67 Pallikkathode 36.34 2244.84 Pallippad 48.29 2639.72 Pallippuram 67.77 5950.80 Pallivasal 17.80 4024.07 Pambadumpara 24.20 3339.05 Pambakkuda 100.00 5286.31 Pampady 37.00 4759.94 Panachikkad 37.74 6653.99 Panamaram 82.52 10000.00 Panangadu 73.52 3904.37 Pananjery 100.00 5776.04 Panathadi 77.79 5756.22 Panavalli 13.70 2513.38 Panavoor 60.15 7317.03 Panayam 21.54 3952.38 Pandalam Thekkekara 48.36 1714.58 Pandanad 15.54 2834.31 Pandikkad 100.00 7236.52 Pangode 100.00 4240.47 Panjal 75.09 6633.19 Panmana 100.00 10000.00 Pannyannur 28.59 1633.02 Pappinissery 39.78 6902.77 Parakkadavu 92.59 3293.26 Paralam 48.20 4616.39 Parali 14.32 4972.43 Parappukkara 100.00 8216.88 Parappur 43.64 3106.09 Parassala 100.00 2719.87 Parathodu 100.00 1599.99 Pariyaram (KNR) 69.30 5325.01 Pariyaram (TSR) 45.59 3425.70 Parudur 51.12 3565.86 Pathanapuram 70.48 7803.60 Pathiyoor 71.97 2384.42 Pattanakkadu 22.21 9151.47 Pattancherry 30.89 5680.22 Pattazhi 32.38 4801.70
733
Pattazhi Vadakkekara 30.80 4166.44 Pattiam 54.37 3519.05 Pattithara 65.70 3937.55 Pattuvam 19.12 1403.28 Pavaratty 50.24 4214.57 Pavithreswaram 45.15 4101.72 Payam 41.08 6382.62 Payippad 31.56 2207.70 Payipra 100.00 7025.08 Payyavur 41.83 5867.31 Pazhayakunnummel 30.40 10000.00 Pazhayannur 52.51 10000.00 Peerumedu 16.09 3336.00 Peralasseri 59.26 1157.62 Perambra 66.04 3266.03 Peravoor 61.09 3388.68 Perayam 25.69 1860.37 Perinad 21.76 3623.36 Peringammala 49.82 7994.64 Peringara 26.90 1337.85 Peringom Vayakkara 51.34 6452.01 Peringottukurissi 47.19 4289.59 Perinjanam 36.78 3766.39 Perumanna 13.31 3689.16 Perumannaclari 21.15 2050.76 Perumatti 93.64 4010.98 Perumbadappu 25.99 5010.02 Perumbalam 14.71 2969.93 Perumkadavila 31.77 3304.69 Peruvallur 55.95 5109.76 Peruvanthanam 29.85 824.00 Peruvayal 42.13 5346.97 Peruvemba 24.52 4104.62 Pilicode 73.40 8471.37 Pinarayi 55.75 2815.16 Pindimana 29.06 3839.03 Piravanthur 31.11 4146.60 Pirayiri 21.39 3637.32 Polpully 32.04 5244.55 Ponmala 64.72 3546.54 Ponmundam 21.29 1678.72
734
Pookkottukavu 29.68 3070.97 Pookkottur 68.07 2477.45 Poomangalam 45.19 2587.19 Poonjar 11.30 2041.84 Poonjar Thekkekkara 32.46 2913.93 Poothadi 100.00 7686.98 Poothakkulam 49.81 2308.28 Poovachal 47.50 10000.00 Poovar 48.20 2317.23 Pooyappally 42.25 6431.55 Porkkulam 40.77 1964.15 Porur 83.13 4122.66 Poruvazhi 18.45 4102.80 Pothanikkad 46.05 1932.36 Pothencode 83.85 10000.00 Pothukal 18.96 4490.26 Poyya 81.31 2581.34 Pozhuthana 29.21 9468.29 Pramadom 30.30 4516.19 Pulamanthol 28.41 3796.10 Pulikkal 57.40 1865.14 Pulimath 74.59 4092.85 Pulinkunnu 7.14 2452.29 Puliyoor 32.77 2705.68 Pullampara 44.20 4430.48 Pulloor Periya 78.14 6343.52 Pulpalli 97.16 5667.20 Pulpatta 73.18 3294.18 Punnapra Notth 16.76 2150.00 Punnapra South 18.75 2736.72 Punnayoor 43.40 7063.63 Punnayoorkkulam 32.61 3619.38 Purakkad 11.89 3367.66 Puramattom 100.00 3396.96 Purameri 10.30 1808.22 Purappuzha 38.93 2092.59 Purathur 26.80 4878.45 Puthanvelikkara 55.05 3400.90 Puthenchira 83.75 4460.00 Puthige 49.68 4136.97 Puthoor (PKD) 17.64 2355.43
735
Puthoor (TSR) 8.71 8168.41 Puthrukka 100.00 4337.31 Puthukkad 48.14 3237.45 Puthukkode 34.43 8148.30 Puthunagaram 52.94 5912.61 Puthuppadi 73.85 6943.31 Puthuppally 27.90 2910.00 Puthuppariyaram 0.96 10000.00 Puthussery 100.00 7653.18 Puzhakattiri 50.96 1957.51 Rajakkad 47.87 3713.19 Rajakumari 44.92 4622.94 Ramamangalam 100.00 3492.46 Ramankari 8.01 1905.17 Ramanthaly 17.85 2817.47 Ramapuram 100.00 7477.20 Ranni 17.40 2903.70 Ranni Angadi 22.20 1148.73 Ranni Pazhavangadi 22.82 10000.00 Ranni Perunad 44.42 4679.38 Rayamangalam 100.00 6242.79 Santhanpara 39.80 4070.59 Sasthamcotta 100.00 3212.82 Seethathodu 29.06 3901.18 Senapathy 21.90 1684.73 Sholayoor 23.93 6498.94 Sooranad North 100.00 5870.53 Sooranad South 55.38 3586.84 Sree Narayanapuram 54.77 6422.80 Sreekrishnapuram 66.73 3546.88 Sreemoola Nagaram 74.09 5287.48 T.V. Puram 11.60 2769.09 Talikulam 58.46 2539.15 Teekoy 51.65 1877.88 Thachambara 33.78 2152.00 Thachanattukara 53.27 3313.70 Thakazhi 4.15 3815.14 Thalakkad 46.55 2477.92 Thalakkulathoor 21.39 2834.92 Thalanad 15.84 1001.39 Thalappalam 43.46 3627.77
736
Thalavadi 3.15 663.35 Thalavoor 41.87 3774.07 Thalayazham 12.50 2426.30 Thalayolapparambu 29.63 3410.78 Thamarassery 65.36 6933.87 Thanaloor 42.67 6702.83 Thanneermukkam 21.68 3368.95 Thannithodu 24.56 6825.93 Thannyam 45.11 2034.70 Thariyode 18.44 3640.81 Tharoor 42.63 1584.26 Thavanoor 32.21 3686.46 Thavinhal 40.00 7706.29 Thazhakkara 100.00 3663.22 Thazhava 82.52 3783.27 Thazhekkode 100.00 5565.36 Thekkumbhagam 33.19 4828.09 Thekkumkara 76.21 3385.17 Thenhippalam 97.93 6692.62 Thenkara 46.30 6394.17 Thenkurussi 55.42 3228.28 Thenmala 24.12 4476.65 Thennala 32.69 1074.74 Thevalakkara 63.66 5692.73 Thidanad 64.49 2320.44 Thikkodi 65.00 2691.11 Thillankery 33.34 2487.04 Thirumaradi 76.07 3129.32 Thirumittakode 28.48 10000.00 Thirunavai 88.02 4231.07 Thirunelli 61.99 10000.00 Thirupuram 38.27 1764.35 Thiruvali 44.46 4178.03 Thiruvalloor 26.21 4376.85 Thiruvambadi 70.00 5785.59 Thiruvaniyoor 100.00 5486.88 Thiruvanvandur 29.63 1979.35 Thiruvarppu 15.50 1832.46 Thiruvegappuram 66.95 2636.05 Thiruvilwamala 63.84 10000.00 Thodiyoor 66.86 3697.79
737
Tholicode 55.56 5889.52 Tholoor 40.54 3293.73 Thondarnadu 94.76 4846.93 Thottapuzhassery 25.00 1031.50 Thrikkadeeri 27.57 3200.02 Thrikkalangode 79.37 6317.78 Thrikkaripur 58.21 6314.99 Thrikkaruva 24.00 4488.90 Thrikkodithanam 26.64 1931.71 Thrikkovilvattom 63.81 5302.93 Thrikkunnappuzha 19.49 1890.19 Thrikkur 100.00 4346.22 Thriprangode 82.26 1543.51 Thriprangottur 65.21 1920.79 Thrithala 77.17 2559.50 Thumpamon 12.32 1192.68 Thuneri 23.38 1920.55 Thuravoor (ALP) 26.03 5158.14 Thuravoor (EKM) 23.23 5174.62 Thurayoor 22.36 878.99 Thuvvoor 54.21 6904.05 Thycattussery 25.18 7745.91 Udayagiri 100.00 3860.26 Udayamperoor 52.33 1592.34 Udayanapuram 20.30 3920.05 Uduma 92.88 8351.09 Udumbanchola 29.63 2727.11 Udumbanoor 65.73 5710.00 Uliari 23.32 3981.24 Ulikkal 59.81 10000.00 Ummannur 38.57 4487.87 Unnikulam 71.74 4987.78 Upputhara 31.71 4192.33 Urangattiri 65.17 10000.00 Uzhamalackal 20.00 2701.48 Uzhavoor 100.00 2310.47 Vadakarapathy 46.75 6496.20 Vadakkancheri 100.00 6578.84 Vadakkekkad 38.17 2954.08 Vadakkekkara 38.17 5248.88 Vadanappilly 38.70 451.02
738
Vadasserikkara 32.79 4121.32 Vadavannur 48.00 2895.41 Vadavucode Puthancruz 64.84 3142.34 Vaithiri 24.87 3684.28 Vakathanam 22.28 7617.36 Vakkom 20.12 4113.63 Valakom 14.87 6230.59 Valapattanam 6.84 2309.41 Valappad 86.79 1725.86 Valavannur 78.00 7924.24 Valayam 22.80 3201.30 Valiyaparamba 14.60 2985.20 Vallachira 56.36 5171.19 Vallappuzha 49.67 3081.50 Vallathol Nagar 50.82 5434.91 Vallicode 27.74 2726.18 Vallikkunnam 97.34 2748.04 Vallikkunnu 49.60 4310.51 Vamanapuram 75.22 10000.00 Vandanmedu 100.00 2561.06 Vandazhi 65.67 4558.60 Vandipperiyar 100.00 9267.00 Vandoor 100.00 5864.27 Vanimel 62.17 2940.06 Vaniyamkulam 82.12 3696.82 Vannappuram 78.14 9713.28 Varantharappilly 100.00 3128.59 Varappetti 50.09 3009.99 Varappuzha 62.66 3076.23 Varavoor 64.98 3271.98 Vathikkudy 56.45 1847.50 Vattamkulam 100.00 2371.54 Vattavada 4.00 2320.51 Vayalar 10.99 2207.93 Vazhakkad 70.80 1251.99 Vazhakkulam 100.00 5137.01 Vazhappalli 26.64 1270.54 Vazhathoppu 27.15 2385.13 Vazhayoor 2.58 3907.41 Vazhayur 26.83 3591.84 Vazhikkadavu 32.26 6786.58
739
Vechoor 23.36 955.56 Vechuchira 89.01 5026.77 Veeyapuram 10.16 2963.48 Velinallur 51.28 1469.23 Veliyam 39.65 4891.21 Veliyanad 11.20 6262.57 Veliyancode 33.89 1128.86 Veliyannoor 44.05 3230.30 Vellamunda 81.92 10000.00 Vellanad 43.90 5322.67 Vellangallur 58.18 9502.98 Vellarada 45.00 9501.02 Vellathooval 19.10 2991.79 Vellavoor 36.32 4412.74 Vellinezhi 20.80 3639.18 Velliyamattom 93.24 4782.41 Velom 19.45 2409.13 Velookkara 100.00 8681.31 Veloor 62.75 2924.28 Velloor 58.27 2722.84 Vembayam 96.94 8863.64 Vengad 61.15 4436.74 Venganoor 85.93 3567.05 Vengappally 15.95 2842.93 Vengara 52.28 4877.19 Vengola 100.00 7663.30 Vengoor 100.00 3520.04 Venkitangu 40.44 3217.58 Venmony 59.26 2867.21 Vettathoor 66.83 4443.97 Vettikkavala 89.00 3440.52 Vettom 28.46 1049.13 Vettoor 49.06 2253.63 Vijayapuram 82.05 1896.54 Vilakkudy 44.87 2577.83 Vilappil 100.00 7606.36 Vilavoorkkal 73.91 1263.87 Vilayoor 79.64 2541.68 Villyappally 50.51 2535.68 Vithura 68.10 10000.00 Vorkady 42.40 5599.11
740
West Eleri 100.00 6402.34 West Kallada 21.47 3184.51 Yeroor 29.09 6266.76 Block Pancchayat 0.00 762903.36 Adimaly 0.00 7400.87 Alangad 0.00 3865.25 Alathur 0.00 7410.06 Ambalapuzha 0.00 5059.82 Anchal 0.00 6104.46 Angamaly 0.00 3954.88 Anthikkad 0.00 4282.38 Areakkode 0.00 4893.29 Aryad 0.00 4475.38 Athiyannoor 0.00 2721.32 Attappady 0.00 7726.62 Azhutha 0.00 5794.76 Balussery 0.00 2798.32 Bharanikkavu 0.00 5468.45 Chadayamangalam 0.00 7886.02 Chalakkudy 0.00 3941.79 Champakkulam 0.00 4706.76 Chavakkad 0.00 3977.71 Chavara 0.00 4704.65 Chelannur 0.00 5440.87 Chengannur 0.00 2638.68 Cherpu 0.00 3294.04 Chirayinkeezhu 0.00 10000.00 Chittumala 0.00 6792.99 Chittur 0.00 6943.52 Chowwannur 0.00 3041.05 Devikulam 0.00 8348.19 Edakkad 0.00 8045.51 Edappally 0.00 5398.61 Elamdesom 0.00 2583.45 Elanthur 0.00 3384.02 Erattupetta 0.00 2455.98 Ettumanoor 0.00 5943.00 Harippad 0.00 5712.45 Idukki 0.00 1841.09 Irikkur 0.00 2164.03 Irinjalakkuda 0.00 4331.50
741
Iritty 0.00 8346.00 Ithikkara 0.00 2158.24 Kaduthuruthi 0.00 3235.26 Kalikavu 0.00 1947.25 Kallyassery 0.00 8718.13 Kalpetta 0.00 10000.00 Kanhangad 0.00 7451.41 Kanjikuzhy 0.00 6398.27 Kanjirappally 0.00 7748.30 Kannur 0.00 7496.98 Karadukka 0.00 3664.90 Kasaragod 0.00 7307.23 Kattappana 0.00 6738.58 Kilimanoor 0.00 4676.31 Kodakara 0.00 5811.86 Koduvally 0.00 4515.49 Koipram 0.00 3524.00 Kollamgode 0.00 2735.30 Kondotty 0.00 3125.84 Konni 0.00 2422.81 Koothuparamba 0.00 2873.58 Koovappady 0.00 2990.50 Kothamangalam 0.00 7995.28 Kottarakara 0.00 5812.09 Kozhikode 0.00 4603.27 Kunnamangalam 0.00 5100.36 Kunnummal 0.00 4844.50 Kuttipuram 0.00 3687.81 Kuzhalmannam 0.00 5059.28 Lalam 0.00 3470.03 Madappalli 0.00 2117.19 Mala 0.00 5750.37 Malambuzha 0.00 857.00 Malappuram 0.00 3652.20 Mallappally 0.00 4715.12 Mananthavady 0.00 9831.57 Manarkkad 0.00 7557.52 Manjeshwar 0.00 7868.42 Mankada 0.00 3807.70 Mathilakam 0.00 5990.46 Mavelikkara 0.00 3697.71
742
Melady 0.00 4856.12 Mukhathala 0.00 6803.61 Mulamthuruthy 0.00 5027.48 Mullassery 0.00 4568.31 Muthukulam 0.00 6724.68 Muvattupuzha 0.00 4355.23 Nedumangad 0.00 1534.18 Nedumkandam 0.00 5636.82 Neeleswaram 0.00 5126.03 Nemom 0.00 1829.84 Nenmara 0.00 4692.35 Nilambur 0.00 8165.97 Oachira 0.00 5082.58 Ollukkara 0.00 3089.08 Ottappalam 0.00 4522.15 Palakkad 0.00 4886.54 Pallom 0.00 4765.37 Palluruthy 0.00 2971.10 Pambakkuda 0.00 8187.33 Pampady 0.00 2200.47 Panamaram 0.00 5654.66 Pandalam 0.00 6110.14 Panoor 0.00 2486.36 Panthalayani 0.00 3991.76 Parakkadavu 0.00 5977.39 Parakkode 0.00 3475.85 Parappa 0.00 5106.56 Parassala 0.00 10000.00 Paravur 0.00 4734.61 Pathanapuram 0.00 3095.55 Pattambi 0.00 6706.38 Pattanakkadu 0.00 3237.93 Payyannur 0.00 3745.25 Pazhayannur 0.00 8992.65 Perambra 0.00 6657.89 Peravoor 0.00 5107.62 Perinthalmanna 0.00 3475.85 Perumbadappu 0.00 2292.40 Perumkadavila 0.00 3137.27 Ponnani 0.00 6749.80 Pothencode 0.00 37.00
743
Pulikeezhu 0.00 2153.00 Puzhakkal 0.00 2850.14 Ranni 0.00 4639.47 Sasthamcotta 0.00 7431.67 Sreekrishnapuram 0.00 5753.97 Sulthanbathery 0.00 9592.86 Thalassery 0.00 6186.77 Thalikkulam 0.00 9126.94 Thaliparamba 0.00 5364.40 Thanur 0.00 4666.76 Thodannur 0.00 2018.41 Thodupuzha 0.00 5029.48 Thrithala 0.00 3228.54 Thuneri 0.00 5026.47 Thycattussery 0.00 5470.57 Tirur 0.00 4824.73 Tirurangady 0.00 7429.81 Uzhavoor 0.00 8451.26 Vadakara 0.00 3517.20 Vadavucode 0.00 3173.36 Vaikom 0.00 2864.58 Vamanapuram 0.00 6634.17 Varkala 0.00 2487.26 Vazhakkulam 0.00 10000.00 Vazhayoor 0.00 9373.16 Veliyanad 0.00 3847.18 Vellanad 0.00 3755.99 Vellangallur 0.00 3210.22 Vengara 0.00 2897.75 Vettikkavala 0.00 1679.58 Vypin 0.00 5471.78 Wadakkanchery 0.00 7538.50 Wandoor 0.00 5573.37 District Panchayat 3132.39 2143088.31 Alappuzha 213.94 95111.71 Ernakulam 231.00 45781.44 Idukki 257.61 71583.48 Kannur 198.91 200000.00 Kasaragod 286.18 200000.00 Kollam 99.90 200000.00 Kottayam 286.18 174906.51
744
Kozhikkode 196.38 231458.00 Malappuram 352.74 200000.00 Palakkad 99.99 200000.00 Pathanamthitta 541.60 81665.32 Thiruvananthapuram 108.86 116994.86 Thrissur 169.79 162598.00 Wayanad 89.32 162988.99 Municipality 10751.51 1314693.90 Adoor 98.07 8408.69 Alappuzha 300.00 23756.20 Aluva 35.39 25000.00 Angamali 150.19 5442.70 Anthur 129.50 12294.78 Attingal 99.29 25000.00 Chalakkudy 180.72 25000.00 Changanassery 151.61 25000.00 Chavakkad 56.94 25000.00 Chengannoor 108.72 18311.97 Cherplasserry 11.00 4536.54 Cherthala 58.77 25000.00 Chittoor Thathamangalam 97.75 25000.00 Eloor 104.59 6913.25 Erattupetta 14.49 3484.92 Ettumanoor 176.25 5005.87 Feroke 53.43 6129.52 Guruvayoor 45.77 18710.55 Haripad 22.42 8171.97 Irinjalakuda 269.80 14464.31 Iritty 57.36 9332.69 Kadungalloor 65.29 25000.00 Kalamassery 220.97 13633.90 Kalpetta 81.58 8629.04 Kanjhangad 300.00 25000.00 Karunagappally 182.00 9385.16 Kasaragod 79.83 25000.00 Kattappana 85.65 4738.03 Kayamkulam 146.65 25000.00 Koduvally 79.68 2135.40 Kondotty 84.87 12696.19 Koothattukulam 154.92 6204.33 Koothuparamba 78.81 18322.44
745
Kothamangalam 154.92 19876.69 Kottakkal 115.25 5699.84 Kottarakkara 35.20 6769.85 Kottayam 222.81 17335.93 Kunnamkulam 141.95 25000.00 Malappuram 300.00 25000.00 Mananthavady 118.00 3516.99 Manjeri 212.63 25000.00 Mannarkkad 31.85 8648.86 Maradu 76.55 2325.00 Mattannur 109.96 14079.00 Mavelikkara 63.22 10558.64 Mukkom 67.84 8688.35 Muvattupuzha 64.13 25000.00 Nedumangad 107.66 24131.99 Neyyattinkara 89.39 25000.00 Nilambur 128.72 8015.44 Nileshwararam 93.07 7868.98 North Paravur 110.41 24403.46 Ottappalam 168.81 25000.00 Pala 111.03 25000.00 Palakkad 300.00 4184.17 Pandalam 103.00 9603.88 Panoor 90.17 5524.20 Parappanangadi 65.71 8333.84 Paravoor 9.38 25000.00 Pathanamthitta 80.21 25000.00 Pattambi 7.50 5855.91 Payyannur 203.44 18023.75 Payyoli 53.50 5756.16 Perinthalmanna 89.86 25000.00 Perumbavoor 99.60 25000.00 Piravam 111.92 8087.58 Ponnani 49.12 25000.00 Punaloor 300.00 14072.82 Quilandy 152.56 5968.07 Ramanattukara 86.02 4723.13 Shornur 289.33 14408.70 Sreekandapuram 135.84 3146.51 Sulthanbathery 178.80 5297.29 Tanur 47.62 25000.00
746
Thalassery 169.49 25000.00 Thalipparamba 135.97 25000.00 Thirur 91.61 24493.51 Thiruvalla 300.00 14655.95 Thodupuzha 147.45 20684.91 Thrikkakara 300.00 12028.82 Tirurangadi 106.95 8759.83 Tripunithura 272.83 25000.00 Vadakara 135.56 4594.76 Vadakkancherry 94.00 12425.34 Vaikom 68.03 7358.38 Valancherry 87.28 25000.00 Varkala 83.06 14078.93 Municipal Corporation 3916.27 968234.39 Kannur 458.19 162988.99 Kochi 890.28 57799.20 Kollam 378.86 147446.20 Kozhikkode 959.44 200000.00 Thirssur 229.50 200000.00 Thiruvananthapuram 1000.00 200000.00
747