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VU Research Portal VU Research Portal A 13,000-year record of climate- and human-impact-induced flooding in the Lower Meuse Peng, F. 2020 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Peng, F. (2020). A 13,000-year record of climate- and human-impact-induced flooding in the Lower Meuse. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 07. Oct. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT A 13,000-year record of climate- and human-impact-induced flooding in the Lower Meuse ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor of Philosophy aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de Faculteit der Bètawetenschappen op dinsdag 20 oktober 2020 om 9.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Fei Peng geboren te Henan, China promotor: prof.dr. R.T. van Balen copromotoren: dr. M.A. Prins dr. C. Kasse Reading committee: prof.dr. Mark Macklin prof.dr. Hans Middelkoop prof.dr. Philip Ward prof.dr. Klaudia Kuiper dr. Joep Storms Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. The research area ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Outline.......................................................................................................................................... 7 2. An improved method for paleoflood reconstruction and flooding phase identification, applied to the Meuse River in the Netherlands ................................................................................................ 9 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Setting ........................................................................................................................................ 11 2.3. Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.1. Coring and scanning ........................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2. Grain-size analysis and end-member modelling ................................................................. 13 2.3.3. Thermo gravimetric analysis ............................................................................................... 14 2.3.4. Geochronology .................................................................................................................... 15 2.4. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.4.1. Description of the sedimentary units .................................................................................. 17 2.4.2. Age-depth model ................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.3. End-member modelling analysis ......................................................................................... 21 2.5. A new method for paleoflood reconstruction, the Flood Energy Index (FEI) ........................... 24 2.6. Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 25 2.6.1. The Holocene floodplain evolution ..................................................................................... 25 2.6.2. Evaluation of FEI ................................................................................................................ 27 2.6.3. Holocene paleoflooding phases .......................................................................................... 28 2.7. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 31 2.8. Supplementary ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.8.1. Correlation of cores WA11 and WA16 ............................................................................... 33 2.8.2. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis ..................................................................................... 33 2.8.3. Analyses of Fe-Mn concretions and grain-size tests ........................................................... 33 2.8.4. Tuned age-depth model for the clastic sequence ................................................................ 34 2.8.5. Pollen assemblage and cultural periods subdivision ........................................................... 35 3. Paleoflooding reconstruction from Holocene levee deposits in the Lower Meuse valley, the Netherlands .......................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 43 3.2. Research area ............................................................................................................................. 45 3.3. Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.1. Location selection, archeological investigations and sampling .......................................... 47 3.3.2. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) .............................................................................................. 47 3.3.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) .................................................................................... 48 3.3.4. Grain size analysis and end-member modelling ................................................................. 48 3.3.5. Chronology ......................................................................................................................... 48 3.4. Results ........................................................................................................................................ 49 3.4.1. Geomorphological analysis ................................................................................................. 49 3.4.2. Stratigraphic descriptions and sedimentary results ............................................................. 49 3.4.3. Chrono-stratigraphic framework and age-model ................................................................ 56 3.4.4. Flood energy reconstruction based on decomposed levee grain size records ..................... 58 3.5. Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 60 3.5.1. Longitudinal differential levee sedimentation .................................................................... 60 3.5.2. The influence of flooding phases and human activity on levee sedimentation ................... 61 3.5.3. Applicability of Ooijen levee sediments in paleoflood reconstruction ............................... 65 3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 66 4. Rapid flood intensification and environmental response of the Lower Meuse during the Allerød-Younger Dryas climate oscillation ....................................................................................... 68 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 68 4.2. Geological setting and Lateglacial river evolution .................................................................... 69 4.3. Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 72 4.3.1. Coring description and sampling ........................................................................................ 72 4.3.2. Grain size analysis and end-member modelling ................................................................. 72 4.3.3. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ...................................................................................
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