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Public Release of Subsurface Management Plan Oregon Caves National Monument Subsurface Management Plan 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose and Significance........................................................................................ 4 B. Legislative and Administrative Requirements......................................................... 5 II. PRESENT RESOURCE STATUS............................................................................. 7 III. DATA COLLECTION A. Cave Classification………………………………………………………………... 12 B. Inventories…………………………………………………………………………. 12 IV. RESOURCE PROTECTION A. Visitor Use 1. Carrying Capacity……………………………………….……………………….12 2. Caving Permits…………………………………………………………………. 13 B. Interpretation 1. Publications............................................................................................ 15 2. Interpretive Tours................................................................................... 16 3. Outreach Programs................................................................................ 16 4. Audio-visual.......................................................................................... 16 5. Visitor Survey....................................................................................... 16 C. Ranger Patrols.......................................................................................................... 17 D. Cave Locations.................................. E. Gates......................................................................................................................... 18 F. Cave Alteration......................................................................................................... 18 G. Maintenance............................................................................................................. 18 H. Subsurface Restoration.............................................................................................19 1. Rubble Removal.....................................................................................................19 2. Non-native Species Control…………………………………………………….. 22 3. Electrical Features………………………………………………………………. 24 4. Cave Pools............................................................................................................ 24 5. Particulates............................................................................................................ 25 6. Air Flow.................................... 7. Speleothem and Wallrock Repair......................................................................... 26 8. Water Flow........................................................................................................... 27 2 9. Oxidation.............................................................................................................. 27 10. Organics................................................................................................................ 27 I. Health and Safety V. NPS STAFF RESPONSIBILITIES A. Individual Position Responsibilities........................................................................ 30 B. Training.................................................................................................................... 34 C. Interagency Collaboration........................................................................................ 34 VI. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES……………………..……………………… 35 VII. INVENTORY AND MONITORING 1. Cave Identification....................................................................................... 45 2. Survey and Exploration Standards........... …………………………….. 46 3. Cave Files........... .........………………………………………….…….. 51 4. Monitoring a. Visitor Use.......................................................................................... 52 b. Audio-visual....................................................................................... 53 c. Water................................................................................................... 53 d. Safety (1) Caving and Climbing.................................................................. 54 (2) Search and Rescue...................................................................... 54 (3) Radon.......................................................................................... 54 (4) Rock Stress.................................................................................. 54 e. Natural Resources…………………….…………………………… 55 VIII. REVISIONS TO PLAN...................................................................................... 99 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………….…….……………….. ..... 96 Glossary…………………………………………………..……………………….……...104 3 I. INTRODUCTION Oregon Caves National Monument, in southwestern Oregon, is located in the Siskiyou Mountains. Of the caves on the Monument, Oregon Caves, hereafter referred to as the Cave, is by far the largest and the only one in which public tours are given. With about 4.8 kilometers (three miles) of known passage, it is also one of the largest caves in the Pacific Northwest. The Monument’s subsurface has complex geologic and biologic features and processes, most of which are explained more fully in the glossary and other sections of this document. A. Purpose and Significance The purpose of the Monument is defined by President William H. Taft's 1909 proclamation that established Oregon Caves as a National Monument: "Oregon Caves...are of unusual scientific interest and importance, and it appears that the public interests will be promoted by reserving these caves with as much land as may be necessary for the proper protection thereof." Underwater and stream solution enlarged narrow crack in marble to form the Cave sometime between a few million to half a million years ago. Bedrock, water, climate, and human developments are the main influences on the subsurface. A year-round underground stream and seepage from the Cave’s ceiling both respond within hours to weeks to a rainfall or snow melting event. Although not noted for large, cave-adapted animals, the Cave supports subspecies of the Townsend's Big-eared Bat, which is state listed, and several cave-adapted arthropods endemic to the Monument. Many subsurface processes are closely tied to the surface. Natural subsurface communities are largely dependent on food from the surface and outside air strongly affects formation growth. Even though the focus of the Monument is that of its showcave, there are other caves and underground resources that the Park Service is mandated to protect. For examples, a family of soil millipedes is known only from the Monument, there likely is a groundwater amphipod known only from the Monument, and the hyporheic in sediment in streams likely has geographically restricted water mites. Although surface processes also affect subsurface areas, the inclusion of subsurface areas with similar geological processes and biologic groups of animals (guilds) and the exclusion of the surface make this management plan manageable in congruence and size, respectively. B. Legislative and Administrative Requirements The plan follows various laws, regulations, policies and other guidelines. All or most topics are covered in Director’s Order #2 (Park Planning), #6 (Interpretation), #7 (Volunteers in Parks), #9 (Law Enforcement Program), #12 (Conservation Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis and Decision Making), #14 (Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration), #20 4 (Agreements), #24 Museum Collections Management), #25 (Land Protection), 42 (Accessibility for Visitors with Disabilities in NPS Programs, Facilities and Services), #48A (Concession Management), #48B (Commercial Use Authorizations), #50D (Smoking Policy), 52C (Park Signage), 53 (Special Park Uses), #55 (Interpreting the NPS Organic Act), #66 (FOIA and Protected Resource Information), #74 (Studies and Collecting), #75 (Media Relations), #75A Civic Engagement and Public Involvement), #77 (Natural Resource Protection), #77-6 (Comprehensive Research and Development Agreements), #84 (Library Management), #90 (Value Analysis), #92 (Human Resources), #93 (Conflict Resolution). National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-625); Federal Caves Resources Protection Act (P.L. 100-691); Lechuguilla Cave Protection Act of 1993 (P.L. 103-169); National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-625); National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (1970) (P. L. 91-184); Federal Advisory Committee Act; NPS Organic Act; General Authorities Act (16 USC 1a-8); Air Quality: Clean Air Act (33USC 1251 et seq.); Director’s Order #47 (Sound Preservation and Noise Management Cave Formations: Federal Caves Resources Protection Act (P.L. 100-691) Cultural Values: Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (P.L. 96-95): Historic Sites Act of 1935 (P.L. 86-523); Director’s Order #28B (Archeology); #28 (Cultural Resource Management)m abd #71A (Relationships with Indian Tribes) and #78 (Social Science); Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-601) Education: Director’s Orders #6 (Interpretation), #29 (Ethnography Program), #52A (Communicating the NPS Mission), 52B (Graphic Design Standards), #70 (Internet and Intranet Publishing), #78 (Social Science), #82 (Public Use Reporting); National Parks and Recreation Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-625); NPS-77 Fossils: NPS Organic Act; General Authorities Act (16 USC 1a-8); NPS-77 Mineralogy: Federal Caves Resources Protection Act (P.L. 100-691) Safety: Director’s Order #50B (Occupational Safety and Health Program, #51 (Emergency Medical Services), #59 (Search and Rescue),
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