3/23/2019

A day in the life… Clinic (aka The Help Desk) Homeowner Home and Garden advice Of an OSU Master Gardener MG program began as a way to meet demand for this information Restricted to calls from non-commercial sources Provide diagnosis and Diagnosing Home Gardener problems advice within the office and making recommendations or by phone

OSU Extension Service: 1320 Capitol St. NE Two big advantages…

1. It’s free! 2. Talk to an actual person

Requests are either…

A service for residents PhoneVisits to calls the (or office e-mail) of Marion County

 In 2018, there were 1,543 requests for info

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Requests for information are usually: 4. Critter problems  Deer control  moles 1. Plant identification  voles  gophers  Ornamentals  Weeds 5. Requests for cultural information  /pear/plum variety  Tree fruit  Lawns  Small fruit  Pruning  Ornamentals  propagation 2. Identification 6. Plant problems (including lawns) 3. Pests in the home  Cultural  ants (carpenter, sugar)  Disease  termites  Insect pest  pests of stored products  Herbicide damage  spiders!

Difficulties: A simple intake form assists with problem solving:

1. Client may only tell you so much 2. You cannot visit

Recording inquiries The resources we use are…

 Tallied in October for OSU year-end report

 Books  Web-based

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We also can use other faculty and clinics…

Insects (and spiders): • Insect ID clinic- Bill Gerth • No charge per sample

Plant Disease: • Plant Disease Clinic-Melodie Putnam Miscellaneous others • $75 charge per sample Also: Distance Diagnostics http://www.dddi.org/OSU/index.cfm Plant ID: • OSU Herbarium-Dr. Melanie Link-Perez • No charge per sample

Inquiries to avoid: What kind of information do we give out? 1. Commercial operations…  Verbal: Information just over the phone • Size of operation • Is product being sold?

 Photocopies of book chapters

 Refer these to commercial agents!  OSU publications • Printed from the web • Hard copies from office files http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/

Others… Other things we do not do…

2. Human health issues • Poisonous  Soil or water tests

 house calls

EM 8677: Laboratories serving 3. Legal disputes EC 628: Soil sampling for home gardens and small acreages

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You don’t have to do it all by yourself! So if you are in doubt…Leave it for me!

MG volunteer

Community Horticulturist

Crop Specialist

Diagnosing plant problems First, identify the plant

1. Growing conditions

2. Biotic problems

3. Resources

Neil Bell OSU Extension Flowering pear Marion and Polk Counties (Pyrus sp.)

1. Determine that a “real” problem exists

• What are the characteristics of the plant?

• How does it display them through the year?

Japanese Cedar ( japonica ) with Incense Cedar ( decurrens) Spruce (Picea sp.) and Russian Cypress ()

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Western redcedar ( occidentalis): foliar browning Dwarf Oregon Grape (Mahonia aquifolium ‘Compacta’)

Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia sp. Rhododendron sp.

2. What is the “population” of the plants?

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis)

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The “population” refers to the number of plants of the species of interest that are present

Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’)

Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), with Hebe (Hebe sp.)

3. And…how many of the plants are affected?

Azalea (Rhododendron spp.): Powdery mildew (Erysiphe azaleae) Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)

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4. What is the pattern of damage within the population?

Turfgrass: undetermined problem Red (Alnus rubra)

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) 1. Entire population uniformly affected

Normal Abnormal

Uniform pattern Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Usually the result of non-living, environmental causes 2. Same part of entire population affected  Occurs over the entire population of plants, or discrete groups

Abnormal

Periwinkle (Vinca major)

7 3/23/2019

Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) Foliar browning on Pinus, Rhododendron and Euonymus

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Abnormal

Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Random pattern  Occurs because of progressive spread of a living organism

Abnormal

Noble Fir (Abies nobilis)

8 3/23/2019

Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi): Black Root rot? Turf: Cranefly (Tipula sp.) damage

Don’t overanalyze “uniform” versus “random”

Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spider mites Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) near La Grande, OR

Is the pattern… A. Uniform B. Random

Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) Turfgrass (unknown species)

9 3/23/2019

Is the pattern… A. Uniform Is the pattern… A. Uniform B. Random B. Random

Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ‘Massachusetts’) Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.)

5. What part or parts of the plant are affected?

Is the pattern… A. Uniform B. Random

Boxwood (Buxus sp.) Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)

Just ?

Manzanita (Arctostaphylos x media): gall aphid (Tamalia cowenii) Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Anthracnose (Kabatiella sp.)

10 3/23/2019

Leaves and fruit?

Leaves, fruit and shoots?

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): Apple (Malus sp): Mummyberry (Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi) Scab (Venturia inaequalis)

Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.): Mummyberry (Monilinia sp.) Cherry ( avium), Coryneum blight (Wilsonomyces carpophilus))

Stem-tip dieback? Individual stems dying back entirely?

Atlas Blue Cedar (Cedrus atlantica ): Needle Blight (Sirococcus conigenus) Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum): Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae)

11 3/23/2019

Twig or branch dieback?

Black walnut (Juglans nigra): Thousand Cankers Disease (Geosmithia morbida) Cherry (Prunus sp.)

The whole plant? The whole plant?

Escallonia (Escallonia sp.) English Walnut (Juglans regia)

Birch: Betula utilis Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Phytophthora Canker (Phytophthora sp.)

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6. What is the pattern of damage within the plant… Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Normal Abnormal

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Abnormal Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’): sunburn

Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Nitrogen deficiency Cyclamen (Cyclamen sp.): leaf-edge chlorosis

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Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Abnormal Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’)

Hawthorn ( laevigata): Leaf spot (Diplocarpon mespili) Weeping Cherry: (Prunus sp.)

Is the pattern… Is the pattern… A. Uniform A. Uniform B. Random B. Random

Juniper (Juniperus sp.) Boxwood (Buxus sp.)

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A. Uniform Is the pattern… Is the pattern… A. Uniform B. Random B. Random

Hebe (Hebe ‘Emerald Gem’) English Yew (Taxus baccata)

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) 7. What is the pattern on the plant part?

Normal Abnormal

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): drought stress

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Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Abnormal Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): blossom-end rot

Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Beets (Beta vulgaris ): Powdery mildew (Eriysiphe azaleae) Leafminer (Pegomya sp.)

Pear (Pyrus communis): Maple (Acer sp.): Bladdergall mite Scab (Venturia pirina) (Vasates quadripedes)

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And on ….

Normal

Weeping baldcypress ( distichum ‘Cascade Falls’)

Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living)

Abnormal

Grand Fir (Abies grandis), Phenoxy herbicide damage

Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests)

Abnormal

Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Needle cast (Rhabdocline spp.)

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Is the pattern… A. Uniform B. Random

Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Silver-spotted Tiger (Lophocampa argentata) Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttalii)

Is the pattern… Is the pattern… A. Uniform A. Uniform B. Random B. Random

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Apple (Malus domestica)

8. When did the symptoms appear?

Is the pattern… A. Uniform B. Random

Apple (Malus domestica) Alstroemeria (Alstroemeria sp.): Frost damage Photo: Luanne Whitaker

18 3/23/2019

Symptoms appear early in the year?

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): cold injury

Symptoms appear later in the year

Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus)-Shothole (Thyrostroma carpophilum) tinus-sunburn

Symptoms appear after specific event

Lilac (Syringa vulgaris): Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe syringae) Birch (Betula sp.): exposure to phenoxy herbicide

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Symptoms appear after specific event 9. Are the symptoms spreading, improving or constant?

Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spray damage by horticultural oil 2007 2009

Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Port Orford Cedar ( lawsoniana): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) Leaf scorch

Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris)

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Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) Cherry (Prunus sp.)

Symptoms stay the same

Rosa Berries ‘N’ Cream™ Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.)

10. Are any signs of a pest present? Symptoms: Physical characteristics of a problem expressed by the plant.

Include: • wilting Damage from non-living • leaf discoloration factors will induce symptom • leaf spots development, but there will • leaf distortion be no signs of a pest • defoliation • galls • cankers • rots/dieback • “plant decline”

Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Cucumber (Cucumis sativus): wilt Sunburn

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Holly (Ilex sp.): leaf discoloration Western Spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis): leaf spots

Redbud (Cercis canadensis): Leaf distortion due to phenoxy herbicide European Pear (Pyrus communis): Fruit distortion due to true bug feeding damage

Birch (Betula sp.): gall Fraser Photinia (Photinia x fraseri): defoliation by Leaf Spot (Diplocarpon mespili)

22 3/23/2019

Forsythia (Forsythia sp.): Stem Gall (Pseudomonas savastanoi) Oak (Quercus sp.): Leaf blister (Taphrina caerulescens)

Alder (Alnus rubra): cankers (undetermined cause) Peach (Prunus persica): dieback and canker

Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): rot caused by Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) Plant decline

23 3/23/2019

Signs: evidence of the actual causal agent Diseases: • fungal fruiting bodies • fungal mycelia

Insects: • the insect itself • boring holes • foliage or twig feeding • sawdust • frass…

Other… • rodent mounds/holes • slug trails Goldenchain tree (Laburnum x watereri): aphids Apple (Malus domestica): Crane fly (Tipula sp.)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sclerotinia wilt (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Apple (Malus domestica): Rust (Gymnosporangium sp.)

Big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum): Tar spots (Rhytisma punctatum) Apple (Malus domestica): Leaf roller (species undetermined)

24 3/23/2019

Hebe (Hebe sp.): Meadow spittle bugs Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Azalea Lace Bug (Stephanitis pyrioides) (Philaenus spumarius)

Viburnum davidii: leaf notching due to root weevils Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi)

Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi)

25 3/23/2019

Apple: (Malus domestica): frass of the Apple-and-thorn skeletonizer ( pariana) Hosta: slug trails

Some signs cannot be seen without magnification

Vole burrows Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus): Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus (RBDV)

Cherry (Prunus sp.): possible Bacterial canker damage (Pseudomonas syringae) ‘Brooks’ Plum (Prunus domestica): possible Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae)

26 3/23/2019

‘Brooks’ Plum (Prunus domestica): possible Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae) Pear (Pyrus communis): Leaf spot-undetermined cause

Common cultural and environmental problems in Cultural causes of plant problems the garden and how to recognize them

• Planting practices

• Rootbound plants

• Root damage

• Pruning injury

• Herbicide injury

White-bark birch (Betula jacquemontii)

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Root-bound plants

Fig (Ficus carica): circling roots

Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara)

Western European White Birch (Betula pendula) (Juniperus occidentalis)

28 3/23/2019

Pruning problems

Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara)

Rockrose (Cistus x hybridus)

Oriental Arborvitae: orientalis

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Pesticide injury

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): glyphosate damage Photo: B. Strik

Bearded Iris (Iris sp.): glyphosate damage

Pine (Pinus sp.) Oak leaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia): phenoxy herbicide damage Phenoxy herbicide damage

30 3/23/2019

Rose (Rosa sp.): acetic acid herbicide injury

Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara): phenoxy herbicide damage

Environmental causes of problems

• Cold Injury

• Pollination problems

• Sun (too much or too little)

• Water (too little or too much)

• Nutrient deficiencies

• Wind/hail/lightning Cold Injury

Cold injury results from: Rare to see winter injury to deciduous and trees or conifers

• Winter low temperatures

• Unexpected frosts

Shrub dogwood (Cornus sericea ‘Kelseyi’) Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)

31 3/23/2019

Coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) Mexican orange (Choisya ternata)

Apple (Malus domestica) Marion trailing blackberry (Rubus ‘Marion’)

Frost damage

English yew (Taxus baccata): snow damage Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Photos: B. Strik

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Pollination problems

Honeybee (Apis mellifera) on blueberry flowers (Vaccinium corymbosum) Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo)

Too much or too little sun

Grape (Vitis sp.) Vine maple (Acer circinatum)

Sunburn can occur on leaves, flowers, fruit or stems… Distinguish between excess sun (sunburn) and drought stress

Sunburn occurs when a plant, or plant part is exposed to too much sun and heat, even if well-supplied with water

Drought stress occurs to any plant when soil water becomes limiting

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Rhododendron: (Rhododendron sp.) Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii): yellow-foliaged

Hosta sp.: sunburn

Sunburn on flowers

Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida): heat? Mophead Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)

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Sunburn on fruit

Red Maple (Acer rubrum)

Lack of sun can cause problems…

Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica ‘Glauca Pandula’): winter sunburn?

Flowering dogwood: (Cornus canadensis)

35 3/23/2019

Mugo Pine: Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) (Pinus mugo)

Too much or too little water

Symptoms of drought stress Drought stress is dependent on:

• Inherent drought tolerance of plant • Drooping foliage • Tip burn • Weather conditions (temperature, wind) • Brown areas on leaves • Site exposure and aspect • Loss of older leaves • Shoot dieback • Soil conditions (moisture, structure etc.)

• Irrigation (and it’s efficacy)

Hebe sp.

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Eastern Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) Red Alder (Alnus rubra): drought stress

Katsura tree: (Cercidiphyllum japonicum)

Ponderosa Pine Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.)

37 3/23/2019

Drainage Problems

Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Drainage problems result from:

• Topography

• Impervious soil

Leyland Cypress: (x Cupresssocyparis leylandii)

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) Boysenberry (Rubus ‘Boysen’)

38 3/23/2019

Nutrient deficiencies in plants

Dicentra spectabilis ‘Gold Heart’

Nutrients required by plants Location of symptoms:

Major nutrients: Minor nutrients: Base of plant – mobile (N, P, K, Mg) Nitrogen (N) Iron (Fe) Phosphorus (P) Zinc (Zn) Potassium (K) Manganese (Mn) Whole (mid) plant – partially mobile (S, Mo) Copper (Cu) Calcium (Ca) Molybdenum (Mo) Magnesium (Mg) Boron (B) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Top of plant – immobile (Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B)

Also: salt toxicity….

Mobile nutrient: symptoms at plant base

Flowering plum (Prunus x blireana)

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Mobile nutrient: Nitrogen deficiency

Japanese Fatsia (Fatsia japonica ‘Variegata’) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Nitrogen deficiency

Turf: Nitrogen deficiency

Immobile Nutrient: Iron

Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): pH-induced Fe deficiency

40 3/23/2019

Immobile Nutrient deficiency in fruit: Calcium

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum: pH-induced Fe deficiency Apple (Malus domestica): bitter pit

Salt toxicity

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum): Blossom end rot Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alatus): salt toxicity

41 3/23/2019

Wind

Hardy Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta): scarred fruit

Hail

Apple (Malus domestica): Hail damage Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): hail damage

Websites for home garden problems

Pesticide recommendations for homeowners • Plant Disease Control: • PNW Disease Management Handbook http://pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease/

• Insect Pest Control: • PNW Insect Management Handbook https://pnwhandbooks.org/insect

• Weed Control: • PNW Weed Management Handbook http://pnwhandbooks.org/weed/

Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Lightning damage

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