The Methodology of MFA - Case Studies

Paul H. Brunner Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management http:// www.i wa.t uwi en.ac.at

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1 Content

1. MtitiMotivation 2. Definitions and STAN 3. Scale 4. Applications 5. Integration of MFA in governance

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2 Vision and Motivation

1. Sustainable development:

- long term environmental protection - „best“ resource use - „utility and happiness forever“

2. How to measure and to achieve SD?

3. MFA as a key method in the tool box for SD

4. The two aspects: goods and substances - goods as economic units (quantity) - substances determining ecological and resource qualities

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3 MFA definitions

• Goods and substances • Processes and stocks • Flows and fluxes • TfTransfer coeffici ent s • System and system boundaries

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4 Most simple case of MFA: 1-process system

systems boundary B

A Process C

s+s

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5 10-process system „regional phosphorous flows and stocks“

flow = 230 t/astock 10.000 + 70 t/a export = 170 t/a

atmosphere phosphorous [t/a] meat, milk , eggs 30

85 cereals 3 vegetables, fruits animal feedstock plant animals 24 45 100 cultivation 109 fertilicer agr. soil 78 10 000+68 17 13 surface water surface water 28 river 74

? 19 landfill wwtp

food 38 ? cleaners food 17 private hh 17 sewer 21 industry >40 industrial products >61

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6 Procedure to establish MFA

Problem definition

System definition Determination of system boundaries

Selection of Selection of Adjustment substances processes Selection of goods

Determination of m rmine goods s e e

m flows and stktocks Determination of mass flows w 1. Refine Balancing of goods 2. Redet mass flo Adjust syste Determination of Redefine probl concentrations efine 2. Refine mass flows ntrations Balancing R of substances 1. conce

Interpretation and illustration CTCI at NTU October 5, 2009 P.H. Brunner 7/24

7 STAN freeware to support MFA including uncertainty

STAN: http://www.iwa.tuwien.ac.at/iwa226_english/stan.html

composting plant.mfa

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8 STAN allows modelling more complexe systems such as wm

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9 Scale: from human to …

respiration transpiration mass [kg/c.a] 700 phosphorus [g/c.a] 0

feces 50 food 100 1700 human urine 390 body 450 270

sewage 400 20

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10 Scale: from human to household to …

respiration transpiration mass [kg/c.a] 700 phosphorus [g/c.a] 0

feces 50 food 1700 human 100 body urine 430 kitchen 450 270

garbage sewage total food 400 wastes to 900 20 sewering system 390 100 40 to STP systems boundaries: phh/ 1year to MSW treatment

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11 Scale: from human to household to regional to…

flow = 230 t/astock 10.000 + 70 t/a export = 170 t/a

atmosphere phosphorous [t/a] meat, milk , eggs 30

85 cereals 3 vegetables, fruits animal feedstock plant animals 24 45 100 cultivation 109 fertilicer agr. soil 78 10 000+68 17 13 surface water surface water 28 river 74

? 19 landfill wwtp

food 38 ? cleaners food 17 private hh 17 sewer 21 industry >40 industrial products >61

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12 Scale: from human to household to regional to national to…

[kg/c.a]

systems boundaries: region/1year

food private 510,4 agriculture processing household

4 0,6 0,4

agricultural losses food processing sewage and wastes wastes and MSW

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13 Scale: from human to household to regional to national to watershed…

Contribution of various sectors to the nu- Nitrogen trients in the river Danube watershed 825 kt/a

Praha CIB CIE CS3545 CM9 CM31 CS3639 CM22CS1132

CM29CM35 CM26 CM18 CM23 CM34 CIC

CS1133 CM2 CM36 CS1176 CS1134 CM19 CM38 CM28 CS1171 others CM41 CM15 CM5 CS3670CM6 CM20 CM4 CS1186 CM17 CM39 CM10 CM33 CS1184 CS1169CM44CM42CM27 Bar de jov CM0 CM13 CM7 CM30 CS1135 CS1179 Regensburg Br no Zilina

CM32 CM40 Povazska Bystrica CM43 CS1187 Martin Liptovsky Mikulas CM47CIACS1174CM3 CS3742 Prasov CS1181 Humenne CS1188 CM25 CM21CM45 CM1191CM8 Spisska Nova Ves CS1194 CM46CID Trencin CM23 Michalovce u61 u56 CM11 Prievidza A1112 A/31100037CM14 Bans k a Bys tr ica Kos ice CS1195CS1139 u62Uzhgorod u54 CS1140 Svalyava agricultureMezhgorie Kolom ia Ocnita u57 Snyatin A1024 u53 u66 A/40502037 A1121 A/31100057A1111 Piestany Bz ice ni Augsburg A/40607017 Zvolen A1025 Topolcany m14 u59 u58Mukachevo u52 Chop u69 m1 07FF04u48 Tchernovteu67 A611 A911 Trnava SATORALJAUJHELY Irshava u49 Yaremcha Ed in e t A921 A1026 u65 A522 Linz A922 08FF07 Kos ov A/40502017 A/40607027A612 A1023 SAROSPATAK Munchen A621 EDEL ENY Storozhinets A521 A/40709117A/40907037 A/92001017A1021 Nitr a Beregovou55 Khus t m2 A/4041017 KAZINCBA RCI KAKA, CHEM ICAL KISV ARDA Vinogradov u70 u64 A724 u46 Dybovoe A/40814047 A/30900057 Wien A1012 Levice OZD SAJOSZENTPETER A/31100047 Rakhov A1022 Bratislava SZERENCS 07FF05 Vilok u44 m3 A/40709077 A923A/30900047 07FF01u47 u50 m4 A821 A1029A1031 A/31000017A/31000027 07FF29 Vishkovo A913 SALGOTARJAN MISKOLC Tyachev Solotvina Geodeni Be lti A721A/40710027A713A/40709067 A/30900027 A1028 Miskolc u45 V.Bychkov A711 A912 BALASSAGYARMAT 08FF02 u71 A/40710017A712 A1027 A/31200037 A/40709047A723 A1030 01FF01 07FF10 A/30900017 TISZAVASVARINYIREGYHAZA1NYIREGYHAZA2 MATESZALKA A924 A1032 A/10000077 BATONYTERENY E 08FF15 A/54110127 A1221 01FF13 02FF17 TISZAUJVAROS,TISZAUJVAROS09FF03 CHEMICAL A/5411057SalzburgA423 A1321 PASZTO 08FF04 EGER NYIRBATOR Falesti A/54110017 A/40709037 A/10000027 MCM12M OSONM OSONM AGYAROV AGYAROV AR1 AR2 HAJDUNA NASUJFEHERT O 07FF11 m5 A/75000987 MEZOKOVESD A/73390966 A/40709027A722 01FF11 01FF02 02FF51 A321 A411 Kom ar no ESZTERGOM VAC GYONGYOS A/51210147 A1222 01FF07KOMALMASFUZITO, AROM01FF04LABATLAN, CHEMICAL PAPER WWTP 01FF12 m6 A324 01FF38 DOROG HAJDUBOSZORMHAJDUHADHAZ ENY SOPRON GOD02FF02 10FF02 A311A/73300407 GYORGyor SZENTENDRE HATV AN 01FF22 01FF62TATA POMAZ02FF03DUNA KESZI TISZAFURED BALM AZUJV AROS CSORNA PILISVOROSVARFOT KAPUV AR BUDAPEST1GODOLLO HEV ES A421 TATABANYA DEBRECDebrecen EN A326 A/73200617 A422 10FF04 m7Unghe ni A322 01FF40 BICSKE BUDABUDAPEST3 KESZIBudapestPECEL JASZBERENY HAJDUSZOBOSZLO A/73200417A323 A1428 OROSZLANY BUDAORS Iasi Insbruck BUDAPEST, CANNING- BREW ERY A1427 A/61400107A1414 BUDAORS,02FF32BUDAPEST2BUDAPEST,PAPVECSES CHEMGYOMRO ICAL ER NAGYKATA Kishinev A1414 KOSZEG ERD GYAL MOR SZIGETSZENTMIKLOSDUNA HA RASZTIMONOR PUSPOKLADANY Nisporeni PAPA KARCAG A1413A1411 SZIGETHALOM 10FF22 Be ndeTiraspol r SZAZHALOMBATTA A1416 A1426 SARVAR ALBERTIRSA BERETTYOUJ FAL U A1425A/61400157A/61400087 SZOMBATHELYSzombathely CELLDOMOLK KISUJSZALLAS VARPALOTASZEKESFEHERVAR ABONY TOROKSZENTM IKL OS A/73100007 A/61400117A1412 PET, CHEMICALSzekesfehervar DABAS CEGLED SZOLNOK10FF12 Carpineni A1313 TURKEV E GrazA1424 AJKA VESZPREM Orade a A1312 A1422 BALATONFUZ FO, CHEM ICAL LAJOSMIZSE SZEGHALOM A1421 A/10000097A/10000107 02FF12 NAGYKOROS MEZOTUR A/61400127 KORM END A/71560907 A/21510107 A1311 TISZAFOLDVAR A1521 A/10000087 DUNA UJV AROSAROS, PAPERM ETALLURGICAL TISZAKECSKE GYOMAENDROD KECSKEM ET Cluj-Napoca A/21500027A1522 TAPOLCA SARBOGARD SZARVAS KUNSZENTM A RTON MEZOBERENY ZALAEGERSZEG 03FF06 10FF14 Leova A1527 BEKES A1525 A/21551257 SARKAD m8 A1528 A/61400137 A/61400147 11FF63 A/21500047 A/21560297Murska Sobota CSONGRAD A1523 KlageA/21551267 nfur t A1524 A/21500087 06FF27 KISKUNFEL EGY HAZA BEKESCSA BA Comrat A/21530157 A1526 SZENTES GYULA Tirgu Mures A/21500057 04FF14 S13 PAKS Maribor MARCALI,MARCALI LEATHER OROSHAZA m9 Congaz m15 Jesenice KALOCSA S1 S11Ptuj S12 NAGYKANIZSA Ciadiz-Lunga Velenje 06FF23 TOLNA 11FF11HODMEZOVASARHELY 03FF05 S8 DOM BOV AR 04FF11 m10 KAPOSV AR SZEKSZARD Kr anj Taraclia BONYHA D S2 Celje SZEGED S7 Szeged11FF32 MAKO Cahul Skofja Loka Trbovlje NAGYATAD m11 S3 Dom z ale 03FF07 S6 KOM LO BAJA Arad S4S5 11FF12 Ljubljana m12 PecsPECSPECS, LEATHER Vulcanesti SZIGETVAR MOHACS BARCS S9 S10 03FF01 m13 Novo Mesto Zagreb SIKLOS Br as ov Galat Issamail others 05FF18 Braila

Osijek

Rijeka

Novi Sad

Ploesti

Beograd agriculture Bucuresti Constanca

Craiova

BMBI9 31 WWTP BM 32 BM 3 BM 27

231BS229 BM 33 Sarajevo BS230 BS234 BS55 BS32 BS228 BI1 BM 10 BS232 BI5 BS342 BS197 BM 26 BM 29 BS355 BS364 BS346 BS363 BS361 BS18 BS40 BS175 BS45 BS51 Varna BM 2 BS345 Split BM 5 BS206 BS56 BM 9 BS336 BS39 BM 14 BS360 BS334 BS339 BS344 BS37 BM 19 BS147BS17 BS358 BM 28 BS30 BM 18 BS27 BS178 BS220 Nis BS335 BS270 BM 4BS348 BS201 BMBI4 13 BM 25 BS44 BS49 BM 1 BS337 BM 16 BM 15 BMBS216 11BM 17 BM 8 BS191 BS43 BS210 BS29 BS53 BS28BS190 BS33 BSBS4 BM 21 BM 24 BS352 BS42 BI3BS209 BS189 BS199BM 22 BM 12 BM 23BS205BS206 BI2 BS208 BM 35 BS198 BS198 BM 38 BS194 BS25 BM 36

SofiaBM 34

BS182BM 37 Phosphorus BS347 105 kt/a

A: direct and indirect inputs of animal waste products, B: erosion and leaching C: direct flows from private households and industry D: diffuse inputs from forestry (erosion, percolation),

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14 MFA for environmental protection and resources management

1st generation MFA: Environmental protection • DDT • CFCs • PCBs, NP etc.

• C -> CO2 and CH4

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15 MFA for greenhouse gas emission assessment

CO2 from …. sources

fossil biogenic

Energy from …. sources

biogenic filfossil

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16 Concept of Balance Method

Material data of waste input 800 Biogenic matter C, H, O, N, S, Cl Fossil matter CHONSClC, H, O, N, S, Cl 600 waste

400 foss

plant

of CO2

Balance equations

kg 200

mB + mF + mI + mw = 1 Revision

mI = awaste 0

cB· mB + cF· mF Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec = cwaste

HVB· mB + HVF· mF -2.45·mW = HVwaste

C C O2 ,B· mB + O2 ,F· mF C 100% = O2 waste 90% Line 1

dO -CO · mB + dO -CO · mF = d 2 2 2 2 O2-CO2,waste 80% Line 2 70% 60% 50% 40% nic sources [%] of energy from energy of 30% e o 20%

Operating data from WTE plant Rati biog 10% Waste input, flue gas volume, 0% 01.07.07 01.08.07 01.09.07 01.10.07 CO2, O2, steam production

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17 Balance Equation

Mass balance mB + mF + mI + mw = 1

“Ash”-balance mI = awaste

Carbon-balance cB· mB + cF· mF = cwaste

Energy-balance HVB· mB + HVF· mF -2452.45·mW = HVwaste

C · m + C · m O2-consumption O2 ,B B O2 ,F F C = O2 waste

Difference of dO -CO · mB + dO -CO · mF 2 2 2 2 = dO2-CO2,wastte O2-cons. +CO2-prod.

Coefficients (given by the Derived from operating data chemical composition of CTCIbiogenic at NTU andOctober fossil 5, 2009 matter) P.H. Brunner 18/24

18 Results (annual values)

Fraction of fossil CO emissions [%] CO2 - Emissions 2 70% Balance method Radiocarbon method 100.000 60% 81,9 ±3,9 80.000 72,7 ±3,1 50%

40% /year] ssions

s 60.000

Emi 52.9% 47.1% 30% -

2 40.000

[kilo ton 20% CO 20.000 10%

0 0% biogen ic filfossil

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19 MFA for environmental protection and resources management

1st generation MFA: Environmental protection: • DDT • CFCs • PCBs, NP etc.

• C -> CO2 and CH4

2nd generation Resource management: • Regional nutrient flows -> integrated P management • Regional and global metal flows and stocks (Graedel) -> future metal management

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20 Copper management based on MFA

cathodic 2 copper 3 products 4 waste 5 copper Copper use 11.000 11.500 3.800 Waste production manufacturing 300.000 management +7.700 Cu scrap III Cu scrap II 540 680 Cu scrap I 11.000 1.400 Ore slag 150 Waste to landfill waste 1.200 1.700

16 Lithosphere landfill 580.000 85.000 flows: 1.000 t/a -11.000 +3.100 stocks: 1.000 t

"World 1994” source: Graedel et al. 2002 and Rechberger

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21 Application of MFA for governance in waste management

Goal: improve waste management practice step 1: professional MFA standard ÖWAV guideline (consensus) step 2: Austrian Standard ONORM S 2096 “MFA- Application in waste management” step 3: easy to use software STAN (freeware) for MFA in wm step 4: mandatory MFA requirement for certified MSW companies step 5: routine waste analysis by MFA on selected MSW incinerators step 6: Link all relevant information for a new knowledge base (e.g. for national waste management plan)

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22 Conclusions Objective: - sustainable resource use - long-term env ironmental protection

MFA is instrumental for this objective because:

• it is a rigid, transparent, and objectiv method to model and visualize material flows including uncertainty • It facilitates understanding and public acceptance of decisions • It is a key decision support tool for resource management, environmental management, and waste management • It is indispensable to establish knowledge bases for em, rm, and wm • It needs to be standardized in order to fully exploit its potential

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23 Thank you

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