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Home , Alfred Pleasonton, Army of Virginia, Ashby Gap, Battle of Chantilly, Battle of Dranesville, Battle of Fort Stevens

★ 186 1 ★ E WASH GEORG INGTO May 24 –25 Union troops occupy Arlington Heights and Alexandria. Col. E. Elmer N M EM Ellsworth, commander of the 11th Fire , removes a Confederate O R Ft. Stevens IA flag from the Marshall House hotel and is killed by proprietor James Jackson. Jackson L P 193 K is killed by Cpl. Francis E. Brownell, who later received the Medal of Honor for his W Y action. Confederate Capt. Motram Ball and 35 cavalrymen are captured, becoming the first Southern prisoners of war. Alexandria is placed under . 123 May –July Confederates fortify Manassas Junction with a series of 12 earthen forts. 495 Field artillery and naval cannon captured at Norfolk are placed in the works. Ft. Marcy DC National Park June 1 Union and Confederate forces clash at Fairfax Court House and along the Service railroad at Vienna. Capt. of Warrenton becomes the first Confed - (Harpers Ferry, 10 miles) Ft. Ethan Allen erate officer killed in action. 309 June 11 –24 Balloonist Thaddeus Lowe discusses military use of balloons with Pres - To ident . On June 24, Lowe makes three ascents at Taylor’s Tavern Leesburg ARLINGTON in Falls Church to observe Confederate troop movements near Fairfax Court House. Ft. C.F. Smith July 18 A Union reconnaissance force is repulsed by Confederate troops in a skirmish at Blackburn’s Ford, a prelude to the First Battle of Manassas. July 19 Piedmont Station (Delaplane) becomes the site of the first strategic use Cherry of railroads in warfare when Gen. Thomas J. Jackson’s 1st Brigade entrains Surgeon’s pocket kit, Hill 9 for Manassas Junction to reinforce the Confederate army. Fort Ward Museum collection. Arlington National Cemetery/ July 21 First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). Gen. Irvin McDowell’s Union forces FALLS CHURCH 66 Arlington House 395 are defeated by Confederate Gens. P.G.T. Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston in the To Frederick, Md.

287 (Multiple Sites) and first battle of the war. Gen. Thomas Jackson receives his nickname “Stonewall” 29 120 ) 1 in the battle, which results in more than 4,600 casualties. Gettysburg, Pa. Taylor’s Tavern R 50 Freedman’s R July Confederate and Union forces fight a series of skirmishes before and after Village O White’s Ford I First Manassas at Arlington Mill, Febre’s Mill, Ball’s Cross Roads, and Hall’s Hill. H Confederate signal stations are erected at Upton’s Hill near Seven Corners. O Ronald Reagan Ball’s Bluff National Cemetery, Leesburg. Washington The established a military hospital center in Alexandria. & National 15 White’s 7 E Aug. –Sept. Confederate forces construct artillery batteries along the R Airport Heaton’s Ferry TU O at Freestone Point, Possum Point, Cockpit Point, and Evansport to block shipping TT Crossroads LN . M to and from Washington, D.C. Confederate troops under Gens. and Mile I 295

To T J.E.B. Stuart occupy Munson’s Hill and Falls Church. Skirmishes occur daily in the Hill Morven Fairfax Court House L

“Peach Orchard” area of Falls Church. Battle of Park A

Ball’s Bluff Battlefield B Cool Springs ( Oct. 21 Battle of Ball’s Bluff near Leesburg. Defeated Federal troops are driven PURCELLVILLE & National Cemetery 7 into the Potomac River. Union defeat results in establishment in Congress of the 17 miles to 236 Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. 690 Ft. Ward Winchester LEESBURG Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) Dec. 20 The occurs when Union and Confederate foraging Bluemont Loudoun Museum ALEXANDRIA parties collide. Federals retain possession of the field in what is regarded as the first 734 Edwards 16th President of the . FAIRFAX Ferry Union victory on Southern soil. C Darnestown Park h 401 e 395 Winter 1861 –62 Confederates build the first railroad dedicated exclusively to mili - s a tary use, connecting camps at Manassas and Centreville. Confederate Gen. D.H. Hill p PO ea TO Rowser’s Ford oversees completion of Forts Evans, Beauregard, and Johnston around Leesburg. ke MA (Seneca) 95 Oatlands an C R Leesburg d Ohi IVER Alexandria ( o Ca Airport A nal N National Cemetery ★ ★ le ati Lake Accotink 186 2 x onal a Histor al Park n ic March Confederates evacuate Manassas Junction and other d DU r LL ia sites to concentrate near Richmond. Union forces occupy Manassas Junction. 15 ES G , R E L E o June 19 President Lincoln visits Gen. Irvin McDowell’s headquarters at the Weir N u 9 W d family home Liberia in Manassas. AY o Gilford TO Confederate General (Winchester, 20 miles) LL u 32 miles to RD. n Signal Station Aug. 22 –23 Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s conducts a reconnaissance behind Union Thomas J. “Stonewall” & Frederick, Md. D H lines in Fauquier , raiding Catlett’s Station. Stuart “liberates” Warrenton Morven Park as it appeared U (Multiple Sites) Jackson (1824-1863) earned L a L 7 E m 270 and obtains intelligence on the disposition of the Union that Gens. S his famous nickname at Goose Creek at the time of the Civil War. G p 734 RE s Lee and Jackson use to plan the Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). 1st EN h 495 the First Battle of Manassas. Paris Upperville Bridge W AY i Sky Meadows Cavalry Monument LOUDOUN ( r Aug. 25 –26 Gen. and 23,000 men of the Army of Northern TO e State Park LL Great Falls Virginia conduct a flank march through western Fauquier County into Prince ) R R) National Park William County where they raid Bristoe Station and Manassas Junction, cutting Mosby’s Vineyard 611 Raid the supply line of Union Gen. John Pope’s Army of Virginia. Mount Bleak Dranesville Hill 50 40 miles to Baltimore, Md. Farm Battle of Aug. 28 Battle of Groveton. Gen. Stonewall Jackson attacks elements of the Army of W (Multiple Sites) a Dranesville Virginia to prevent consolidation of Pope’s forces. Near The Plains, “Jessie scout” s 17 Rector’s h HERNDON Jack Sterry, disguised as a Confederate officer, detains Gen. John B. Hood’s Crossroads in 30 miles to Ellicott City, Md. Aldie Mill gt (Multiple Sites) from its march to Manassas. Sterry is discovered and hanged as a Union spy. on MIDDLEBURG and O ld D Aug. 29 –30 Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). Gen. Pope’s Union army suffers 713 omin ion a decisive defeat but retires across Bull Run in good order. Total casualties exceed 615 Mt. Zion Church Bi D ke 25,000, and the stage is set for Gen. Robert E. Lee’s invasion of . ULLE T S TOLL RD. ra To Route 81 50 Dulles International Airport il 495 123 Sept. 1 Union troops retreating from Second Manassas clash with Stonewall Fort Marcy (5 miles to Front Royal) Delaplane Ewell’s 28 Arlington House, pre-war home Jackson’s in the (Ox Hill). Union Gens. Philip Kearney Rectortown 626 and are killed. 713 Chapel Freeman of Robert E. Lee. Markham Store/Museum Sept. 2 Col. Thomas Munford’s 2nd Virginia Cavalry routs a Federal force composed 710 Fort Ethan Allen WASHINGTON DC of Cole’s Maryland Cavalry and the at Mile Hill, Loudoun County. Piedmont (Ma Fort C.F. Smith nas p RR) 55 Station Oct. 15 The City of Alexandria leases land to the Federal government for 999 years sas Ga Civil War Arlington 15 Sully ARLINGTON for the Alexandria National Cemetery. Fortification National Cemetery/ Plantation Cherry Hill Arlington House Nov. 7 –11 Following the Antietam Campaign, Gen. George B. McClellan is relieved VIENNA Ford’s Theatre from command at Rectortown in Fauquier County and is replaced by Gen. Ambrose FALLS 66 Burnside. McClellan holds his final review of Union troops near Warrenton and 66 Marshall National Historic Site Salem 55 CHURCH departs from Warrenton Junction (Calverton). THE PLAINS Taylor’s Tavern 50 Dec. Confederate cavalry under Gens. Wade Hampton and J.E.B. Stuart conduct Chantilly 50 Freedman’s raids on Union garrisons at Dumfries and Occoquan. Hampton briefly occupies the Fauquier County Court House in Warrenton, August 1862. (Ox Hill Battlefield) Village towns, capturing prisoners, horses, and supplies. FAIRFAX 7 Ronald Reagan 245 29 Washington Fairfax National Airport ★ 186 3 ★ Court House 66 Centreville Feb. Union army bakers in Alexandria set a record by producing 114,500 rations Manassas (Old Stone Church) Fairfax Fort Ward of bread in a single day. National Museum 236 Thoroughfare Gap 55 Battlefield Park Mar. 9 Lt. John S. Mosby and 29 of his Rangers undertake one of the war’s most HAYMARKET 66 ALEXANDRIA daring guerrilla exploits when they slip through Union lines to capture Gen. Edwin St. Mary’s Stoughton at Fairfax Court House. Besides Stoughton, the Rangers escape with Blackburn Ford Fairfax Church 395 32 prisoners and 58 horses, without firing a shot or losing a man. Museum Mitchell’s Station FAUQUIER Ford Mar. 17 Gen. William Averell’s Union cavalry raid Kelly’s Ford on the Rappahan - 15 ANOR DR. Alexandria (M SUDLEY M 95 nock River. Though Averell fails to destroy Confederate Gen. ’s cavalry, 29 Gainesville an McLean National Cemetery as Ben Lomond Lake Union horsemen show growing parity with their Southern counterparts. s House 674 a Manor House FA Accotink 1 s IR Fort FA May 30 Maj. John S. Mosby’s Rangers raid a Union supply train near 17 X Surratt House G 234 MANASSAS C O Foote a U Catlett’s Station. A running battle results in the loss of Mosby’s mountain howitzer. p Battle of Bull Run Bridge/ N Museum 15 T RR PARK Y 29 P ) Conner House K June 8 –9 During a night visit to his wife at the Hathaway House near Salem 234 W

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619 MANASSAS u (Marshall), Mosby narrowly escapes capture by Union cavalry by hiding in a tree. Buckland Liberia e s u M

Races 215 June 10 Maj. Mosby formally musters his Partisan Rangers into Company A, Signal Hill s a s

Bristoe Station S s 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry, near Rector’s Crossroads (Atoka). From 70 men, IG a The N n Battlefield AL RD a HILL M the unit will grow into a full regiment of two battalions. Manassas FAIRFAX

Old Jail e

Park 95 h T

Museum Museum f

June 17 –28 Prior to the , more than 100,000 Federal troops o Brentmoor: The Spilman-Mosby House O C y (Multiple Trail Sites) C s e cross the Potomac River at Edwards Ferry east of Leesburg. O t r

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WARRENTON U C June 19 –21 Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s Confederate cavalry clashes with Gen. Alfred Manassas R I A 211 Warrenton N N Municipal Airport C Pleasonton’s Union cavalry west of Middleburg, at Upperville and Ashby’s Gap near Cemetery Battle of 28 E R W I IL V Paris. Stuart delays Union detection of Gen. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia as it Kettle Run LI 1 619 AM E advances down the toward . PK R Brentsville WY Lorton June 23 Gen. Stuart and Maj. Mosby confer at Rector’s Cross Roads (Atoka). Based 234 on Mosby’s scouting, Stuart leads his cavalry east around the Army of the Potomac, Bacon depriving Gen. Robert E. Lee of valuable intelligence before the Battle of Gettysburg. 3000 Race Occoquan Aug. 28 Governor Francis H. Pierpont and the “Restored Government of Virginia” 15/17 y l move from Wheeling to Alexandria after becomes the 34th Union State. 29 Catlett i m a F

(New Market, 53 miles) l PRINCE l

Oct. 14 Battle of Bristoe Station. Gen. A.P. Hill’s Confederates attack Gen. Gouver - i h

Catlett’s h c

neur K. Warren’s II of the Army of the Potomac as it retires near Broad Run. r u

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The vicious fight results in 1,900 casualties as Hill is repulsed. . 643 R m L u WILLIAM

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R s r u Oct. 19 Gen. Stuart’s Confederate cavalry attacks Union cavalry under Gens. Judson ia a w M

A r o d s U.S. Navy steamer Wyandank engaging H a

Kilpatrick and George A. Custer in a running battle nicknamed the “Buckland s n f s

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a a y Races,” between Chestnut Hill near Warrenton and Buckland Mills in Prince x n Confederate artillery batteries at Freestone Point s a

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u William County. A d on the Potomac River, March 11, 1862.

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Nov. 7 The Army of the Potomac achieves strategic victory over Gen. Lee’s army H e g Flag of the Prince William Cavalry n by crossing the Rappahannock River at Kelly’s Ford and Rappahannock Station A a 17 r (Co. A, 4th Virginia Cavalry). (Remington). Confederate forces retire south of the Rapidan River. N 28 (O 234 R E N 610 V 15 Freestone I O 29 R ★ 186 4 ★ Prince William 1 Leesylvania Point C State Park C Warrenton-Fauquier Forest Park A Jan. A hospital for freed slaves is established in Alexandria. L’Overture Hospital K Airport M and Contraband Barracks are later constructed. R O I T Mar.-June The 28th & 29th United States Colored Troops (USCT) are assigned V Dumfries O to the Defenses of Washington at Alexandria. E 619 (Love’s Tavern) R P July 11 –16 Confederate Gen. ’s troops threaten Washington, D.C. Bus. A heavy skirmish occurs at , the northernmost fort in the defenses of 15/29 Washington. Abraham Lincoln becomes the only sitting U.S. president to come under Cockpit fire in battle. Early withdraws his troops and retires through Loudoun County. Rappahannock REMINGTON Point Oct. 5 Mosby’s Rangers attack Federal repair crews on the Station at Salem (Marshall), denying its use to Union forces in the Shenandoah Valley. 15 29 Nov. 6 In retaliation for the execution of seven of his Rangers by Federal cavalry in Front Royal, Col. John S. Mosby orders 27 Union prisoners at Rectortown to draw 674 651 seven lots for their own execution. 17 miles to Fredericksburg s s e Nov. 28 –Dec. 1 Union Gen. ’s Cavalry division conducts the “Burning r 75 miles to Richmond Kelly’s g n

Raid” in northern Fauquier and Loudoun Counties in reprisal for Mosby’s guerrilla o

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Ford f o activities against Gen. ’s army in the Shenandoah Valley. y r a r b i

Dec. 21 Col. John S. Mosby is wounded by Union cavalry at Lakeland near Rector’s L

e h t Cross Roads (Atoka). Concealing his identity, Mosby is left to die but recovers and 620 f o

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resumes command of his Rangers two months later. s e t 651 r u o ★ ★ C 1865 (Culpeper, 11 miles) U.S. Military Railroad locomotive Firefly , on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad, ca. 1862. April 21 Rather than surrender his command to Union forces, Col. John S. Mosby Virginia Civil War Trails Site disbands the 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry at Salem (Marshall). May 24 Virginia Governor Francis H. Pierpont leaves Alexandria to establish Other Civil War Trails Site executive offices in Richmond. The Kelly’s Ford cavalry clash was marked by fierce hand to hand combat. 15 miles to Fredericksburg Information or Welcome Center July-Oct. The offices of Military Governor and Provost Marshal are abolished 73 miles to Richmond Drawing from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated History of the Civil War . in Alexandria, ending military occupation of the city. State or National Park ★★★★★★★ THE MANASSAS CAM PAIGNS ★★★★★★★ ★★ MOSBY’S CONFEDERACY ★★

he First and Second Battles of son like a stone wall.” Bee’s comment caused his arly in the war, John Singleton Manassas dominated military men to rally on Jackson and gave the Virginian Mosby, a small-town Virginia operations in Northern Virginia the Civil War’s most famous nickname. lawyer with no military back - Tduring the Civil War. Lying mid - Confederate reinforcements arrived on the Eground, became a trusted scout way between Washington, D.C., and the battlefield by train (a first in warfare) from the for Confederate Gen. J.E.B. Stuart. Recog - Shenandoah Valley, Manassas Junction Shenandoah Valley via Piedmont Station (Dela - nizing the potential for partisan warfare was the point where the Orange and plane). Their attack turned an orderly Union behind enemy lines, Mosby gained approval Alexandria and the Manassas Gap rail - retreat into a rout. Federal troops became entan - to raise his own command – the 43rd Battal - roads intersected. As such, Manassas sat gled with civilians who had come from Washington ion, Virginia Cavalry, also called the Parti - astride the only continuous rail connec - to view what many thought would be the war’s san Rangers – and conduct raids in Union- tion between the Federal capital and the only battle. The Confederate army, as exhausted controlled territory. In their most interior of Virginia. and bloodied as their foes, did not pursue the famous raid, Mosby and his men Union Gen. Irvin McDowell left Wash - broken Union force to Washington. slipped into Fairfax Court House, “Mosby’s Death Raffle ,” held near Rectortown ington with 35,000 troops on July 16, 1861, Over the winter of 1861-1862, the Confeder - captured Union Gen. Edwin during the Summer of 1864. to outflank the strong Manassas Junction ates built the world’s first military railroad to Stoughton, and spirited him back defenses and crush a 22,000-man Confed - link Manassas Junction with camps at Centreville to Confederate lines. Although as Mosby’s Confederacy. Besides erate army under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard. seven miles north. Confederate batteries at 1,900 men may have served under disrupting Federal communica - The clash along Bull Run on July 21, Freestone Point and other sites blockaded the Mosby at one time or another, he tions and destroying wagon five miles northwest of Manassas Junction, Potomac. Balloon observations by Thaddeus Lowe usually operated with just a few trains and railroads there, was small by later Civil War standards and other “aeronauts” provided the Union with dozen because they could attack Mosby also organized a four-gun m

and confusing for both sides. Despite this, information on the Confederate positions. In u and disappear quickly. artillery battery that stalled e s u M most Union and Confederate soldiers alike Washington, Gen. George B. McClellan rebuilt the The Rangers operated John S. Mosby Union railroad construction and s a s s a

performed better than expected in their shattered Union force, renamed the Army of the n throughout Northern Virginia but forced the Federals to abandon a M

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baptism of fire. During the battle, Confed - Potomac. By March 1862, Confederate commander h especially in the area bounded by Snickers - the Manassas Gap Railroad line that sup - T

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erate Gen. Barnard Bee pointed to the Gen. Joseph Johnston began shifting his forces s ville (now Bluemont), Aldie, White Plains ported the Union army’s campaigns in e t r u o

brigade of Gen. Thomas J. Jackson and south to counter McClellan’s C (The Plains), and Markham. This was known the Shenandoah Valley. Mosby considered cried out to his men, “There stands Jack - against Richmond. Union troops occupied the “Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 186 1.” Color lithograph by Kurz & Allison, 1889. this his most important accomplishment. abandoned Southern defenses at Manassas. (see rear panel for full description) At the end of the war, unable to Union troops in the abandoned Confederate fortifications In late summer 1862, the new Union Army of another Confederate victory. Pope’s army secure a truce for his command, Mosby at Manassas Junction, March 1862. Virginia, commanded by Gen. John Pope, moved narrow ly avoided annihilation in its retreat The Mosby Heritage Area includes assembled his men at Salem (Marshall) on to unite with McClellan’s force along the Rappa - north, stopping Jackson’s pursuit at the Battle part of Prince William County as April 21, 1865. Overcome by emotion, hannock River in central Virginia. Their goal was of Chantilly (Ox Hill) on September 1. well as Loudoun, Fauquier, Clarke, Mosby had his adjutant read his order dis - to destroy the Confederate Army of Northern After Second Manassas, Northern Virginia and Warren Counties. This region banding the Rangers: “I have summoned – Mosby’s Confederacy – afforded

e Virginia, now commanded by Gen. Robert E. Lee. again fell under Union occupation. On October 14, you together for the last time. The vision m t u u t e i s t his Rangers safe houses and the s u

n Stonewall Jackson’s 25,000 men marched rapidly 1863, the two sides fought a short but bloody we cherished as a free and independent I M

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a perfect terrain for daring cavalry raids. Today, this o s t s s i around Pope’s flank, raiding the huge Union battle at Bristoe Station in the aftermath of the a country has vanished, and that country is n H

a beautiful landscape offers visitors distinctive architec - y r M

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i supply base at Manassas Junction on August 26-27. . Once the main theater now the spoil of a conqueror. I disband l h i

T ture, significant historic landmarks, rolling horse farms,

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m Jackson’s isolated force held off repeated Union of battle shifted away from Northern Virginia, your organization in preference to surren - s r and Blue Ridge vistas. Programs, taped tours, and e A t

r . u S . attacks at Groveton on August 28, until joined by military activity in the region focused on raids o dering to our enemies.” U C

other resources can be found on the Mosby Heritage f o

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s the rest of Lee’s army the next day. The Second against Union supply lines by Col. John S. Mosby’s Harper’s Weekly Mosby lived in Warrenton for several e engraving of troops building Area Web site at www.mosbyheritagearea.org, t r u o

C Battle of Manassas, fought August 29-30, was partisan rangers. earthworks by moonlight at Manassas Junction, 1861. or by calling (540) 687-6681. years after the war and is buried there.

★★ DEFENSES OF WASHINGTON ★★ ★ BALLOONS ★ ★★★★★★ CIVILIANS ★★★★★★

ituated on the banks of the Defenses of Washington, consisted of 161 forts n June 5, 1861, Thaddeus Railroads were taken over by the Union army Potomac River, Washington, D.C., and batteries with emplacements for more S.C. Lowe, a 28-year-old and damaged repeatedly by Confederate parti - in early 1861 was better known for than 1,000 guns, making Washington the balloonist, came to Wash - san rangers. Families living in Fairfax, Fauquier, Sits architectural landmarks and most heavily fortified city in the Western Oington to offer his services Loudoun, and Prince William Counties were unpaved streets than its ability to defend Hemisphere. to the U.S. Government. Nearly two directly in the path of ever-changing Union and its perimeters. Only 400 marines stationed The only serious threat to “Mr. Lincoln’s weeks later he made a demonstration Confederate control. In Alexandria and other at the Marine Barracks and 50 ordnance Forts” came on July 11, 1864, when Confeder - ascent in his balloon Enterprise . Union strongholds, citizens were compelled men at the Washington Arsenal comprised ate Gen. Jubal A. Early approached Washing - An accompanying telegrapher sent to take the oath of allegiance to the Union or the slight military presence near the city. ton. He attacked Fort Stevens, the northern - the first aerial message to President risk imprisonment. In April, Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 most fort in Washington. Lincoln himself Abraham Lincoln extolling the 50-mile Edward Carter Turner of The Plains in volunteers to quell the “insurrection” traveled to Fort Stevens, located seven miles bird’s-eye view. Fauquier County noted a typical scene in his brewing in the Southern states and to from the White House, to observe the action. On June 24-25, Lowe made several diary on August 30, 1862, after Second Manassas: protect the capital. This was the only time a U.S. President was ascents from Taylor’s Tavern, a high The fighting portion of the army [Confederate] Refugees following the Union army retreat in August 1862, On May 24, 1861, the date that Virginia under combat fire while in office. On July 14, point in Falls Church at the edge of has passed, but the whole country is swarming ford the Rappahannock River at Rappahannock Station (Remington). The railroad bridge is in the background. left the Union, an estimated 10,000 Federal Early returned to Virginia, ending the threat. Union-controlled territory. This was with stragglers or deserters who are making troops began moving into northern Vir - After Gen. Robert E. Lee’s surrender the first military aerial reconnais - themselves extremely troublesome to the people. ginia to occupy the ridge line overlooking at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, sance in American history. His success Our yards are crowded with them all day and the the capital. They seized port facilities and the forts in the Washington defenses were led the army to sponsor the construc - Mary and Abner Kyle Settle of Mount Bleak Farm barn and stable lofts at night. They are begging the railroad in the City of Alexandria and abandoned. tion of the first military balloon, Union . near Paris typified the civilians whose lives for food of people who have none to give and are immediately began building earthen forts Despite Confederate attempts were torn asunder by the war. insolent and revengeful when disappointed. to serve as supply bases, to protect the The Battle of Fort Stevens, to down the balloons, Lowe made 23 When the war was finally over, Northern bridges into Wash - Defenses of Washington, July 11–12, 1864. tethered ascents from Arlington begin - ivilians in Northern Virginia Virginians began the process of rebuilding their ington and control ning August 28, to observe and map endured the longest military shattered lives and homes. Some, like free black access to the city. Confederate positions in the Falls presence of any area during the farmer James Robinson of Prince William County, After the Church area. On September 24, for CCivil War. Over four years, an successfully obtained compensation from the Union army’s de - the first time, the airborne Lowe used estimated two-thirds of the population U.S. government for property damage suffered feat at the Battle flag signals to direct Union artillery abandoned their homes for points south during the war. Others began from scratch of Bull Run (Man - onto targets in the Falls Church area, and west, or left the country entirely. or left the area forever to start over elsewhere. assas) on July 21, where Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s troops Wilmer McLean, whose farm was overrun Yet within a few short years, Northern Virginia 1861, concern for were celebrating his promotion. On during the First Battle of Manassas in recovered from its war wounds to become a

P the safety of the the 26th, the Confederates withdrew 1861, attempted to avoid the conflict by prosperous agricultural region. B N s sa as capital height - from the area. moving to the interior of the state, only to an M of y tes ened. Construc - Lowe, appointed Chief of the U.S. have his Appomattox home become the ur Co tion began on a Army Aeronautic Corps, eventually con - scene of Lee’s surrender to Grant in 1865. system of fortifi - trolled seven balloons, eight aeronauts, Many who stayed behind saw their Stone House, cations designed and 12 portable generators. Lowe’s homes and farms devastated by both Con - Manassas National Battlefield Park. by the Army Corps balloons were used extensively during federate and Union armies. Crops and live - of Engineers to the 1862 Peninsula Campaign as Gen. stock were confiscated, fields and orchards encircle the city. George B. McClellan marched to the were destroyed, and any buildings left By 1864, the outskirts of Richmond. After being standing were used as military quarters system of forts, replaced as Chief of the Aeronautic and hospitals. Forests were denuded Freedman’s Village, known as the Corps, Lowe resigned on May 8, 1863. of trees for fortifications and firewood. Arlington Heights.

VIRGINIA CIVIL WAR TRAILS Cover: “Battle of Bull Run, ★★ THE CIVIL WAR REVISITED ★★ ★ INVASION! ★ July 21, 1861 .” This color lithograph was published in How to use this Guide 1889 by Kurz & Allison of Chicago as part of a series This guide highlights more than 70 Civil of Civil War scenes. While War sites throughout Northern Virginia. Contact the following for more travel information wartime sketches by Louis Each site allows you to discover the and visitor services along the Trails: Kurz were the basis for epic and heartfelt stories of civilians and some of the images, the lith - soldiers who experienced triumph and Alexandria Convention Fauquier County ographs he produced with tragedy during the war. & Visitor’s Association 1-800-820-1021 his partner Alexander Alli - While visiting this diverse region, 1-800-388-9119 www.visitfauquier.com son are noted more for their explore Civil War sites among Northern color and drama than for www.funside.com Virginia’s cultural centers, conveniently Leesburg their historical accuracy. Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site Stuart’s and Pleasanton’s cavalry clash located adjacent to the monuments and 1-800-877-1758 at Upperville, June 21, 1863. museums of our nation’s capital, or head 1-703-838-4848 www.leesburgva.gov/visitors A P V

, B d N

n west or south and visit sites throughout www.fortward.org s o

Loudoun CVA a s

m fter Confederate Gen. s h a c the rolling farmland, vineyards, and horse farms that surround i Arlington CVS n a R

1-800-752-6118 , . M Robert E. Lee’s stunning

c the region’s genteel estates. Enjoy one of the numerous walking f n o I

y , 1-800-677-6267 www.visitloudoun.org s n e

g victory at Chancellorsville t i tours available in many communities. Shop at an antique or spe - r

BALTIMORE s u e www.stayarlington.com o D

The Manassas Museum System C

n cialty shop, dine in a 19th century tavern or inn, or simply walk in May 1863, he decided to o i t

WASHINGTON, D.C. a Visit Fairfax c i amid the serenity of a preserved battlefield, and let the stories 1-703-368-1873 A The Stonewall Jackson Monument is one n invade the North again. As in 1862, u

m you’ve discovered ignite your imagination as you envision how 1-800-732-4732 www.manassasmuseum.org of the most recognizable features of the m

o when his first incursion ended at C

CHARLESTON y now-peaceful landscapes were once the scenes of the deadliest www.fxva.com Manassas National Battlefield Park. b The Mosby Heritage Area n Antietam Creek in Maryland, he g

RICHMOND i

s battles known to man. e City of Fairfax Museum D

1-540-687-6681

e sought to move the fighting out of

r For more detailed travel information, visit any Virginia u

h & Visitor Center

c www.mosbyheritagearea.org o

r Welcome Center or local Visitor Center, or contact any of the Virginia, feed his troops on Northern B 1-800-545-7950 organizations listed in this guide. For additional Civil War Trails Prince William Co. produce, threaten Washington, D.C., www.fairfaxva.gov Historic Preservation KNOXVILLE information, visit www.civilwartrails.org . defeat the Union army on its own RALEIGH Falls Church Community Center 1-703-792-4754 ground, raise Southern morale, and s

l 1-703-248-5077 www.pwcgov.org i a r aid the Northern peace movement. T

r www.fallschurchva.gov a W

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i Lee sent the infantry to the v

i Kepi worn by E. Elmer Ellsworth, C

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n Fort Ward Museum collection. Shenandoah Valley and ordered Gen. i g r i V

7 Warrenton’s Old Jail, used during the J.E.B. Stuart to screen the march. 0 0 2 War, now houses a museum. A monument

© Union Gen. ’s cavalry to Col. John S. Mosby stands on the lawn. chief, Gen. , first Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Leesburg, Manassas, Fort Ward, Alexandria, once protected fought Stuart’s troopers to a draw Vienna, Warrenton, and Washington during the Civil War. on June 9 at Brandy Station. More the Counties of Arlington, Virginia Civil War Trails is a statewide partner Today the partially reconstructed Union clashes followed, June 17–21, in Fairfax, Fauquier, Loudoun, of the Virginia Sesquicentennial Commission fort is a city-owned museum. and Prince William (www.virginiacivilwar.org) Loudoun and Fauquier Counties at Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville. Travelers enjoy one of the colorful interpretive markers along the trail. Although the Federal cavalry pushed Stuart westward to Ashby’s Gap, he kept Pleasonton from locating Lee’s army. Soon enough, each side would The Civil War Preservation Trust, meet again at Gettysburg. m u

For more information on e with 73,000 members, is America’s s u M other Virginia Civil War largest nonprofit organization s a s

Trails, call toll free: s devoted to saving our endangered a n

a To follow the armies to Gettysburg, M

Civil War battlefields. e h

T call 1-888-248-4597 to request our map-brochure,

f To help, visit www.civilwar.org o

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s Gettysburg: Invasion and Retreat .

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. . r u o 1 88 8 CIVIL WAR C Follow these signs to more than 1,000 Civil War sites.