Objective NCERT GEAR UP BIOLOGY

Altis Vortex New Delhi EDITION : 2018

ISBN :978-81-933919-9-0

BOOK CODE : 1114

Price : Rs. 750/-

Published By:

Altis Vortex (Books & Publications) C-146, Gautam Nagar, Green Park New Delhi - 110049 Ph. No. - 011-26567270

Email : [email protected] Website : www.aim4aiims.in

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All rights will be reserved by Publisher. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the Written permission from author or publisher.

Disclaimer : Every effort has been taken in compiling/editing of the concerned data/informa- tion given in this book in various section, Also the questions in books contain are memory based so it is possible to remain some mistake due to human error if so kindly compare the data with the government publication, journals and notification. PREFACE

It gives me immense pleasure in introducing the book "Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology" which is enriched with unparalleled nature of content & lots of new challenging and innovative questions in every chapter. This book provides a 360° view of NCERT with questions exclusively based on NCERT and previous year's AIIMS & NEET. As the level of Biology is rising in exams, the student really need to cop up with it. This book will help them to meet their expectations. As per the current trend, most of questions asked in AIIMS and NEET are from NCERT Books. Our team tried to justify this objective by developing this book to provide each & every PMT Aspirant an opportunity to read theory and practice MCQs which are directly extracted from NCERT Books. According to me, aspirants should always go antegrade & read authentic theory from NCERT, supplemented by the Crisp Notes of NCERT given in this book for Biology and then should attempt MCQs. This helps in remembering the subject and gives confidence to attempt new questions easily. The goal behind writing this book is to give students a very easy, lucid and palatable material. This wonder book help aspirants to learn and self assess Biology in the most efficient way. This is an endeavor by Aim4AIIMS/NEET, to extend a helping hand to all future Medicos and we hope it serves as a succor for them. The Gear Up Series is a compilation of 3 books, including Physics, Chemistry and Biology, providing you smart methods to prepare for any PMT Exam. It specifies exactly ‘What & How’ to study to clear the Exam. I sincerely hope that this endeavor will be highly beneficial to all the students.

This Book Consists of NCERT Crisp Notes Topic Wise NCERT Based MCQs NCERT Page-wise References of MCQs Image Based Questions Round wise Higher Order MCQs NCERT Exemplar Problems Selected NEET Past Year Questions Trending Assertion & Reason Accurate and Elaborative Explanations Flowcharts and Tables Included AIIMS/NEET Toppers and Faculty Teams have Simplified the NCERT for you so that you can easily get grip on NCERT. We thankfully welcome your queries and suggestions towards its further improvement. Kindly write your reviews to [email protected]

Author Dr. Ajay Mohan AIIMS Delhi ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author expresses his gratitude for the inspiration he has drawn from particular reference to

Dr. Randeep Guleria Dr. Animesh Tripathi Anup Singh Dr. Pious Abraham Director, AIIMS, Delhi Allen Faculty, Kota Sarvottam Faculty, Kota Faculty, Brilliant Pala

Dr. Naveen Mishra Prabhat Kumar Dr. Anup Sinha Dr. Prashant Sharma Goal Institute, Bihar Sr. Faculty Biology Sr. Faculty Biology Allen, Indore

Dr. Manu Kaushal Dr. Amit Bajpai Himanshu Udainiya B.K. Meghwanshi Helix Institute, Chandigarh Meritto, Jaipur Sarvottam, Kota Ex. HOD, Bansal Classes

Dr. Apoorv Singh Amit Dixit Vinod Kumar Surgeon AIIMS, Delhi CAD Tutorial, Kota Altis Vortex

CONTRIBUTORS

Throughout the process of writing this book, many individuals from the community have taken time out to help us out. We’d like to give a special thanks to

Ajay Dogra Anchit Balyan Vipin Kumar Sharma Dr. Nikhil Mehta B.Sc (H) Botany, Editor Biology PG Biochemistry MD, Dermatology Delhi University Altis Vortex Publication Famous you tuber AIIMS, Delhi

Bharti Dhanraj Laxmi Mishra Dr. Hemant Jhajharia Akansha Gupta Reviewer B.Sc Zoology, AIIMS AIR-17 (2015) MSc, Delhi University Delhi University

Dr. Aryan Raj Singh Dr Navsheen Singhal AIIMS AIR-11 (2017) AIIMS AIR-1, 2015 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Ajay Mohan secured 6th position in all India MBBS AIIMS exam in 2011 and is currently pursuing MD Medicine and DM Infectious Medicine from AIIMS New Delhi. A student of India’s finest medical college, Dr. Ajay Mohan always realized the dearth of good and inexpensive medical coaching in the country. In October 2014, he came up with an initiative Aim4AIIMS/NEET to help and mentor medical aspirants achieve their dreams. At the nascent stage, guidance from the team to more than three lakh medical aspirants through Facebook, YouTube, Email, Quora and WhatsApp helped many students crack some toughest medical exams across India. His classes on General Studies for medical entrance witnessed around 2,000 students on an average in a single session. Owing to an increased demand, Dr. Ajay Mohan authored and launched a book ‘Aim4AIIMS MBBS Entrance Exam’ to help medical students sway through General Knowledge and Past Years Questions. Ever since Aim4AIIMS/NEET caught the attention of medical students, the initiative started gathering recognition in media. Leading publications like Press Trust of India (PTI), The Hindu, Hindustan Times, Deccan Chronicle and Dainik Bhaskar wrote about how the initiative is making medical coaching easier and assessable for the aspirants. NDTV anchor Ravish Kumar in his Prime Time applauded the initiative by Dr. Ajay Mohan in giving medical coaching through mobile phone and helping them secure seats in prominent medical colleges. Informative blogs, innovative study material, test series, topper’s videos on YouTube and Facebook group has been encouraged and appreciated by many. Dr. Ajay is also the Co-founder of AIIMS Delhi social service organization ‘AIIMS Parivartan’ and the contributor of book AIIMS Assertion and Reason and Aim4AIIMS Biology Prepguide. "I wanted the aspirants to know that someone is there to guide them. I wanted them to know that they can pour all their problems on us and study without tension. I spent days in writing books on simplifying medical questions and answers using which the students do not have to run from one coaching institute to another. I wanted to break the stigma of failure which a student faces every second of his life. The study pattern should be smooth and should focus on smart study,” says Dr. Ajay Mohan. TESTIMONIES

To become doctor was my childhood dream which came true on 4th June. I really thanks to my elder sister and my brother who helped me a lot in my study. I believe that a thorough & repeated revision of NCERT and solving questions based on NCERT made my rank in NEET & AIIMS Exam. I recommend to all my juniors that they must have complete knowledge of NCERT especially in Biology. I used to read every chapter of Biology line by line and tried to frame questions out of them which helped me a lot in my main exam. Many students says that social media always distract us but for me it was helpful in my preparation. I used to see Toppers interviews which Aim4AIIMS/NEET released from time to time. Those videos gave me great direction on how to prepare, preparation strategy and how to manage time for the real exam. So basically I used social media to keep myself motivated and inspired by AIIMS Toppers. Monthly GK on Aim4AIIMS website helped me in my GK and Reasoning preparation and I also read Aim4AIIMS Assertion & Reason book which helped me to score best in A&R sections of all 3 subjects for my AIIMS Exam. Surprisingly many questions of my NEET & AIIMS paper were direct or indirect replica of the questions practised from Aim4AIIMS/NEET Books

Kalpana Kumari AIR-1, NEET-2018

I am so happy that I secured 9th Rank in AIIMS and 5th Rank in NEET. I want to thanks Dr. Ajay Mohan for his guidance and help during my preparation. I studied to the NCERT and prefer supplement which elaborates the NCERT and questions based on it. So, i will suggest everyone study NCERT. This year I found that 90% to 95% MCQs in biology had been asked in the Exam. So, for Biology NCERT is most important. You need to pay more attention to the language and examples of NCERT because many questions come from these examples. Many aspirants think that NCERT is only important for biology. But it is not true. It is also important for chemistry and physics. NCERT is really important for Surface and state of matter in Physical chemistry. For inorganic chemistry, you need to read every reaction, example and experimental data given in NCERT. So read and analyze line by line and revise repeatedly. Coming to the organic chemistry which was really hard for me personally, for some topics like Environmental Chemistry, Biomolecules, Polymers and Chemistry in Everyday Life, you really need to read NCERT. Solve examples given in the NCERT which would be really helpful for the exam. In Physics, NCERT is very important for A & R questions. Analyze logically to the concepts and solved examples given in the NCERT. At the last, once again I would like to say that “Never ignore NCERT if you really want to secure good Rank”.

ABHISHEK DOGRA AIR-9 AIIMS-2017, AIR-5 NEET-2017

I am really happy that all my hard work has paid off. I would thank my parents for this success as it would not be possible without their support. The Aim4AIIMS initiative proved to be boon to me. It gave me a clear idea of the kind of questions asked in exam. Vashishta Sir and Ansh sir helped me a lot in my preparation. Dr. Ajay Mohan sir's guide to AIIMS preparation really helped me out in the GK section as many as 15 questions could be answered with the information on current affairs in the book and posted on the website. I wish all the AIIMS aspirants good luck for their exam.

SATHVIK REDDY ERLA AIR-1 AIIMS-2016, AIR-20 JIPMER-2016 CONTENTS

Class XI The Living World 1 Biological Classification 17 Plant Kingdom 42 Animal Kingdom 66 Morphology of Flowering Plants 92 Anatomy of Flowering Plants 113 Structural Organization in Animals 136 Cell : The Unit of Life 158 Biomolecules 180 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 198 Transport in Plants 219 Mineral Nutrition 240 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 259 Respiration in Plants 282 Plant Growth and Development 301 Digestion and Absorption 319 Breathing and Exchange of Gases 344 Body Fluids and Circulation 364 Excretory Products and Their Elimination 389 Locomotion and Movement 412 Neural Control and Coordination 432 Chemical Coordination and Integration 455 Class XII Reproduction in Organisms 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 23 Human Reproduction 50 Reproductive Health 77 Principles of Inheritance and Variation 94 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 125 Evolution 155 Human Health and Disease 181 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 207 Microbes in Human Welfare 229 Biotechnology: Principles and Processes 247 Biotechnology and its Applications 271 Organisms and Population 291 Ecosystem 318 Biodiversity and Conservation 342 Environmental Issues 363 CLASS XI 1 The Living World

NCERT Crisp

• Father of Biology and • In animals, this growth is seen only up to a certain age. Zoology : Aristotle • In majority of higher animals and plants, growth and • The Darwin of the 20th reproduction are mutually exclusive events. century : Ernst Mayr • Increase in body mass is considered as growth. • Father of Botany : Theophrastus • In living organisms, growth is from inside. • Father of Plant Physiology : Stephan Hales • Growth cannot be taken as a defining propertyof living Father of Experimental organisms. Genetics : Morgan • In Planaria (flat worms): True regeneration • Father of Mycology : Micheli • The fungi, the filamentous algae, the protonema of • Father of Eugenics : Francis Galton mosses, all easily multiply by fragmentation. • Father of DNA finger • Bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba, reproduction printing : Alec. Jaffery is synonymous with growth, i.e., increase in number of • Father of Indian Ecology : Ramdeo Mishra cells. • Father of Experimental • Reproduction cannot be an all-inclusive defining physiology : Galen characteristic of living organisms. • Father of Indian Mycology : E. J. Butler • No non-living object is capable of reproducing or • Father of Mutation : Hugo de Vries replicating by itself. • Father of Special Creation • The sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring in Theory : Father Suarez our body is metabolism. • Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson • No non-living object exhibits metabolism. • The study of kind of life in outer space is known as • An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside the body of an exobiology. organism, performed in a test tube is neither living nor non-living. • Ernst Mayr pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species. • Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception, isolated metabolic reactions in vitro • Morphological concept of species given by Linnaeus. are not living things but surely living reactions. • Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals • Cellular organization of the body is the defining are twin characteristics of growth. feature of life forms. • A multicellular organism grows by cell division. • The most obvious and technically complicated feature of all • In plants, this growth by cell division occurs living organisms is this ability to sense their surroundings continuously throughout their life span. or environment and respond to these environmental stimuli which could be physical, chemical or biological. 2

• Photoperiod affects reproduction in seasonal breeders. • The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital • Human being is the only organism that is aware of letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. himself, i.e., has self-consciousness. • Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, • Consciousness is the defining property of living organisms. i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form. • Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells but arise as a result of interactions among the • Characterization, identification, classification and constituent cells. nomenclature are the processes that are basic to taxonomy. • The word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’ Biodiversity which means systematic arrangement of organisms. • The number of species that are known and described • Linnaeus used Systema Naturae as the title of his range between 1.7-1.8 million. This refers to biodiversity publication. • Largest group is insecta. • Families are characterized on the basis of both vegetative • Maximum Biodiversity is found in tropical and reproductive features of plant species. Rain forest: • Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are • Around 1500 new species discovered every. included in the order Polemoniales mainly based on the floral characters. Nomenclature • Order Primata comprising monkey, gorilla and gibbon • Binomial nomenclature system given by Carolus is placed in class Mammalia along with order Carnivora Linnaeus. Each name has two components – the generic that includes animals like tiger, cat and dog name and the specific epithet. Taxonomical Hierarchy – As we go from species to organisms, similarities decrease/differences increase. • Tautonyms: If both generic and specific names are same, Species → Genus → Family → Order → Class → these are called tautonyms. Phylum / Division → Kingdom • Nomenclature: Standardize the naming of living organisms Organisms with their Taxonomic categories: ◊ Man: Homo sapiens → Homo → Hominidae → ▪▪ International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Primate → Mammalia → Chordata ▪▪ International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). ◊ Housefly: Musca domestica → Musca → Muscidae → Diptera → Insecta → Arthropoda Rules of Nomenclature ◊ Mango: Mangifera indica → Mangifera → • Biological names are generally in Latin and written Anacardiaceae → Sapindales → Dicotyledonae → in italics. They are latinized or derived from Latin Angiospermae irrespective of their origin. ◊ Wheat: Triticum aestivum → Triticum → Poaceae → • The first word in a biological name represents the genus Poales → Monocotyledonae → Angiospermae while the second component denotes the specific epithet. • Suffixales - is used for order & suffixaceae - is used for • Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten, family. are separately underlined, or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.

Taxonomical Aids

Herbarium Botanical Garden Museum Zoological Parks

Store house of collected Collection of living plants for Collections of preserved Places where wild animals plant specimens that reference. plant and animal specimens are kept in protected envi- are dried, pressed and for study and reference. ronments under human care preserved on sheets. General Sheet size: 29 × Each plant in Botanical Gar- Specimens are preserved in Enable us to learn about 41.5 cm or den indicating its botanical/ the containers or jars in pre- their food habits and be- 16 ½ × 11 ½ Inch scientific name and its family. servative solutions(Forma- havior.

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective lin) The Living World 3 . These provide the . Zoological Parks Zoological found in an area. of species

dry specimens. . collecting, killing killing collecting, Museum too. pair called couplet. pair based on the similarities and dissimilarities. distribution of plants of a given area ” Insects are preserved in insect in preserved are Insects boxes after and pinning birds and like animals Larger mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. haveoften Museums ofcollections of skeletons animals specimens Plant and animal preserved as and are identification of names Largest Largest ) ) one taxon. found in a particular area. Other Taxonomical Aids Taxonomical Other world India geographical area in Flora of British India

on any geographical area Western Ghat and Eastern Himalaya. Western Botanical Garden Botanical same different wrote “ herbarium Garden, Indian Botanical Howrah ( (India) herbarium in Research National Botanical (India). Institute, Lucknow Royal Botanical Gardens Royal Botanical Gardens ( at Kew (England) acceptance of only one and rejection of the other. acceptance of only one and rejection the actual account of habitat in India : Carl Woese, 1990 Carl Woese, information : Contain index to the plant species J. D. Hooker Useful in providing information for Used for identification of plants and animals Used for identification of plants and animals in a Based on the contrasting characters generally Results in Analytical in nature. Contains ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Species inhabiting : Species inhabiting Special type of type Special classification: A.P.de Candolle A.P.de classification: Herbarium is used to protect is used to protect 2 Key Flora Manuals Most diversity rich zone Term domains of Life Three Sympatric Allopatric : Concepts of Hotspots : Norman Myers Monographs HgCl and pests from specimens insects Vasculum: kept. box where plants are • • • • • • 4

Self Assessment Questions

What is Living? [NCERT Pg 3-5] Diversity in Living World [NCERT Pg 6-8]

1. Defining property of living organism? 9. Described biodiversity range? a. Reproduction a. 1.7 - 1.8 million b. 1.1 - 1.8 trillion b. Metabolism c. 1.7 - 1.8 billion d. 17 - 18 billion c. Consciousness 10. ICBN codes for? d. Cell division a. International code for Botanical Nomenclature 2. Which of the following do not reproduces? b. International code for Binomial Nomenclature a. Phytoplankton b. Worker bee c. International code for Botanimal Naming c. Queen bee d. Mycoplasma d. International code for Binomial Naming 3. Isolated metabolism reaction outside the body performed 11. ICZN codes for: in test tube a. International code of zoological Nomenclature b. International code for zoological Naming a. Living c. International coding for zoological Nomenclature b. Non - living d. Inbreeding code for zoological Nomenclature c. Neither living nor Non-living d. Both (a) and (b) 12. Linnaeus used the title for his publication is? a. Systema Naturae 4. Defining feature of life forms? b. Genera Naturae a. Metabolism c. Altis vortex b. Consciousness d. Die Nature lichen pflanzen c. Cellular organization d. All of the above 13. The science of giving names to living beings called a. Nomenclature b. Identification 5. In which organism reproduction can be considered as c. Classification d. Characterization synonymous with growth? 14. Select the correctly written botanical/ zoological name a. Amoeba a. Panthera tigris b. Mangifera indica b. Planaria c. Sativum pisum d. Homo sapiens c. Star fish d. More then one option are correct 15. Biological names, when hand written, should necessary be: 6. The twin characteristics of growth are: a. Underlined b. Bold (antics) a. Increase in number of individuals, increase in mass c. In capital letter d. Italics b. Increase in height and increase in mass c. Increase in molecular weight and increase in mass 16. In binomial nomenclature, the first and second d. Increase in size and decrease in mass components represent: a. Genus and species 7. A living organism is unexceptionally differentiated from b. Genus and class a nonliving structure on the basis of c. Species and genus a. Reproduction d. Kingdom and class b. Growth and movement c. Interaction with environment 17. The main purpose of classification of organisms is to d. Responsiveness a. Study geography b. Locate plants and animals 8. The statement ‘nothing lives forever, yet life continues’ c. Establish relationships amongst organisms illustrates the role of d. Study evolution a. Embryogenesis b. Morphogenesis 18. First book of Botany, Historia Plantarum, was given by: c. Replication a. Theoprastus b. A. P. de Condolle

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective d. Reproduction c. Aristotle d. None of these The Living World 5

bengalensis [NCERT Pg 8-11] [NCERT b. Family d. Species b. Subtribe d. Family b. Allopatric d. Siblings b. Nomenclature Affinities d. , Family : Anacardiaceae, Order : Anacardiaceae, : , Family , Family : Poaceae, Order : Poales, Order : Poaceae, : , Family Poales, Order : Poaceae, : , Family , Family : Poaceae, Order : Sapindales, : Order Poaceae, : Family , is generic name Ficus Triticum Triticum Triticum

Triticum Bengalensis Poales, Class : Monocotyledonae Class : Dicotyledonae Class : Monocotyledonae Class : Monocotyledonae preceding preceding Taxonomic Categories Taxonomic a. Chorology b. Chronology c. Dendrology d. Dendrochronology b. Norman E. Borloug c. Tansley d. None of these a Genera c. Class a. Genus : Genus : b. : Genus c. Genus : d. Tribe a. c. Suborder a. Allochronic c. Sympatric b. The name should be reverse with should be reverse The name b. Linnaeus signifies taxonomist c. Letter L d. between organisms. a. Evolutionary relationship between organisms. b. Breeding relationship between organisms. c. Economic relationship d. None of these a. Rank in classification b. Basic unit of classification c. Both of these d. None of these a. Identification c. Classification de Condolle A.P a. Determination of age by counting growth under: rings falls Which of the following taxonomic categories contains categories taxonomic following of the Which similar to one another? least organisms for is correct combinations following of the Which wheat ? The suffix – inae signifies the rank: geographical areas are called: Species living in different Systematics takes accounts: represents: Taxon is: In taxonomy the first step by: given classification was Term

38. 34. 35. 36. 37. 30. 31. 32. 33. Ficus refers to and living reaction. indica b. Remain unchanged d. Sometimes decreasing b. Principle d. Hypothesis Tyrosine b. d. Glycine b. Euthenics d. Eugenics b. Study of amphibians d. Study of elephants b. Author d. Species b. Darwin Treviranus d. Lamarck and in vivo in vitro in vitro Linn.

L. which of the following is a correct Mangifera indica Nomenclature Nomenclature characterization Nomenclature living Greek word systema Greek word Italic word systema Latin word systema a. Letter L signifies Latin language. a. Letter L c. Classification - Characterization - Identification - d. Nomenclature - Classification - Identification - c. Considered to be d. Considered as non-living reaction a. Identification - Characterization - Classification - b. Characterization - Identification - Classification - a. Occurring in test tube which can be considered as b. Considered to be a. Law Theory c. Aspartic acid a. c. Lysine a. Increasing c. Decreasing a. Anthropology c. Euphenics a. Study of soils c. Study of snakes c. Family Aristotle a. c. John Ray a. b. c. d. English word systema a. Genus bengalensis statement regarding this? The scientific name of banyan is written as Basis of Taxonomy are: Taxonomy Basis of Glucose in taken in test tube and acted upon by acted Glucose in taken in test tube and hexokinase enzyme. Resulting substrate is glucose - 6 - reaction is: This isolated metabolic phosphate. The simplest amino acid is: As we go lower from kingdom to species the number of As we go lower from kingdom to species common characteristics goes on based on his observation made by a scientist prediction A is known as: human environment is: Edaphology is: Term biology was introduced by: biology was introduced Term of improvement Improvement of human race through The word systematics is derived from systematics is derived The word

In

29. 28. 27. 26. 24. 25. 23. 21. 22. 20. 19. 6

39. What is ethnobotany? 48. Species is considered: a. Cultivation of flower yielding plants a. As basic unit of classification b. Use of plants and their parts b. The largest unit of classification c. Relationship between plants and primitive people c. Artificial concept of human mind which cannot be d. Study of soil defined in absolute terms 40. The timing of seasonal activity of plants in relation to d. Real unit of classification devised by taxonomists change in environmental conditions is termed as: Genus [NCERT Pg 9] a. Dendrochronology b. Phenology 49. Genera Plantarum was given by: c. Time lapse a. Bentham Hooker d. Biological clock b. Engler & Prantl 41. In a scientific name, the name of the author is printed in c. A.P de Condole a. Capital letters b. Bold ( antics) d. None of these c. Italics d. Roman 50. Linnaeus put similar species into a larger group called 42. Few rules are written following regarding binomial the nomenclature. Identity the wrong one: a. Species b. Family a. Biological names are latinized and written in italics c. Kingdom d. Genus b. Generic and specific name starts with capital letter 51. In a taxonomic hierarchy, genus is interpolated between c. Generic and specific name when hand written are a. Kingdom and class underlined b. Phylum and order d. All are correct c. Order and species 43. Identity the incorrect statement: d. Family and species a. Class like Mammalia is involved in phylum Chordata 52. The taxonomic category below the lovel of family is b. Order like Insecta is involved in class Mandibulate a. Class b. Species c. Genus like Panthera is involved in family Felidae. c. Phylum d. Genus d. Order like Primata is involved in class Mammalia Family [NCERT Pg 9] 44. Which is not the component of taxonomy? a. Identification b. Responsiveness 53. Die naturlichen pflanzenfamilien was given by. c. Nomenclature d. Classification a. Engler & Prantl 45. Taxonomic hierachy is given following; select the b. Lamarck correct match: c. Curier Taxonomic category Examples d. None of these a. A Sapindales, Insecta 54. Olericulture is cultivation of: a. Flowers b. Vegetables b. B Primata, Diptera c. Fruits d. All the above c. C Musca, Poales 55. Family and order of Triticum aestivum (wheat) are d. D Triticum, Muscidae a. Poaceae, Monocotyledonae b. Poaceae, Poales Species [NCERT Pg 9] c. Poales, Monocotyledonae d. None is correct 46. Which of the following is a species? a. Tamarindus b. Homo 56. Family - order - class of Musca domestica (Housefly) are c. Triticum aestivam d. Indica respectively: a. Muscidae - Insecta - Hymenoptera 47. Which is less general in characters as compared to b. Muscidae - Diptera - Mandibulata genus? c. Hymenoptera - Insecta - Mandibuleta a. Family d. Class d. Muscidae - Diptera - Insecta Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective c. Division d. Species The Living World 7 [NCERT Pg 12] [NCERT 2 [NCERT Pg 11-14] [NCERT [NCERT Pg 11-12] [NCERT d. HgCl b. 6 millions d. 6.5 trillions b. L.A. d. Brazil b. 29 * 40 cm d. 20 * 20 cm b. NAA b. Euphenics d. Euthenics b. Phylum d. Species b. Order d. Family Adolf Meyer b. d. DeCandolle

Herbarium

2 Taxonomical Aids Taxonomical a. 6.5 millions c. 6.5 billions a. Kew c. Johannesburg a. 29 * 41.5 cm c. 30 * 20 cm a. 2 , 4 - D c. CS a. Ethnology c. Eugenics a. Collecting - Killing - Pinning b. Killing - Collecting - Pinning c. Killing - Pinning - Collecting d. None of these a. Order c. Class a. Phylum c. Division Ajay phadke a. b. Henry Santapau c. Har Govind Khorana d. Chanukah a. Curier c. H.J Lam specimens? Largest Herbarium in the world situated in situated in the world Herbarium Largest Herbarium sheet size? is: Pesticide used in the Herbarium improvement the in principles hereditary of Employment of human race is: after: boxes Insects are preserved in insect Garden consists of how many Botanical Royal Which of the following categories possess least number possess the following categories Which of characters? of related Two animals belong to the same kingdom but different They may belong to the same classes. Taxonomy: Father of Indian by The term taxon for plants coined

Botanical Garden and Museum 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 69. 70. 71. 72. ) is: indicates: aceae [NCERT Pg 10] [NCERT b. Phylum d. Kingdom b. H. J. Lam d. Linnaeus b. Genus d. Species d. None of these b. Felis d. None of these Wheat b. d. Corn b. Maize d. Corn b. Species d. Families b. Hominini d. Ceboideae b. Family d. Class [NCERT Pg 10] [NCERT Homo sapiens

Order Order Phylum a. Haeckel c. Eichler a. Families c. Class a. Order c. Family a. Mango c. Maize a. Mango Wheat c. a. Reproductive character b. Floral character c. Evolutionary character d. None of these a. Convolvulaceae b. Solanaceae c. Both of this a. Canis c. Both of these a. Order c. Genera a. Kingdom and class b. Class and order c. Order and genus d. Class and genus a. Hominidae a. Hominidae c. Primata a. Genera c. Order Term phylum was given by: Term When organisms are in the same class but not in same When organisms taxonomic term is called as: the family, related order is The category that includes Poales is the order of Sapindales is the order of Order polyemoniales based on Order polyemoniales based Carnivora includes Order polyemoniales include In a taxonomic hierarchy, family is interpolated between: is interpolated family In a taxonomic hierarchy, Cohort is a group of correlated: The word ending with - The word ending with Family of man ( Family of

68. 66. 67. 64. 65. 63. 62. 61. 59. 60. 58. 57. 8

79. Plant species in botanical gardens are labeled to indicate Zoological Parks [NCERT Pg 13] a. English and local name b. Collectors name 86. First book of Zoology Historia animalicum was given c. Botanical name and family by: d. Family and place of collection a. Aristotle b. Theophrastus c. Carl woese d. Alberto del rio 80. Father of Botany: a. Aristotle b. Theophrastus 87. Father of zoology: c. Lamark d. Whittaker a. Theophrastus b. Aristotle 81. National Botanical Research Institute located in: c. Carl correns d. Von - Tschemark a. Chennai b. Lucknow 88. Not applicable to zoological parks: c. Darjeeling d. Kolkata a. In vivo mode of conservation 82. Rearing of bees is: b. Wild animals are kept under human care a. Horticulture b. Sericulture c. Wild animals are kept in separate enclosures c. Silviculture d. Apiculture d. All are true

83. The collection of preserved plants and animals for study Key [NCERT Pg 13] and reference is called: a. Museum b. Keys 89. Each statement in key is called c. Herbarium d. Flora a. Couplet b. Lead c. Principle d. None of these 84. In museums, larger animals like birds and mammals are: a. Collected, killed and pinned 90. Which of the following provide information of any b. Stuffed and preserved one taxon? c. Preserved in natural habitat a. Manuals b. Monograph d. Both (a) and (b) c. Flora d. Fauna 85. Museums are known to preserve: 91. Providing information for identification of names of a. Insects species found in an area b. Larger animals a. Fauna b. Flora c. Skeleton of animals c. Monograph d. Manuals d. All of these Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective The Living World 9 00 N 410 N 710 N Latitude 16 34 90 448 Ecology evolution Organic E-1 E-2 E-4 E-4 1. 2. 3. 4. Biological name Mangifera indica vulgare Triticum Nicotiana tabacum Solanum tuberosum Solanum melongena 56 105 1400 4. 5. D-2 D-3 D-4 D-4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. D-2 D-2 D-4 D-3 D-4 D-4 D-2 D-1 b. One d. Except two C-4 C-4 C-2 C-4 C-1 C-5 C-3 C-4 Number of types of birds C-2 C-1 C-5 C-5 B-3 B-4 B-2 B-1 B-1 B-1 B-1 B-3 B-5 B-5 B-3 B-2 Place Colombia Common name Tobacco Potato Brinjal Wheat Ernst Haeckel Bateson Biosphere Reserves National Parks Sanctuaries Biodiversity hot spots New York A-3 A-3 A-1 A-4 A-4 A-3 A-1 A-2 Greenland A-3 A-2 A-3 A-1 a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. 1. 2. 3. A. B. C. D. D. E. A. B. C. D. a. All correct a. c. 1 & 2 Match the columns and find out the correct combination: correct the out find and columns the Match Read the following and choose the correct combinations: and choose the correct Read the following Read the following and choose the correct combinations: and choose the correct Read the following

9. 10. 8. Questions Higher Order Order Higher Coined the term Biology Genetics Taxonomy 1. 2. 3. b. Allopatric species b. d. Endemic species b. Botanical gardens keys Taxonomic d. b. Saurology d. Ichthyology Fact Based Round Combination Round Scientist de Candolle A.P. Herbert Spencer Lamarck vegetative parts B. C. A. a. To depict convergent evolution convergent depict To a. clarify relationships among organisms To b. and their traits us remember organisms help To c. identify and name organisms To d. a. Herbarium c. Museum d. They have strong fragrance They have strong d. a. Sympatric species c. Sibling species a. These show a great variety in colour a. b. It can be preserved easily than conservative more are parts Reproductive c. d. Chemical to kill plants a. Herpetology Taxonomy c. a. A garden where medicinal plants are grown garden where medicinal plants A a. plants are grown b. Garden where herbaceous c. Dry garden Read the following and choose the correct combinations: and choose the correct Read the following the following is not a goal of biological classification? The most convenient way for is use feature diagnostic by applying plants and animals easy identification of of Classification systems have Which many of advantages. Which of the following species are restricted to a given Which of the following species are restricted area? For higher plants, flowers are chiefly used as a basis of classification, because: Which one of the following branch is applicable to both Which one of the following branch is applicable plants and animals?

Herbarium is: 7. 5. 6. 4. 3. 2. 1. 10

11. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: criteria provided in ICBN. A. Family 1. nigrum c. Description of any organism should enable the people (in any part of the world) to arrive at the same name. B. Kingdom 2. Polemoniales d. Category denotes rank, and these categories or ranks C. Order 3. Solanum are merely morphological aggregates. D. Species 4. Plantae 16. Incorrect statement are: 5. Solanaceae A. Animals, mammals, dogs, alsatians represent taxa at different levels. a. A-5 B-4 C-2 D-1 B. Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to b. A-4 B-5 C-3 D-2 change its phenotype in response to environment. c. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 C. Nomenclature is only possible when the organism is d. A-3 B-2 C-4 D-5 described correctly. D. In animals, growth is seen only up to a certain age. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: 12. E. Non-living objects also grow if we take increase in A. Couplet 1. Information of any one taxon body mass as a criteria of growth. F. Human being is the only organism who is aware of B. Lead 2. Preserved specimen himself. C. Monograph 3. Specially designed for ready a. C b. B c. A d. Zero reference 17. Read the following statements. D. Manuals 4. Each statement in the key A. Isolated-metabolic reactions in-vitro are living 5. A pair of contrasting characters things. B. Reproduction is synonymous with growth in a. A-5 B-4 C-1 D-3 Chlamydomonas. b. A-4 B-2 C-3 D-1 C. Reproduction is an all inclusive defining c. A-1 B-3 C-2 D-4 characteristic of living organisms. d. A-3 B-1 C-4 D-2 D. Extrinsic growth cannot be taken as defining property of living organisms. Conceptual Round How many of the above statement (s) is/are not true? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four 13. Choose the correct statements from following: A. Taxonomic hierarchy includes seven obligate 18. Consider the following statements and select correct set categories. of option. B. Haeckel introduced the taxon phylum. A. The most obvious and technically complicated C. Three - domain classification was introduced by features are metabolism and consciousness. Carl Woese. B. Growth and reproduction are mutually inclusive events for euglenoids and chrysophytes. a. A & B b. B & C C. Generally, families and orders are identified on the c. A & C d. All basis of aggregates of vegetative characters only. 14. Read the following statements and identify the correct D. Herbarium serves as quick referral system in statements: taxonomical studies. A. Biodiversity refers to the number and types of a. B, C & D b. A, C & D organisms present on earth. c. B & D d. A, B, C & D B. The local names would vary from place to place, 19. Read the following statements. even within a country. A. Manuals are useful in providing information for C. The number of species that are known and described identification of names of species found in an area. range between 1.7-1.8 million. B. Potato and brinjal are related species, which has D. International Code for Botanical Nomenclature more characters in common in comparison to shimla (ICBN) provides scientific names for plants mirch. E. Nomenclature or naming is only possible when the C. CO dissolving in water, a physical process, is a organism is described correctly. 2 catalysed reaction in living systems. a. A and B only b. A, B and C only D. The ribosomes of polysome translate the mRNA c. A, D and C only d. All of these into multiple copies of the same protein. 15. Incorrect statement is: a. A and C are correct a. Naming is only possible when the organism is b. Only B correct described correctly. c. B incorrect Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective b. Scientific names are based on the principles and d. All are correct The Living World 11 E-1 E-3 E-3 E-4 Tuberosum Polymoniales Solanum Plantae Solanaceae 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. D-2 D-1 D-1 D-1 b. Ability to make sound b. b. Flora d. None of these C-5 C-2 C-2 C-2 B-3 B-4 B-5 B-3 Family Kingdom Order Species Genus A-4 A-5 A-4 A-5 degrees A. B. C. D. E. a. b. c. d. a. Growth stimuli c. Reproduction d. Response to external d. Collection of only local plants and animals d. Collection of only a. Monographs c. Both (a) and (b) type same of the material common genetic They have a. but to varying material They share common genetic b. All have common cellular organization c. All of the above d. living organisms? the correct option. Match the following and choose Taxonomic key is one of the taxonomic tools in the in tools taxonomic the of one is key Taxonomic identification and classification of plants and animals. It of: is used in the preparation are linked to one another because: All living organisms Which of the following is a defining characteristic of

10. 7. 8. 9. Problems NCERT Exemplar Exemplar NCERT b. Order d. Family b. — Onae Ae d. — b. Will increase b. Will d. May increase or decrease c. Collection of endemic and exotic living species a. Class c. Division a. Collection of endemic living species only b. Collection of exotic living species only c. Group of closely related species of plants or animals c. Group of closely related species of plants of plants in a given area. group A d. b. Identification and preservation of plants and animals b. Identification and preservation of plants relationship and their c. Diversity of kinds of organisms classification their and, organisms of habitats of Study d. An individual plant or animal a. of plants or animals collection A b. a. — Ales a. — Aceae c. — systems a. Identification and study of organ a. Will decrease a. Will c. Remain same Botanical gardens and Zoological parks have: gardens and Zoological Botanical The taxonomic unit ‘Phylum’ in the classificationanimals of is equivalent to which classification of plants: hierarchical level in Genus represents: ‘family’? refers to: ‘systematics’ The term As we go from species to kingdom in a taxonomic As we go from species of common characteristics: the number hierarchy, Which of the following of category ‘suffixes’ taxonomic a indicates plants in classification used for units of 6. 5. 4. 3. 1. 2. 12

Past Year Questions

1. The label of a herbarium sheet does not carry information c. Herbarium d. Gene pool on: 7. Which arrangement is in correct ascending order? a. Local names a. Species < genus < order < family b. Height of the plant b. Genus < species < family < order c. Date of collection c. Order < family < genus < species d. Name of collector d. Species < genus < family < order 2. Biodiversity of a geographical region represents: 8. ‘Taxon’ is the unit of a group of: a. Genetic diversity present in the dominant species of a. Order b. Taxonomy the region c. Species d. Genes b. Species endemic to the region 9. Sequence of taxonomic categories is: c. Endangered species found in the region a. Class-phylum-tribe-order-family-genus-species d. The diversity in the organisms living in the region b. Division-class-family-tribe-order-genus-species 3. A living organism can be unexceptionally differentiated c. Division-class-order-family-tribe-genus-species from a non-living thing on the basis of its ability for: d. Phylum-order-class-tribe-family-genus-species a. Reproduction 10. The high boiling point of water is advantageous to living b. Growth and movement organisms because c. Responsiveness to touch a. The environment seldom reaches the boiling point of d. Interaction with environment and progressive water. evolution b. Organisms can easily boil off enough water to keep 4. Biosystamatics aims at: themselves cool. c. It allows organisms to spread heat evenly throughout a. The classification of organisms based on broad their bodies. morphological characters. d. Organisms can absorb a great deal of heat before they b. Delimiting various taxa of organisms and establishing reach the boiling point from organisms and population. their relationships. 11. A group of plants or animals with similar traits of any c. The classification of organisms based on their rank is: evolutionary history and establishing their phylogeny a. Species b. Genus on the totality of various parameters from all fields of c. Order d. Taxon studies. d. Identification and arrangement of organisms on the 12. The term “New Systematics” was introduced by: basis of their cytological characteristics. a. Bentham and Hooker b. Linnaeus 5. First life on earth was: c. Julian Huxley a. Cyanobacteria b. Chemohetrotrophs d. A. P. de Candolle c. Autotrophs d. Photoautotrophs 13. Static concept of species was put forward by: 6. Viable material of endangered species can be a. de Candolle b. Linnaeus preserved by: c. Mayr d. Darwin a. Gene bank b. Gene library Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective The Living World 13 A morphology based approach to taxonomy A The biological species concept helps us to helps concept species biological The useful is classification of system Hierarchical where places/institution Museums are Complexity of classification increases from Museums are of different kinds, like art, The concept of biological species focuses our species focuses The concept of biological to taxonomy approach multi-disciplinary A division) (like category larger a of Characters Underlining indicates their Latin origin. Latin their Underlining indicates from kingdom to increase Common characters history, science and general museum which exhibit their which exhibit museum and general science history, material to public awareness. is called ‘alpha taxonomy’ and it is old fashioned. is called ‘alpha taxonomy’ years, as it is favored in recent taxonomy’ ‘omega called excludes morphological features. Assertion: of to reduce the voluminous description in the catalogue organisms. (family and categories for smaller/lower are not repeated order). Assertion: material educational and artistic animal plant, preserved are exhibited to public. species. Assertion: ask how species are formed. attention on the question of how reproductive isolation comes about. Assertion: separately underlined. kingdom to species.

r responses. 9. Assertion: Reason: Reason: 12. Reason: 13. 10. Reason: 11. Reason: Reason: h, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these answering these While and Reason. Assertion as h, printed Reason Assertion & Assertion New names in binomial nomenclature are nomenclature binomial in New names words are both nomenclature, binomial In Chemotaxonomy is classifying organism at organism is classifying Chemotaxonomy phylogenetic give to fails system Natural show as well as internal Living organisms Character of family is more general as is more general of family Character Botanical garden are one of the important Both the words in a biological name when Both the words in a biological This is done to indicate their latin origin. their latin This is done to indicate Living organisms undergo the process known the undergo Living organisms language. Latin is a technical Cytotaxonomy is classifying organism at organism Cytotaxonomy is classifying for or habitat use habit may system Natural Genera aggregates closely related species. closely related Genera aggregates Botanical garden play significant role in These questions consist of two statements eac If both Assertion and Reason are False. Assertion and Reason are If both If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. explanation of the and the Reason is a correct True and Reason are Assertion If both but the Reason is False. True Assertion is If If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. of the explanation but Reason is not a correct True and Reason are Assertion If both as accretion. derived from Latin or are Latinized. classifying organism. external growth. cellular level. relationship. taxonomic aids used in taxonomic studies. identification of plants. molecular level. compared to character of genus. handwritten, are separately underlined or printed in or printed underlined are separately handwritten, italics. D. A. B. C. Assertion: 3. 7. Assertion: 8. Assertion: 6. Assertion: 5. Assertion: 4. Assertion: 2. Assertion: 1. Assertion: questions, you are required to choose any one of the following fou to choose any one of the following questions, you are required Directions: Reason: Reason: Reason: Reason: Reason: Reason: Reason:

14

Answer Key

Self Assessment Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 c b c d a a d d a a a a a a a a c 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 a c d d b a a d d c a c a a a a c 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 d b b d c b d b b b b d d a a d d 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 d a b b d a b c d a c b b a a c a 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 b a b b a a a c a a c b d d a b d 86 87 88 89 90 91 a b a b b d

Higher Order Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 c c c d d a b a a b a a d d d d b 18 19 c d

NCERT Exemplar Problems

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a c c c c c c b d b

Past Year Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 b d a c b a d b c b d c b

Assertion & Reason

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 a b a b d d c a b d d a b

Explanations and NCERT References

Higher Order Questions Taxonomy: Classification of animals and plants. 3. (c) The reproductive structures of flowering plants 1. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 11 are subjected to a much lesser degree of evolutionary 2. (c) Herpetology: study of amphibians. pressure while vegetative characters such as structure, Saurology: study of lizards. size or shape of leaves are often environmentally controlled and extremely variable within a genus or Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective Ichthyology: study of fish science. species. The Living World 15 Solanaceae Plantae Solanum tuberosum — — — Polymoniales — Questions Year Past The herbarium sheets carry a label providing sheets carry a label The herbarium Biodiversity represents total number of species Biodiversity represents total Response to external stimuli or to the environment Response to external NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 10 All living organisms share common genetic material, common genetic share organisms All living Taxonomic Taxonomic keys are tools that help in identification All living things reproduce passing on traits from one from passing on traits things reproduce living All NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 8 of any rank. is a taxonomic group Taxon First living beings were formed in the environment The correct options matching with the columns The correct options matching Gene bank maintains stocks of viable seeds (seed stocks of viable Gene bank maintains To make taxonomic position of a species more of a species position taxonomic make To

Family Kingdom Order Genus — Species Rest of the options are incorrect. Rest of the to make sound are some properties Growth and ability While things. that can also be observed in non-living organisms) under living virus (which is not included also show growth and reproduction. Hence, these options are not true. and frozen germplasm with the whole range of genetic with the and frozen germplasm variability. information about date and place of collection, English, of collection, about date and place information name, etc collector’s local and botanical names, family, 1.7-1.8 There are approximately present on earth. million species present on earth. reproduce. cannot things Non – living next. to generation the absorbed They molecules. organic abundant having and hence for the sake of nutrition materials organic were chemoheterotrophs. culture tissue (orchards), growing plants banks), live endemic living species. endemic living which includes based on the characters, of organism flora. both monograph and i.e., DNA but single with stranded circular DNA variations, while in highly e.g., evolved eukaryotic cells bacteria of plants and animals, have DNA is a long double stranded helix. most important is the lives, an organism in which growth besides organism, living of any characteristic and reproduction. are potato plant of classification taxonomic the represent (d) (b) (c) (c) (b) 7. 8. 9. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. 5. 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)

i.e., ’ which means systematic arrangement of arrangement which means systematic ’ NCERT Exemplar Problems Exemplar NCERT The word systematics is derived from Latin word from Latin is derived The word systematics Lower the taxa, more are the characteristic that the that more are the characteristic Lower the taxa, The goals of classification includes recognition and NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 9 & 14 NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 4, 5 & 7 NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 10 NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 6 NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 13 NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Genus comprises a group of closely related species related group of closely Genus comprises a Botanical gardens and Zoological parks are used to parks are gardens and Zoological Botanical NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 4 & 12 Division includes classes with few similar characters characters similar few with classes includes Division

rank or taxon rank and each Category denotes Endemic species are plants and animals that exist in exist that and animals plants are species Endemic

) Statement A and C are incorrect. An isolated and C are incorrect. A ) Statement Systema Thus, rest of the option are incorrect. generally analytical in nature. generally analytical Key is another taxonomical aid used for identification and similarities the on based animals and plants of contrasting The keys are based on the dissimilarities. Keys are couplet. in a pair called generally characters restore depleted population, reintroduce species, restore depleted and both exotic of wild and restore degraded habitats species of other genera. The other options do not define genus. case in ‘Phylum’ to equivalent is It organism. of group of of animals. which has more characters in common in comparison to in common which has more characters ‘ organisms. members within the taxon share. So, lowest taxon share taxon share. within the members similarities, number of morphological the maximum the towards move we as decrease similarities its while i.e., class, kingdom. higher hierarchy, Reproduction also cannot be an all-inclusive defining characteristic of living organisms. categories are distinct biological entities and not merely categories are distinct biological morphological aggregates. outside the body of an organism, reaction(s) metabolic non-living. nor living is neither tube test a in performed scheme of hierarchical grouping of species. scheme of hierarchical grouping of species. represents a unit of classification. These taxonomic complete description of different species; development of a system for easy identification of variousbasis of resemblance on the relationships establish to species; and differences between organisms; and formulating a a defined geographical location. geographical location. a defined (b (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 1. (a) 6. (a) 5. (d) 4. 18. (c) 19. (d) 16. (d) 17. 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d)

16

precise, the various obligate categories in hierarchical phytochemistry. classification are explained. The correct sequence is: 6. (d) Living organism show internal growth due to addition Division → Class → Order → Family → Genus → of material and formation of cells inside the body. Such Species a method is called intussusception. Non-living things 10. (b) This is one of the reason for organisms being grow due to the addition of similar materials to their homeostatic (constant body temperature). outer surface. The process is called accretion. 11. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 1, Pg. 8 7. (c) Binomial nomenclature is the system of providing 12. (c) The term ‘New Systematics’ was given by Julian organisms with appropriate and distinct names consisting Huxley (1940). Characters of plants collected through of two words, first generic and second specific. The different branches of science are considered, e.g., original names were taken from the Latin language or ecology, physiology, biochemistry, cytology, genetics, are Latinized. This is because Latin language is dead etc. and, therefore; it will not change in form or spelling with passage of time. 13. (b) Carolus Linnaeus introduced Binomial System of Nomenclature in his book Species Plantarum (1753). He 8. (a) Both the words in binomial nomenclature when said that there can be variation within species, but they handwritten are separately underlined. do not change from one species to another. 9. (b) Most common characters among individual members are found in taxon species. Common characters decrease Assertion & Reason from species to kingdom and members of a kingdom have least number of common characters. Similarly, complexity 1. (a) Biological names are generally in latin and written of classification decreases from species to kingdom. in italics, they are latinised or derived from latin irrespective of their origin. When hand written, generic T : Higher the hierarchy, lesser are the C’s and specific epithet both the words in biological name C’s : Common characters and complexity. are separately underlined or printed in italics showing 10. (d) Ernst Mayr defined species as group of potentially their latin origin. interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively 2. (b) Family has a group of related genera with still less isolated from other groups. This focuses our attention on number of similarities as compared to genus and species. how this isolation arise. So character of family is more general as compared to 11. (d) Alpha taxonomy is based on morphology and omega character of genus. taxonomy brings out toxonomic affinity on the basis of 3. (a) Botanical gardens have collections of living plants. phylogenetic relationships. The latter is more favoured. So, they play significant role in identification of plants 12. (a) Hierarchical classification reduces volume in and thus, used in taxonomical studies. catalogue of plants and animals. It can be illustrated by 4. (b) Cytotaxonomy that is based on cytological an example like Canis familiaris (dog). information like chromosome number, structure, It belongs to the family - Canidae, Genus-Canis is applied behaviour and chemotaxonomy that uses the chemical to wolf and jackal of same family, but these belong to constituents of the plant to resolve confusions, are also different species therefore species have more similarities used by taxonomists these days. than genus but genus has more organisms and vice-versa. 5. (d) Natural classification systems (George Bentham 13. (b) Museums are source of ancient and present and Joseph Dalton Hooker) developed, which were information matter where preserved plants, animals, based on natural affinities among the organisms and artistic and educational material are exhibited for public consider not only the external features, but also internal awareness. Museums can be categorized. features, like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective Biological 2 Classification

NCERT Crisp

Introduction • The kingdoms defined by him includesMonera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Aristotle • The main criteria for classification used by him: • Earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification. ◊ Cell structure, • Used simple morphological characters to classify plants ◊ Thallus organization, into trees, shrubs and herbs. ◊ Mode of nutrition, • Divided animals into two groups, those which had red ◊ Phylogenetic relationships. blood and those that did not. Three Kingdom of Classification: Haeckel (Added new R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom kingdom Protista) Classification. Four Kingdom Classification: Copeland (Added Monera) Table: Characteristics of the five kingdoms Five Kingdoms Characters Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell wall Non-cellulosic (Polysaccha- Present in some Present (without Present Absent ride + amino acid) cellulose) (cellulose) Nuclear membrane Absent Present Present Present Present Body organization Cellular Cellular Multicellular/ Tissue/organ Tissue/organ/ loose tissue organ system Mode of nutrition Autotrophic (chemosynthet- Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic ic and photosynthetic) and (photosynthetic) (saprophytic/ (photosynthetic) (holozoic/ heterotrophic (saprophytic/ and heterotrophic parasitic) sapropytic parasitic) etc.) Earlier classification systems • It also grouped together the unicellular organisms • It included bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, and the multicellular ones, say, for example, ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms under Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together ‘Plants’ (All having cell wall). under algae. • It brought together the prokaryotic bacteria and the blue • The classification did not differentiate between the green algae with other groups which were eukaryotic. heterotrophic group – fungi, and the autotrophic green plants. 18

In Five Kingdom Classification Eubacteria • Kingdom Protista has brought together • They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in Algae wall (polysaccharide and amino acids), and if motile, within Plants and both having cell walls) with a flagellum. Paramoecium and Amoeba (which were earlier placed Ty p e s o f fl a g e l l a t i o n : in the animal kingdom which lack cell wall). ▪▪ Monotrichous : Flagella at one end Kingdom Monera ▪▪ Lophotrichus : Group of flagella atone end • Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera. ▪▪ Amphitrichus : Group of flagella atboth ends • They are the most abundant micro-organisms. ▪▪ Peritrichus : Flagella all over the body

• Rigid cell wall of murein or peptidoglycan. • Cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae/ • Histones are absent. Ribosomes are of 70S type. myxobacteria) have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. • Bacteria occur almost everywhere. Hundreds of bacteria are present in a handful of soil. • Cyanobacteria are unicellular. • They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, • Hormocyst: Thick walled multicellular akinete found deserts, snow and deep oceans where very few other life in blue green algae (Cyanobacteria). forms can survive. • A filament without mucilaginous sheath is called • Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites. trichome, e.g., Nostoc Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on • Colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath. their shape: • They often form algal blooms in polluted water bodies. ▪▪ Spherical Coccus (pl.: cocci) • Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen ▪▪ Rod-shaped Bacillus (pl.: bacilli), in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and ▪▪ Comma-shaped Vibrium (pl.: vibrio) Anabaena. ▪▪ Spiral Spirillum (pl.: spirilla) • Oscillatoria: Shows Pendulum Movement # Wherever is U it means Singular ◊ Chemosynthetic autotrophic • They are very complex in behavior. Show the most • Obtained food by oxidation of inorganic substance. extensive metabolic diversity. • They play a great role in recycling nutrients like • Some bacteria synthesize their own food from inorganic nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur. substrates. ◊ Heterotrophic bacteria Archaebacteria • They are the most abundant in nature. The majority • They live in some of the most harsh habitats. are important decomposers. ▪▪ Halophiles (salty areas): Strictly Anaerobes • They are helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume ▪▪ Thermoacidophiles (hot springs): Aerobic in nature roots, etc. ▪▪ Methanogens (marshy areas): Anaerobic in nature • Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, citrus canker are well • Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a known diseases caused by bacteria. different cell wall structure Branched( chain lipids) and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions. • Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals and also helps in

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective digestion of cellulose. 19

• Bacteria reproduce mainly by fission. tetracycline. • Sometimes, under unfavorable conditions, they produce Kingdom Protista spores. • All single-celled eukaryotes are placed under Protista. Plasmids • It include Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, • Plasmid term given by Lederberg Slime moulds and Protozoans. • Plasmids are extra-chromosomal small, circular double • Members of Protista are primarily aquatic. stranded DNA molecules • This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with • R-factor is type of plasmid which contains genes for plants, animals and fungi. antibiotic resistance. • Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body contains a and • Episomes: When plasmids are integrating into the well defined nucleus other membrane-bound organelles. bacterial DNA chromosomes. Sexual Reproduction in Bacteria • Protists reproduce asexually and sexually by a process involving cell fusion and zygote formation. ▪▪ Conjugation: Direct contact between two cells. Discovered by Lederberg and Tatum. Chrysophytes ▪▪ Transformation: Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. • This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids). ▪▪ Transduction: Transfer of Bacterial DNA with the • They are found in fresh water as well as in marine help of bacteriophage / virus. environments. They are and in water #Transduction was discovered by Zinder and • microscopic float passively currents (plankton). Lederberg. • Most of them are photosynthetic. Gram positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria • In diatoms, the cell walls form two thin overlapping Gram - Positive bacteria Gram - Negative bacteria shells, which fit together as in a soap box. The walls ▪▪ Appears as dark violet or ▪▪ Appears as pink or red- are embedded with silica and thus the walls are purple coloured after Gram coloured after Gram indestructible. staining. staining. • Diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat; this accumulation over billions ▪▪ Have a thick peptidoglycan ▪▪ Have a thin peptidoylycan of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’. layer and lacks lipopolys- layer and an outer accharide. lipopolysaccharide • Being gritty, this soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups. ▪▪ Teichoic acid is present. membrane. ▪▪ Teichoic acid is absent. • Diatoms are the chief ‘producers’ in the oceans.

▪▪ E.g., Streptococcus, Biological Classification Bacillus subtilis ▪▪ E.g., E.coli, Rhizobium Dinoflagellates (Fire algae)

Mycoplasma: Joker of plant Kingdom • These organisms are mostly marine and photosynthetic. • They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending • They are organisms that completely lack a cell wall. on the main pigments present in their cells. • They are the smallest living cells known and can • The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer survive without oxygen. surface. • Many Mycoplasma’s are in animals and pathogenic • Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally plants. and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall • Mycoplasma is insensitive to penicillin but sensitive to plates. 20

• Red dinoflagellateGonyaulax makes the sea appear red • Marine forms have silica shells on their surface. (red tides). • Entamoeba histolytica are endo-parasites. • Toxins released by such large numbers may even kill • Contractile vacuoles are present in Entamoeba but other marine animals such as fishes. absent in Amoeba. Euglenoids ◊ Flagellated protozoan

• Majority of them are fresh water organisms found in • The members of this group are either free-living or stagnant water. parasitic. • Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer • They have flagella. called pellicle which makes their body flexible. • Sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma gambiense. • They have two flagella, a short and a long one. Parasite is transmitted by Tse Tse fly(Glossina) • They are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, • Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala- when deprived of sunlight they behave like heterotrophs azar or black fever, or Dumdum fever caused by by predating on other smaller organisms. Leishmania. • The pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present • Leishmania tropica is causative agent of oriental sore. in higher plants. E.g., Euglena • Surra Disease in cattle, horse, donkey caused by T. evansi Slime Moulds (Slime Fungi) • Chaga’s Disease caused by T. cruzi in man, monkeys, • Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. cat, etc. • The body moves along decaying twigs and leaves • Giardiasis/Diarrhoea also known as Back packer engulfing organic material. disease caused by Giardia intestinalis. • Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation ◊ Ciliated protozoan called plasmodium which may grow and spread over • These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because several feet. of the presence of thousands of cilia. • During unfavorable conditions, the plasmodium • They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores of the cell surface. at their tips. • The coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes The spores • possess true walls. the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet. • They are extremely resistant and survive for many years, Example: Paramoecium even under adverse conditions. The spores are dispersed • Paramoecium respond to electric current. This property by air currents. of Paramoecium is known as galvanotaxis. • Examples: Physarum and Physarella are acellular slime ◊ Sporozoans moulds • This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious Protozoans spore-like stage in their life cycle. • The most notorious is Plasmodium (malarial parasite) • All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering or parasites. effect on human population. • They are believed to be primitive relatives of animals. • Plasmodium is digenetic means required two host: There are four major groups of protozoan. Primary host is Man and secondary host is Female ◊ Amoeboid protozoan Anopheles. • They move and capture their prey by putting out • Final host of malarial parasite is female Anopheles

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective pseudopodia (false feet) as in Amoeba (Fresh Water). mosquito and man is intermediate host. 21

• Plasmodium is intracellular parasite in man. ▪▪ Symbiotic association of fungi with roots called • Schuffner’s dots: Yellow colored excretory granules lichens. formed on the surface of RBC in case of malaria. ▪▪ Symbiotic association of fungi with roots of higher Kingdom Fungi plants (Pinus) as Mycorrhiza. ▪▪ There are two types of mycorrhiza: Endo and • A unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. ectomycorrhiza • Bread develops a mould or orange rots because of fungi. ▪▪ VAM (Vascular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) is an • The common mushroom and toadstools are also fungi. example of endomycorrhiza.

• White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a Reproduction in fungi can take place by parasitic fungus. • Vegetative means – fragmentation, fission and • Unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and budding. beer. • Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or • Wheat rust-causing fungi is Puccinia. sporangiospores or zoospores. • Source of antibiotics: Penicillium. Sexual reproduction • Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and • By oospores, ascospores and basidiospores (BOA). on animals and plants. • The various spores are produced in distinct structures • They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. called fruiting bodies. • In very cold area like freeze, fungi do not grow and it Sexual cycle involves the following three steps: helps to prevent food from going bad due to bacterial or • Plasmogamy: Fusion of protoplasm between two motile fungal infections. or non-motile gametes. • With the exception of yeasts which are unicellular, fungi • Karyogamy: Fusion of two nuclei. are filamentous. • Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores. • Their bodies consist of long, slender thread-like structures called hyphae. ▪▪ In fungi (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes), an • The network of hyphae is known as mycelium. intervening dikaryotic stage (n + n, i.e., two nuclei per cell) occurs; such a condition is called a dikaryon and • Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with the phase is called dikaryophase of fungus. multinucleated cytoplasm – these are called Coenocytic hyphae. ▪▪ Later, the parental nuclei fuse and the cells become diploid. The fungi form fruiting bodies in which The of fungi are composed of and • cell walls chitin reduction division occurs, leading to formation of polysaccharides. haploid spores. Biological Classification • Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic Basis for the division of Fungi matter from dead substrates and hence are called saprophytes. • Morphology of the mycelium • Mode of spore formation • Fruiting bodies Table: Classes of Kingdom Fungi Characteristics Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes (Sac-fungi) (Bracket fungi) (Imperfect fungi) Habitat Found in aquatic habitats, on Saprophytic, Grow in soil, on logs Mostly decomposers, decaying wood in moist and decomposers, parasitic and tree stumps and in some are saprophytes damp places or as obligate or coprophilous living plant bodies as or parasites. parasites on plants (growing on dung) parasites 22

Mycelium Aseptate and coenocytic Branched and septate Branched and septate Branched and septate Reproduction Asexual: Zoospores(motile) Asexual: Sex organs are absent, Reproduce only by or aplanospores (non- Conidiophores- but plasmogamy is asexual spores known motile). conidia produced exog- brought about by fu- as conidia. These spores are enously on the special sion of two vegetative endogenously produced in mycelium or somatic cells of dif- sporangium. Sexual: Ascospores- ferent strains or geno- produced endogenously types. in sac like asci Examples ▪▪ Mucor: Grow on the dung Aspergillus: ▪▪ Agaricus ▪▪ Alternaria, of cats and dogs ▪▪ Produces aflatoxins (mushroom) Colletotrichum and ▪▪ Rhizopus: The bread carcinogenic to hu- ▪▪ Ustilago (smut) Trichoderma. mould mans. ▪▪ Puccinia (rust fun- ▪▪ Red rot of sugarcane ▪▪ Albugo: The parasitic fun- ▪▪ Guinea pig of plant gus) is caused by Colle- gi on mustard kingdom – Aspergil- totrichum ▪▪ Poisonous falcatum lus flavus Mushroom : Amantia Claviceps: ▪▪ Cap mushroom (Co- ▪▪ Alternaria and Trich- ▪▪ The most powerful prinus): Used in oderma are predatory hallucinogen LSD is manufacturing ink. fungus, feed on living worms (Nematodes), produced by Clavi- ▪▪ Bracket ceps purpurea and i.e., Nematophagus Fungi(Fusarium): Fungi. also cause Ergot of grown on rotten rye. wood.

• Clamp connection: It is a small looped hypha which Kingdom Animalia develops at the time of cell division and septa formation in • This kingdom is characterized by heterotrophic dikaryon of basidiomycetous fungus. eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells • Two types of gametes: lack cell walls. • They directly or indirectly depend on plants for food. ◊ Isogamous- Gametes are similar in morphology • They digest their food in an internal cavity and store food ◊ Anisogamous or oogamous - Dissimilar in morphology reserves as glycogen or fat. Their mode of nutrition is holozoic – by ingestion of food. Kingdom Plantae • Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor • Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll- mechanism. containing organisms commonly called plants. • Most of them are capable of locomotion. • A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the • The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and insectivorous plants or parasites. female followed by embryological development. • Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are of insectivorous Viruses plants. • In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker there is no • Cuscuta is an endoparasite. mention of some acellular (non-cellular) organisms like viruses and viroids, and lichens. • The plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent • The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose. characterized by having an inert crystalline structure • Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases – the diploid outside the living cell. Once they infect a cell they take sporophytic and the haploid gametophytic – that alternate over the machinery of the host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host. with each other. This phenomenon is called alternation of generation. • The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective was given by Pasteur. D. J. Ivanowsky (1892). 23

• Bacteriophage was discovered by Towrt and Deherelle. Viroids

Pasteur. D. J. Ivanowsky (1892) • In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent ▪▪ He recognized certain microbes as causal organism of that was smaller than viruses and caused potato spindle the mosaic disease of tobacco. These were found to tuber disease. be smaller than bacteria because they passed through It was found to be a bacteria-proof filters. • free RNA. M.W. Beijerinek (1898) • It lacks the protein coat that is found in viruses, hence the name viroid. ▪▪ He demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants • The RNA of the viroid was of low molecular weight. and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid). Lichens W.M. Stanley (1935) • Lichens are symbiotic associations, i.e., mutually useful ▪▪ He showed that viruses could be crystallized and associations, between algae and fungi. crystals consist largely of proteins. They are inert • The algal component is known as phycobiont outside their specific host cell. (Chlorophyceae) and fungal component as ▪▪ Viruses are obligate parasites. mycobiont (Ascomycetes), which are autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively. • In addition to proteins, viruses also contain genetic material that could be either RNA or DNA. • Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter • No virus contains both RNA and DNA. and absorb mineral nutrients and water for its partner. • A virus is a nucleoprotein and the genetic material is • Lichens are very good pollution indicators – they do not infectious. grow in polluted areas as sensitive to sulphur dioxide. • In general, viruses that infect plants have single stranded Lichens grow on RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single ▪▪ Rocks - Saxicolous or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA. ▪▪ Tree bark - Corticolous • Bacterial viruses or bacteriophage (viruses that infect ▪▪ Soil - Terricolous the bacteria) are usually double stranded DNA viruses. • The protein coat called capsid made of small subunits Exam Oriented Information called capsomeres protects the nucleic acid. • Phylogenetic classification system: Engler and Prantl • These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms. • Die Naturlichen Pflanzen Familien a book: Engler and • Viruses cause diseases like mumps, small pox, herpes, Prantl measles, polio, swine flu, common cold, yellow fever • Word New Systematics: Julian Huxley and influenza. AIDS in humans is also caused by a virus. • Ray fungi are not fungi, it is an eubacteria • In plants, the symptoms can be mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and vein clearing, • Early blight of potato: Alternaria solani Biological Classification dwarfing and stunted growth. • Late blight of potato: Phytopthora infestans ▪▪ Lytic cycle: Host cell die when virus infects host. • Downy mildew: Sclerospora graminicola ▪▪ Lysogenic cycle: In this cycle host is not killed by • Damping off seedlings: Pythium virus. • Cladonia rangifera (Reindeer moss) is a type of lichen • Viruses are used for biological control of pests • Lecanora: Litmus dye obtained population. • Usnea and Cladonia: Useful for preparations of antibiotics. 24

Self Assessment Questions

Classification [NCERT Pg 16-18] d. Nuclear membrane

1. Who divided the animals into 2 groups, those which had Monera [NCERT Pg 18-20] red blood and those that did not? 10. Peptidoglycan / Murein is present in the cell wall of a. Whittaker b. T.O. Diener a. Animals b. Plants c. Aristotle d. W.M. Stanley c. Fungi d. Bacteria 2. Basis of classification according to Whittaker 11. Match the following a. Cell structure b. Mode of reproduction A. Peritrichous 1. One flagella at one end c. Phylogenetic relationship B. Monotrichous 2. Tuft of flagella at one end d. All of these 3. Which of the following shows extensive metabolic C. Amphitrichous 3. Two flagella at one end diversity? D. Lopptrichous 4. Present on entrire surface a. Humans b. Fungi a. A-4 B-2 C-3 D-1 c. Snakes d. Blue - green algae b. A-4 B-3 C-2 D-1 4. Which of the following there is no mention in Whittaker’s c. A-4 B-1 C-3 D-2 classification? d. A-4 B-2 C-1 D-3 a. Virus b. Viroids c. Lichens d. All of these 12. Old name of Blue green algae: a. Cyanobacteria b. Myxophyceae 5. Four kingdom system of classification was proposed by: c. Spectrum algae d. None of these a. Whittaker b. Copeland c. Linnaeus d. Oswald Tippo 13. New name of Blue green algae: a. Chlorella b. Spirulina 6. Which of the following organisms were never included c. Cyanobacteria d. None of these in Protista? a. Bacteria b. Red algae 14. Which of the following found in harsh habitat? c. Slime moulds d. Mosses a. Eubacteria b. Cyanobacteria c. Archaebacteria d. None of these 7. Biochemical resemblances are used in the identification of: 15. Which of the following is aerobic in nature? a. Protistan species b. Moneran species a. Halophiles c. Fungal species d. Higher plants b. Methanogens c. Thermoacidophiles 8. Whittaker is famous for :- d. None of these a. Two kingdom classification b. Four kingdom classification 16. Which of the pigment present in cyanobacteria? c. Five kingdom classification a. Chlorophyll ‘a’ b. Chlorophyll ‘b’ d. Distinguishing in Bacteria & blue gree Algae c. Chlorophyll ‘c’ d. Xanthophylls 9. Which characteristic placed the fungi in a separate 17. Colonies of Eubacteria is surrounded by kingdom? a. Polysaccharide sheath a. Cell wall composition b. Gelatinous sheath b. Cell wall structure c. Mucous sheath

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective c. Nutrition d. None of these 25

18. Which of the following shows pendulum movement and d. Cellulose fix atmospheric nitrogen? 29. Which one of the following sets includes the bacterial a. Nostoc b. Anabaena diseases? c. Oscillatoria d. Rhodospirillum a. Diptheria, Leprosy, Plague 19. Which of these is a bacterial disease? b. Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Measles a. Chlorella b. Measles c. Malaria, Mumps, Poliomyelitis c. Citrus canker d. Both (a) & (c) d. Cholera, Typhoid, Mumps 20. Who is the Joker of plant kingdom? 30. The folds of plasma membrane in bacterial cells are a. Mycoplasma b. Chlorella known as: c. Chlamydomonas d. Spirullina a. Episomes b. Spherosomes 21. Mycoplasma is: c. Mesosomes d. Acrosomes a. Insensitive to penicillin, sensitive to tetracycline 31. A Dutch scientist A.V. Leeuwenhoeck discovered b. Insensitive to tetracycline, sensitive to penicillin bacteria for the first time in: c. Sensitive to both penicillin & tetracycline a. Soil b. Rain water d. None of these c. Air d. Garden soil 22. Plasmids was given by 32. Bacteria responsible for nitrificatin come under the a. Tatum b. Lederberg following groups: c. Zinder d. Griffith a. Bacillus b. Vibrio 23. Which type of plasmid contains Antibiotic resistance c. Coccus d. Spirilla gene? 33. In cyanophyceae, flagella are: a. “R”- factor b. “S”- factor a. Present in zoospores only c. “G” - factor d. “r” - factor b. Present 24. Match the following c. Present in gamete stage only d. Absent A. Conjugation 1. Lederberg & Tatum 34. Bacteria were discovered by: B. Transformation 2. Zinder & Lederberg a. Robert Koch b. A.V. Leeuwenhoek C. Transduction 3. Fredrick Griffith c. Robert Hooke d. Louis Pasteur

a. A-1 B-3 C-2 35. Diphtheria is caused by: a. Diplococcus b. A-3 B-1 C-2 b. Bacillus c. A-2 B-3 C-1 c. Corynebacterium d. A-2 B-1 C-3 d. Vibrio 25. Ray fungi is a/an 36. The main difference in Gram (+)ve and Gram (-)ve a. Eubacteria b. Algae bacteria resides in their: a. Flagella b. Cell membrane

c. Flower d. Fungi Biological Classification c. Cytoplasm d. Cell wall 26. O2 does not evolve in the photosynthesis of a. BGA b. Green algae 37. Currently bacteria are included in: c. Bacteria d. Autotrophic plant a. Thallophyta b. Monera c. Mycota d. Protista 27. Pigment present in cynobacteria is the a. r - phycocyanin 38. An obligate anaerobe is: b. r - phycoerythrin a. Ulothrix b. Methane bacteria c. c - phycocyanin c. Spirogyra d. Onion d. Anthocyanins 39. Bacteria lack alternation of generations because there is: 28. The wall of bacteria consist of a. No exchange of genetic material a. n - acetyl glucosamine b. Distinct chromosomes are absent b. n - acetyl muramic acid c. No conjugation c. Both (a) & (b) d. Neither syngamy nor reduction division 26

40. Endospores develop in: c. Presence of chlorophyll a. Bacillus and Clostridium d. Presence of flagellum b. Saccharomyces and Clostridium c. Mnococcus and Clostridium Protista [NCERT Pg 20-22] d. Mucor and Bacillus 50. Chief producers in oceans are 41. Streptococcus is used in preparation of: a. Diatoms b. Desmids a. Wine b. Cheese c. Archaebacteria d. All of these c. Idli d. Bread 51. Red tides are caused by 42. Match the columns and find the correct answer: a. Red algae b. Brown algae Column I Column II c. Golden algae d. Fire algae A. Streptomyces 1. Food poisoning 52. Acellular slime mould: a. Physarum b. Physarella B. Rhizobium 2. Source antibiotics c. Both of these d. None of these C. Nitrosomonas 3. Nitrogen fixation 53. Primitive relatives of animals: D. Acetobacter 4. Nitrification a. Protozoans b. Bacteria 5. Vinegar synthesis c. Algae d. Humans a. A-2 B-3 C-4 D-5 54. Amoeba is found in: b. A-5 B-2 C-3 D-4 a. Fresh water b. Marine water c. A-2 B-3 C-1 D-5 c. Dirty water d. All of these d. A-4 B-5 C-1 D-3 55. Passive food ingestion in Amoeba is known as a. Import b. Invagination 43. Murein does not occur in the wall of: c. Circumfluence d. Circumvallation a. Blue green algae b. Nostoc c. Eubacteria d. Diatoms 56. Slime mould is characterized by the presence of a. Elaters b. Pseudoelaters 44. Entamoeba coil causes: c. Capillitum d. Capitulum a. None b. Diarrhoea c. Dysentery d. Pyorrhoea 57. When a fresh water protozoan, possessing a contractile vacuole is placed in a glass containing marine water, the 45. Infection of Entamoeba histolytica is prevented by: vacuole will? a. Uncontaminated food a. Disappear b. Increase in number b. Avoiding clothes of patient c. Increase in size d. Decrease in size c. Avoiding kissing d. None of the above 58. Longitudinal binary fission found in a. Euglena b. Plasmodium 46. Recurrence of high temperature in malaria at intervals is c. Planaria d. Paramecium due to completion of: 59. Nutrition in Amoeba is: a. Exoerythrocytic schizogony b. Sporogony a. Holophytic b. Holozoic c. Gamogony c. Parasitic d. Saprobic

d. Erythrocytic schizogony 60. Amoeba secretes digestive enzymes for hydrolysing: a. Protein b. Starch 47. Euglena stores food as: a. Paramylum b. Starch c. Fat d. All the above

c. Fat d. Protein 61. Protists obtain food as: a. Holotrophs 48. Which of the following can be used as bacteriological filter? b. Photosynthesisers a. Cymbella b. Batrachospermum c. Chemosynthesisers c. Oscillatoria d. Gelidium d. Photosynthesisers, symbionts and holotrophs 62. Multiple fission in Plasmodium is: 49. What is not true of Euglena? a. Schizogony b. Sproulation a. Presence of cellulose cell wall Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective c. Gamogamy d. None of the above b. Presence of proteinaceous pellicle 27

63. Entamoeba histolytica excretes through: differentiates to form fruiting bodies bearing spores at a. Food vacuole their tips. This group is b. Contractile vacuole a. Chrysophytes c. General surface b. Dinoflagellates d. Malpighian tubules c. Slime moulds d. Protozoans 64. Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica is: a. Pre-cyst b. Tetranucleate cyst 75. Trichonympha is a symbiont in alimentary canal of: c. Uninucleate cyst d. Trophozoite a. Termite b. Snails c. Hermit Crab d. Earthworm 65. Seeding ponds with Gambusia fish is an example of: a. Parasitism b. Biocontrol Fungi [NCERT Pg 22-24] c. Hyperparasitism d. Both (a) and (b) 76. The members of which of the following are litter 66. Haemozoin formed in malaria is produced by: a. Globin part of haemoglobin decomposers? b. Dead leucocytes a. Deuteromycetes b. Ascomycetes c. Cryptozoites c. Basidiomycetes d. Phycomycetes

d. Heme of haemoglobin 77. Quinine is got from bark of: a. Cinchona officinalis 67. Spraying kerosene on stagnant water shall kill Anopheles due to: b. Ferula asafoetida a. Burning of body wall c. Curcuma domestica b. Prevention of spiracle to come in contact with air d. Atropa belladona

c. Diffusion into body 78. Match The following: d. Entry into and blocking of respiratory tract A. Leishmania donovani 1. Malaria 68. What is not connected with reproduction of protozoans? B. Wuchereria bancrofti 2. Amoebiasis a. Cryptogamy b. Autogamy c. Schizogamy d. Conjugation C. Trypanosoma gambiense 3. Kalaazar D. Entamoeba histolytica 4. Sleeping sickness 69. Certain stages of Plasmodium vivax may survive for a long time in liver of man in dormant state. On reactivation 5. Filariasis they enter into cycle, this stage is known as: a. A-3 B-4 C-5 D-1 a. Exoerythocytic schizogony b. A-3 B-5 C-2 D-1 b. Cycle of Ross c. Gametogony c. A-4 B-3 C-2 D-1 d. Erythrocytic schizogony d. A-3 B-5 C-4 D-2 70. Malarial parasite is: 79. From which of the following most of the antibiotics are a. Polygenetic b. Monogenetic prepared? c. Digenetic d. Monomorphic a. Fungi b. Plants 71. A protein rich layer which makes the body of Euglenoids c. Actinomycetes d. Archaebacteria Biological Classification flexible is called 80. Saprolegnea belongs to: a. Pellicle b. Murein a. Phycomycetes b. Ascomycetes c. Cellulose plate d. Pseudopodia c. Basidiomycetes d. Deuteromycetes 72. Leishmania tropica produces: 81. White lust of crucifer is caused by: a. Oriental sores b. Kala-azar a. Albugo candida b. Alterneria solani c. Dysentery d. Sleeping sickness c. Rhizopus d. Mucor 73. Trypanosoma brucei produces: 82. Truffels are the member of class: a. A disease of animals a. Basidiomycetes b. Ascomycetes b. Kala-azar c. Deuteromycetes d. Phycomycetes c. Dysentery d. Sleeping sickness 83. Primary host of Puccinia fungi: a. Wheat b. Barley 74. During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium c. Rye d. Musturd 28

84. Drosophila of the plant kingdom is: Virus, Viroids and Lichens [NCERT Pg 25-27] a. Alternaria b. Aspergillus c. Neurospora d. Albugo 94. In plants, mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing of plant parts, vein clearing, dwarfing and 85. Ergot of rye is caused by: stunted growth, necrosis, etc., are the symptoms of a. Claviceps b. Phytophthora a. Bacterial diseases c. Puccinia d. Ustilago b. Mycoplasmal diseases 86. Coenocytic hyphae is found in: c. Viral diseases a. Rhizopus b. Mucor d. Fungal diseases c. Saprolignia d. All of the above 95. Virion is 87. Dolipore septum is the characteristics of: a. Nucleic acid of virus a. Myxomycetes b. Antiviral agent b. Basidiomycetes c. Protein of virus c. Ascomycetes d. Completely assembled virus outside host d. Phycomycetes 96. Virus could be crystallized and crystals consist largely of proteins. This was shown by Kingdom Plantae [NCERT Pg 25] a. W. M. Stanley b. M. W. Stanley c. W. M. John d. None of these 88. Which of the following is irrelavent to the kingdom Plantae? 97. Viruses are a. Spirogyra b. Rhizopus a. Obligative parasite c. Funaria d. Cycas b. Facultative c. Either facultative or obligative 89. Considering two-kingdom classification system, the d. None of these organisms that are included in kingdom Plantae are a. Volvox, Amoeba and Paramecium 98. Those viruses infect plants have which type of genetic material? b. Golgi bodies, algae and fungi a. Single stranded DNA c. Amoeba, bacteria and fungi b. Single stranded RNA d. Fungi, bacteria and algae c. Double stranded RNA 90. According to two-kingdom classification, the kingdom d. Double stranded DNA Plantae consists of 99. Viruses that infect animals have which type of genetic a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs material? c. Mesotrophs d. Chemotrophs a. Either single or double stranded RNA 91. Cell wall of kingdom Plantae organisms is made up of b. Either single/double stranded RNA or double stranded a. Chitin b. Cellulose DNA. c. Polysaccharides d. Lipids c. Single stranded DNA d. None of these Kingdom Animalia [NCERT Pg 25] 100. Genetic material of bacteriophage 92. Kingdom Animalia is characterized by a. Double stranded DNA a. Unicellular, prokaryotic and autotrophic b. Single stranded RNA b. Multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic c. Double stranded RNA c. Multicellular, prokaryotic and saprophytic d. Single stranded DNA d. Unicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic 101. Viroid was discovered by a. Ernst Mayr b. Norman E. Borlaug 93. Which of the following is true for Kingdom Animalia? c. T. O. Diener d. None of these a. Cell wall are present in animal cell. b. Their mode of nutrition is holozoic. 102. Lichens are very good pollution indicator because they c. They do not follow a definite growth pattern. are sensitive to d. All of them are capable of locomotion. a. Sulfur trioxide b. Sulfur dioxide c. Carbon dioxide d. Global warming Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 29

103. Match the following 113. Find the correct matches: A. Saxicolous lichen 1. Grows on tree bark List I List II B. Corticolous lichen 2. Grows on soil A. M13 bacteriophase 1. dsRNA C. Terricolous lichen 3. Grows on rock B. Rice Dwarf Virus 2. ssRNA a. A-3 B-1 C-2 C. Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 3. ssDNA b. A-3 B-2 C-1 D. Polio Virus 4. dsRNA c. A-2 B-3 C-1 a. A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2 d. A-1 B-3 C-2 b. A-2 B-1 C-3 D-4 104. Coliphase ϕ × 174 virus contains: c. A-3 B-4 C-2 D-1 a. Single stranded RNA d. A-3 B-1 C-4 D-2 b. Single stranded DNA 114. Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): c. Double stranded RNA a. Is caused by a variant of common cold virus (Corona d. Double stranded DNA virus) 105. In Rous Sarcoma Virus information flow is: b. Is an acute form of asthma c. Affects non-vegetarians faster than vegetarians a. RNA → cDNA → Protein d. Is caused by a variant of Pneumococcus pneumoniae b. cDNA → RNA → Protein c. RNA → cDNA → Protein 115. Virion is a/an: d. cDNA → Protein → RNA a. Virus b. Enucleated virus c. Prion d. Virus without protein coat 106. Reverse transcriptase is: 116. Potato Spindle Tuber disease is caused due to: a. RNA dependent DNA polymerase a. Viroid b. Virus b. DNA dependent RNA polymerase c. Bacterium d. Nematode c. DNA dependent DNA polymerase d. RNA dependent RNA polymerase 117. The technique of developing pure culture of bacteria was developed by: 107. Tailed bacteriophage is: a. J. Lister b. L. Pasteur a. Motile on surface of plant leaves c. R. Koch d. A.V. Leeuwenhoek b. Actively motile in water 118. The smallest organisms which cause diseases among c. Motile on bacterial surface plants are: d. Nonmotile a. Mycoplasma b. Fungi 108. T-bacteriophages possess: c. Bacteria d. Viruses

a. Rounded shape b. Irregular shape 119. Majority of lichens are made of: c. Tadpole shape d. Rhomboid shape a. Blue-green algae and basidiomycetes b. Brown algae and higher plants 109. Virus was discovered by: c. Red algae and ascomycetes a. Stanley b. Herellel d. Blue-green algae and ascomycetes c. Ivanowski d. Beijerinck Biological Classification 110. Circular single stranded DNA occurs bacteriophage: Image Based Questions a. T , T b. T , ϕ6 2 4 3 120. In a bacteriophage, select the correct information? c. ϕ × 174, M13 d. δ, T5 111. Franklin Conrat demonstrated that RNA is genetic material in: a. HIV b. TMV c. CMV d. Mouse Sarcoma 112. RNA retroviruses have a special enzyme that: a. Transcribles viral RNA to cDNA b. Translates host DNA a. A - Head, B - Neck c. Disintegrates host DNA b. A - Head, D - Sheath d. Polymerises host DNA c. B - Collar, D - Tail fibres d. C - Sheath, A - Collar 30

121. What kind of reproduction is shown in this diagram? 123. Identify the bacterial shape given in the figure.

a. Bacilli b. Cocci c. Spirilla d. Vibrio 124. Name the labeled part of Bacteriophage. Mode of Reproduction Conditions a. Budding Favourable b. Binary fission Favourable c. Spore formation Unfavourable d. Budding Unfavourable

122. Name the virus and identify the correct statement about it: a. Neck b. Sheath c. Coiled circular double stranded DNA d. Collar 125. The given organism belongs to which group?

a. Genetic material is single stranded DNA b. Elongated capsid c. Reverse transcriptase enzyme is present a. Protozoans b. Chrystophytes d. It is an animal virus c. Euglenoids d. Diatoms Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 31

Higher Order Questions

Fact Based Round a. A & C b. B & C c. A & B d. C & D 1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by 11. Toxin is secreted during storage condition by a. Escherichia coli b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa a. Fusarium b. Colletotrichum c. Mycobacterium d. Streptococcus pneumoniae c. Penicillium d. Aspergillus 2. Bacteria with flagella on both sides are 12. VAM are a. Amphitrichous b. Cephalotrichous a. Saprophytic bacteria c. Peritrichous d. Lophotrichous b. Saprophytic fungi 3. Subterranean masses of hyphae which pass the c. Symbiotic fungi unfavourable periods in dormant stage are known as d. Symbiotic bacteria a. Sclerotia b. Mycelium 13. Litmus dye is made from c. Rhizomorph d. Puff balls a. Fungi b. Bacteria 4. In which of the following patterns of viral replication, c. Algae d. Lichens viruses enter a cell, replicate and then cause the cell to 14. Choose the incorrect statement about the given burst, releasing new viruses? organism? a. Lytic b. Lysogenic c. Repreogenic d. Both (a) and (b) 5. Small proteins produced by vertebrate cells naturally in response to viral infections and which inhibit multiplication of viruses are called a. Immunoglobulins b. Interferons c. Antitoxins d. Lipoproteins a. Two, unequal flagella are found 6. Which of the following cannot be grown on artificial b. It dies, when deprived of sunlight culture medium? c. Member of kingdom Protista a. Escherichia coli b. TMV d. Photosynthetic pigments are similar to those of higher c. Aspergillus d. Yeast plants 7. The first life on earth consisted of 15. Which of the following statement is correct w.r.t above a. Provirus b. Protovirus diagram? c. Virus d. Bacteria Biological Classification 8. Sometimes virus attacks a bacterium but none of them dies. The phenomenon is a. Transduction b. Penetration c. Lysogeny d. Adsorption 9. In bacteria, the site for respiratory activity is found in: a. Episome b. Microsome c. Ribosome d. Cell membrane a. ‘A’ is mucilaginous sheath and is also found in 10. Which of the following are absent in Eubacteria Rivularia A. 80S Ribosomes b. ‘A’ is mucilaginous sheath and is also found in B. Cellulosic cell walls Anabaena C. Plasma membrane c. ‘A’ is heterocyst and is also found in methanogens D. Circular dsDNA d. ‘A’ is heterocyst and is also found in Anabaena 32

Combination Round C. Somatogamy 3. Some higher fungi D. Oogamy 4. Algal 16. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: A. Phycomycetes 1. Fungi imperfecti a. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 B. Ascomycetes 2. Club fungi b. A-4 B-2 C-1 D-3 C. Basidiomycetes 3. Algal fungi c. A-1 B-4 C-2 D-3 D. Deuteromycetes 4. Solanum tuberosum d. A-4 B-1 C-2 D-3 a. A-3 B-4 C-1 D-2 Conceptual Round b. A-3 B-4 C-2 D-1 21. Which of the following statement about Mycoplasma is c. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 true? d. A-1 B-4 C-2 D-3 a. They are smallest, disease causing thin walled 17. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: organisms. A. Cleistothecium 1. Saucer-shaped ascocarp b. They differ from viruses in being cellular in organization. c. Insensitive to several antibiotics as they have 70S B. Perithecium 2. Basidiocarp ribosomes. C. Apothecium 3. Flask-shaped ascocarp d. They can survive without photosynthetic pigments D. Puffballs 4. Closed globose ascocarp and genetic material. a. A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2 22. Read the statements (A-D) and select the incorrect ones. A. Though the bacterial cell structure is very simple, b. A-4 B-3 C-2 D-1 they are very complex in behaviour. c. A-3 B-4 C-1 D-2 B. Chrysophytes include diatoms, desmids and d. A-3 B-1 C-2 D-4 dinoflagellates. C. Slime moulds, during suitable conditions, forms 18. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: fruiting bodies. A. Viroid 1. Nucleoprotein D. Lichen, in nature , had two different organisms B. Virus 2. Infectious protein within them. a. A & B b. C & D C. Prion 3. Infectious nucleic acid c. A & D d. B & C D. Virion 4. Infectious viral particle 23. Incorrect statement is: a. A-4 B-1 C-2 D-3 a. Mycoplasma plays a significant role in the evolution b. A-2 B-4 C-1 D-3 of aerobic forms of life. b. Tolypothrix and Aulosera fixes N non-symbiotically c. A-3 B-1 C-2 D-4 2 in rice fields. d. A-4 B-2 C-3 D-1 c. Anabaena, Microcystis and Aphanizomenon are 19. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: known to cause algal blooms. d. Bryophytes (liverworts) are first archegoniates. A. Red rot 1. Ustilago 24. Identify the correct statements from the following. B. Smut 2. Puccinia A. All monerans show non-cellulosic cell walls. C. Rust 3. Colletotrichum B. All protistans show true nucleus. D. Early blight 4. Albugo C. All fungi are plants with cellulosic cell walls. 5. Alternaria D. All protists are autotrophic and all monerans are heterotrophic. a. A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2 a. A & B b. B & D b. A-4 B-3 C-2 D-1 c. B & C d. A & D c. A-3 B-1 C-2 D-5 25. Identify true statements about archaebacteria. d. A-3 B-5 C-2 D-4 A. They can live in harsh habitats. B. Cell walls do not contain peptidoglycon. 20. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: C. Cell membrane contains branched chain lipids. A. Binary fission 1. Bacteria D. Some of them are capable of producing biogas. B. Budding 2. Yeast a. A & B only d. A, B & C only

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective c. B & C only d. All of these 33

NCERT Exemplar Problems

1. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms belong to: 8. Association between mycobiont and phycobiont are a. Monera b. Protista found in: c. Fungi d. Bacteria a. Mycorrhiza b. Root c. Lichens d. BGA 2. The five kingdom classification was proposed by: a. RH Whittaker b. C Linnaeus 9. Difference between virus and viroid is: c. A Roxberg d. Virchow a. Absence of protein coat in viroid but present in virus. b. Presence of low molecular weight RNA in virus but 3. Organisms living in salty areas are called as: absent in viroid. a. Methanogens c. Both (a) and (b) b. Halophiles d. None of the above c. Heliophytes d. Thermoacidophiles 10. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, choose the correct sequence of events. 4. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are a. Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and Meiosis the characteristics of: b. Meiosis, Plasmogamy and Karyogamy a. Monera b. Protista c. Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis c. Fungi d. Slime d. Meiosis, Karyogamy and Plasmogamy 5. An association between roots of higher plants and fungi 11. Viruses are non-cellular organisms, but replicate is called: themselves once they infect the host cell. To which of a. Lichen b. Fern the following kingdom do viruses belong to? c. Mycorrhiza d. BGA a. Monera b. Protista c. Fungi d. None of these 6. A dikaryon is formed when: a. Meiosis is arrested 12. Members of phycomycetes are found in: b. The two haploid cells do not fuse immediately A. Aquatic habitats c. Cytoplasm does not fuse B. On decaying wood d. None of the above C. Moist and damp places D. As obligate parasites on plants Contagium vivum fluidum was proposed by: 7. Choose from the following options. a. DJ lvanowsky b. MW Beijernek a. (A) and (D) b. (B) and (C) c. Stanley d. Robert Hook c. (B) and (D) d. All of these Biological Classification 34

Past Year Questions

1. Match c correct option using the codes given below: 8. The imperfect fungi which are decomposer of litter and help in mineral cycling belong to: Column-I Column-II a. Basidiomycetes b. Phycomycetes A. Pistils fused together 1. Gametogenesis c. Ascomycetes d. Deuteromycetes B. Formation of gametes 2. Pistillate 9. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. C. Hyphae of higher 3. Syncarpous Whittaker is not based on: Ascomycetes a. Complexity of body organization D. Unisexual female 4. Dikaryotic b. Presence or absence of a well defined nucleus flower c. Mode of reproduction d. Mode of nutrition a. A-1 B-2 C-4 D-3 10. Archaebacteria differ from Eubacteria in: b. A-3 B-1 C-4 D-2 a. Mode of reproduction c. A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2 b. Cell membrane structure d. A-2 B-1 C-4 D-3 c. Mode of nutrition d. Cell shape 2. One of the major components of cell wall of most fungi 11. Read the following five statements (A - E) and answer as is: a. Chitin b. Peptidoglycan asked next to them. c. Cellulose d. Hemicellulose A. In Equisetum, the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte. 3. A location with luxuriant growth of lichens on the trees B. In Ginkgo male gametophyte is not independent. indicate that the C. The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than a. Location is not polluted that in Polytrichum. b. Trees are very healthy D. Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous. c. Trees are heavily infested E. The spores of slime molds lack cell walls. d. Location is highly polluted How many of the above statements are correct? 4. Male gametes are flagellated in: a. Ectocarpus b. Spirogyra a. Two b. Three c. Polysiphonia d. Anabaena c. Four d. One 5. Which one of the following matches is correct? 12. How many organisms in the list given below are autotrophs? Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, a. Mucor Reproduction Ascomycetes by Conjugation Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Saccharomyces, b. Agaricus Parasitic fungus Basidiomycetes Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolfia: a. Four b. Five c. Phytophthora Aseptate Basidiomycetes mycelium c. Six d. Three d. Alternaria Sexual Deuteromycetes 13. Nuclear membrane is absent in: reproduction a. Nostoc b. Penicillium absent c. Agaricus d. Volvox 6. True nucleus is absent in: 14. Which is common about Trypanosoma, Noctiluca, a. Vaucheria b. Volvox Monocystis and Giardia? c. Anabaena d. Mucor a. They are all parasites 7. Cell wall is absent in: b. They are all unicellular protists a. Funaria b. Mycoplasma c. They have flagella

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective c. Nostoc d. Aspergillus d. They produce spores 35

15. Auxospores and hormocysts are formed respectively by: c. Ribosome d. Cytoplasm a. Some diatoms and several Cyanobacteria 22. What is true for cyanobacteria? b. Some Cyanobacteria and several diatoms a. Oxygenic with nitrogenase c. Several Cyanobacteria and several diatoms b. Oxygenic without nitrogenase d. Several diatoms and a few Cyanobacteria c. Non oxygenic with nitrogenase 16. Barophilic prokaryotes: d. Non oxygenic without nitrogenase a. Occur in water containing high concentration of 23. Indicator of water pollution: barium hydroxide a. E. Coli b. Chlorella b. Grow slowly in alkaline frozen lakes at high c. Beggiatoa d. Ulothrix altitude c. Grow and multiply in very deep marine 24. Nucleic acid in HIV: sediments a. ssRNA b. dsRNA d. Readily grow and divide in sea water enriched c. ssDNA d. dsDNA with soluble salt of barium. 25. Which of the following survives a temperature of 104°C 17. Phenetic classification of organisms is based on: to 106°C? a. The ancestral lineage of existing organisms a. Marine Archaebacteria b. Dendogram based on DNA characteristics b. Hot water spring thermophiles c. Sexual characteristics c. Seeds of angiosperms d. Observable characteristics of existing organisms d. Eubacteria 18. Viruses are no more “alive” than isolated chromosomes 26. Transduction in bacteria carried out by: because: a. Bacteriophage b. B.G.A. a. They require both RNA and DNA c. Mycoplasma d. Rickettsiae b. They both need food molecules 27. The site of respiration in bacteria is: c. They both require oxygen for respiration a. Ribosome b. Microsome d. Both require the environment of a cell to replicate c. Episome d. Mesosome 19. The chief advantage of encystment to an Amoeba is: 28. Which are the sex organs provided in some bacteria? a. The ability to survive during adverse physical a. Sex pili b. Plasmid conditions c. Circular DNA d. Gametes b. The ability to live for some time without ingesting 29. The tailed bacteriophages are: food a. Motile on surface of bacteria c. Protection from parasites and predators b. Non-motile d. The chance to get rid of accumulated waste products c. Motile onsurface of plant leaves 20. Lipids are insoluble in water because lipids molecules d. Actively motile in water are: 30. The black rust of wheat in a fungal disease caused by: a. Hydrophilic b. Hydrophobic a, Albugo candida c. Neutral d. Zwitter ions b. Puccinia graminis tritici Biological Classification 21. Difference in Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria is due to: c. Melampsora lini a. Cell wall b. Cell membrane d. Claviceps purpurea 36

Assertion & Reason

Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses. A. If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. B. If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False. D. If both Assertion and Reason are False.

1. Assertion: Protozoans are believed to be primitive significantly. relatives of animals. Reason: Anabaena are found in the leaves of Azolla. Reason: All protozoans are heterotrophs usually and 11. Assertion: Archaebacteria are called ancient bacteria. live as predators or parasites. Reason: Archaebacteria are presently living. 2. Assertion: Deuteromycetes are called as fungi imperfect. 12. Assertion: Flagellais 11 (Eleven) stranded in protista. Reason: Only Asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known. Reason: Protista has 9 + 2 arrangement. 3. Assertion: Pili are surface structure of bacteria but not 13. Assertion: Slime moulds lack cell wall. play a role in motility. Reason: In reproductive phase, slime moulds contain Reason: Pili is made up of pilin protein which is non cell wall. contractile. 14. Assertion: Amoeba contains a contractile vacuole. 4. Assertion: Bacteria are the sole members of kingdom Reason: It helps in both digestion and osmoregulation. monera 15. Assertion: Malarial fever appear at merozoite stage of Reason: Bacteria have Eukaryotic cellular organization Plasmodium. only. Reason: The infective stage of Plasmodium is 5. Assertion: Eubacteria photosynthesis is not oxygenic sporozoite. (do not produce oxygen). 16. Assertion: In Paramecium, excess of water is removed Reason: Eubacteria lack PS-II. from the cytoplasm by means of contractile vacuoles. 6. Assertion: Neurospora is called as Drosophila of plant Reason: The contractile vaculoes show osmoregulation. kingdom. 17. Assertion: Euglena is studied as an animal as well as a plant. Reason: Neurospora is used most extensively in Euglena is more an animal than a plant. biochemical and genetic work. Reason: 18. Assertion: Sporozoans may have silica shells on their 7. Assertion: Diatomaceous earth is used in polishing, surface. filteration of oil and syrups. Reason: Shells of sporozoans help in protection from Reason: Diatoms are chief producer in ocean. acidic environment of the host. 8. Assertion: Species is reproductively isolated natural Fungal cellulose or chitin is a polysaccharide. population. 19. Assertion: Reason: It is made of acetyl glucosamine. Reason: Prokaryotes were kept under different species on the basis of reproductive isolation. 20. Assertion: Flagellation is important in classifying Phycomycetes. 9. Assertion: Dinoflagellates show water bloom. Reason: Flagellation differs from class to class. Reason: Dinoflagellates float with the help of stored food. 21. Assertion: “Fungi imperfecti” does not show alternation of generation. 10. Assertion: Azolla increases the production of rice

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective Reason: The diploid phase is only present. 37

Answer Key

Self Assessment Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 c d d d b d b c a d c b c c a a b 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 c d a a b a b a c c c a c b a d b 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 c d b b d a b a d a a d a a a a a 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 a a d a c d a b d d d b b b d d c 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 d c a a a c a a a d a a a b a c a 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 d a b d a b b b c d a a b b a c b 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 a b a a d c c c b a d a a a b a d 120 121 122 123 124 125 c b b a b c

Higher Order Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 c b c a b b b c d c d d d b d b a 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 c c a b d a a d

NCERT Exemplar Problems

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 b a b d c b b c a c d d

Past Year Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Biological Classification b a a a d c b d b b d c a b d a d 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 d a b a a a a b a d a b b

Assertion & Reason

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 a a a c a a b c c a b a b c a b a 18 19 20 21 d a a c 38

Explanations and NCERT References

Self Assessment Questions without destroying it. 9. (d) The site of respiration in prokaryotes such as bacteria 120. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 26, fig 2.6 (b) is cell membrane. The cytoplasm of outer cell membrane 121. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 20, fig 2.3 forms much coiled invaginations called mesosome that 122. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 26, fig 2.6 (a) participates in aerobic respiration. 123. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 18, fig 2.1 10. (c) Eubacteria is characterized by the presence of a rigid cellulosic cell wall and 80S ribosomes. 124. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 26, fig 2.6 (b) 11. (d) Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are 125. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 21, fig 2.4 (b) produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Higher Order Questions Aspergillus parasiticus). 12. (d) VAM: Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) is 1. (c) Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium, the symbiotic association between certain phycomycetes that spread from person to person through microscopic fungi and angiosperm roots. droplets released into the air. 13. (d) The commonly used lichen in making litmus papers 2. (b) Cephalotrichous: a tuft of flagella at one end; is Roccella tinctoria. lophotrichous: group of flagella at one end; amphitrichous: group of flagella at both ends; peritrichous: flagella all 14. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 21, fig 2.4 (a) over the body. 15. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 19, fig 2.2 3. (c) Rhizomorphis a ‘root-like’ or ‘string-like’ elongated 21. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 20 structure of closely packed and interwoven hyphae. 22. (d) Crystophytes includes diatoms and golden algae 4. (a) Difference between Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles (desmids). Slime moulds, during unfavourable conditions, forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle tips. Viral DNA destroys cell Not destroys the cell. DNA, takes over cell 23. (a) Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack a functions and destroys cell wall. They are the smallest living cells known and the cell. can survive without oxygen. The virus replicates and The virus does not produce 24. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 20 & 22 produces progeny phages progeny. 25. (d) NCERT (XI) Ch - 2, Pg. 19 There are symptoms of There are no symptoms of viral infection. viral infection. NCERT Exemplar Problems Virulant viral infection Temperate viral replication takes place takes place. 1. (b) Protista is a group of all unicellular eukaryotic plants and animals. The organisms included in this group are 5. (b) Interferons are signaling proteins secreted by host either photoautotrophs, heterotrophs or parasites. cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. On the other hand, 6. (b) TMV is a kind of virus that cannot grow outside Monera includes prokaryotes like bacteria, unicellular living host. organism. 7. (b) Life is originated from simple, inorganic compounds Fungi are eukaryotic but are mostly multicellular by slow chemical reactions spread over millions and (exception yeast is unicellular). millions of years. In this way, the pre-cellular first 2. (a) RH Whittaker (1969), an American taxonomist, in inhabitants of the earth known as the protoviruses have order to develop phylogenetic classification, divided originated. The present-day viruses are survivors of organism into five kingdoms, i.e., these inhabitants of the earth. (i) Monera (ii) Protista Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 8. (c) In lysogeny, a bacteriophage infects certain bacteria 39

(iii) Fungi (iv) Plantae filterable nature of viruses and one of the founder of virology. (v) Animalia Stanley Miller was a Jewish American chemist Whereas, C Linnaeus developed two kingdom experimented on origin of life. Robert Hooke was the first classification, i.e., to study and record cells using his primitive microscope. (i) kingdom-Plantae (ii) kingdom-Animalia. Robert Hooke was the first to study and record cells using his primitive microscope. and Virchow is associated with the discovery of cell theory. 8. (c) Lichens are dual organisms which has a permanent 3. (b) Halophiles are organisms that live in areas of high symbiotic association of fungus and an alga. The fungal concentration of salts. The name halophiles is originated partner is called mycobiontand the algal partner is called from the Greek word that means ‘salt loving’. phycobiont. Whereas, heliophytes are the plants that grow best in Mycorrhiza is association of fungus with roots, but not sunlight and cannot survive in salty conditions. with an algae, while BGA is blue green alga a member Methanogens are the bacteria that produces methane as of Monera having a prokaryotic cell. a metabolic by products in anaerobic conditions. 9. (a) Virus contains DNA or RNA as genetic material and Thermoacidophiles are archaebacteria striving under a protein coat, whereas viroids have no protein coat but strong acidic environments and high temperatures, but only RNA as their nucleic acid. This is the reason why cannot tolerate high salt concentrations around them. viroids are carried inside viruses. e.g., hepatitis-D is a viroid that is carried in the capsid of hepatitis-B virus. 4. (d) Slime moulds are saprophytic protists, moving along the dead leaves engulfing organic material. These are 10. (c) Plasmogamy means fusion of protoplasm and multinucleated and do not possess cell wall and have karyogamy means fusion of nucleus. These two events naked cytoplasm. lead to the formation of zygote (2n) which is diploid Whereas, monerans are prokaryotes, which include all structure where meiosis takes place. bacteria. These do not contain naked cytoplasm, Protista 11. (d) In five kingdom classification of Whittaker, non- is a group of eukaryotic organisms, that bear a well- cellular organisms like viruses and viroids are not defined membrane around cytoplasm, may be uni- or mentioned. Viruses did not find a place in classification multinucleated and fungi lack naked cytoplasm. Their since they are not truly ‘living’ and hence, they are cell has well developed cell wall made of chitin. considered as non-cellular. 5. (c) Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association of fungus with Monera contains all unicellular prokaryotes called roots of a higher plants like gymnosperms and angiosperms. bacteria in which viruses cannot be included. The fungus is dependent on plants for food and shelter, Protista includes all eukaryotic unicellular plant and while the plants are benefitted by the fungal hyphae as they animals and fungi are heterotrophic /parasitic. Cellular are involved in absorption of water and dissolved minerals organism is devoid of chlorophyll. present in the soil debris and makes it available to the 12. (d) Phycomycetes are the members of fungi that can plants. thrive well on dead and decaying wood as saprophytes. Whereas lichens are the symbiotic association between These prefer to live in moist and damp places and need Biological Classification algae and fungi. Ferns are group of plants, belong to water for the movement of zoospore and sexual gametes. pteridophytes like other vascular plants and BGA is Few members of phycomycetes are obligate parasites blue-green algae with a prokaryotic cell. like Phytophthora infestans causing late blight of potato 6. (b) Dikaryon is a cell containing two nucleus. This and Peronosporaviticola causing downy mildew of results when two somatic cells fuse but their nucleus grapes. does not fuse immediately. Meiosis does not result in such conditions. Past Year Questions 7. (b) MW Beijernek proposed contagiumvivumfluidum 2. (a) The cell wall of fungi is composed of chitin (n-acetyl means contagious living fluid. This phrase was first used glucosamine) and polysaccharides. to describe virus, characteristic in escaping from the 3. (a) Lichens are very good pollution indicators; they do finest mesh available. not grow in polluted areas. DJ lvanowsky was a Russian Botanist who discovered the 40

4. (a) Gametes are pyriform (pear - shaped) and bear two contractile protein hence does not play a role in bacterial laterally attached flagella in phaeophyceae (Brown motility. algae). E.g. Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum 4. (c) Bacteria are prokaryotic organism. Cellular and Fucus. organization of kingdom monera is prokaryotic and 5. (d) Mucor - Phycomycetes bacteria are the sole members of kingdom monera. Agaricus - Non - parasitic fungus 5. (a) Photosystem-II involves the role of oxygen but as Phytophthora - Septate mycelium eubacteria lack PS –II, they do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis. Alternaria - Absence of sexual reproduction (Deuteromycetes) 6. (a) Neurospora belongs to class ascomycetes of kingdom fungi. Neurospora is extensively used in 6. (c) Vaucheria and Volvox are eukaryotes (Plant kingdom) biochemical and genetic work so we call it Drosophila of while Mucor is a fungi (Ascomycetes) is eukaryote but kingdom fungi. Drosophila (fruit fly) in higher organism Anabaena is prokaryotes. is commonly used for genetic work. 7. (b) Mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack cell 7. (b) Diatoms are a major group of algae in chrysophytes wall. They are the smallest living cells known and can and are among the most common types of phytoplankton. survive without oxygen. Diatomaceous earth consists of fossilized remains of 8. (d) Deuteromycetes is an artificial class of fungi which diatoms. It is used in polishing, also as a filtration aid includes all those fungi in which sexual stage is not because it is composed of microscopically small, hollow known. They are commonly known as imperfect fungi. particles and they are gritty soil. 9. (b) Main criteria for classification used by R.H. 8. (c) Prokaryotes were kept under different category on Whittakar are cell structure, Thallus organization, mode basis of cell wall composition and type of cell. of nutrition, reproduction and Phylogenetic relationship. 9. (c) Dinoflagellates have two flagella, one lies longitudinally 10. (b) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a and other transversally in furrow between plates. These different cell wall structure. flagella helps the organism to float or in locomotion. 11. (d) Equisetum: Homosporous pteridophytes 10. (a) Anabaena are photosynthetic autotrophs that can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialized cells called 12. (c) Photosynthetic autotrophs are Nostoc, Porphyra, Wolfia, Chara, Nitrosomonas & Nitrobacter are chemosynthetic. heterocysts. They often form blooms in polluted water bodies. 13. (a) Nuclear membrane is absent in Nostoc (Prokaryote) while remaining three are eukaryotes. 11. (b) Bacteria are classified mainly as Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are true bacteria and 14. (b) They are all unicellular eukaryotes (Protista) archaebacteria are ancient bacteria. They lie under 15. (d) Several diatoms and a few Cyanobacteria conditions similar to those present on Earth at the time of origin of life—high temperature, high salt content, 16. (a) Barophilic prokaryotes are facultatively anaerobic absence of oxygen, acidic pH, etc. bacteria. They grow and multiply in very deep marine sediments. Most basophiles grow better at a pH of 8.5 or 12. (a) Flagella, if present in protista, is 11 stranded with 9 higher. + 2 organisation of microtubules that are composed of a protein named tubulin. Assertion & Reason 13. (b) The vegetative structure of slime moulds is a 1. (a) Protozoans are simpler heterotrophs usually live as multinucleate mass of cytoplasm unbounded by rigid predators parasites; they are called primitive relative of walls, which flows in amoeboid fashion over the substrate. animals. As long as conditions are favourable for vegetative 2. (a) Deuteromycetes are one of the classes of kingdom development, the plasmodium continues to increase fungi. Deuteromycetes are called imperfect fungi. It is in bulk with accompanying repeated nuclear division. simply because the only known mode of reproduction is Fruiting (reproductive phase) occurs when a Plasmodium asexual or vegetative reproduction. migrates to a relatively dry region of the substrate. As this fruiting body develops, small uninucleate sections 3. (a) Pili is composed of a protein pilin which forms the of the plasmodium become surrounded by walls to form

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective surface structure of bacteria. This pilin protein is non- large number of uninucleate spores, borne on the fruiting 41

structure. abilities, it is usually studied as a plant as well as an 14. (c) Contractile vacuole in Amoeba is a single, clear animal. But it is more an animal than plant because of rounded pulsating structure which is filled with a watery (a) The absence of cellulose cell wall overlying the fluid and enclosed by a unit membrane. It helps in the plasma membrane. osmoregulation and excretory activities. (b) Presence of centriole forming blepharoplasts. 15. (a) When the mosquito bites man, sporozoites present in the (c) Reserve food is paramylon which is not a true starch. salivary gland of female Anopheles mosquito are injected into the blood of the man. The erythrocytic schizont gives (d) Response to various stimuli like an animal. rise to merozoites. Malaria fever occurs when schizonts 18. (d) Sporozoans are endoparasites. The body is covered in red blood corpuscles burst and set free their contained with an elastic pellicle or cuticle. merozoites and malarial pigment (haemozoin) in the blood 19. (a) Chitin is the second most abundant organic plasma bursting of shizonts tends to be synchronous as they substance (after cellulose). It is complex carbohydrate all burst at the same time. Haemozoin is said to be toxic of hereropolysaccharide type. In chitin, basic unit is not and so includes high fever and shivering (Haemozoin is an glucose but a nitrogen containing glucose derivative unused hematin, which is produced by the breakdown of known as n-acetyl glucosamine. Chitin is an unbranched haemoglobin). It is yellow brown to blackish in colour. polysaccharide. Monomers are joined together by beta 16. (b) In Paramecium, each contractile vacuole is surrounded 1-4 linkage. by 5 to 12 radial canals (feeding canals). Excess of water is 20. (a) Both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason transferred from the cytoplasm to the radial canal. The latter is a correct explanation of the Assertion. pour water into the contractile vacuole. The contractile vacuole expels water outside the body. Thus the contractile 21. (c) Fungi imperfecti is that group of fungi where only vacuoles and radial canals show osmoregulation. the imperfect stage (asexual stages) is present. The only known method of reproduction is by conidia (asexual 17. (a) Euglena is a typical example of mastigophora. reproduction). As sexual reproduction is absent in this It is phytoflagellate as it possesses both chloroplast group therefore diplophase is also absent. Hence, no and flagella. It is autotrophic in sunlight, but becomes alternation of generation (i.e. alternation of haploid and heterotrophic in dark. Because of its two fold nutritional diploid phase) is shown here. Biological Classification 3 Plant Kingdom

NCERT Crisp

Fungi and members of the Monera and Protista having Chemotaxonomy cell walls have now been excluded from Plantae. So, cyanobacteria that are also referred to as blue green algae • Based on the chemical constituents of the plant to are not ‘algae’ any more. resolve confusions. Artificial Classification System Algae

• By C. Linnaeus • Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, • Artificial systems gave equal weightage to vegetative autotrophic and largely aquatic (both fresh water and and sexual characteristics; this is not acceptable since marine) organisms. we know that often the vegetative characters are more • Some of them also occur in association with fungi easily affected by environment. (lichen) and animals (e.g., on sloth bear). Natural Classification systems ▪▪ Colonial form: Volvox ▪▪ Filamentous forms: Ulothrix and Spirogyra. • George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker. ◊ Filamentous but Branched: Cladophora • Based on natural affinities among the organisms and consider not only the external features, but also internal ◊ Filamentous but Not Branched: Spirogyra and features, like ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and Ulothrix phytochemistry. ▪▪ Unicellular non-motile: Chlorella Phylogenetic Classification Systems ▪▪ Unicellular and Motile: Chlamydomonas • Marine forms such as kelps form massive plant bodies. • Based on evolutionary relationships between the various organisms. • Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation. Each fragment develops into a thallus. Numerical Taxonomy • Asexual reproduction is by the production of different types of spores, the most common being the zoospores. • Also known as Phenetics given by E. Anderson • In sexual reproduction, gametes can be flagellated • Based on all observable characteristics. and similar in size (as in Chlamydomonas) or non- • Number and codes are assigned to all the characters. flagellated (non-motile) but similar in sizes, (as in • Each character is given equal importance and at the same Spirogyra). Such reproduction is called isogamous. time, hundreds of characters can be considered. • Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size, as in some species of Chlamydomonas is termed as anisogamous. Cytotaxonomy • Fusion between one large, non-motile (static) female • Based on cytological information like chromosome gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed number, structure, behavior. oogamous, e.g., Volvox, Fucus. 43

Importance • Branched Brown algae kelps (Macrocystis), which may reach a height of 100 meters. ▪▪ At least 50% of the total carbon dioxide fixation is carried out by algae through photosynthesis. • They possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and xanthophylls. ▪▪ Primary producers of energy-rich compounds, hence forms the basis of the food cycles of all • They vary in colour from olive green to various aquatic animals. shades of brown depending upon the amount of the xanthophylls pigment, fucoxanthin present in them. ▪▪ 70 species of marine algae used as food, e.g., Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum. • Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, which may be ▪▪ Certain marine brown and red algae produce in the form of Laminarin or Mannitol. large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding • The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually substances), e.g., algin (brown algae) and covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of algin. carrageen (red algae). • The protoplast contains, in addition to plastids, a ▪▪ Agar, obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria, is centrally located vacuole and nucleus. used to grow microbes and in preparations of ice- • The plant body is usually attached to the substratum creams and jellies. by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf like ▪▪ Chlorella, a unicellular protein-rich alga, used as photosynthetic organ – the frond. food supplement by space travellers. • Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) • Asexual reproduction, in most brown algae, is by biflagellate zoospores that are pear-shaped and have two • They are usually grass green due to the dominance of unequal laterally attached flagella. pigments chlorophyll a and b. • Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous • The pigments are localized in definite chloroplasts. or oogamous. • The chloroplasts may be discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon-shaped in different species. • Union of gametes may take place in water or within the oogonium (oogamous species). • Most of the members have one or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located in the chloroplasts. Pyrenoids • The gametes are pyriform (pear-shaped) and bear two contain protein besides starch. laterally attached flagella. • Algae may store food in the form of oil droplets. • Examples: Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus • Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose. Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) • Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by fragmentation or by formation of different types of • The members of rhodophyceae are commonly called red spores. Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores algae because of the predominance of the red pigment, produced in zoosporangia. r-phycoerythrin in their body. • Sexual reproduction shows considerable variation in the • Majority of the red algae are marine with greater type and formation of sex cells and it may be isogamous, concentrations found in the warmer areas.

anisogamous or oogamous. Plant Kingdom • Only 50 species are of freshwater. • Examples: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, • They occur in both well-lighted regions close to the Spirogyra & Chara. surface of water and also at great depths in oceans where • Colonies of Volvox is known as coenobium. relatively little light penetrates. Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae) • The red thalli of most of the red algae are multicellular. • The food is stored as floridean starch which is very • The members of phaeophyceae or brown algae are similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure. found primarily in marine habitats. They show great variation in size and form. • Cell wall has cellulose, pectin, polysulphate esters. • Alginic acid is produced by brown alage. • The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation. • Filamentous Brown algae is Ectocarpus. 44

• They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores and Importance sexually by non-motile gametes. ▪▪ Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat • Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied by that have long been used as fuel, and as packing complex post-fertilisation developments. material for trans-shipment of living material • Examples: Polysihonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria and because of their capacity to hold water. Gelidium. ▪▪ Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological Bryophytes importance. • Most primitive non-vascular land plants. ▪▪ They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. • Bryophytes include mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in the hills. ▪▪ Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil ▪▪ Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the erosion. plant kingdom because these plants can live • The bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses. in soil but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. ◊ Liverworts • They usually occur in damp, humid and shaded • The liverworts grow usually in moist, shady habitats localities. such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil, • They play an important role in plant succession on bare and bark of trees and deep in the woods. rocks / soil. • The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid, e.g., • The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than Marchantia & Ricia . that of algae. • The thallus is dorsiventral and closely appressed to the • It is thallus-like and prostrate or erect, and attached to the substrate. substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids. • The leafy members have tiny leaf-like appendages in • They lack true roots, stem or leaves. They may possess two rows on the stem-like structures. root-like, leaf-like or stem-like structures. • Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place • The main plant body of the bryophyte is haploid. by fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma). • It produces gametes, hence is called a gametophyte. • Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which • The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located • The male sex organ is called antheridium. They produce on the thalli. biflagellate antherozoids. • The gemmae become detached from the parent body • The female sex organ called archegonium is flask- and germinate to form new individuals. During sexual shaped and produces a single egg. The antherozoids reproduction, male and female sex organs are produced are released into water where they come in contact with either on the same or on different thalli. The sporophyte archegonium. is differentiated into afoot , seta and capsule. • An antherozoids fuses with the egg to produce the zygote. • After meiosis, spores are produced within the Zygotes do not undergo reduction division immediately. capsule. These spores germinate to form free-living gametophytes. • They produce a multicellular body called a sporophyte. • Example: Marchantia • The sporophyte is not free-living but attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derives nourishment ◊ Mosses from it. • The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the • Some cells of the sporophyte undergo reduction division gametophyte which consists of two stages. (meiosis) to produce haploid spores. These spores • The first stage is the Protonema stage, which develops germinate to produce gametophyte. directly from a spore. It is a creeping, green, branched • Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance and frequently filamentous stage. but some mosses provide food for herbaceous • The second stage is the leafy stage, which develops mammals, birds and other animals. from the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 45

• They consist of upright, slender axes bearing spirally leaf-like appendages called sporophylls. arranged leaves. ▪▪ In some cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact • They are attached to the soil through multicellular and structures called strobili or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum). branched rhizoids. ▪▪ Eustele: Much dissected siphonostele having • Leafy stage bears the sex organs. vascular strands separated apart by parenchyma, • Sex organs are present in same plants, i.e., Monoecious e.g., Equisetum. • Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation ▪▪ Polystelic condition: Presence of more than one and budding in the secondary protonema. stele, e.g., Selaginella • In sexual reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and • The sporangia produce spores by meiosis in spore archegonia are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots. mother cells. • After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, • The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, small consisting of a foot, seta and capsule. but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic • The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. in liverworts. • These gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to • The capsule (semi-parasite) contains spores. Spores grow. are formed after meiosis. • Because of this specific restricted requirement and Capsule has three parts: the need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living ▪▪ Apophysis (Basal Sterile part) pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions. ▪▪ Theca (Middle fertile part containing Spores) • The gametophytes bear male and female sex organs ▪▪ Operculum (Upper part with annulus and 32 called antheridia and archegonia, respectively. peristome teeth in two rows which help in spore dispersal). • Water is required for transfer of antherozoids – the male gametes released from the antheridia, to the mouth • The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore of archegonium. dispersal. • Fusion of male gamete with the egg present in the • Examples: Funaria, Polygonatum, Polytrichum and archegonium result in the formation of zygote. Sphagnum • Zygote there after produces a multicellular well- Pteridophytes differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant phase of the pteridophytes. • The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. • In majority of the pteridophytes all the spores are of similar • Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and as kinds; such plants are called homosporous. soil-binders. • Heterosporous: Produce two kinds of spores, macro • They are also frequently grown as ornamentals. (large) and micro (small) spores Selaginella and Salvinia. • Evolutionarily, they are the first terrestrial plants to • The megaspores and microspores germinate and give possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem. rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively. The female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the • The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places parent sporophytes for variable periods. Plant Kingdom though some may flourish well in sandy-soil conditions. • The development of the zygotes into young embryos • Xylem is without vessels consist of only tracheids and takes place within the female gametophytes. phloem without sieve tubes and companion cells. • This event is a precursor to the seed habit considered an • In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte important step in evolution. which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves. • These organs possess well-differentiated vascular tissues. The pteridophytes are further classified into four classes: ▪▪ Psilopsida (Whisky ferns)-Psilotum Leaves in pteridophyta: ▪▪ Lycopsida (Club mosses) – Selaginella & Lycopodium ▪▪ Small (microphylls) as in Selaginella ▪▪ Sphenopsida (Horse tails or scouring Rush) - Equisetum ▪▪ Large (macrophylls) as in ferns. ▪▪ Pteropsida (Ferns) - Dryopteris, Pteris & Adiantum. • The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended by 46

Smallest Pteridophyte is Azolla. • The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or Largest Pteridophytes is Cyathea (Tall fern). megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or female strobili. Age of pteridophytes : Late Paleozoic era The male or female cones or strobili may be borne: Gymnosperms ▪▪ On the same tree – Pinus. • The gymnosperms (gymnos: naked, sperma: seeds) are ▪▪ On different trees -Cycas plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after • The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of fertilisation. the cells of the nucellus. • The seeds that develop post-fertilisation, are not covered, • The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite i.e., are naked. structure is called an ovule. • Gymnosperms include medium-sized trees or tall trees • The ovules are borne on megasporophylls which may be and shrubs. clustered to form the female cones. • The giant coast redwood tree Sequoia sempervirens is • The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form one of the tallest tree species. four megaspores. • Smallest Gymnosperm: Zamia pygnaea • One of the megaspores enclosed within the megasporangium develops into a multicellular female • The roots are generally tap roots. gametophyte that bears two or more archegonia or female • Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form sex organs. of Mycorrhiza (Pinus) • The multicellular female gametophyte is also retained • Transversely oriented conducting parenchyma tissue of within megasporangium. pine leaf is called transfusion tissue. • Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms • Coralloid roots present in Cycas and are associated the male and the female gametophytes do not have an

with N2- fixing cyanobacteria. independent free-living existence. • The stems are • They remain within the sporangia retained on the ◊ Unbranched - Cycas sporophytes. ◊ Branched - Pinus & Cedrus. • The pollen grain is released from the microsporangium. • They are carried in air currents and come in contact with The leaves are of two types, i.e., • dimorphic. the opening of the ovules borne on megasporophylls. • In Cycas, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years. • The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows towards • The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to withstand archegonia in the ovules and discharges their contents extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. near the mouth of the archegonia. • In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the surface • In some plants vessels are present, e.g., Gnetum, Ephedra, area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to Welwitschia. reduce water loss. • Endosperm of gymnosperm is a haploid gametophytic • The gymnosperms are heterosporous, they produce tissue formed before fertilization. haploid microspores and megaspores. • Pollination in Pinus is anemophilous • The two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia • Wings of pollen grain are help in pollination. that are borne on sporophylls which are arranged spirally along an axis to form lax or compact strobili or cones. • Following fertilisation, zygote develops into an embryo and the ovules into seeds. These seeds are not covered. • The strobili bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called microsporangiate or male strobili. The • Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo microspores develop into a male gametophytic generation which is highly reduced and is confined to only a limited Angiosperms number of cells. • The angiosperms or flowering plants, the pollen grains • The reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain. and ovules are developed in specialized structures called flowers. • The development of pollen grains takes place within the

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective microsporangia. • In angiosperms, the seeds are enclosed by fruits. 47

• The angiosperms are an exceptionally large group of • The polar nuclei eventually fuse to produce a diploid plants occurring in wide range of habitats. secondary nucleus. • Microscopic angiosperm tree: Wolfia • The pollen grains germinate on the stigma and the • Tallest angiosperm tree: Eucalyptus regnans (over 100 resulting pollen tubes grow through the tissues of stigma meters). and style and reach the ovule. ▪▪ They are divided into two classes: the • The pollen tubes enter the embryo-sac where two male dicotyledons and the monocotyledons . gametes are discharged. One of the male gametes fuses ▪▪ The dicotyledons are characterized by having with the egg cell to form a zygote (syngamy). two cotyledons in their seeds while the • The other male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary monocotyledons have only one. nucleus to produce the triploid primary endosperm • The male sex organ in a flower is the stamen. nucleus (PEN). • Each stamen consists of a slender filament with an anther • Because of the involvement of two fusions, this event at the tip. is termed as double fertilisation, an event unique to angiosperms. • The anthers, following meiosis, produce pollen grains. • The zygote develops into an embryo (with one or two • Most reduced male gametophye or minimum no. of cells cotyledons) and the PEN develops into endosperm which in male gametophyte is present in angiosperms.(3-celled provides nourishment to the developing embryo. male gametophyte). • The synergids and antipodals degenerate after fertilisation. • The female sex organ in a flower is the pistil or the carpel. • During these events the ovules develop into seeds and the ovaries develop into fruit. • Pistil consists of an ovary enclosing one to many ovules. Within ovules are present highly reduced female Plant Life Cycles & Alternation of Generations gametophytes termed embryo sacs. • The haploid plant body produces gametes by mitosis. • The embryo-sac formation is preceded by meiosis. This plant body represents a gametophyte. Following Hence, each of the cells of an embryo-sac is haploid. fertilisation, the zygote also divides by mitosis to produce Each embryo-sac has a three-celled egg apparatus – one a diploid sporophytic plant body. Haploid spores are egg cell and two synergids, three antipodal cells and two produced by this plant body by meiosis. polar nuclei. Table: Plant life cycles Haplontic life cycle Diplontic life cycle Haplo-diplontic life cycle Sporophytic generation is represented The diploid sporophyte is the dominant, An intermediate condition between only by the one-celled zygote. photosynthetic, independent phase of haplontic and diplontic life cycles. the plant. No free-living sporophytes. The gametophytic phase is few to multi- Both gametophytic and sporophytic

celled. phases are multicellular and free living. Plant Kingdom However, they differ in their dominant phases The dominant, photosynthetic phase The gametophytic phase is represented Haploid gametophyte is dominant, in such plants is the free-living by the single to few-celled haploid independent, photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is gametophyte. This kind of life cycle is or erect phase. termed as haplontic. termed as diplontic. Example: Bryophytes Example: Many algae such as Volvox, Example: Fucus sp., all seed bearing Diploid sporophyte is dominant, Spirogyra and some species of plants, i.e., gymnosperms and independent, photosynthetic, vascular Chlamydomonas angiosperms. plant body. Example: Pteridophytes 48

Exceptions: • Chilgoza: Seed of Pinus ▪▪ Haplo-diplontic algae - Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps. • Cycas revolute: Sago palm in India. ▪▪ Diplontic algae – Fucus • Cycas circinalis: Jangli mada / Mast ka phul. • Sperm of Cycas is very large. Exam oriented Information • Drosera: heterophic nutrition is an insectivorous plant • Spirogyra also known as Pond Silk/water silk/mermaids and grow in soil which is nitrogen deficient. Tresses. • Tallest grass is Bamboo. • Selaginella commonly known as club fungi or spike • Iodine is obtained from brown algae. moss or Resurrection plant. • Shape of chloroplast in • Father of Indian Bryology: Prof. S. R. Kashyap. ◊ Spirogyra: Spiral band shaped • Funaria: Also known as common moss, green moss & cord moss. ◊ Ulothrix: Girdle shaped • Archegonium of Funaria contains an egg, venter and ◊ Chlamydomonas: Collar shaped neck . • Parasitic algae is Cephaleuros • Venter is double layered and contains egg and Ventral • Sexual Reproduction in Ulothrix is by isogamy. canal cells. • Maiden hair fern is Adiantum. • Ginkgo: Living fossil as only one single species found. • Golden Mine of Liverworts: Western Himalaya. Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 49

Self Assessment Questions

Classification [NCERT Pg 29-30] D. Coronariae 5. Palmae

1. The phylogenetic classification was put forth by: a. A-2 B-3 C-4 D-5 E-1 a. Carolus Linnaeus b. A-4 B-3 C-5 D-1 E-2 b. Aristotle c. Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl c. A-3 B-4 C-5 D-1 E-2 d. Theophrastus d. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 E-5

2. Cyanobacteria is referred to as blue green algae due to Algae [NCERT Pg 30-34] presence of a. Chlorophyll a b. Xanthophyll 9. Trichoderma erythrium which gives colour to red sea is: c. Chlorophyll b d. Phycocyanin a. Green alga b. Blue - Green alga 3. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as: c. Red alga d. Brown alga a. Phylogeny b. Ancestry 10. Algae which forms motile colony is: c. Palaneotology d. Ontogeny a. Volvox b. Nostoc 4. ‘Ordines Anomali’ of Bentham & Hooker includes: c. Spirogyra d. Chlamydomonas a. Seed plant showing abnormal form of growth and 11. Non - motile, greatly thickened, asexual spore in development. Chlamydomonas is: b. Plant represented only in fossil state. a. Carpospores b. Aplanospores c. Plants described in the literature, but which Bentham c. Akinetes d. Hypnospores & Hooker did not see in original. d. A few orders which could not be placed satisfactorily 12. The cell wall of algae is chemically composed of: in the classification. a. Hemicellulose, pectins, proteins 5. Cytotaxonomy is based on b. Chitin a. Chemical constituents c. Cellulose, galactans, Mannan b. Morphological characters d. Pectins, cellulose, proteins c. Structure and behaviour of chromosomes 13. Pyrenoids are made up of: d. Both (a) and (b) a. Core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein b. Core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath 6. Tracheophyta consists of: a. Pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms c. Proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath b. Pteridophytes only d. Core of nuclei acid surrounded by protein sheath c. Gymnosperms and angiosperms 14. About 7% of total world production of iodine is obtained d. Bryophytes only by which algae?

7. Which of these is mismatched? a. Ulothrix b. Polysiphonia a. Bryon - liverworts c. Spirogyra d. Laminaria Plant Kingdom b. Kryptos - concealed 15. Spirogyral lateral conjugation takes place in: c. Gymno - naked a. Heterosporous species d. Phaneros - visible b. Homosporous species 8. Match the column: c. Heterothallic species I II d. Homothallic species A. Microspermae 1. Alismaceae 16. Zygote of Spirogyra produces four haploid nuclei in which: B. Epigynae 2. Liliaceae a. One is functional C. Calycinae 3. Iridaceae b. Two are functional D. Apocarpae 4. Orchidaceae c. Three are functional d. All are functional 50

17. Which of the following is known as Pond Silk? 30. During asexual reproduction, in most of brown algae, a. Spirogyra b. Ulothrix zoospores are produced which are: c. Nostoc d. Anabaena a. Elongated with no flagella 18. A natural antibiotic is provided by: b. Elongated with one flagella a. Chlorella b. Ulothrix c. Pear-shaped with one flagella c. Dictyota d. Chlamydomonas d. Pear-shaped with two flagella 19. Meiosis in Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chlamydomonas and 31. Volvox and Polysiphonia are members of algal class, A most of the algae / thallophyta is: and B respectively. Which of the following statement is a. Sporic b. Zygotic correct? c. Gametic d. Unequal a. Cellulose and algin are cell wall components of members of A. 20. A group of plants which are autotrophs their sex organs b. Floridean starch is stored material in B. are non-jacketed and whose zygotes secretes thick wall c. Chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin are the photosynthetic are called: pigments found in class A. a. Phycophytes b. Lichens d. Two unequal flagella are found in members of B. c. Bryophytes d. Thallophytes 32. Match the following: 21. Ulothrix releases zoospore during: A. Red algae 1. Marchantia a. Evening b. Morning c. Night d. Noon B. Liverworts 2. Pinus 22. Algae known for biological activity bioluminescence: C. Walking fern 3. Polysiphonia a. Spirogyra b. Chlorella D. Gymnosperm 4. Adiantum c. Cyclotella d. Noctiluca a. A-3 B-4 C-1 D-2 23. Which algae is chew as tobacco in Scotland? b. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 a. Porphyra b. Rodimenia palmata c. Chlorella d. Spirogyra c. A-3 B-1 C-4 D-2 d. A-1 B-1 C-4 D-3 24. Phycology is the study of: a. Algae b. Fungi Bryophytes [NCERT Pg 34-36] c. Bryophytes d. Lichens 33. Elaters are absent in 25. Which is Mermaid’s tresses? a. Funaria b. Marchantia a. Nostoc b. Ulothrix c. Pellia d. Porella c. Anabaena d. Spirogyra 34. Calyptra develops from 26. Moss protonema can be differentiated from filamentous a. Ventral wall of oogonium alga in: b. Ventral wall of archegonium a. Long rhizoids b. Oblique septa c. Outgrowth of gametophyte c. Coenocytic nature d. Absence of chloroplasts d. Neck wall of archegonium e. Paraphysis of the archegonial branch. 27. Ulothrix is: a. Nonmotile colonial alga lacking reproductive stages 35. Largest moss is: b. Filmaentous alga with nonflagellated reproductive a. Pogonatum b. Funaria stages c. Dawsonia d. Polytrichum c. Membranous alga producing zoospores 36. Which of the following is known as a “bog moss”? d. Filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages a. Polytrichum b. Funaria

28. ‘Nonflagellate’ gametes occur in: c. Sphagnum d. Porella a. Ulothrix b. Funaria 37. Retort cells occurs in c. Spirogyra d. Selaginella a. Funaria b. Pogonatum 29. Which of the following algae are used by space travellers c. Porella d. Sphagnum as food suppliments? 38. Positive evidence of aquatic ancestary of bryophytes is a. Gracilaria, Gelidium indicated by b. Volvox, Ulothrix a. Ciliated sperms c. Spirogyra, Kelps b. Gametophytic body d. Spirulina, Chlorella c. Biflagellate gametes

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective d. Paristomial teeth 51

39. In capsule of moss act as shock absorbers c. Lilium d. Pinus a. Trabeculae b. Peristone teeth 52. Plants commonly called vascular cryptogams are: c. Seta d. Annulus a. Bryophytes b. Pteridophytes 40. Mosses are attached to substratum by c. Algae d. Angiosperms a. Roots b. Capsule 53. Pteropsida includes: c. Rhizoids d. Main axis a. Equisetum and psilotum 41. Mosses occur in moist places because they b. Lycopodium and Adiantum a. Cannot grow on land c. Selaginella and pteris b. Do not need sunlight for photo synthesis d. Pteris and Adiantum c. Lack vascular tissue 54. Pteridophytes are also called d. Lack root and stomata a. Phanerogams 42. Number of peristomial teeth in moss is b. Vascular cryptogams a. 16+16 b. 16+32 c. Amphibians of the plant kingdom c. 8+16 d. 32+32 d. Spermatophytes 43. Which of the following propagates through leaf-tip? 55. In Selaginella, trabecular are the modification of: a. Walking fern b. Sprout - leaf plant a. Epidermal cells c. Marchantia d. Moss b. Cortical cells 44. “Sanjeevani booti” is c. Endodermal cells a. Selaginella kraussiana d. Pericycle cells b. Selaginella chrysocaculos 56. In pteridophytes, phloem is without: c. Selaginella bryopteris a. Sieve cells b. Sieve tubes d. None of these c. Companion cells d. Bast fibre

45. Ancestors of land plants/bryophytes were 57. Indusium is found in: a. Bryophytes b. Brown algae a. Algae b. Ferns c. Red algae d. Green algae c. Moss d. Cycas 46. Incorrect about Marchantia is : 58. The kidney shaped covering of sorus is a. Sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule a. Placenta b. Ramentum b. It can asexually reproduce through gemmae c. Sporophyll d. Indusium c. Gametophyte as protonema stage 59. In the prothallus of vascular cryptogram, the antherozoids d. Flagellated antherozoids are produced and eggs mature at different times. As a result,

47. Spores are liberated only after decay and decomposition a. There is no change in success rate of fertilisation of thallus in: b. There is a high degree of sterility a. Riccia b. Anthoceros c. One can conclude that the plant is apomictic c. Marchantia d. Funaria d. Self-fertilisation is prevented 48. Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant 60. Ramenta is the characteristic of: kingdom because a. Marchantia b. Funaria a. They require water to complete their life cycle c. Dryopteris d. None of these b. They require land to complete their life cycle 61. Leaf in young condition in fern is called: c. They require both land and water for survive

a. Scale leaf b. Sporophyll Plant Kingdom d. They require only marine water to complete their life c. Circinate ptyxis d. None of these cycle 62. Which one of the following is called maiden - hair fern? 49. Apophysis occurs in: a. Dryopteris b. Pteris a. Mosses b. Pteridium c. Adiantum d. Lycopodium c. Apocyanaceae d. Marchantia 63. Dispersal of spores in ferns takes place through: Pteridophytes [NCERT Pg 36-38] a. Annulus b. Stomium c. Both (a) & (b) d. Indusium 50. Club moss belongs to a. Algae b. Pteridophytes 64. Characteristic of ferns is: c. Fungi d. Bryophyta a. Circinate venation b. Reticulate Venation 51. Male gametophyte with least number of cells present in: c. Parallel venation a. Pteris b. Funaria d. None of these 52

65. A drug for respiratory disorders is obtained from: 76. Which one of the following is not common between a. Ephedra b. Eucalyptus Funaria and Selaginella? c. Cannabis d. Saccharum a. Roots b. Embryo c. Flagellate sperms d. Archegonium 66. Plants having (spores), xylem and phloem but lacking seeds are: Gymnosperms [NCERT Pg 39-39] a. Pteridophytes b. Gymnosperms c. Bryophytes d. Angiosperms 77. Choose the wrong statement: a. Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem. 67. Sperms of both Funaria and Pteris/Dryopteris were released together near the archegonia of Pteris/ b. Gymnosperms does not have albuminous cells and Dryopteris. Only its sperms enter the archegonia as: sieve cells in their phloem. a. Pteris/Dryopteris archegonia release chemical to c. The first formed primary xylem elements are called attract its sperms protoxylem. b. Funaria/Dryopteris sperms get killed by Pteris d. Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells sperms in their phloem. c. Funaria sperms are less mobile 78. Fruits are not found in gymnosperms because: d. Pteris/Dryopteris archegonia repel Funaria sperms a. They are seed less

68. Neck canal cell is absent in the archegonium of: b. They are not pollinated a. Funaria b. All pteridophytes c. They have no ovary c. Dryopteris d. Cycas d. Fertilisation does not take place Pyrenoids are the centres for formation of: 69. 79. Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermatophytes a. Starch b. Enzymes because they lack: c. Fat d. Proteins a. Cambium b. Phloem fibres 70. Walking ferm is named so as: a. It spreads and propagates vegetatively by its leaf tips. c. Thick - walled tracheids b. It is dispersed through walking. d. Xylem fibres c. Its spores are able to walk. 80. A mature pollen grain of Pinus has: d. It known walking. a. 2 cells b. 3 cells c. 4 cells d. 5 cells 71. Annulus occurs in: a. Mosses b. Both mosses and ferns 81. Which is the source of Turpentine oil? c. Annual plants d. Gymnosperms a. Gymnospermic wood 72. Seed habit is linked with: b. Angiospermic wood a. Homospory b. Heterosposy c. Gymnospermic seed c. Parthenogenesis d. Parthenocarpy d. Angiospermic seed 73. Which of the following is considered important in the 82. In Cycas, pollination occurs at______celled stage? development of Seed habit? a. One b. Two a. Dependent Sporophyte c. Three d. Four b. Heterospory 83. Which of the following is / are grouped under c. Haplontic life cycle phanerogams? d. Free-living gametophyte a. Angiosperms b. Gymnosperms c. Pteridophytes d. Both (a) & (b) 74. Vascular cryptogams are: a. Gymnosperms b. Angiosperms 84. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of c. Bacteriods d. Pteridophytes/Ferns which one of the following sets? a. Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra 75. Prothallus is: a. Gametophyte, dioecious, autotroph present in pteri- b. Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla dophytes c. Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis b. Gametophyte, monoecious, autotroph found in d. Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas bryophytes 85. In Pinus/gymnosperms, the haploid structures are: c. Sporophyte, dioecious, hetorotroph found in a. Megaspore, endosperm and embryo bryophytes b. Pollen grain, leaf and root d. Gametophyte, monoecious, autotroph present in c. Megaspore, integument and root pteridophytes

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective d. Megaspore, pollen grain and endosperm 53

86. Coralloid roots of Cycas possess a symbiotic alga: b. It is one of the tallest angiosperm. a. Anabaena b. Spirogyra c. It possess tap root system. c. Ulothrix d. Aulosira d. Ovules are naked. 87. A plant having seeds but lacking flowers and fruits Angiosperms [NCERT Pg 40-41] belongs to: a. Gymnosperms b. Mosses 100. Like gymnosperms, the angiosperms also exhibit: c. Ferns d. Pteridophytes a. Heterospory b. Siphonogamy c. Seed formation d. All of these 88. Fern gametophyte is nutritionally: a. Photoautotroph b. Parasite 101. Which of the following is not included in ‘Archegoniate’? c. Chemoautotroph d. Saprophyte a. Bryophytes b. Pteridophytes c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms 89. Winged pollen grains are found in: a. Cycas b. Pinus 102. Polar nuclei fuse to produce c. Mango d. Dryopteris a. Diploid secondary nucleus b. Zygote 90. Female cone of Pinus develops seeds in: a. One year b. 2-3 year c. Antipodal cells c. Two years d. Four years d. Synergids 91. Megasporophyll is the term used in gymnosperm to 103. Angiosperms differ from gymnosperms as they show: denote a. Double fertilization a. Carpels b. Stamens b. Triple fusion c. Leaves d. Female cone c. Triploid to polyploid endosperms d. All of the above 92. Branched rhizoids and leafy gametophyes are characteristic of: 104. Fusion product of polars is referred to as: a. All bryophytes b. Some pteriodophytes a. Primary endosperms c. All pteridophytes d. Some bryophytes b. Secondary endosperm c. Secondary nucleus 93. Gymnosperms have a mode of pollination called: d. Zygote a. Zoophily b. Entomophily c. Anemophily d. Hydrophily 105. Seeds are present inside the fruit wall in: a. Angiosperms b. Gymnosperms 94. In Pinus, the male gametes are: c. Pteridophytes d. Bryophytes a. Uniciliate b. Multiciliate c. Biciliate d. Non-ciliate 106. Embryo sac represents: a. Megaspore mother cell 95. Sago comes from: b. Female gametophyte a. Phoenix dactylifera c. Megaspore b. Areca catechu d. Microsporangium c. Metroxylon rumphii d. Calamus ritung 107. The smallest angiospermic flower is: a. Wolffia b. Ranunculus 96. Which one is living fossil? c. Rafflesia d. Stellariam a. Pinus b. Selaginella c. Cycas d. Metasequoia 108. In which of the following features, Cycas resembles with angiosperms? Plant Kingdom 97. In gymnosperms, how many male gametes are produced a. Presence of vessels by each pollen grain? b. Circinate venation a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1 c. Dichotomously branched leaves 98. In gymnosperms, megaspore mother cell divides d. Pollen tube is the carrier of male gametes meiotically to form four megaspores. Out of four 109. Double fertilization occurs among: megaspores, one develops into a multicellular structure a. Algae b. Bryophytes termed as: c. Angiosperms d. Gymnosperms a. Female gametophyte 110. The seed coat in both gymnosperms and angiosperms is b. Archegonium derived from: c. Ovule a. Megaspore d. Strobili b. Microspore 99. Incorrect statement about Sequoia: c. Integument of megasporangium or ovule a. It is also known as red wood tree. d. Microsporangium 54

111. In angiosperms, ploidy of embryo sac is: a. A and B both are homosporous a. Diploid b. Triploid b. A and B both are heterosporous c. Haploid d. Both (a) or (c) c. A is homosporous while B is heterosporous Plant Life Cycles [NCERT Pg 42-43] d. A is heterosporous while B is homosporous

112. Life cycle of gymnosperm is: 119. Identify the option with correct set of labellings: a. Haplontic b. Haplo-diplontic c. Diplontic d. Diplo-haplontic 113. Seeds of gymnosperms have three generations, that is: a. Two sporophytic and one gametophytic generation b. Two gametophytic and one sporophytic c. All the three sporophytic generations d. All the three gametophytic generations 114. The plant life cycle has both a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation. In the sporophyte stage, a. Gametes are produced. b. Meiosis occurs. c. Only mitosis takes place. d. Gametophytes form. 115. All plants exhibit alternation of generations. This means their life cycle: a. Includes both haploid and diploid gametes. b. Shows only asexual reproduction. c. Has both a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage. d. Does not include meiosis. a. 1 - Microsporangium, 3 - Ovule, 7 - Embryo 116. The life cycle of Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia is: b. 2 - Microspore, 3 - Megaspore, 6 - Male gamete a. Haplo-diplontic b. Haplontic c. 4 - Megasporangium, 5 - Pollen grain, 7 - Egg c. Diplontic c. Both haplontic and diplontic d. 2 - Microspore, 4 - Ovule, 5 - Microsporangium 117. Find out the incorrect statement. a. Fucus, an alga is diplontic. 120. Select the correct statement following the diagram? b. The diploid sporophyte is represented by a dominant, independent, photosynthetic, vascular plant body. c. All seed-bearing plants follow diplontic life cycle. d. Sporophyte generation is represented only by the three-celled zygote.

Image Based Questions

118. Select the option with correct information: a. A and B belong to same group and have cellulose in their cell wall. b. B and D belong to different groups and both have cellulose and pectin in their cell walls. c. A and C belong to same group and both have chlorophyll a and b as major photosynthetic pigments. d. C and D belong to different groups and both have starch as stored food material. Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 55

121. Select the option which gives correct information regarding.

a. A green algae and its cell wall possess cellulose, but lacks algin. A B C D b. A brown algae and its stored material is floridean a. Capsule Seta Leaves Rhizoid starch. b. Seta Rhizoid Seta Leaves c. A pteridophyte and is having protonema stage in its c. Rhizoid Seta Leaves Capsule life cycle. d. Leaves Rhizoid Capsule Seta d. A moss and the plant body is thalloid. 124. Select the option which represents labeled parts (A, B, C 122. Select the incorrectly labeled one and D) correctly.

A B C D a. A - Capsule b. B - Foot a. Strobilus Node Branch Internode c. C - Main axis d. D - Rhizoids b. Node Branch Internode Strobilus 123. Select the option which represents labeled parts (A, B, C c. Branch Node Strobilus Internode and D) correctly. d. Branch Internode Node Strobilus Plant Kingdom 56

Higher Order Questions

Fact Based Round 9. 200 million years ago, the dominant flora of the earth was of: 1. In Funaria, annulus separates: a. Archaebacteria b. Mosses and ferns a. Apophysis and theca c. Gymnosperms d. Angiosperms b. Theca and operculum 10. Brown colour of Phaeophyceae is due to excess of: c. Columella and apophysis a. Fucoxanthin b. Phycoerythrin d. Operculum and apophysis c. Lycopene d. Zeaxanthin 2. Heterospory and seed habit are often discussed in 11. Choose the true statement: relation to a structure called: a. Spathe b. Bract c. Petiole d. Ligule 3. The opening mechanism of sporangium in Dryopteris is effectively operated by: a. Annulus only b. Stomium only c. Annulus and Stomium both d. Apical opening 4. Which of the following has amphiphloic-siphonostele? a. Rhizome of Marsilea a. A is sporophyte and is independent b. Stem of Lycopodium b. A is sporophyte and is dependent on B, which is c. Rhizome of Pteris gametophyte d. Stem of Equisetum c. B is sporophyte and is independent 5. While entering the neck of a achegonium in fern, sperms d. B is sporophyte and is dependent on A for food, which show: is gametophyte a. Phototaxis b. Chemotaxis c. Themotaxis d. Cyclosis Combination Round 6. The winged pollen grains are the characteristic feature of 12. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: a. Cycas b. Ephedra A. Apospory 1. Development of gameto- c. Pinus d. Gnetum phyte from sporophyte 7. Movement of water in transfusion tissue of Cycas leaflet B. Apogamy 2. Development of sporo- is: phyte from gametophyte a. Lateral b. To upper side C. Homosporuos 3. Selaginella c. To lower side d. To acropetal Pteridophyte 8. From the pith of stem of Cycas revoluta (sago) is D. Heterosporous 4. Pteris obtained which is used as food article for a patient with Pteridophyte stomach disorders because: a. A-2 B-4 C-2 D-1 a. It is much tastier b. Its nutritive value is very high b. A-1 B-3 C-4 D-2 c. It is having adequate amount of starch. c. A-1 B-2 C-4 D-3 d. It is a cheap food article. d. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 57

13. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: d. A-2 B-1 C-4 D-3 A. Chlorophyll a and d 1. Gracilaria B. Chlorophyll a and c 2. Dictyota Conceptual Round C. Chlorophyll a and b 3. Polysiphonia 17. Incorrect statement is: D. Phycoerythrin 4. Ulothrix a. Rhizome is absent in Equisetum and present in potato. a. A-1 B-4 C-2 D-3 b. Rhizophore is present in Ginkgo and absent in b. A-1 B-3 C-2 D-4 Selaginella. c. A-3 B-2 C-4 D-1 c. Rhizoids are absent in Funaria and present in Pinus. d. A-2 B-3 C-4 D-1 d. All of these. 18. Incorrect statement are: 14. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: A. Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they A. Protonema 1. Cedrus reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil B. Prothallus 2. Dryopteris erosion. C. Naked seeded 3. Cocos B. The plant body of bryophytes is more differentiated than that of algae, it is thallus like and prostrate or D. Triple fusion 4. Sphagnum erect, and attached to the substratum by unicellular a. A-4 B-1 C-2 D-3 or multicellular rhizoids. b. A-4 B-2 C-1 D-3 C. Many species of Spirogyra, Vaucheria and Chara c. A-4 B-2 C-3 D-1 are among the 70 species of marine algae used as food. d. A-2 B-4 C-1 D-3 D. Majority of the red algae are marine with greater 15. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: concentrations found in the warmer areas. A. Homosporous 1. Plants producing are one type of E. The common phaeophytes are Polysiphonia, spores Porphyra, Gracilaria and Gelidium. B. Heterosporous 2. Plants producing are two types of F. Bryophytes and pteridophytes, interestingly, exhibit spores an intermediate condition of life cycle (Haplo- C. Protandrous 3. Male reproductive organ mature diplontic), in which both phases are multicellular before the female but they diffuse in their dominant phases. D. Protogynous 4. Female reproductive organ mature a. C and E b. A, B and F before the male reproductive organ c. B, C and F d. B and D

a. A-1 B-2 C-4 D-3 19. Which statement cannot be related with Pinus seed dispersal? b. A-1 B-2 C-3 D-4 a. It is liberated at three - celled stage by wind. c. A-3 B-4 C-2 D-1 b. Wings are formed by ovuliferous scale epidermis. d. A-2 B-1 C-4 D-3 c. Seed dispersal by anemochory. d. Seeds are present on adaxial surface of ovuliferous Plant Kingdom 16. Match the columns and find out the correct combination: scale. A. Polytrichum 1. Lycopsida 20. Select incorrect statement with respect to Cycas female B. Selaginella 2. Sphenopsida sex organ. a. Female sex organ is female cone. C. Equisetum 3. Moss b. Megasporophyll is laterally placed at the tip of D. Adiantum 4. Pteropsida plant. a. A-3 B-1 C-2 D-4 c. Ovules are arranged laterally in notches of megaspo- b. A-3 B-2 C-1 D-4 rophyll. d. Ovules are not surrounded by ovary wall. c. A-3 B-1 C-4 D-2 58

21. Which statement is not applicable to fertilization in d. Three and two Dryopteris? 23. Consider the given statements. a. Antherozoids are multi-flagellated and spirally coiled. A. Salvinia is heterosporous terrestrial algae. b. At maturity, neck canal cell and ventral canal cells are B. The male and female gametophytes do not have an degenerated forming malic acid. independent free living existence in gymnosperms. c. Antheroizoids show chemotropic attraction towards C. The life cycle of angiosperm is diplontic. malic acid. a. All are correct d. After fusion of male and female gamete, diploid oo- b. Only B is correct spore is produced inside archegonia. c. Only A is incorrect 22. Read the following statements. d. A and C are correct A. Sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic, 24. Consider the following statements (A-D) about algae. independent phase of the plant. A. Highly variable in form and size. B. Highly reduced female gametophyte as embryosac B. Commonly asexual reproduction by exogenous is present in their ovule. motile spores. C. The pollen grains are carried in air currents and C. Simple, thalloid and largely aquatic organisms. directly come in contact with the opening in the D. A few of the marine forms such as kelps, form ovules. massive vascular plant bodies. How many statements are correct for gymnosperms and a. Only (D) is incorrect angiosperms, respectively? b. Only (C) is incorrect a. One and Two c. (A) & (C) are correct b. Zero and three d. All statements are correct c. Two and two Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 59

NCERT Exemplar Problems

1. Cyanobacteria are classified under: 6. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to a. Protista b. Plantae extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls in c. Monera d. Algae compact structures called cones. The group in reference 2. Fusion of two motile gametes which are dissimilar in is: size is termed as: a. Monocots a. Oogamy b. Isogamy b. Dicots c. Anisogamy d. Zoogamy c. Pteridophytes d. Gymnosperms 3. Holdfast, stipe and frond constitutes the plant body in case of: 7. The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of: a. Rhodophyceae b. Chlorophyceae a. 8 cells c. Phaeophyceae d. All of these b. 7 cells and 8 nuclei 4. A plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows c. 8 nuclei rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its d. 7 cells and 7 nuclei life cycle because the male gametes are motile. Identify 8. If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36. What the group to which it belongs to: would be the chromosome number in its endosperm? a. Pteridophytes b. Gymnosperms a. 36 b. 18 c. Monocots d. Bryophytes c. 54 d. 72 5. A prothallus is: 9. Protonema is: a. A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus a. Haploid and is found in mosses develops b. Diploid and is found in liverworts b. A sporophytic free living structure formed in c. Diploid and is found in pteridophytes pteridophytes d. Haploid and is found in pteridophytes c. A gametophyte free living structure formed in pteridophytes 10. The giant redwood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a /an: d. A primitive structure formed after fertilisation in a. Angiosperm b. Free fern pteridophytes. c. Pteridophyte d. Gymnosperm Plant Kingdom 60

Past Year Questions

1. Read the following statements (A-E) and answer the question which follows them: A B C D A. In liverworts, mosses, and ferns gametophytes are a. Chara Marchantia Fucus Pinus free-living. B. Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous. b. Equisetum Ginkgo Selaginella Lycopodium C. Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo is c. Selaginella Equisetum Salvinia Ginkgo oogamous. d. Funaria Adiantum Salvinia Riccia D. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than 6. Which of the following is monoecious? that in mosses. a. Marchantia b. Cycas E. Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious. c. Pinus d. Date Palm How many of the above statements are correct? 7. Gametophytes does not have free independent existence a. Four b. One in: c. Two d. Three a. Funaria b. Polytrichum 2. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having: c. Cedrus d. Dryopteris a. Vessels b. Seeds 8. Gnetum, a gymnosperm differs fromCycas and Pinus but c. Motile Sperms d. Cambium shows affinities with angiosperms in the features: 3. Consider the following four statements whether they are a. Perianth an two integuments correct or wrong? b. Embryo development and apical meristem A. The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than c. Absence of resin dusts and leaf venation that in mosses. d. Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia B. Salvinia is heterosporous. 9. Which set contains flagellated male gametes: C. The life-cycle in all seed bearing plants is diplontic a. Spirogyra, Anthoceros and Funaria D. In Pinus male and female cones are borne on b. Zygnerma, saprolagnia and Hydrilla different trees. c. Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis d. Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas The two wrong statements together are a. Statements (B) and (C) 10. Match the items of column-I and II: b. Statements (A) and (B) Column-I Column-II c. Statements (A) and (C) A. Peritrichous flagellation 1. Ginkgo d. Statements (A) and (D) B. Living fossil 2. Macrocystis 4. Male and female gametophytes independent and free C. Rhizophore 3. Escherichia coli living in: D. Smallest flowering plant 4. Selaginella a. Castor b. Pinus c. Sphagnum d. Mustard E. Largest perennial alga 5. Wolffia 5. Examine the figure A, B, C and D. In which one of the a. A-3 B-1 C-4 D-5 E-2 options all the items are correct? b. A-2 B-1 C-3 D-4 E-5 c. A-4 B-3 C-2 D-5 E-1 d. A-1 B-4 C-5 D-3 E-2 11. Top-shaped multiciliate male gamete and seeds with two cotyledons occur in: a. Cycads b. Conifers c. Polypetalous angiosperms d. Gamopetalous angiosperms Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 61

Assertion & Reason

Directions: These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the following four responses. A. If both Assertion and Reason are True and the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. B. If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. C. If Assertion is True but the Reason is False. D. If both Assertion and Reason are False.

1. Assertion: Mosses reduce the impact of falling rain and gymnosperms. prevent soil erosion. Reason: In gymnosperms, cuticle of leaves is thin. Reason: Mosses from dense mat on the soil. 12. Assertion: The leaves in gymosperms are well-adapted 2. Assertion: Approach towards seed habit was first time to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and found in Pteridophytes. wind. Reason: Pteridophyrtes are partially successful land Reason: Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes in plants. gymnosperms the male and female gametophytes do not 3. Assertion: Fruits are not formed in gymnosperm. have an independent free-living existence. Reason: Seeds are shed at very early stage. 13. Assertion: Angiosperms lack flagellated male gametes. 4. Assertion: Bryophytes show alternation of generation. Reason: Sperms are not dependent on water for fertilisation. Reason: Bryophytes have independent gametophyte. 14. Assertion: The seeds of gymnosperms are naked. 5. Assertion: Lichen has two partners- a fungus and an alga. Reason: Seed consists of three generations one within the other. Reason: The lichen thallus is essentially fungal in nature with algal cells embedded. 15. Assertion: Pyrenoids are utilised during starvation. 6. Assertion: Agar is used in culture medium. Reason: Pyrenoids are proteinaceous bodies. Reason: Agar is obtained from red algae. 16. Assertion: In leptosporangiate development, sporangia are formed from single initial. 7. Assertion: Early moss gametophyte is protonema stage. Reason: Eusporangiate development of sporangia starts Reason: Late Moss gametophyte is leafy stage. from a group of initials. 8. Assertion: Mosses and lichens are first to colonise bare 17. Assertion: Chlorella could serve as a potential source of rocks.

food and energy. Plant Kingdom Reason: The lichen stage follow the moss stage and Reason: When dried, Chlorella has 15% protein, 45% precedes the herbs. fat, 10% minerals and vitamins. 9. Assertion: Water is not required for fertilization process 18. Assertion: Fertilisation in Cycas is called zooido- in ferns. siphanogarny. Reason: Malic acid of archegonial neck attracts Reason: Fertilisation in Cycas takes place by the atherozoids. formation of pollen tube. 10. Assertion: Spores in mosses are contained within the 19. Assertion: The life cycle of Funaria is called capsule. diplohaplontic. Reason: Spores are formed by mitotic division in Reason: In Funaria, there is alterations of haploid mosses. gametophytic and diploid sporophytic phases, one 11. Assertion: Stomata are found on the surface of leaves in becoming parent of the other. 62

Answer Key

Self Assessment Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 c a a d c a a b b a d c c d d a a 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 a b d b d b a d b d c d d b c a b 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 c c d a a c c a a c d c a c a b c 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 b d b c c b d d b c c c a a a a d 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 a a b b c d d a b c d c a c d d d 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 a a a b b a d c d c c c a b d d a 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 d c a b a d c c c c a c c a d c c 120 121 122 123 124 c a b a c

Higher Order Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 b d b a b c c c c a b c c b b a d 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 a a a c c c c

NCERT Exemplar Problems

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c c c d c d b c a d

Past Year Questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 d c d c c c c d d a a

Assertion & Reason

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 a b c b a b b c c c d b a b b b c 18 19 b b Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 63

Explanations and NCERT References

Self Assessment Questions 18. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 32 & 33 19. (a) In Cycas, pollination takes place at three-celled 118. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 36, fig 3.3 stage. 119. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 41, fig 3.6 20. (a) The female sex organ is megasporophyll. The male 120. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 31, fig 3.1 plants develop male cones or male strobili. 121. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 31, fig 3.1 (a-ii) 21. (c) In Dryopteris, sperms swim towards the archegonia 122. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 34, fig 3.2 due to presence of malic acid, therefore, they shows chemotaxis. 123. (a) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 34, fig 3.2 22. (c) Statement A is correct for both gymnosperms and 124. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 36, fig 3.3 angiosperms. Statement B is correct only for angiosperms Higher Order Questions and statement C is correct only for gymnosperms. 23. (c) Salvinia is a heterosporous aquatic algae. 1. (b) Annulus separates the theca from the operculum. 24. (c) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 30 2. (d) Heterospory means production of two different sizes of spores; megaspore and microspore. Heterospory NCERT Exemplar Problems originated in some pteridophytes like Selaginella. Its leaves contain a flap-¬like outgrowth at the base on the 1. (c) Monera Kingdom-Monera is one group which adaxial side called ligule. exclusively includes all forms of bacteria. All bacteria are prokaryotes and do not have well defined nucleus 3. (b) In Dryopteris, stomium is present below the annulus and other cell organelles. and is gradually ruptured as the annulus dries out. This structure helps in the opening of sporangium and The other options Protista, Algae and Plantae include dispersal of spores. eukaryotic and unicellular or multicellular organism. 4. (a) Amphiphloic siphonostele: Phloem is present on both 2. (c) The lower group of plants like algae exhibit great external and internal to the xylem, e.g., Marsilearhizome. variation in mode of sexual and asexual reproduction. Some algae produce gametes which are not similar in 5. (b) In fern, sperms swim towards the archegonia due to shape, size and structure, when they fuse, it is called presence of malic acid, therefore, they shows chemotaxis. anisogamy. e.g.,Chlamydomonas. 6. (c) The winged pollen grains are the characteristic The other options are incorrect because oogamy is the features of Pinus. Because of the presence of sacs, which fusion of big oospore female with small male gamete. provides buoyancy, they are able to rise upwards and Isogamy is fusion of similar gametes. Zoogamy is sexual float on the fluid. reproduction of animals. 7. (c) The leaves of Cycaspossess transfusion tissue. This 3. (c) In the members of class-Phaeophyceae, the plant helps in water conduction laterally and compensates body is usually attached to the substratum by a holdfast the absence of lateral veins and poor development of and has a stalk called stipe and a leaf like photosynthetic vascular tissue. organ called frond. 8. (c) The sago contains adequate amount of starch and 4. (d) Bryophyta is a group of plants which have Plant Kingdom therefore it is used as food article for a patient with gametophytic haploid thalloid body. The motile male stomach disorders. gamete are produced in special male reproductive 9. (c) Ferns and seed-bearing gymnosperms like pines were structure called antheridia. the only kind of plants to have colonised the land. These gametes need thin film of water to move and reach 10. (a) The colour of brown algae varies from olive green to to the female reproductive organ called archegonia. various shades of brown depending upon the amount of Whereas, pteridophytes, gymnosperm and monocots xanthophyll and fucoxanthin pigments. show division of labour and their body shows higher 11. (b) NCERT (XI) Ch - 3, Pg. 34 level of organisation. 17. (d) Rhizome is present in Equisetum. Rhizophore is 5. (c) Prothallus is usually a gametophytic stage in the present in Selaginella. Rhizoids are present in Funaria. life of a Pteridophyte. Spore germinates to form a prothalium, it is short-lived inconspicuous heart-shaped 64

structure with a number of rhizoids developed beneath female gametophytes. and sex organs, archegonium and antheridium. 5. (c) 6. (d) Gymnosperms include medium sized trees or tall 6. (c) In Pinus, male and female cones are present on the trees and shrubs. Leaves of these plants are well adapted same tree. to withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and wind. Reproductive organs are usually in the form of 7. (c) In pteridophytes gametophytes do not have free living cones or strobili. existence e.g. Funaria & Polytrichum (Bryophytes) while Dryopteris (pteridophyte) has independent gametophyte. The male cone are made up of microsporophyll and female cones are made up of megasporophyll. The 8. (d) Gnetum includes advanced Gymnosperm. Secondary presence of sporophyll (micro and megasporophyll) xylem shows vessels unlike Cycas and Pinus it does not shows the development of seed habit but seeds develop have archegonia. from naked ovule and are not covered. 9. (d) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas have motile male Other options are incorrect because monocots and dicots gametes. belong to angiosperms which have well developed 10. (a) Ginkgo → Living fossil covered seeds. Whereas, pteridophytes do not have Wolffia → Smallest flowering plant microsporphylls and are not adapted to the above said conditions. Macrocystis → Largest perennial Brown alga 7. (b) Embryo sac in angiosperm is a female gametophyte. Rhizophora → Selaginella It contains 2 synergids, 1 egg cell, 3 antipodal cells and Peritrichous flagellation →E.coli one secondary nucleus. 11. (a) Male gametes of Cycas are largest in nature, visible 8. (c) Endosperm is a product of triple fusion. One male to naked eye, oval in form and multiciliated. Embryo nuclei (n =18) fuses with diploid secondary nucleus (2n consists of suspensor, radical, two unequal cotyledons. = 36), so it becomes triploid structure (3n = 54). So, ploidy of endosperm is (3n) and chromosomes will be Assertion & Reason 54. 1. (a) Mosses has the ability to form dense mat on soil, due 9. (a) The germination of haploid spores of mosses to this property they reduce the impact of falling rain and produced by sporophyte after reduction division these prevent soil erosion. haploid spores when germinate, form the protonema. This structure later develops into an independent 2. (b) In pteridophytes, development of zygotes into young gametophytic plant. embryos take place within female gametophytes. This event is a precursor to seed habit. Therefore, approach 10. (d) Sequoia sempervirens is a gymnopermic plant. It is towards seed habit was observed in pteridophytes and a group of plants having thick, woody, branched stems. considered an important step in evolution. These plants also have some xeric adaptations which help them survive in adverse climatic conditions. 3. (c) In gymnosperms, seeds are not covered, i.e, naked and are not shed at very early stage. Fruits are formed in The other examples are incorrect because pteridophytes angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. is primitive group, no tree is included in this. Ferns are included in Pteridophytes. Angiosperms are different 4. (b) The life cycle of bryophyte shows regular alternation from gymnosperms in seed habit and adaptations. gametophytic and sporophytic generations. First phase is gametophytic phase. Gametophytic generation produces Past Year Questions gametes. 1. (d) The sporophyte of moss is more elaborate than 5. (a) Lichens are symbiotic associations, i.e., mutually liverworts. useful associations, between algae and fungi. The 2. (c) Cycas (Gymnosperm) and Adiantum (Pteridophytes) algal component is known as phycobiont and fungal both have motile sperms. component as mycobiont. 3. (d) The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore 6. (b) Agar, one of the commercial products obtained from dispersal. Common examples of mosses are Funaria, Gelidium and Gracilaria are used to grow microbes and Polytrichum and Sphagnum. in preparations of ice-creams and jellies. The male or female cones or strobili may be borne on 7. (b) The predominant stage of the life cycle of a moss is the same tree (Pinus). However, in Cycas male cones and the gametophyte. It consists of two stages. megasporophylls are borne on different trees. Protonema stage: The first stage.

Objective NCERT Gear Up Biology NCERT Objective 4. (c) Bryophytes have free living, independent male and Leafy stage: The second stage. 65

8. (c) Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms 14. (b) Gymnosperms are commonly known as naked seed to colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological plants because their ovules (which later become seeds) importance. are not covered by the ovary wall. 9. (c) The need for water for fertilisation, the spread of Seed is a complex structure because it contains cells living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow from three generations. Diploid body of ovule from the geographical regions. parent sporophyte. Female gametophyte is gametophytic 10. (c) Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation generation. Embryo is the next sporophytic generation. and budding in secondary protonema. After fertilization 15. (b) The chloroplast of green algae contain one or more the zygote develops into a sporophyte, consisting of a distinct, rounded, proteinaceous bodies called the foot, seta and capsule. The sporophyte in mosses is more pyrenoids. Pyrenoids diminish in size and ultimately elaborate than that in liver worts, the capsule contains disappear if the plant is under conditions of starvation. spores. Spores are formed after meiosis and develop into They reappear when the conditions become favourable. new gametophyte. 16. (b) In eusporangiate type of development, large sporangia 11. (d) The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to with- develop from a group of initials. In leptosporangiate stand the extreme temperature, humidity and wind. In type of development, small sporangia develop from a conifers, the needle like leaves reduce the surface area. single initial, the former builds the entire sporangium, Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata help to reduce the its contents and stalk and the latter do not take part in the water losses. process. 12. (b) Leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand 17. (c) Chlorella could serve as a potential source of food extremes of temperature humidity and wind. In conifers, (rich in protein) and energy because its photosynthetic needle like leaves reduce the surface area for water loss. efficiency can theoretically reach 8%, comparable with Thick cuticle and sunken stomata are also responsible other highly efficient crops nutrients. for reducing water loss in plants. When dried, Chlorella has about 45% protein, 20% Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms fat, 20% carbohydrate, 5% fibre and 10% minerals and male and female gametophytes do not have an vitamins. independent free-living existence. They remain within 18. (b) Cycas is a gymnospermic plant. Fertilisation in Cycas the sporangia retained on sporophytes. is both siphonogamous (by pollen tube) and zooidogamy 13. (a) Angiosperms is the highly evolved group of plant (by water film). kingdom. It is adapted for terrestrial habitats. Swimming 19. (b) In the life cycle of Funaria, there occur two distinct habit of sperms is completely lacking in angiosperms. individuals one of these is haploid, independent, leafy The pollen grains reached to the stigma by an external moss plant, the other is diploid leafless sporogonium. It agency and delivers the male nucleus in the ovule is partially dependent on the leafy gametophyte for its through pollen tube. nutrition. Plant Kingdom