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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14734-7 - Religion and the Political Imagination Edited by Ira Katznelson and Gareth Stedman Jones Index More information

Index

Abdu¨lhamid II (Ottoman ruler), 104, European texts on toleration 105, 106, 107 influencing Jefferson during, 68 abortion quasi-religious roles of government Catholic Church on, 268 following, 78 in Europe after WWII, 327–8 questions of spiritual authority and, 179 European Court of Human Rights Analogy of religion (Butler), 144 rulings on, 308–9 ancient Rome. See classical world liberalisation of laws regarding, 271, 272 Anderson, Margaret Lavinia, 202 men involved in Christian organizations Anglicanism addressing, 293 autonomy and reforms sought in, 80–2 women’s autobiographies regarding, 284 disestablishment movement. See Acton, Lord, 46, 157 under nonconformist politics Adams, Jasper, 147 in 19th century Britain Adams, John, 136 as established state church in England, Adams, John Quincy, 142 298, 320 Adenauer, Conrad, 210, 324 female churchgoers, drop in, 292 affluence and secularism moralised politics, 19th century behavioural theory of, 316 demand for, 217 in the 1960s, 255, 256, 261–3, 264 national identity and, 84 Afghanistan, Taliban in, 1, 336 in the 1960s, 259, 260, 272–3 African Civilization Society, 217 political ruler’s place in governance The Age of reason (Paine), 15, 75, 86 of, 63, 79 agnosticism. See atheism/agnosticism statistics collected by, 73 Ahlener Programme (1947), Germany, women, ordination of, 292 210 Anglo-Jewish experience, 19, 46–69 Ahmed, Syed, 248 1096–1290, 47, 52–6 Aksakov, Ivan, 121 capital, Jews as sources of, 53 Aleksii (metropolitan of Leningrad), 128 Crusades, flight from depredations Alexander VI (pope), 157 of, 47, 52 Algeria expulsion during Long Parliament French-Algerian War, 257 (1290), 48, 53, 55 Ottoman empire, removal from Magna Carta, consequences of, 48, sphere of influence of, 103 53–5 Allen, Ethan, 139 representative parliament, Alliance between Church and State establishment of, 54 (Wharburton), 81 residential rights, 54, 61 Alpha Course, 293 Simon de Montfort, ascendency of, 54 America. See United States Statute of Jewry (1275) forbidding American Revolution moneylending, 55 autonomy and reforms sought by 1650s–1858, 47 Protestant churches following, Act for the Naturalisation of the Jews 79–82 (1753), 48, 57–8, 66

356

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-14734-7 - Religion and the Political Imagination Edited by Ira Katznelson and Gareth Stedman Jones Index More information

Index 357

bill to extend civic membership to diffidence of modern atheists/agnostics Jews (1830), failure of, 59, 61 in, 147–9 Catholic emancipation (1829), 59 education in, 144 Cromwell and return of Jews to before mid-19th century, 140 England, 56–7, 59, 182 in mid-19th century, 140, 141 different means of understanding rates of belief in God in, 134 development of, 62–9 toleration not immediately Reform Act (1832), 61, 62 extended to, 138 residential rights, 61 Augsburg, Peace of (1555), 17, 33, 318–20 Rothschild’s entry into parliament Augustine of Hippo, 30, 52, 53 (1858), 58–62, 69 Augustus (Roman emperor) and Test Acts, 57, 66 Imperial cult, 77 Test and Corporation Act of 1828 Austria (abolishing sacramental tests for blasphemy laws in, 326 Protestant dissenters), 61, 60 Catholic political parties emerging in, characteristics of toleration for purposes 207, 208 of, 48–51 Christian Democracy in, 210 liberalism and toleration, relationship Concordat of 1855, 322 between. See liberalism and directly and indirectly subsidized toleration faiths in, 320 origins of toleration in medieval policy Old Catholics schism in, 156 towards Jews, 51–2 Ottoman empire, war with, 103 anti-clericalism revolutions of 1849-1849 and, 193 in culture wars of later 19th century, sexual minorities, rights of, 327 198–9 WWII in, 208–9 in Enlightenment writing, 76 Austria-Hungary, 15, 196, 197 revolutions of 1848–1849 and, 76 Azad, Maulana, 248 Anti-Corn Law League, 216, 218 Anti-Du¨hring (Engels), 188 Bacon, Francis, 75 anti-slavery movement in 19th century Bad Godesberg programme (1959), Britain, 216 Germany, 325 Anti-State Church Association, 218, 219 Bahadur Shah Zafar (last Mughal king), anti-Trinitarianism, 183 244 apocalyptic and growth of socialism in Baines, Edward, 215, 218, 219, 223, Britain, 181–4 224, 229 Apotheosis of Washington (Barralet), 139 Bakewell, Joan, 276, 284, 287 April movement, 193 Bali, terrorist attacks of 2005 in, 2 Ara Pacis, 77 Balkan states. See also specific states, Aristotle, 40 e.g. Croatia Armenians church-state relations in, 324 millet system in Ottoman empire Ottoman empire, independence for, 98, 100 from, 103 Turkish nationalism affecting, 92 Bamyan Buddhas, destruction of, 1 Arya, 246 Baptists Asad, Talal, 235, 237 British 19th century politics, Atatu¨rk, Kemal, 90, 92, 109, 110 involvement in. See nonconformist atheism/agnosticism politics in 19th century Britain British atheist MP refusing to take evangelical movement in United States parliamentary oath on Bible, 302 and, 85 in the 1960s, 259, 274 in Russia, 116 nonconformists in Britain, fears of, 224 statistics collected by, 73 secularisation thesis requiring growing Barelvi, Syed Ahmed, 251 number of, 132 Barkey, Karen, 19, 90 Soviet ideology, atheism as, 124, 123 Barlow, Joseph, 140 United States Barralet, John James, 139

358 Index

Barrett’s World Christian Encyclopedia, 320 Evangelical movement, rise of, 15 Bauer, Bruno, 88 Book of the new moral world (Owen), 177 Bayle, Pierre, 3, 34 Borutta, Manuel, 200 Bayly, Christopher A., 112, 243 Bossard-Borner, Heidi, 193 the Beatles, 290, 328 Bossuet, Jacques-Be´nigne, 151–4, 157, Beauvoir, Simone de, 284 164, 166, 167, 168, 169 Bebel, August, 172 Botti, Alfonso, 202 Beckwith, Lillian, 279 Bourbon restoration (1815) in France, behavioural approach to secularisation, 159–61 315–18 Boyer, John, 212 Behemoth (Hobbes), 40–1 Brabant, Duchess of, 52 Bejczy, Istvan, 51, 52 Bradlaugh, Charles, 302 Belgium Brandt, Willy, 325 Catholic political parties emerging in, Bright, John, 224, 229 207, 208 Britain. See also Northern Ireland; Christian Democracy in, 211, 212 Scotland; Wales Concordat model in, 322 abortion in, 327 culture wars of later 19th century, 196 Acts directly and indirectly subsidized Act for the Naturalisation of the Jews faiths in, 320 (1753), Britain, 48, 57–8, 66 Flemish regional autonomy, Act of Settlement of 1701, 83 demand for, 212 Act of Supremacy, 63 franchise reform in, 197 Burials Act 1880, 225 illegitimacy, discrimination in Christian Butler Education Act of inheritance rights based on, 306 1944, 229 in the 1960s, 259, 263 Civil Partnerships Act 2004, 307 non-discrimination on basis of religion Contagious Diseases Acts, 221 in, 330 Reform Act (1832), 61, 62, 197 WWII in, 208–9 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act belief in God, 17, 134, 269, 322, 335 2000, 306 See also atheism/agnosticism Statute of Jewry (1275), 55 Ben Israel, Menasseh, 56 Test Acts, 57, 66, 136 Benedict XVI (pope), 28, 332, 334, 335 Test and Corporation Act of 1828, Bennett, Brian, 289 61, 60 Bentham, Jeremy, 81 Toleration Act of 1689, 37, 47, 57, 67 Berlin Wall, fall of, 189 blasphemy laws in, 326 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India, 342, Catholicism in. See under Catholicism 345, 348, 349 civil marriage not compulsory in Bible. See scripture 19th century, 73 Bidault, Georges, 213 Civil War and Commonwealth period Bin Laden, Osama, 336 apocalyptic in, 182 birth control. See contraception Behemoth (Hobbes), 40–1 Bismarck, Otto von, 15, 18, 172, 188, 196, national identity in, 83–4 199, 207 nonconformists views on, 224 BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), India, 342, post-revolution compromise, ultimate 345, 348, 349 survival of, 15 Blackbourn, David, 193 return of Jews under Cromwell, 56–7, Blair, Cherie, 294 59, 182 Blaschke, Olaf, 257 Russian Revolution and, 14 blasphemy laws, 326 Clarendon Code, 66 Blomfield, Bishop, 81 common Protestantism of England and Blumenberg, Hans, 4 Scotland, 84 Bodin, Jean, 38 constitutional order without written Bonaparte, Napoleon constitution, 295 Concordat of 1801, 14, 179, 320–1 Declaration of Indulgence (1672), 66

Index 359

disestablishment movement in. See Bu¨chner, Ludwig, 106 under nonconformist politics in Bulgaria 19th century Britain established confession in, 320, 324 education in, 329 minority religions, regulation of, 300–1 established church in. See Anglicanism Burials Act 1880 (Britain), 225 French Revolution and, 183 Burke, Edmund, 76, 77 Glorious Revolution of 1688, 57, 67, 83 Bush, George W., 336 historical prioritisation of one political/ Butler, Joseph, 144 religious group, importance of Butterfield, Herbert, 64 avoiding, 87 Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 217 in India. See colonial secularism and Byles, William, 229 Islamism in North India Jews, treatment of. See Anglo-Jewish Caddy, Peter, 291 experience Caitanya, 346 Licensing Act 1872, 222 Calixtus II (pope), 51 London, terrorist attacks of 2005 in, 2 Calvin, Jean, 31 national identity in, 44, 83–4 Calvinism the 1960s in autonomy and reforms sought by, 80 Anglicanism, 259, 260, 272–3 capitalism and Calvinism, Weber’s decline in church attendance and work ethic theory of, 4, 11, 19, 70 affiliation, 260 United Reformed Church, female liberalising reforms in, 16, 271, 272–3 versus male churchgoers in, 293 religious observance and involvement Camus, Armand-Gaston, 158 in 1950s, 257 Canada in the 1960s, 259, 271 satire movement in, 258 Cane Ridge revival of 1801, 146 women. See women in 1960s Britain canon law nonconformist politics in 19th century. secularisation in, 4 See nonconformist politics in 19th toleration in, 51, 53 century Britain capitalism Ottoman empire, relationship with, 102 Calvinism and, Weber’s work ethic plurality of religions in, 33, 79 theory of, 4, 11, 19, 70 Radical critique of the state in Jews in England 1096–1290 as sources nonconformist use of, 218 of capital, 53 waning of, 222–9 Carnegie Foundation, 144 rational dissent in, 182, 183–4 Carr, Jimmy, 290 revolutions of 1848–1849, lack of, 193 Carter, Angela, 280, 282 science and Christian-based natural Casanova, Jose´, 4, 21, 27 philosophy, early modern alliance Catherine the Great (Russian between, 5 empress), 103 sexual minorities, rights of, 306, Catholic Action Groups, 208 308, 327 Catholicism socialism in, 172, 174, 181–4, 189 in Britain toleration in, 19, 37, 62–9 break with Rome, 44, 63, 70 See also Anglo-Jewish Catholic emancipation (1829) in, experience 59, 80 women in 1960s. See women in 1960s female versus male churchgoers, 293 Britain Irish Catholic education, British WWII in, 208–9 funding of, 217, 218, 227 British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, James II and Catholic soldiers, 66 217 moralised politics, demand for, 217 Brown, Baldwin, 224 nonconformist anti-Catholicism, 227 Brown, Callum, 16, 255, 257, 265–6, 270, nonconformists and Catholics, 271, 275 alliance between, 87 Brown, Carl L., 237 Vatican I, reaction to proclamation of Bruce, Steve, 71, 75 papal infallibility at, 157, 162

360 Index

Catholicism (cont.) post-Tridentine measures, 116 centrality and primacy of papacy, revolutions of 1848-1849 solidification of, 165 anti-Catholic sentiment during, 192 Christian democracy in Europe and, press and information policy 166, 189, 209–13 changes, 194–5 civic religion and national identity, 333 religious revival during, 192–6 Concordat model of religious pluralism socialism and, 18 in Europe, 320–2 superstition, belief regarded as, 70 culture wars of later 19th century, in Sweden, 82 196–208 toleration, Locke’s exclusion of Enlightenment in Catholic countries, 77 Catholics from, 150–1, 169 French Catholicism’s internal debates ultramontanism. See ultramontanism reflecting concerns of, 150, 169. Vatican I. See Vatican I See also French Catholicism Vatican II. See Vatican II French Revolution, papal WWII and, 208–9 condemnations of, 150 Cevdet, Abdullah, 107 German national identity and, 84 Chamberlain, Joseph, 221, 231 Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine, Charles I (king of England), 84 Russian Orthodox incorporation Charles II (king of England), 66, 84 of, 128 Charles X (king of France), 159, 160 Gregorian Reform of, 164 Charter of 1815, France, 160 Ireland Charter of Fundamental Rights of the education, British funding of, 217, European Union, 310 218, 227 Chidvilasananda, Gurumayi, 290 national identity in, 3, 18, 81, 113–14 China liberalism and. See liberalism and appointment of bishops in, 163 Catholicism cultural revolution, 188 modern Europe shaped by tensions Tiananmen Square, 189 between secularisation and, 190. Chishtiya, 251 See also Europe/European Union Christelijke Volkspartij, Belgium, 212 Netherlands Christian Butler Education Act of 1944 Catholic political parties emerging (Britain), 229 in, 207, 208 Christian Democracy in Europe, 166, processions forbidden in, 192, 196 189, 209–13, 256, 323 reestablishment of Catholic hierarchy Christianity. See also specific in, 192 denominations in the 1960s classical world’s acceptance of, 18 radicals and conservatives, split colonial equation with modernity, 243–6 between, 268 early modern alliance between science Vatican II, 255, 256, 259, 268 and, in Britain, 5 nonconformists in 19th century Britain Europe, Christian-ness of, 310, 314, alliance with, 87 332, 335 anti-Catholicism of, 227 global process of secularisation Old Catholics schism, 156, 199 equated with European story, papal cults of 19th century, 206 problem of, 19 papal curia, revitalisation of, 195 Jews and Judaism, Christian obligations papal infallibility, doctrine of, 156, to, 331–2 161–2, 199 in Lisbon Treaty (draft Treaty Papal States, Italian annexation of, 195, Establishing a Constitution for 196, 198, 206 Europe), 310, 314 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 17, 33, 318–20 location of secularisation phenomenon Poland, national identity in, 3, 18, 81, in, 71 113–14 modern movements in, 2, 293, 336 political and social movements in Ottoman empire, Christians in, pre-WWII Europe, 207–9 97–101

Index 361

rationalisation of religion required in modernity, Islamism as product of, Judaeo-Christian tradition, 71, 75 238, 249–52 superstition, belief regarded as, 70 official neutrality of colonial powers church. See also specific denominations regarding religion, 241, 243 religion-church-state lineage in Pakistan as separate Muslim pre-secular societies, 30 homeland, 242, 249 separation of state and. See separation quantitative/qualitative shifts in notions of church and state of dominance, 244, 248 social significance of religion, loss of religious and ethnic codification, 20, authority not equated with, 26 239–2, 350–2 Church of England. See Anglicanism tradition, modernity, and secularism Church of Ireland, disestablishment of, 220 in Muslim societies, 236–8 Church of Scotland universality attributed to colonial autonomy and reforms sought by, 81 legal/judicial norms, 247 disestablishment, concept of, 228, 232 Companion to American thought (Fox and political ruler’s place in governance of, 79 Kloppenberg), 148 schism of 1843, 80 comparative approach to secularisation, on sexual revolution, 292 20–2 Churchill, Winston, 258 Compromise of 1867, Austria-Hungary, The churching of America (Finke and 196, 197 Stark), 133 Comte, Auguste, 3, 4, 132, 181, 315 Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), Concordat model of religious pluralism France, 157–9, 163, 178, 181 in Europe, 320–2, 325 Civil Partnerships Act 2004, Britain, 307 Concordat of 1801, France, 14, 179, 320–1 civil rights Concordat of 1855, Austria, 322 Christian support for, 2 Concordat of Bologna (1516), 153 the 1960s and, 256, 259 Condorcet, Marquis de, 132 Civilta` Cattolica (journal), 195, 198 Congregationalists Clarendon Code, Britain, 66 British 19th century politics, involvement Clark, Christopher, 14, 28, 33, 34, 190 in. See nonconformist politics in Clarke, Samuel, 183 19th century Britain classical world statistics collected by, 73 Christianity as official religion of, 18 Congress of Vienna (1815), 79, 188 democratic ideas derived from, 40 Considerations on France (de Maistre), 154 diversity of beliefs in, 9 Constantine I (Roman emperor), 18, 179 ecclesiastical hierarchy of Christianity constitutionalisation and secularisation in originating in, 19 Europe, 295–313 Imperial cult in, 77 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the toleration in, 35 European Union, 310 Clifford, John, 225 definition of constitutionalisation, 295 Cobban, A., 177 European Convention on Human Cobden, Richard, 216, 219, 223 Rights, 295, 297–8 Cole, G. D. H., 173 European Court of Human Rights, colonial secularism and Islamism in case law of. See European Court North India, 235–53 of Human Rights Christianity equated with modernity by legal versus social secularity, 296 colonial powers, 243–6 Lisbon Treaty (draft Treaty creative and dialectical link between, Establishing a Constitution for 235, 252–3 Europe), 309–10 democracy, 244 non-discrimination on basis of religion, diversity of Muslim responses to doctrine of, 297 colonial secularism, 248–9 principled deference to the states, identity, religion as form of, 241–8 doctrine of, 297 intrusiveness of modern state into daily religious freedom, doctrine of, 297, 313 life, 238–41 trans-national, 295, 310

362 Index

constitutionalisation and secularisation in Declaration of the rights of man and of the Europe (cont.) citizen (1789), 154, 181 variety of legal church-state relationships Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire within constitutions, 295–6 (Gibbon), 76 Constitutions Decretals of Gregory IX (1234), 51 Spanish Constitution of 1978, 320 Decretum gratiani (c. 1140), 51 of United States, 134, 136, 311, 321 defamation of religion, speech protection Weimar Constitution (1919), against, 326 Germany, 323 Defensor pacis (Marsilius of Padua), 31 Contagious Diseases Acts, Britain, 221 Deism, 183 contraception democracy Catholic ban on use of, 268, 327 Christian Democracy in Europe, 166, in Europe after WWII, 327 189, 209–13, 256, 323 liberalisation of laws regarding, 271 in colonial India, 244 Conway, Martin, 209, 263 as enumerative process, 351 Cook, Michael, 237 French Catholicism and Corn Laws, nonconformist league Lammenais as radical democrat, 165 opposing, 216, 218 neo-Gallicanism, 166–8, 169 Cortes, Juan Donoso, 204 ultramontanism as response to Council of Europe, 297 democracy, 155 Cox, Harvey, 259 national identity and, 44 Creppell, Ingrid, 13, 23 nonconformists in Britain, fears of, 224 Crews, Robert, 114 politics and secularisation, role in, 25, Crimean War, 103 38–42 Croatia United States, synergy between liberty, established confession in, 320, 324 democracy, republicanism, and in WWII, 209 religion in, 141 Cromwell, Oliver, 56, 59, 182, 224 De´mocratie Sociale, France, 15, 18, 181 Cuddihy, John Murray, 332 Demurrer in the Jewes (Prynne), 56 Cullen, Cardinal, 227 Denmark Cult of Reason, 1793–4, France, 13, blasphemy laws in, 326 179, 180 civic religion and national identity Cult of the Supreme Being, 1794, in, 333 France, 13, 173, 179, 180 established confessions and directly culture wars of later 19th century, 196–208 subsidized faiths in, 320 customary law in Ottoman empire, 95 Muhammad cartoons, 326 Czech Republic, state neutrality in, 324 non-discrimination on basis of religion in, 330 Dale, R. W., 220, 221, 224, 227 Social Democrats in, 324 Daly, Mary, 267 subordination of Protestant church Damasus I (pope), 78 to parliament in, 82 Darrow, Clarence, 148 Deoband, 237, 251 Dars-e-Nizami, 251 Deutschkatholiken movement, 206 Darwin, Charles, 11, 15–16, 171 dialectical materialism, Soviet espousal Davies, Celia, 279 of, 188 De Gasperi, Alcide, 211, 213 Dialectics of nature (Engels), 188 De Gaulle, Charles, 323 Dignitatis humanae (1965), 150 De l’e´glise gallicane (de Maistre), 154 Dilke, Sir Charles, 226 de Maistre, Joseph, 154–7, 161 Dill, Samuel, 77 death penalty, suspension and abolition Dilthey, Wilhelm, 337 of, 271, 272 A discourse on the love of our country Declaration of 1682, France, 151, 166, 168 (Price), 77 Declaration of Independence, U.S., 134 discrimination on basis of religion, ban Declaration of Indulgence (1672), on, 297, 330–1 Britain, 66 disestablishment

Index 363

in Britain. See under nonconformist Engels, Friedrich, 173, 177, 188 politics in 19th century Britain England. See Britain French Revolution, deconfessionalisation Enlightenment, 70–89 of Catholic Church by, 153–6 anti-clericalism of, 76 Disraeli, Benjamin, 230, 233 classical world, Imperial cult in, 77 dissenting politics in 19th century Britain. in Europe, 5 See nonconformist politics in 19th historical origins of secularisation in, century Britain 3, 70 divorce mental and cultural adjustment, in Europe after WWII, 327 secularisation as, 74–8 Irish restrictions on, 304 providence in history, role of, 75–6 liberalisation of laws in 1960s, 271, 273 reason, as movement based on, 76 Dixon, Simon, 112 sacred history, rejection of concept of, 5 Diyanet, 109, 110 separation of church and state and, 77 Donovan (Leitch), 276, 288, 290 in United States, 5, 140 Dreiser, Theodore, 148 environmental movement, Christian Droz, Jacques, 173 support for, 2 Du pape (de Maistre), 154, 161 Erastianism, 225 Dukhobors, 116 eschatological expectations and growth Durkheim, E´ mile, 4, 23, 73, 92, 106 of socialism in Britain, 181–4 Dutch. See Netherlands ESRC project, 277 Essay on the Jewish Question (Marx), 88 East India Company, 58, 243 Essay on toleration (Furneaux), 68 eastern and New Age religions, western established state churches. interest in, 259, 264, 290, 294 See also particular churches, e.g. ECHR. See European Convention on Anglicanism, Church of Scotland Human Rights, European Court of disestablishment Human Rights in Britain. See under nonconformist economic affluence and secularism politics in 19th century Britain behavioural theory of, 316 French Revolution, in the 1960s, 255, 256, 261–3, 264 deconfessionalisation of Catholic Edict of Nantes (1598)/Revocation of Church by, 153–6 Edict of Nantes (1685), France, European Court of Human Rights 41, 154, 183 rulings on. See under European education Court of Human Rights in Europe after WWII, 328–30 Peace of Augsburg (1555), legacy of, French Ide´ologues on secular reform 318–20 of, 181 Euben, Roxanne, 252 headscarf laws in Europe, 313, 324, Europe, religious pluralism in 31–335 328, 329, 330 behavioural approach to secularisation nonconformist voluntaryism in and, 315–18 19th century Britain, 217–19, Concordat model, 320–2, 325 221, 224, 227–9, 231 headscarf laws, 313, 324, 328, 329, 330 Owen’s socialist theories and, 176–7 national identity and Christianity, 310, sexual revolution and British universities, 313, 314 276, 286–8 non-Christian populations in United States, 142–5 education of, 328–30 Education of the human race (Lessing), 184 Jews in medieval Europe, 9 Edward I (king of England), 53, 55–6, 61 modern immigrants, 17, 313, 314 Egypt and Ottoman empire, 103 non-discrimination against, 330–1 1848-1849, revolutions of. See Turkey’s admission to EU, 3, 311 under revolutions Peace of Augsburg (1555), legacy of, Eisenstadt, S. N., 238 318–20 EKD (Evangelical Church of regime change, continuity despite, 322–4 Germany), 322 statistics regarding, 314–15

364 Index

Europe, religious pluralism in (cont.) Sheffield and Horsham v. UK, 307 after WWII, 322–4 Smith and Grady v. UK, 306 abortion, 327–8 Supreme Holy Council of the Muslim Benedict XVI’s insistence on Community v. Bulgaria, 301 Christian-ness of Europe, 332, 335 Sutherland v. UK, 307 birth control, 327 Tokarczyk v. Poland, 309 civic religion and national identity, Tyler v. UK, 303 331–5 Tysia˛c v. Poland, 309 divorce, 327 Va n K u¨ck v. Germany, 307 education, 328–30 Wingrove v. UK, 297 homosexuality, 327 church-state relationships, rulings non-discrimination against on, 298–301 non-Christian religions, 330–1 constitutional principles of secularism religious influence on law and as repression of religious freedom, politics, 323 303–4 sexual revolution, 328 established state churches speech protection against avoidance of rulings regarding, defamation of religion, 326 298–9, 310 European Convention on Human internal organisation of, 302–3 Rights, 295, 297–8 minority religions, rights of, 301 European Court of Human Rights, 17, 296 family life, rulings pertinent to. See abortion rulings, 308–9 under family life ad hoc solutions, preference for, 310 illegitimacy, discrimination in case law inheritance rights based on, 306 B. v. France, 307 on legislation based on religious Biserica Adeva˘rat Ortodoxa˘ din principles, 304–9 Moldova v. Moldova, 300 minority religions, regulation of, Bruggermann and Scheuten v. 299–301 Germany, 308 non-discrimination on basis of religion, Buscarini v. San Marino, 301 doctrine of, 297, 330 Campbell and Cousins v. UK, 297 oath-swearing for political office, 301–2 Canea Catholic Church v. Greece, 298 principled deference to the states, Church of Scientology v. Russia, 300 doctrine of, 297 Da Silva Mouta v. Portugal, 307 religious freedom, doctrine of, 297, 313 Dahlab v. Switzerland, 313 sexual minorities, rights of, 305–7, 327 Darby v. Sweden, 299 specific individual rights affected by Frette´ v. France, 307 state policy, interventionary Goodwin v. UK, 308 approach to, 298 H. v. Norway, 308 European Court of Justice, 331 Hassan and Chauch v. Bulgaria, 301 European Evangelical Alliance, 314 Iglesia Bautista v. Spain, 299 Europe/European Union, 190–213. Johnston v. Ireland, 304 See also specific countries Jyllands-Posten case, 326 belief in God in, 322, 335 Kalak v. Turkey, 304 Catholic social and political movements, Karaduman v. Turkey, 304 pre-WWII, 207–9 Keegan v. Ireland, 308 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Marckx v. Belgium, 306 European Union, 310 McGuiness v. UK, 302 Christian Democracy in, 166, 189, Moscow Branch of the Salvation 209–13, 256, 323 Army v. Russia, 300 Christian West, location of Open Door and Dublin Well secularisation phenomenon in, 71 Woman v. Ireland, 309 Christian-ness of, 310, 314, 332, 335 Rees v. UK, 307 constitutionalisation and secularisation Refah Partisi v. Turkey, 305 in. See constitutionalisation and Sahin v. Turkey, 304 secularisation in Europe

Index 365

continuing religio-political issues in, FIOE statement in, 334 2, 17 German family law after WWII, 325–6 Council of Europe, 297 in Lisbon Treaty, 310 culture wars of later 19th century, 196–208 in the 1960s, 262, 263 Enlightenment configured as freedom Farangi Mahal School, 251 from belief in, 6 Farrow, Mia, 291 global process of secularisation Fearon, James D., 100 equated with European story, Febronians, 199 problem of, 11, 17, 21 Fe´de´ration Nationale Catholique, France, 208 in middle ages. See medieval Europe Federation of Islamic Organisations in modern Europe, tensions between Europe (FIOE), 335 secularisation and Catholic Feldman, David, 47 religious revival shaping, 190 feminism and women’s rights movement, as pluralistic state. See Europe, 255. See also entries at women religious pluralism in abortions, ‘underground railroads’ for post-Communist states, 299–301, 313 obtaining, 327 revolutions of 1848–1849 in. See religious attendance and affiliation under revolutions affected by, 267 ultramontanism, 19th century secular feminism, dominance of, 277 spread of, 156–7 Festival of Light, 291 WWII in, 208–9, 256, 322–4 Filmer, Robert, 31 Evangelical Church of Germany Findhorn Community, 291 (EKD), 322 Finke, Roger, 133 Evangelical movement Finland Britain, nonconformist politics in. blasphemy laws in, 326 See nonconformist politics in both established confessions and 19th century Britain directly subsidized faiths in, 320 European Evangelical Alliance, 314 sexual minorities, rights of, 327 French Revolution and Napoleonic Finney, Charles Grandison, 140 wars, origins in, 15 FIOE (Federation of Islamic in Sweden, 82 Organisations in Europe), 335 United States, Great Awakenings in, First Amendment of United States 85–6, 146 Constitution, 5, 134, 136, 137, Evangelical Voluntary Church 311, 321 Association, 217 First Vatican Council. See Vatican I Evidences of Christianity (Paley), 144 Fisher, Geoffrey, 273 existence/non-existence of God, as Fisher, Kate, 285 Christian issue, 19 Flanders. See Belgium existential and political secularisation Fleischer, Cornell, 95 distinguished, 27–9 Foley, Winfred, 279 former Yugoslavia (Balkan states) Fabians, 188 church-state relations in, 324 Faith in Nation (Marx), 42 Ottoman empire, independence family life from, 103 European Court of Human Rights Fourier, Charles, 173, 175–6, 177, 178, rulings pertinent to 181, 187, 188 abortion rulings, 308–9 Fox, Jonathan, 331 divorce restrictions, 304 Fox, Richard Whiteman, 148 illegitimacy, discrimination in Fox’s book of martyrs, 182 inheritance rights based on, 306 France 13–14. See also French Catholicism; religious legislation on family law, French Revolution political party aiming to pass, 305 abortion in, 327 sexual minorities, rights of, 305–7 Algerian War, 257 unmarried fathers, paternal rights Catholic political parties emerging of, 308 in, 208

366 Index

France (cont.) Freethinkers and Freethought movement, Christian Democracy in, 166, 209, 140, 141 211, 212 French Catholicism, 150–70 civic religion and national identity in, 333 Bourbon restoration (1815) and Concordat model in, 320–1 aftermath, 159–61 Concordat of 1801, 14, 179, 320–1 Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), Constitution of 1795, 12 157–9, 163, 178, 181 continuing religio-political issues in, 17 Concordat of Bologna (1516), 153 culture wars of later 19th century, 196, deconfessionalisation, repercussions 197, 203, 205 of, 153–6 De´mocratie Sociale, 15, 18 181 democracy and. See under democracy Edict of Nantes (1598)/Revocation of Gallicanism Edict of Nantes (1685), 41, 154, of Bossuet, 150–4 183 liberal neo-Gallicanism, 165 education in, 329 internal debates reflecting concerns of Enlightenment configured as freedom Catholicism as such, 150, 169 from belief in, 6 laity, role of, 166–8 Gaullist party, 209, 323 liberalism and. See liberalism and headscarf laws in, 324, 329 Catholicism historical prioritisation of one political/ Louis XIV’s Declaration of 1682, 151, religious group, importance of 166, 168 avoiding, 86 ultramontanism. See ultramontanism homosexuals, adoption by, 307 French Revolution, 13 Huguenots, 41, 178 autonomy and reforms sought by Lisbon Treaty, Christianity in, 310 Protestant churches following, Napoleonic Concordat of 1801, 14 79–82, 1950s, religious observance and Britain and, 183 involvement in, 257, Burke on, 76, 77 the 1960s in, 258 Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), Ottoman empire, relationship with, 102 157–9, 163, 178, 181 plurality of religions in, 33 continuity in confessional arrangements prohibited sects in, 317 despite, 322 proto-democratic arguments in, 41 as culmination of series of reformations regime change, continuity in confessional and religious wars, 178 arrangements despite, 324 Declaration of the rights of man and of revolutions of 1848–1849 in, 14, 18, the citizen (1789), 154, 181 34, 181, 191, 192 deconfessionalisation of Catholic separation of church and state in, 11, 321 Church by, repercussions of, socialism in, 14, 172, 174, 177–81, 189 153–6 toleration in, 37 democracy and, 38 ultramontanism in. See ultramontanism Evangelical movement, rise of, 15 WWII in, 208–9 failures of, 18 Franco-Gallia (Hotman), 42 Germany and, 184–5 Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 33 papal condemnations of, 150 Frederick William III (king of Prussia), 82 quasi-religious roles of government Free Church of Scotland, 80, 82 following, 78 Free Churches. See also specific Russian Revolution and, 14 denominations socialism as response to failures of, 18, in Britain in 19th century. 171, 174, 177–81 See nonconformist politics in 19th toleration required by, 154 century Britain Freud, Sigmund, 23 female churchgoers, drop in, 292 fundamentalism, modern rise of, 2, 23, freedom of conscience. See religious 90, 171, 293, 333, 336–7 freedom Furet, F., 177 freedom of speech and blasphemy laws, 326 Furneaux, Philip, 68

Index 367

Galileo, 5, 171 revolutions of 1848-1849 in, 191, Gallicanism 192, 193 of Bossuet, 150–4 sexual minorities, rights of, 307, 327 liberal neo-Gallicanism, 165 Social Democrats in, 325 Gamble, Rose, 279 socialism in, 172, 174, 184–7 Gapon, Georgy, 119, 122 Trier Pilgrimage (1844), 206 Gaullists, 209, 323 Weimar Constitution (1919), 323 gays and lesbians. See homosexuality Gibbon, Edward, 76 Geertz, Clifford, 92 Gilbert, Alan, 255 Gellner, Ernest, 249, 316 Gilmartin, David, 245, 247 gender issues. See entries at women Gladstone, William, 157, 162, 220, 221, German Centre Party, 207, 208, 234 222, 223, 225, 227, 232 The German Ideology (Marx), 186 global secularisation process equated Germany, 15, 18 with European story, problem of, abortion in, 327 11, 17, 21 abortion law in, 308 Glorious Revolution of 1688, Britain, apocalyptic in, 182 57, 67, 83 Berlin Wall, fall of, 189 God, belief in, .134, 269, 322, 335, 17 blasphemy laws in, 326 See also atheism/agnosticism Calvinist churches, autonomy and God, existence/non-existence of, as reforms sought by, 80 Christian issue, 19 Catholic political parties emerging in, Godwin, William, 184 207, 208, 234 Go¨kalp, Ziya, 107 Christian Democracy in, 209, 210, Govan, Sheena, 291 211, 212, 325, 324 Graham, Sir James, 81 civic religion and national identity Great Britain. See Britain in, 333 Greece Concordat model in, 322, 325 established state church in, 298, 320 culture wars of later 19th century in, Ottoman empire, independence 196, 197, 199, 203, 207 from, 103, Deutschkatholiken movement, 206 Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine, directly and indirectly subsidised Russian Orthodox incorporation faiths in, 320 of, 128 economic affluence and religious Greenfield, Liah, 43 belief in, 316 Gregory IX (pope), 51 education in, 329 Gregory VII (pope) and Gregorian French Revolution and, 184–5 Reform, 164 headscarf laws in, 330 Grimm brothers, 85 historical prioritisation of one political/ Guha, Sumit, 239 religious group, importance of guilt, women in 1960s Britain and avoiding, 87 feelings of, 282–5 Kulturkampf, 15, 19, 22, 87, 196 Guizot, Franc¸ois, 53, 55 Lutheran church, autonomy and reforms sought by, 82 Habermas, Jurgen, 177 national identity in, 84–5 Hallaq, Wael, 237 Nazism and WWII in, 208–9, 256, Hamburger, Philip, 140 258, 324 Hamilton, Bernard, 72 the 1960s in, 258, Haniog˘lu, S¸u¨kru¨, 108 Old Catholics schism in Bavaria, 156 Harrison, George, 290 plurality of religions in, 33 Hartley, David, 183, political ruler’s place in governance of Hatch, Nathan, 85 state church, 79 Hayek, Friedrich, 46–8, 58, 61, 69 post-WWII, 324 Hazard, Paul, 74 regime change, continuity in confessional headscarf laws in Europe, 313, 324, 328, arrangements despite, 325 329, 330

368 Index

Hegel, Geor Wilhelm Friedrich, 84, 185 Hunter, W. W., 244 henotheism, 332 Husain, Maqbool Fida, 1 Henry VIII (king of England), 44, 70 Heron, Liz, 281 Iceland, established confessions and Hinduism directly subsidised faiths in, 320 adaptation strategies in response to Ide´ologues, 181 modernity and rationalism, 340 illegitimacy, discrimination in inheritance BJP, 342, 345, 348, 349 rights based on, 306 nationalism associated with, 2, 336, Immaculate Conception 341–2, See also thick and thin French celebration of, 14 religion German blasphemy laws protecting, 326 religious and ethnic codification of immigrant populations in United States, British colonial regime, influence 145–6 of, 20, 240, 350–2 Imperial cult in classical world, 77 Vaisnavas and Shaktas, 343, 347, India 348, 346 BJP, 342, 345, 348, 349 Hindutva, 241 colonial secularism and Islamism in History of Rome (Niebuhr), 75 North of. See colonial secularism history, role of providence in, 75–6 and Islamism in North India Hitler, Adolf, 323 Hinduism in. See Hinduism Hobbes, Thomas, 31, 38, 40–2, 74, 180, Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909, 245 349 Mumbai, terrorist attacks of 2008 in, 2 Hobsbawm, Eric, 236 New Age and eastern religions, 1960s Hochhuth, Rolf, 258 European interest in, 290 Hodgson, Marshall, 236 rebellion (mutiny) of 1857, 244 Holland. See Netherlands The Indian Musalmans (Hunter), 244 Holy Roman Empire. See Germany individualism, 71, 176, 352–4 homosexuality Industrial Revolution, 11, 70, 176 conservative Christian movements infallibility, papal, 156, 161–2, 199, fighting, 293 Inglehart, Ronald, 316 in Europe after WWII, 327 inheritance rights and illegitimacy, 306 European Court of Human Rights Innocent IV (pope), 51 rulings on, 305–7, 327 Iqbal, Mohammed, 248 Gay Liberation Movement, 290 Iqtidar, Humeira, 19, 235 legalisation of, 257, 271, 272, 273 Iranian Revolution of 1979, 2, 171, 336 Honest to God (Robinson), 255 Ireland Hoˆpital, Michel de L’, 42 abortion in, 309, 327 Hosking, Geoffrey, 14, 112 blasphemy laws in, 326 Hotman, Franc¸ois, 42 Catholic education, British funding House Church movement, 293 of, 217, 218, 227 Hoyle, William, 215 culture wars of later 19th century Huguenots, 41, 178 not unfolding in, 205 human rights disestablishment of Church of, 220, 228 Charter of Fundamental Rights of divorce restrictions in, 304 the European Union, 310 religion and national identity in, 3, 18, civil rights movement. See civil rights 81, 205 ECHR. See European Convention on unmarried fathers, paternal rights of, 308 Human Rights, European Court Islam of Human Rights civic religion and national identity in Humanae vitae (1968), 268, 327 Europe, 332–5 Hume, David, 3, 23 defamation of religion, speech Hungary protection against, 326 Soviet suppression of 1956 ecclesiastical hierarchy, lack of, 19 uprising, 189 education in Europe after WWII, state neutrality in, 324 328–30

Index 369

in Europe. See Europe, religious Jama’at-e-Islami (JI), 235, 237, 246, pluralism in 249–51 global process of secularisation equated James II (king of England), 66 with European story, 11 Jamiat-ulema-Hind, 250 headscarf laws in Europe, 313, 324, Jansenists, 178, 199 328, 329, 330 Jare, Julius, 75 modern resurgence of fundamentalist Jassy, Treaty of (1792), 103 and theocratic forms of, 2, 23, Jefferson, Thomas, 68, 135, 137, 138, 90, 171, 293, 333, 336–7 139, 142, 148 multiple paths available to, 91 Jews and Judaism in Ottoman empire. See Ottoman empire in Britain. See Anglo-Jewish experience religious and ethnic codification of Christians’ obligations to, 331–2 British colonial regime, influence civic religion and national identity, of, 20, 350–2 333, 334 in Russia, 113–14 defamation of religion, speech shari’a law. See shari’a law protection against, 326 Sufism ecclesiastical hierarchy, lack of, 19 in Ottoman empire, 97 fundamentalist forms of, 2, 293 reformist tradition in South Asia, 251 ‘Indian Muslim’ and ‘German Jew’, in Turkey. See Turkey concepts of, 249 Young Turk struggle with, 107–8 in medieval Europe, 9, 51–2 Islamism See also Anglo-Jewish under defined, 235 experience modernity, as product of, 238 non-religious Jews in Israel, 316 in North India. See colonial in Ottoman empire, 97–101 secularism and Islamism in rationalisation of religion required in North India Judaeo-Christian tradition, 71, 75 Pakistan, Islamist mobilisations in, 252 toleration originating as medieval policy Young Turks and, 106 in relation to, 51–2 Israel in United States, 138, 138, 145 Jewish extremism in, 2 JI (Jama’at-e-Islami), 235, 237, 246, non-religious Jews in, 316 249–51 Italy Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 248 abortion in, 327 Joan of Arc, 168 both established confessions and John of Kronstadt, 118, 119 directly subsidized faiths in, 320 John Sigismund (Prussian elector), 33 Catholic political parties emerging in, John XXIII (pope), 259 207, 208 Jones, A. H. M., 77 Catholic ultramontane press in, 195 Jordan, W. K., 63 Christian Democracy in, 209, 211, Judaism. See Jews and Judaism 325 Justinian I (Roman emperor), 77, 78 civic religion and national identity in, 333 kadi (magistrates) in Ottoman empire, 96–7 culture wars of later 19th century, 196, Kaiser, Wolfram, 208 197, 203, Kant, Immanuel, 184 Machiavelli’s drive for unity in, 32 kanun or dynastic law of Ottoman empire, 95 revolutions of 1848–1849 in, 191, 195 De Katholiek (journal), 197 socialism and Catholicism, clash Katholische Volkspartij, Belgium, 212 between, 18 Katznelson, Ira, 1, 19, 46 unification/annexation of Papal States, Kaviraj, Sudipta, 19, 239, 244, 248, 336 15, 195, 196, 198, 206 Kaye, Bishop, 81 WWII in, 208–9 Keble, John, 81 Khairi Brothers, 250 Jacobins. See French Revolution Khomeini, Ayatollah, 336 Jalal, Ayesha, 243 Kierkegaard, Sren, 88

370 Index

King, Martin Luther, 259 Liberal League, 140 Kinsey Reports, 327 Liberal Party in 19th century Britain and Kirkland, James Hampton, 143–4 nonconformists. See Kirkley, Evelyn, 141 under nonconformist politics in Klausen, Jytte, 17, 253, 314 19th century Britain Kloppenberg, James T., 148 liberalising legal reforms of 1960s, 271–3 Koch, Roland, 333 liberalism and Catholicism Kolakowski, Leszek, 48 Bossuet and de Maistre, authoritarianism Ku¨c¸u¨k Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774), 103 of, 157 Kugle, Scott Alan, 247 culture wars of later 19th century Kulturkampf, 15, 19, 22, 87, 196 anti-Catholicism of liberals during, Kuwait, economic affluence and 199 religious belief in, 316 liberal Catholics, denigration of, 198–9 evolving Catholic attitude, 150, 169 Lacordaire, Jean-Baptiste Henri, 161 Lamennais’s turn to liberalism, 160–1, Laitin, David D., 100 165 Lambert, Yves, 261, 266 neo-Gallicanism, 165 Lamennais, Hugues Felicite´ Robert ultramontanism and, 161–5, 194–5, de, 159–61, 164, 165, 166 198–9 Landscape for a good woman Vatican I and Lord Acton, 157 (Steedman), 282 liberalism and toleration Lang, Cosmo Gordon, 273 assumed relationship between, 46–8 Larkin, Philip, 328 civic religion and faith, accommodations L’ A r m o n i a (newspaper), 195 between, 332 Lassalle, Ferdinand, 188 development of connection between, Lateran Treaties (1929), 209 62–9 Latin America, liberation theology in, 2, 317 historical association of, 59, 61–2 Latvia, state neutrality in, 324 liberalism without toleration, 53–4, 58 L’Avenir (journal), 161, 162, 165 neo-Gallicanism, 165 Lawrence, Bruce, 238 strongest foundation for toleration, Laycock, Douglas, 141 liberalism providing, 50–1 League of Militant Godless, 124 toleration without liberalism, 57 Lebensreformation (reformation of life), Liberalism is sin (Sarda` i Salvany), 198 expectation of, 184 Liberation Society, Britain, 219–20, 230 LeBon, Gustave, 106 liberation theology, 2, 317 Lecky, W. E. H., 46 Licensing Act 1872 (Britain), 222 Lefebvre, Georges, 177 Lichtenstein, established state church legal versus social secularity, 296 in, 320 legislation based on religious principles, Lichtheim, George, 173 European Court of Human Rights Life of Jesus (Strauss), 75, 185 rulings regarding, 304–9 Lincoln, Abraham, 142 Leitch, Donovan, 276, 288, 290 Lisbon Treaty, 309–10 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 126, 188 Lloyd George, David, 227 Lennon, John, 290 Locke, John, 38, 42, 47, 50, 62, 65, 68, 69, Lenski, Gerhard, 6, 148 150–1, 157, 169, 183 Leo XIII (pope), 204, 210 Lollards, 13 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 184 London, terrorist attacks of 2005 in, 2 Letter concerning toleration (Locke), 62, Long Parliament (1290), expulsion of 68, 69, 150–1, 157 Jews during, 48, 53, 55 Letters from an inhabitant of Geneva ‘long sixties,’ concept of, 261 (Saint-Simon), 174 Louˆ,De´sgre´es du, 211 Leuba, James A., 148 L’Ouest-E´ clair (newspaper), 211 Levellers, 40 Louis XIV (king of France), 33, 151, 152, Leviathan (Hobbes), 40, 41 153, 183 Lewis, Bernard, 249 Louis XVI (king of France), 13

Index 371

Louis XVIII (king of France), 159 McCudden, Elizabeth, 287 Louis Philippe I (king of France), 188 McCudden, Pat, 287 Lourdes, 14 McLeod, Hugh, 6, 16, 112, 130, 254, 275 Lo¨with, Karl, 4 Mead, Sidney, 85 Lukes, Steven, 48 Mearns, Andrew, 226 Lulu, 276, 289, 290 medieval Europe L’Univers (journal), 194 Jews and Judaism in, 9, 51–2, Luther, Martin, 18, 71, 152 See also Anglo-Jewish under Lutheranism experience autonomy and reforms sought by, 82 reason-based discourse, recovery of, 76 Lebensreformation (reformation of life), toleration, origins of, 51–2 expectation of, 184 Mehmed II (Ottoman ruler), 95, 99 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 17, 33, 318–20 Mendras, Henri, 255, 261 Luxembourg Mendus, Susan, 48 Christian Democracy in, 211 men’s increasing role in religion in Britain established state church in, 320 since 1960s, 292–4 Lyon, T., 63 Merezhkovskii, Dmitrii, 118 Methodists Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 46, 219 evangelical movement in United Machiavelli, Niccolo, and States and, 85 Machiavellianism, 24, 32, 153 female versus male churchgoers, 293 MacNaghten, William, 240 1960s, decline in British Methodism Madison, James, 47 in, 260 Magna Carta, 48, 53–5 statistics collected by, 73 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 291 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 143–4 Mahmud II (Ottoman ruler), 103 Metternich, 188 Malta, established state church in, 320 Miall, Edward, 215, 218, 220, 221, 223, Manent, Pierre, 166 224, 229, 231 manly earnestness, nonconformist Mill, John Stuart, 4, 47 cult of, 224–6 millennialism and growth of socialism in Manning, Cardinal, 162 Britain, 181–4 Mardin, S¸erif, 107 Millennium Project, 267 Maret, Henry, 166 millet system, 98–100 Margotti, Giacomo, 195 Milton, John, 68 marriage. See also divorce; family life minority religions, state regulation of, civil marriage laws, 73 299–301 companionate, 1960s as golden age Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909, India, 245 of, 263 Minutes of the Wesleyan Conference, 73 sati, British efforts to ban, 239 Mirari vos (1832), 150, 165 Marsden, George, 147 Mitterand, Franc¸ois, 189 Marsilius of Padua, 31, 74, 166 modernity Martin, David, 6, 7, adaptation strategies in religious Marvin, Hank, 289 belief in response to, 340 Marwick, Arthur, 261 Christianity and, colonial equation Marx, Anthony, 42, 43 of, 243–6 Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 4, 13, 23, 70, equation of secularisation with, 200–3, 88, 177, 184–7, 188, 267 236, 270 Massey, Victoria, 279 identity, individual/collective, 352–4 Masud, Mohammed Khalid, 253, 245 Islamism as product of, 238, 249–52 Mathiez, Albert, 177 Muslim societies, tradition, modernity, Maududi, Sayed Abul Ala, 242, 246, and secularism in, 236–8 248, 249–52 Ottoman empire, role of modernisation in Mayhew, Henry, 282 in nation-state, 110–11 Mayo, Governor-General of India, 244 in transition period, 106–7 McCartney, Paul, 276, 288 thick and thin religion, 350–4

372 Index

modernity (cont.) in Russia, 121, 128, 130 in women’s autobiographies of 1950s in thick and thin religion. See thick and 1960s, 281 and thin religion Moldova, regulation of minority in Turkish state, 109, 110 religions in, 300 National Liberal Federation, Britain, 231, Molokane, 116, 118 National Marriage Guidance Council, Monaco, established state church in, 320 Britain, 264 monarchomachs, 42 National Viewers’ and Listeners’ Monk, Bishop, 81 Association, Britain, 291 Montalembert, Charles Forbes Rene´ nativism in United States, 146 de, 161 Nazism, 208–9, 256, 258, 324 Muft, Amir, 249 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 341 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 276, 291 Netherlands Mumbai, terrorist attacks of 2008 in, 2 blasphemy laws in, 326 Murray, John Courtney, 164 Calvinist churches, autonomy and Muslim Brotherhood in Europe, 335 reforms sought by, 80 Muslims. See Islam Catholicism in. See under Catholicism mutiny (rebellion) of 1857, India, 244 Christian Democracy in, 325 Concordat model in, 322 Nandy, Ashis, 345, 349 continuing religio-political issues in, 17 Nantes, Edict of (1598), and Revocation culture wars of later 19th century, 196 of Edict of Nantes (1685), France, denominational delivery of welfare state 33, 41, 154, 183 services in, 317 Napoleon and Napoleonic wars education in, 329 Concordat of 1801, 14, 179, 320–1 1950s, religious observance and Evangelical movement, rise of, 15 involvement in, 257 Napoleon III (emperor of France), 162 in the 1960s, 259, 275 Naqshbandiya, 251 non-discrimination on basis of religion Narayanan, Vasudha, 242 in, 330 National Education League, Britain, plurality of religions in, 33 221, 231 regime change, continuity in confessional national identity arrangements despite, 324 civic religion in Europe after WWII revolutions of 1848–1849 in, 192, 193 and, 331–5 toleration in, 37 colonial secularism and religion as Neville, Richard, 288 form of identity, 241–8 New Age and eastern religions, western culture wars of later 19th century interest in, 259, 264, 290, 294 and, 200 The new Christianity (Saint-Simon), 175 Europe, current challenges in, 310, New Testament. See scripture 313, 314 A new view of society (Owen), 176 Gallicanism and national sovereignty, New York, terrorist attacks of 2001 on. 150–9, 168–9 See September 11, 2001 Hinduism and, 2, 336, 341–2 Newcastle Programme of 1891, Britain, modernity and individual/collective 232 identity, 352–4 Newman, John Henry, 81 nonconformist politics in 19th century Newton, Isaac, 174, 183, 187 Britain and, 224 Nicholas II (Russian tsar), 120 in Ottoman empire, 92 Niebuhr, B. G., 75 politics and secularisation, role in, 25, 42 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 331–2 Protestantism and, 82–5 Niemo¨ller, Martin, 209, 211 religion as, in Poland and Ireland, 3, 18, Niethammer, Friedrich Immanuel, 185 81, 113–14, 205 the 1960s. See also under specific revolutions of 1848–1849, links between countries, 16–18, 254–74 Protestantism and nationalism atheism/agnosticism in, 259, 274 during, 193 Catholicism in

Index 373

radicals and conservatives, split Cromwell and Commonwealth, between, 268 views on, 224 Vatican II, 255, 256, 259, 268 disestablishment movement, 13 change in, nature, causes, and elections of 1847, 219 chronology of, 254 1853–1873, 219–21 church-state relations in, 269 1880s, as declining priority in, 226–9 decline in church affiliation and American separation of church and attendance, 258–60, 276, 288–90, state as aspiration of, 86 292–4 Church of Ireland, disestablishment eastern and New Age religions, of, 220, 228 interest in, 259, 264, 290 church rates, struggle against, 217, economic affluence affecting, 255, 218, 219, 220, 256, 261–3, 264 Conservative party identified European focus of secularisation of, 19 with maintenance of Anglican family and neighborhood, role of, privilege, 230 262, 263 educational voluntaryism policies, individual belief, changes in, 269 217–19, 221, 224, 227–9, 231 liberalising legal reforms of, 271–3 societies formed to promote, 217, ‘long sixties,’ concept of, 261 219–20 1950s, religious observance and economic depressions, effects of, 216, involvement in, 256–7 integration of religious motives into political radicalisation in, 255, 256, political party system, 233–4 266–9 Liberal Party and as revolutionary decade, 254 elections of 1847, 219, 229 secularisation, attribution of changes elections of 1868, 220 to, 269 1870–1873 revolt against, 221, 222, sexual revolution of, 255, 256, 257, 229, 231 264–5, 276, 286–92, 328 1880s, nonconformist acceptance of subcultures, confessional and Whig position by, 227–8, 231–3 ideological, waning of, 263 alliance between, 229–33 theological radicalisation in, 255, 266–9 Gladstone, admiration for, 225 Vatican II and change in, 16, 255, 256, manly earnestness, cult of, 224–6 259, 268 moral fervour for political reform, 215 women and. See entries at women nationalism of, 224 youth culture of, 261, 262 Radical critique of the state Nocedal, Ca´ndido, 198 nonconformist use of, 218 Noll, Mark, 85 waning of, 222–9 non-Christian populations. reforms of 1828–1832 providing See under Europe, religious pluralism national political presence, 214 in; Hinduism; Islam; Jews and temperance/prohibition movement, Judaism 219, 222, 230, 232 nonconformist politics in 19th century non-discrimination on basis of religion, Britain, 214 297, 330–1 depression of 1829–30 to elections of 1847, Norris, Pippa, 316 215–19, 223, 229, 230 Northern Ireland. See also Britain 1853 to elections of 1873, 219–22, religious objection of MPs to 223–4, 229, 230, 231 swearing oath of allegiance to 1880s to 1910, 226–9, 231–3 Queen, 302 Anti-Corn Law League, 216, 218 religious observance and affiliation, anti-slavery movement, 216 drop in, 276 Catholicism sexual revolution in, 276 alliance with, 87 Norway dislike of, 227 abortion law in, 308 Contagious Diseases Acts, efforts to both established confessions and directly repeal, 222 subsidized faiths in, 320

374 Index

oath-swearing for political office, Ottomanism, 106 58–2, 301–2 Owen, Robert, 173, 176–7, 182, 183–4, O’Brien, Michael, 12, 132 187, 188 Ocak, Ahmet Yas¸ar, 94 Oxford Movement, 81, 82, 217 Of reformation (Milton), 68 O’Hair, Madalyn Murray, 149 Paine, Tom, 15, 75, 86, 139 Old Believers, 116, 120, 122 Pakistan Old Catholics, 156, 199 Islamist mobilisations in, 252 Old Prussian Union of 1817, 82, 85 as separate Muslim homeland, 242, 249, Old Testament. See scripture Palestine. See Israel Ollivier, Emile, 162 Paley, William, 75, 81, 144 Olson, Culbert Levy, 149 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, On religion considered in its connection Viscount, 219, 223 with the political and civil order papacy. See Catholicism (Lamennais), 159 Parker, Joseph, 221 Origin of species (Darwin), 11, 15–16 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 226 The origins of American social science Parry, Jonathan, 13, 214 (Ross), 148 Parsons, Talcott, 148 Orthodox Church in Russia. See Parti De´mocrate Populaire, France, 208, 211 under Russia Partido Social Popular, Spain, 208 Ottoman empire, 19, 90–111 Partito Popolare, Italy, 208 Britain and France, relationship passionate attraction, Fourier’s science with, 102 of, 175–6 continuity between Ottoman and Pastor aeternus (1870), 156, 161 modern Turkish state, 91 Patriarcha (Filmer), 31 customary law in, 95 Paul VI (pope), 268, 327 economic subordination of, 102–3 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 17, 33, 318–20 imperial period, 91, 92, 93–7 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 33, 84 kadi (magistrates), 96–7 Peace Society, 217 kanun or dynastic law in, 95 Peel, Robert, 59, 80, 217, 223 loss of provinces by, 103 Pe´guy, Charles, 168–9 modernisation, role of Pelham, Henry, 57–8 in nation-state, 110–11 Pelletier, Denis, 255 in transition period, 106–7 Penn, Margaret, 279 Muslim immigrants to, 107 ‘people’s church’, concept of, 324 national identity in, 92, 109 Perreau-Saussine, Emile, 14, nation-state, emergence of, 91, 92, Pe´tain, Philippe, 14 108–11 See also Turkey Peter the Great (Russian emperor), 115 periodisation of, 91 Peter’s Pence movement, 206 religion in Pew surveys, 316, 333, 334 Kemalist secularism, role in, 108–11 Philip IV the Fair (king of France), 168 pluralistic nature of, 92, 93, 97, 98 Philp, Mark, 184 tensions between Muslims and Pietists, 184 non-Muslims in transition pirs, 251 period, 102, 104 Pius IX (pope), 163, 192, 195, 197, 204, 206 Young Turk struggle with, 107–8 Pius XI (pope), 210 separation of church and state, Young Pius XII (pope), 258 Turk advocacy of, 107 Piusvereine, 192 shari’a law, 94–6 Plato, 40 Tanzimat reforms, 102, 104–5, 106, pluralism, religious toleration in, 35, 97–101 in Europe. See Europe, religious transitional period, 91, 92, 101–8 pluralism in warfare in 18th and 19th centuries, in Ottoman empire, 92, 93, 97, 98 103–4 in Russia, 113–14 Young Turk revolution, 104, 105–8 in United States, 79

Index 375

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 116 Portugal Poland abortion legislation in, 308 abortion law in, 309, both established confessions and blasphemy laws in, 326 directly subsidized faiths in, 320 Catholicism as national identity in, homosexuals and child custody in, 307 3, 18, 113, 205 positivism culture wars of later 19th century not French Revolution, as response to unfolding in, 205 failures of, 18, 181 Lisbon Treaty, Christianity in, 310 historical origins of secularisation politics and secularisation, 23–45 theory in, 3 basis for political legitimacy, change politics viewed as second order in, 8, 24–5, 31 phenomenon by, 11 Catholic social and political movements socialism as, 181 in pre-WWII Europe, 207–9 Young Turks influenced by, 107 church influence on law and politics in post-Communist states, 299–301, 313, 324 post-WWII Europe, 323 Pound, Roscoe, 54 concept of secularisation and, 25–9 Powell, Margaret, 279 democracy, role of, 25, 38–42 Price, Richard, 77 development of mental and cultural Price, Simon, 78 capacity to cope with, 24–5, 34–5 Priestley, Joseph, 183–4 existential and political secularisation Principles and precedents of Moohummudan distinguished, 27–9 law (MacNaghten), 240 Luther’s theological precepts, political privatisation of religion, as secularisation, effects of, 18 29, 88 modern resurgence of religious claims Pro-Choice movement, 293 on politics, 45 prohibition/temperance movement, 219, national identity, role of, 25, 42 222, 230, 232 See also national identity Protestantism and secularisation 70–89. the 1960s See also Reformation, and specific church-state relations in, 269 denominations political radicalisation in, 255, apocalyptic and growth of socialism 256, 266–9 in Protestant countries, 181–4 nonconformists in 19th century Britain. autonomy and reforms sought by See nonconformist politics in 19th churches following 18th century century Britain revolutions, 79–82 oath-swearing for political office, 58–62, capitalism and Calvinism, Weber’s 301–2 work ethic theory of, 4, 11, 19, 70 Ottoman empire, relationship between civic religion and national identity, 333 religion and politics in, 93–7 classical world, Imperial cult in, 77 relationship between religion and Edict of Nantes (1598)/Revocation politics, secularisation as, 25, of Edict of Nantes (1685), 41, 26, 29 154, 183 religious hegemony, evolution from extent and content of religious belief political allegiance under, 29–34 prior to, 71–4 second order phenomenon, French Revolution, toleration required politics mistakenly viewed as, 11, by, 154 socialism, role assigned to politics by, Huguenots, 41, 178 187–8 individualism, 71 theology, political correlates of, 317 mental and cultural adjustment, in thick and thin religion. See thick secularisation as, 74–8 and thin religion nationalism and, 82–5 toleration, role of, 25, 42 New Testament in, 84 Politics drawn from the very words of in the 1960s, 259 Holy Scripture (Bossuet), 152, 167 Old Testament in, 83 polytheism, 19 providence in history, role of, 75–6

376 Index

Protestantism and secularisation (cont.) religious hegemony, evolution from revolutions of 1848–1849, links political allegiance under, 29–34 between Protestantism and separation of church and state and, 77 nationalism during, 193 toleration as political concession Russia during, 64 Orthodox Church, Protestant style Reformed churches. See Calvinism of reform in, 115, 122, 131 Reid, Thomas, 140 quasi-Protestant forms of religiosity religion in, 112, 116 adaptation strategies in, 340 separation of church and state and, 77 constancy of religion as mirror image superstition, Catholic belief regarded of traditional approach to as, 70 secularisation, 9 theoretical backdrop to second-order defamation of, speech protection nature of religious issues in against, 326 Protestant states, 180 democracy and, 38–42 in United States. See under United States European Convention on Human providence in history, role of, 75–6 Rights concerning, 297–8 Prussia. See Germany internal complexity of social fact of, Prynne, William, 56, 57 need to allow for, 338, 339–40 pure woman discourse, 283–5, 294 modern attacks on, 28 Purity Ring movement, 294 national identity and. See national identity Quadragesimo anno (1931), 210 in the 1960s. See the 1960s, under N Quebec in the 1960s, 259 non-discrimination on basis of, 297, Quinet, Edgar, 156 330–1 in Ottoman empire. See under Ottoman Radical critique of the state in Britain empire nonconformist use of, 218 political allegiance under religious waning of, 222–9 hegemony, 29–34 Ram Mohan Roy, 340 political correlates of theology, 317 Ramsey, Michael, 272 privatisation of, as secularisation, 29, 88 Ranger, Terence, 236 separation of church and state as rational dissent, 182, 183–4 relationship between politics and, rationalisation, 340, 338 25, 26, 29 Rawls, John, 2, 47, 68, 317, 330 social significance not equated with The reason of church government (Milton), 68 church’s loss of authority, 26 Reasons for naturalising the Jews. . . socialism as part of history of, 171–3. (Toland), 62 See also socialism rebellion (mutiny) of 1857, India, 244 toleration, religious origins of, 35 Reflections on the Revolution in France United States, synergy between liberty, (Burke), 76, 77 democracy, republicanism, and Reform Act (1832), Britain, 61, 62, 197 religion in, 141 Reformation. See also Protestantism and Religion in the Medieval West (Hamilton), 72 secularisation ‘Religion of Humanity’ (Comte), 181 Britain’s break with Rome, 44, 63 The religious factor (Lenski), 148 classical world, Imperial cult in, 77 religious freedom. See also toleration Lebensreformation (reformation of life), Edict of Nantes (1598)/Revocation expectation of, 184 of Edict of Nantes (1685), 41, Luther’s theological precepts, political 154, 183 effects of, 18, 71 European Convention on Human Peace of Augsburg (1555), 17, 33, Rights guaranteeing, 297, 313 318–20 evolving Catholic attitude regarding, political character of, 26 150, 169 political legitimacy, effects on Religious Freedom Society, 217 basis for, 9 religious pluralism. See pluralism, religious

Index 377

religious toleration. See toleration dialectical materialism, Soviet espousal Re´mond, Rene´, 271 of, 188 Renan, Ernest, 163 Hungarian uprising, Soviet suppression Rerum novarum (1891), 210 of (1956), 189 revolutions national identity in, 121, 128, 130 of late 18th century. See American Orthodox Church Revolution, French Revolution after fall of Soviet regime, 128 of 1848–1849, 191–6. See also under Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine, specific countries incorporation of, 128 anti-Catholic sentiment and, 192, 194 under imperial rule, 114–17 anti-clericalism during, 191–4 quasi-Protestant ecclesiastical reform Catholic press and information policy in, 115, 122, 131 changes, 194–5 renovationists, 125–7 Catholic religious revival during, Revolution of 1905 and, 120–3 192–6 under Soviet rule, 123–9 continuity in confessional WWII and, 128 arrangements despite, 322 Ottoman empire, war with, 103 De´mocratie Sociale, 181 pluralistic society, imperial regime’s in Switzerland, 193, response to, 113–14 the 1960s as revolutionary decade, 254 popular religious life, late 19th-early Russian 20th century upswing in, 117–19 Revolution of 1905 and aftermath, quasi-Protestant forms of religiosity in, 119–23 112, 116 Revolution of 1917, 14, 123–4, Revolution of 1905 and aftermath, 172, 322 119–23 Young Turk revolution (1889–1908), Revolution of 1917, 14, 123–4, 172, 322 104, 105–8 toleration edict of 1905, 120–2 Richard, Cliff, 289 Rickert, Heinrich, 337 sacred history, rejection of concept of, 5 RKSP, Netherlands, 208 Sage, Lorna, 276, 283 Roberts, Elizabeth, 262 Saint-Simon, Henri de, 22, 173, 174–5, Robespierre, Maximilien, 13, 174, 178, 177, 178, 181, 187, 188 179, 180, 181 Salomons, David, 59 Robinson, John, 255, 259, 272 ‘Saratov bathings’, Russia (1949), 128 Rogers, James Guinness, 220, 221 Sarda` i Salvany, 198 Roman Catholicism. See Catholicism Sarkozy, Nicolas, 333 Roman empire. See classical world Satanic verses (Rushdie), 326 Romanian independence from Ottoman sati, British efforts to ban, 239 empire, 103 Scannell, Dolly, 279 Ross, Dorothy, 148 Schavan, Annette, 330 Ross, Edward A., 148 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 84 Rothschild, Lionel, 58–62, 69 Schmitt, Carl, 4 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 180, Schofield, Michael, 265 Rowbotham, Sheila, 276, 282, 284, Schumacher, Kurt, 211 286, 290 Schuman, Robert, 213, Rushdie, Salman, 326 scientific versus utopian socialism, 173, Russell Smith, H. F., 63 174, 189 Russia, 112–31 Scolnicov, Anat, 17, 295 atheism as official Soviet ideology of, Scotland See also Britain; Church of 124, 123 Scotland break up of Soviet Union common Protestantism of England and minority religions in post-Communist Scotland, 84 states, 299–301 female churchgoers, drop in, 292 Orthodox Church after, 128 Findhorn Community, 291 socialism, demise of, 189 Free Church of Scotland, 80, 82

378 Index

Scotland (cont.) adaptation strategies in religious sexual revolution in, 276 belief, 340 Scott, James, 239 behavioural approach to, 315–18 scripture comparative approach to, 20–2 oath-swearing for political office, Hindu nationalism and, 2, 336, 341–2 58–2, 301–2 internal complexity of social fact of Protestantism religion, need to allow for, 338, New Testament in, 84 339–40 Old Testament in, 83 modern rise of fundamentalism and, tradition, as means of parting with, 152 2, 23, 90, 171, 293, 333, 336–7 Seaton, A. A., 46, 63 revising, 337–9 Second Treatise on Toleration (Locke), 50 scholarly development of, 20 Second Vatican Council. See Vatican II sociological constructs, 315–18, 337–8 Second World War in Europe, 208–9, traditional linear approach to, 2–3, 11–12 256, 322–4 Selim III (Ottoman ruler), 103 secularisation, 1–22. See also specific Sen, Amartya, 353 countries, regimes, and religious Seneca, 40 groups separation of church and state. belief in God and, 17, 134, 269, 322, 335 See also established state churches Christian West, location of phenomenon British disestablishment movement in, 71 and, 86 colonial secularism. See colonial in Enlightenment and Reformation secularism and Islamism in thought, 77 North India in France, and Europe generally, 11, 321 constitutionalisation and. as one definition of secularisation, 24, See constitutionalisation and 29, 88 secularisation in Europe Ottoman empire, relationship between continuing hold of religion on political religion and politics in, 93–7 imagination, 2–3 as relationship between religion and development of mental and cultural politics, 25, 26, 29 capacity to cope with, 24–5, 34–5, 74 Spanish Constitution of 1978, 320, different understandings of, 88–9 in United States. See under United States extent and content of religious belief Young Turk advocacy of, 107 prior to, 71–4 September 11, 2001, 2 as global process equated with European Serbian independence from Ottoman story, problem of, 11, 17, 21 empire, 103 historical origins of, 3–4 Sergii (metropolitan of Moscow), 126–7 legal versus social secularity, 296 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000, modern defences of, 28 Britain, 306 modern Europe shaped by tensions sexuality. See also abortion; contraception; between Catholicism and, 190 divorce; homosexuality; marriage modernity, equation with, 200–3, guilt and ignorance, women’s experience 236, 270 of, 283–5 multiplicity of paths of, 5–10, 20 the 1960s, sexual revolution of, 255, 256, in the 1960s. See the 1960s, under N 257, 264–5, 276, 286–92, 328 opposition presumed by, 70 pure woman discourse, 283–5, 294 politics and. See politics and transsexuals, rights of, 305–7 secularisation Shaktas, 343, 348, privatisation of religion as, 29, 88 shari’a law religious constancy as mirror image of colonial codification of, 241, 247 traditional approach to, 9 defining, 247 Taylor’s types of, 23 in Ottoman empire, 94–6 women and. See entries at women universality of, Islamist assertion of, 248 secularisation theory, 336–55. See also thick Siddha Yoga Foundation, 290 and thin religion Siglo futuro (journal), 198, 204

Index 379

Sikhism, fundamentalist forms of, 293 culture wars of later 19th century Simmel, George, 202, 203, 352 in, 198, 203–5 Simon de Montfort, 54 republican sentiment versus the situation ethics, 272 church in, 15 the sixties.See the 1960s, under N revolutions of 1848-1849 and, 192, 193 Skuy, David, 247 socialism and, 156 slavery Spanish Armada, 182 nonconformist anti-slavery movement Spanish Civil War, 15 in 19th century Britain, 216 speech protection against defamation of in United States, 142 religion, 326 Slovakia in WWII, 209 Spencer, Herbert, 4 Smith, Al, 146 Spinoza, Baruch, 3 Smith, Helmut Walser, 193 Spufford, Margaret, 72 Smith, Jeannette, 287 Stacey, Robert, 55 Snow (Pamuk), 28 Stae¨l, Madame de, 163 Soboul, Albert, 177 Stalin, Josef, 128, 188 Social Contract (Rousseau), 180 Stark, Rodney, 26, 133 Social Democrats in Europe, 324, 325 Starr, Ringo, 290 social versus legal secularity, 296 State and revolution (Lenin), 188 socialism, 171–89 state churches. See established state alternative cosmologies presented churches by, 172, 188 Statute of Jewry (1275), England, 55 apocalyptic and, 181–4 Stedman Jones, Gareth, 1, 14, 18, 171 in Britain, 172, 174, 181–4, 189 Steedman, Carolyn, 276, 282, 283, 285 Catholicism and, 18 Der stellvertreter (Hochhuth), 258 Christian Democracy and international Stephen, Leslie, 75 socialism, 210 Stirner, Max, 186 defined, 173 Stolypin, Pyotr, 122 demise post-1960s, 189 Stragorodskii, Sergii, 118 Engels on, 173, 177, 188 Strauss, David Friedrich, 75, 140, 185 Fourier on, 173, 175–6 Street-Porter, Janet, 284 in France, 14, 172, 174, 177–81, 189 Sturge, Joseph, 215, 217 French Revolution, as response to subcultures, confessional and ideological, failures of, 18, 171, 174, 177–81 1960s waning of, 263 in Germany, 172, 174, 184–7 Sufism Marx on, 177, 184–7 in Ottoman empire, 97 origins of, 173 reformist tradition in South Asia, 251 Owen on, 173, 176–7, 182, 183–4 suicide, liberalisation of laws regarding, politics and, 187–8 271, 272 religious history, as part of, 171–3 Su¨leyman the Magnificent (Ottoman Saint-Simon on, 173, 174–5 ruler), 95 ‘social interpretation’ of, 177 Summa theologica (Thomas Aquinas), 52 utopian versus scientific, 173, 174, 189 Summerfield, Penny, 281 Society for the Protection of the Unborn Sumner, William Graham, 148 Child, 293 superstition sociological theories of secularisation, Enlightenment, belief regarded as 315–8, 337–8 superstition in, 70 Souter, Brian, 293 Russian Orthodox efforts to Soviet Union. See Russia eradicate, 114 Spain Sweden abortion in, 327 abortion in, 327 blasphemy laws in, 326 belief in God versus church Catholic political parties emerging membership in, 17 in, 208 directly and indirectly subsidized Constitution of 1978, 320, faiths in, 320

380 Index

Sweden (cont.) Thomson, Flora, 279 Lutheran church’s dominance in, 82 Tiananmen Square, China, 189 regime change, continuity in confessional Tierney, Brian, 30 arrangements despite, 324 Tikhon (Russian patriarch), 124, 125, Social Democrats in, 324 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 13, 50, 141, Switzerland 167, 177 blasphemy laws in, 326 Toennies, Ferdinand, 352 Calvinist churches, autonomy and Toland, John, 62, 65 reforms sought by, 80 toleration, 19 culture wars of later 19th century, 196 Anglo-Jewish experience and. Muslim headscarfs in, 313 See Anglo-Jewish experience Old Catholics schism in, 156 Catholics excluded by Locke from, revolutions of 1849–1849 and, 193, 150–1, 169 Syria and Ottoman empire, 103 characteristics of, 48–51 complex causality of, 36 Tablighi Jama’at, 237, 246 defined, 36, 48 Taliban, 1, 336 diversity of religious belief and, 342–4 Tanzania, economic affluence and religious Edict of Nantes (1598)/Revocation of belief in, 316 Edict of Nantes (1685), 33, 41, Tanzimat reforms, 102, 104–5, 106, 154, 183 tax status of established churches, 299 European Convention on Human Taylor, A. J. P., 186 Rights promoting, 313 Taylor, Charles, 5, 7, 8, 9, 23, 236, 337 French Revolution requiring, 154 temperance/prohibition movement, 219, identification with political process 222, 230, 232 created by, 37 Test Acts, Britain, 57, 66, 136 Jews, origins in medieval policy Test and Corporation Act of 1828, regarding, 51–2 Britain, 61, 60 liberalism and. See liberalism and Theodosius I (Roman emperor), 77, 78 toleration A theory of justice (Rawls), 317 in Ottoman empire, 35, 97–101 The theory of the four movements politics and secularisation, role in, 25, 42 (Fourier), 176 Prussian policy of, 33 thick and thin religion, 19, 342–54 Reformation, toleration as political democracy, enumeration processes concession during, 64 of, 351 religious origins of, 35 diversity of religious belief and Russian edict of toleration (1905), 120–2 tolerance, 342–4 in thick and thin religion. See thick and individual/collective identity and thin religion modernity, 352–4 as top-down initiative, 36 modernity, effects of, 350–4 in traditional secularisation theory, 21 origins and definition in United States, 138 of thick religion, 345–7 Toleration Act of 1689 (Britain), 37, 47, of thin religion, 348–50 57, 67 political indifference of thick religion, Torrigiano, Pietro, 1 346–7 tradition political intolerance of thin religion, 347 colonial secularism and Islamism in religious and ethnic codification of North India, 236–8 colonial regime and, 350–2 scripture as means of parting with, 152 size of religious communities and in women’s autobiographies of 1950s thickness of religion, inverse and 1960s, 281 relationship between, 347 trans-national constitutionalisation and Thirlwall, Connop, 75 secularisation in Europe, 295, 310 Thirty Years’ War, 33 transsexuals, European Court of Human Thomas Aquinas, 52, 53, 72 Rights rulings on rights of, 305–7 Thompson, David M., 18, 70 Treaty of Jassy (1792), 103

Index 381

Treaty of Ku¨c¸u¨k Kaynarca (1774), 103 belief in God in, 134 Trevelyan, G. M., 47 civil rights movement in. See civil rights Trier Pilgrimage (1844), 206 Constitution, 134, 136, 296, 311, 321 Troeltsch, Ernst, 71, 86, 87 Declaration of Independence, 134, 135 Trudeau, Pierre, 271 decline in religious identification in, 134 Truth, dare and promise (Virago), 280, 282 economic affluence and religious Turkey belief in, 316 admission to EU, 3, 311 education in, 142–5 constitutional principle of secularism Enlightenment in, 5, 140 as repression of religious First Amendment, 5, 134, 136, 137, freedom, 303–4 311, 321 continuity between Ottoman and global process of secularlisation equated modern Turkish state, 91 with European story, 11 current post-Islamic government growth of religious adherence in, 133 of, 90, 92 immigrant populations in, 145–6 Diyanet, role of, 109, 110 Jews and Judaism in, 138, 138, 145 emergence as nation-state, 91, 92, Maine, prohibition/temperance 108–11 movement in, 219 modernisation in, 110–11 modern Christian movements in, 2, national identity in, 109, 110 294, 336 Ottoman empire. See Ottoman empire nativism in, 146 religious legislation on family law, neutrality principle, exceptions to, 317 political party aiming to pass, 305 the 1960s in, 259 Turkism, 106 non-sectarian versus nonsecular Turner, James, 144, 147 framework in, 138–40 Tursun Bey, 95 plurality of religions in, 79 prayer in public schools, banning of, 149 Ukraine, Russian Orthodox incorporation Protestantism in of Greek Catholic Church in, 128 evangelical movement and Ulema, Nadwa, 248 Great Awakenings, 85–6, 146 ultramontanism, 14, immigrant populations, reaction of de Maistre, 154–7, 161 to, 146 democracy, in response to, 155 secularisation and, 140 Deutschkatholiken or German scholarly study of secularisation in, Catholics, as anti-ultramontane 147–8 movement, 206 secularisation thesis, American Gallicanism and, 153 experience not mapped to, 132–4 of Lamennais, 162, 161 separation of church and state liberalism and, 161–5, 194–5, 198–9 founding documents regarding, 134–6 papal cults of 19th century, 206 19th century efforts to pass papal infallibility, doctrine of, 161 constitutional amendment spread throughout Europe in 19th guaranteeing, 140–2 century, 156–7 Supreme Court decisions regarding, Unigenitus (1718), 197 310, 311 Unitarianism, 183 slavery in, 142 United Kingdom. See Britain state religious requirements, gradual United Kingdom Alliance, 219, 222, 230, 232 disestablishment of, 136–8 United Reformed Church, female versus synergy between liberty, democracy, male churchgoers in, 293 republicanism, and religion in, 141 United States, 132–49, 11–13 toleration in, 138 See also American Revolution universal secularisation process equated accommodation between secular and with European story, problem of, religious in, 146–7, 296 11, 17, 21 atheism/agnosticism in. See utopian versus scientific socialism, 173, under atheism/agnosticism 174, 189

382 Index

Vaisnavas, 343, 347, 348, 346 West Germany. See Germany van Rooden, Peter, 255, 275 west, location of secularisation Vanderbilt University, Nashville, 143–4 phenomenon in, 71 Vardy, Sir Peter, 293 Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 33, 84 Vatican I White, Betsy, 279 Lord Acton and, 157 Whitehall Conference, 56 compromising nature of, 161 Whitehouse, Mary, 291 incoherence of political position of William III (king of England), 67 Church and, 164 William IV (king of England), 84 liberal Catholics, views on, 199 Williams, Bernard, 49 nonconformists in Britain and, 227 Wilson, Bryan, 26–7, 71–4 papal infallibility, proclamation of Winchelsea, Lord, 61 doctrine of, 156 Winterbotham, Henry, 225 papal jurisdiction, primacy of, 164 Without God, without creed (Turner), 147 Vatican II Without roots (Benedict XVI), 332 laity, role of, 168 Wolfenden Report (1957), Britain, the 1960s, change in, 16, 255, 256, 257, 273 259, 268 women. See also abortion; birth control; political teaching of Church regaining divorce; family life; feminism coherence at, 164 and women’s rights movement; socialism, demise of, 189 sexuality Vaughan, Robert, 219 New Age and eastern religions, interest Veblen, Thorstein, 147 in, 290, 294 Venezuela, economic affluence and piety and, association between, 265–6, religious belief in, 316 277, 292–4 Veniamin (metropolitan of Petrograd), pure woman discourse, 283–5, 294 126 Women and socialism (Bebel), 172 Very heaven (Virago), 280 women in 1960s Britain, 16, 275 Veuillot, Louis, 194, 198 Anglican ordination, 292 Victoria (queen of England), 188 autobiographies Vienna, Congress of (1815), 79, 188 of 1950s and earlier, 278–86 Vietnam War, 16, 255, 256, 291 as sources, 275, 277 Virago imprint, women’s autobiographies companionate marriage, golden age published by, 280 of, 263 Voltaire, 3, 180 guilt, feelings of, 282–5 voluntaryism, 217–19, 221, 224, marginalisation of gender in 227–9, 231 secularisation studies, 275–8 New Age and eastern religions, Wahabism, 251, 246 interest in, 290 Wales, 220, 228, 232, 271. See also Britain piety and women, association between, Walkerdine, Valerie, 283 277, 292–4 Warburton, William, 81, 89 religious observance and affiliation, Ward, Lester Frank, 147 drop in, 276, 288–90, 292–4 Washbrook, David, 244 sexual guilt and ignorance, 283–5 Washington, George, 139, 142 sexual revolution, 276, 286–92 Weber, Max, 4, 11, 19, 46–69, 70, women in 1960s generally 86, 87, 132, 200, 315, 337–8, family and working relationships, 341, 352 changes in, 263 Weill, Georges, 166 piety and women, association between, Weimar Constitution (1919), 265–6, 277, 292–4 Germany, 323 sexual revolution, 255, 256, 257, Weiner, Myron, 249 264–92, 276, 286–92, 328 Weir, Molly, 279 Woodward, Kathy, 279 welfare state as motor of secularisation, 316 Wootton, David, 39 Wesley, John, 73 World Christian Encyclopedia (Barrett), 320

Index 383

World Values Survey, 316 Yugoslavia, former (Balkan states) World War II in Europe, 208–9, 256, church-state relations in, 324 322–4 Ottoman empire, independence Wycliffe, John, 13 from, 103

yasa, 95 Zagorin, Perez, 35 Young Hegelians, 185–6 Zaman, Qasim, 237 Young Turk revolution, 104, 105–8 Zu¨rcher, Erik-Jan, 108 youth culture of the 1960s, 261, 262 Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina, 286