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Human Rights and Culutre – English 1 Leading editors: Lis Dhundale, Bahey El Din Hassan and Rasmus Alenius Boserup Language proofreading and revision by: Jenifer Evans, Ragab Saad and Ashraf Mikhail Translation by: Ubada Center For Translation Cover design and layout: Karim Mansour. The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies: 21 Abd El-Megid El-Remaly St., 7th Floor, Flat No. 71, Bab El Louk, Cairo Phone: +202 27952112 Human Rights Across Cultural Dialogue POBox 117 Maglis ElShaab, Cairo Egypt. Conference Proceedings Email: [email protected] • Website: www.cihrs.org Copenhagen 15-16, December 2010. The Danish Institute for Human Rights http://hrcd.dihr.org/wp/ Wilders Plads 8K | DK-1403 COPENHAGEN K | Denmark Tel: +45 32698888 Fax: +45 32698800 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.humanrights.dk The Danish Egyptian Dialogue Institute 12, Hassan Sabri Street, 11211 Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt Tel: +20 2 27 35 16 21 Fax: +20 2 27 35 18 62 Email: [email protected] • Website: www.dedi.org.eg Disclaimer: This publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the Danish Egyptian Dialogue Institute, the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, and Danish Institute for Human Rights. The Danish Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI) would like to thank the Danish Institute for Human Rights (DIHR) and the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) for organizing the Human Rights Across Cultural Dialogue Conference in Copenhagen, 15-16 December 2010, with leading experts from both Denmark and Egypt speaking on the topic and assisting with the production of this publication. Special thanks are due to Ashraf Mikhail, Project Manager, DIHR, for his contributions to, and management of, the project and Ragab Saad, CIHRS, for being the organizations’ focal point during the project implementation and publication drafting period. Their involvement proved critical to the successful realization of this project. For that, DEDI is extremely grateful. ISBN: 978-87-91836-53-4 2 3 Table of Contents 1. Abbreviations 1. Abbreviations 5 ARD Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Broadcaster) 2. Preface 6 BBC British Broadcasting Company 3. Introduction 7 CEDAW Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination 4. Attempts to Bridge the Gap between the Universality of Human Rights Against Women and Religious and Cultural Particularities 11 CIHRS Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies CNN Cable News Network a. Arab Perspective: Islamic Sharia and the universality of human rights: DEDI The Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute Muslim scholars’ schools and approaches, Moataz El Fegeiry 11 DIHR The Danish Institute for Human Rights b. European Perspective: Religious voices and state reactions, Eva Maria Lassen 29 DM The Danish Association of Masters and PhDs 5. Culture, Politics and Human Rights in the Arab World 35 DR Danish Broadcasting Company a. Women’s right in Egypt in the context of the political, religious and cultural EU European Union discourse, Mozn Hassan 35 EUROMED Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network MB The Muslim Brotherhood b. A Tale of a Torrential Totalitarianism: The crises of freedom of belief and MENA The Middle East and North Africa minorities’ rights in Egyptian society, Adel Gendy 47 MEP Member of Parliament c. The alliance of political and religious despotisms, Helmy Salem 70 NGO Non-Governmental Organisation 6. Culture, Politics and Human Rights in Europe 97 NOKS Northern Women’s Cooperation a. The representation of minorities in the media, Anders Jerichow 97 OIC The Organization of Islamic Conference b. Religious minorities in Denmark and Europe, Bashy Quraishy 103 SOAS School of African and Oriental Studies, London University UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights c. Women’s rights in Denmark - challanges and opportunities, Ingrid Stage 110 UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme 4 5 2. Preface 3. Introduction by Rasmus Boserup by Bahey El Din and Lis Dhundale In the summer of 2008, the Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute decided that the promotion of a The universality and indivisibility of human rights has been questioned by various cultures, human rights culture in Egypt and in Denmark would be one of four strategic aims. The decision individuals and groups across societies. It is with growing concern that we have witnessed reflected the institute’s will to engage actively in what we believed to be a important area for such tendencies, and with the conference Human Rights and Cultural Dialogue we wished to societal development and concern in both countries. In Denmark, the fallout of the so-called contribute to addressing, exploring and shedding light on the diversity of fundamental views and “cartoons crisis” continued to accentuate the debate about how small-scale European countries debates surrounding the nexus between human rights, cultural dialogues and religion politics in could or should integrate religious minorities – and in particular Muslim minorities. In Egypt, the both Danish and Egyptian, western and Arab/Muslim communities. controversial activism of the Muslim Brotherhood, and not least the group’s publication of the The two-day conference was held 15-16 December 2010 in the Danish capital of Copenhagen, first draft of a political party platform, contributed to stirring up heated debates about religious co-organized by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies and the Danish Institute for minorities’ rights and obligations in Egypt. Human Rights in order to address these concerns. The point of departure for the conference In that context, the institute welcomed the initiative taken by one of the strongest Egyptian was the international human rights instruments. The ambition was to explore contemporary human rights organizations, the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, to develop a format thoughts, view points and experiences on the subject of human rights and religious and cultural for an international conference on the topic, aiming to produce fruitful dialogue between divides, assess practices, and through the key themes of women’s rights, religious minorities, human rights defenders, experts, researchers, and decision-makers from Egypt and Denmark. and freedom of expression, try to find an explanation of a given state of human rights. Are the And so, under the title “Bridging the Cultural Divide”, DEDI provided a platform through which challenges we face caused by religion or political will? What are the main obstacles that might the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies in collaboration with a one of its strongest Danish prevent the entrenchment of the values and principles of respecting human rights in a specific counterparts, the Danish Institute for Human Rights, could develop the idea into a project. society? Is it based on the cultural traditions and prevailing religious principles in the society, or In 2009 the institute funded the proposal and in December 2010 the conference was held in does it result from the lack of or availability of political will? Copenhagen, Denmark. For several years these questions have grasped the attention and stirred the interest of the Cairo As director of the Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute during the period from February 2008 to Institute for Human Rights Studies, which has engaged in studying issues that link Islam, the January 2011, I had the opportunity to closely follow the work of the Egyptian-Danish project majority religion in Arab societies, to human rights and democracy, which are deteriorating and team as they conceptualized, developed, and consolidated the project. Like the conference, the being violated in those same societies. The Cairo Institute has also contributed through various present publication is the fruit of their ideas, discussions, and decisions. I wholeheartedly thank activities to posing a number of questions which, answered sufficiently, we thought, would help them for sharing their dedication and insights not only with us at DEDI, and with their peers, answer that central question: Does the problem of human rights in Arab societies stem from the colleagues and fellow practitioners who were invited to attend or speak at the conference, but Islamic constituent of the prevailing culture in the Arab world, or is it the result of an absence of also with a broader public in- and outside the Arab world in the form of the present book. political will on the part of the ruling regimes? The upheavals that have altered power balances and hastened societal transformation in the The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies has made a number of studies and publications Arab world starting in the spring of 2011 have but further accentuated the need to address and organized several conferences addressing the relationship between Islam and democracy, the topic raised in the conference only a few months earlier. In parallel with the opening of and also studied ways for the Arab non-democratic states to benefit from the experiences of several Arab political systems, and with Egypt at the absolute forefront of this development, the non-Arab Muslim democratic states. In addition to workshops and exchange programs exploring challenge of how to bridge between the universality of human rights and the particularity of the causes of tension between the Arab and Muslim worlds and the West relating to freedom of cultural and religious traditions and practices has perhaps never been more urgent. expression and differences in understanding it, one of the institute’s most
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