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EASO Country of Origin Information Report Mali

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EASO Country of Origin Information Report Mali European Asylum Support Office EASO Country of Origin Information Report Mali Country Focus December 2018 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office EASO Country of Origin Information Report Mali Country Focus December 2018 Neither EASO nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained herein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN 978-92-9476-057-9 doi: 10.2847/24182 © European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 2018 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, unless otherwise stated. For third-party materials reproduced in this publication, reference is made to the copyrights statements of the respective third parties. Cover photo: © Mariam Dembélé, Bozo, village au Mali (2011) EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: MALI - COUNTRY FOCUS — 3 Acknowledgements EASO would like to acknowledge the following national asylum and migration departments as the drafters of this report: France, Office Français de Protection des Réfugiés et Apatrides (OFPRA), Division de l'Information, de la Documentation et des Recherches (DIDR) Italy, Ministry of the Interior, National Commission for the Right of Asylum, International and EU Affairs, COI unit The following departments reviewed this report, together with EASO: Denmark, Danish Immigration Service, Section Country of Origin Information Luxembourg, Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes, Direction de l’Immigration, Service Réfugiés Norway, Landinfo The Netherlands, Immigration and Naturalisation Service, Office for Country of Origin Information and Language Analysis (OCILA) Dr Bruce Whitehouse, Associate Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Global Studies Program in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology of Lehigh University, PA, researcher, and author of numerous publications on the country and the region -, reviewed this report. It must be noted that the review carried out by the mentioned departments, experts or organisations contributes to the overall quality of the report, but does not necessarily imply their formal endorsement of the final report, which is the full responsibility of EASO. 4 — EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: MALI - COUNTRY FOCUS Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 3 Contents ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Disclaimer .......................................................................................................................................... 6 Glossary and abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 10 Defining the terms of reference ............................................................................................. 10 Collecting information ............................................................................................................ 10 Quality control ........................................................................................................................ 11 Structure of the report ................................................................................................................ 12 Map ................................................................................................................................................. 13 1. Background information.............................................................................................................. 14 1.1 Geography ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.2 Population, ethnic groups, languages ................................................................................... 14 1.2.1 Population and ethnic groups........................................................................................ 14 1.2.2 Languages ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.3 Political history ...................................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Religion .................................................................................................................................. 19 1.5 Actors of the crisis in northern Mali ..................................................................................... 19 1.6 Current political situation ..................................................................................................... 23 2. State structure ............................................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Administrative structure ....................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Constitution and state structure ........................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Executive ........................................................................................................................ 27 2.2.2 Legislative ...................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.3 Judiciary ......................................................................................................................... 29 2.3 Security forces, army, police ................................................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Forces Armées Maliennes (FAMa) [Malian Armed Forces] ........................................... 35 2.3.2 Internal security ............................................................................................................. 36 3. Southern regions (Kayes, Koulikoro, Ségou and Sikasso) ............................................................ 39 3.1 Levels of violence .................................................................................................................. 39 3.1.1 Terrorism ....................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.2 Social and political violence ........................................................................................... 42 EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: MALI - COUNTRY FOCUS — 5 Bibliography .................................................................................................................................... 47 Terms of Reference ......................................................................................................................... 68 6 — EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: MALI - COUNTRY FOCUS Disclaimer This report was written according to the EASO COI Report Methodology (2012).1 The report is based on carefully selected sources of information. All sources used are referenced. The information contained in this report has been researched, evaluated and analysed with utmost care. However, this document does not claim to be exhaustive. If a particular event, person or organisation is not mentioned in the report, this does not mean that the event has not taken place or that the person or organisation does not exist. Any event taking place after the finalisation of this report is not included. Furthermore, this report is not conclusive as to the determination or merit of any particular application for international protection. Terminology used should not be regarded as indicative of a particular legal position. ‘Refugee’, ‘risk’ and similar terminology are used as generic terminology and not in the legal sense as applied in the EU Asylum Acquis, the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. Neither EASO nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained in this report. The target users are asylum caseworkers, COI researchers, policymakers, and decision-making authorities. The drafting of this report (including reviewing) was finalised on 19 September 2018. Any event taking place after this date is not included in this report. More information on the reference period for this report can be found in the Methodology section of the Introduction. 1 The EASO methodology is largely based on the Common EU Guidelines for processing Country of Origin Information (COI), 2008, and can be downloaded from the EASO website: http://www.easo.europa.eu. EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT: MALI - COUNTRY FOCUS — 7 Glossary and abbreviations ACRT Alliance des communautés de la région de Tombouctou [Alliance of Communities of the Timbuktu Region] ADEMA Alliance pour la Démocratie en Mali [Alliance for Democracy in Mali] AFISMA African-led International Support Mission to Mali AMB Al-Mulathamun Battalion/ al-Murabitun AQIM Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb CMA Coalition des Mouvements de l’Azawad [Coordination of Azawad Movements] CM-FPR.1 Coordination des
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