Okf”Kzd Izfrosnuizfrosnu ANNUAL REPORT

okf”kZdokf”kZd izfrosnuizfrosnu ANNUAL REPORT

2017 - 2018

<Ç BºÉ BºÉ +ÉäÉäÉä-®É¹]ÅÒªÉ {ÉÞl´ÉÒ Î´ÉYÉÉxÉ +vªÉªÉxÉ Eäòxpù ESSO-National Centre for Earth Science Studies (iqFoh foKku ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj) (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India) vkDdqye] fr#ouariqje&695011] Hkkjr Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram-695011, India Annual Report 2017-18

Published by Director, National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS)

Co-ordination Dr. D. S. Suresh Babu, Chief Manager (i/c) Dr. N. Anil Kumar, H/DTC

Editorial Committee Dr. D. Padmalal Dr. D. S. Suresh Babu Dr. L. Sheela Nair Dr. E. A. Resmi Dr. Nilanjana Sorcar

Secretarial Assistance Smt. S. R. Reeja Raj Smt. R. P. Rejani Contents 37 6 i e est ...... 27 ...... 32 ...... 30 ...... 20 ...... 2 eninsular ovenance in uctur P ...... 29 ...... 18 ...... 19 India n tip of volution and the ements and its oe island, Kerala volution gical, geotechnical and p lithospheric str ...... 35 ...... 15 est coast of India ustal e y and isotopic studies to constrain y and isotopic studies adon measur ves in the souther a ...... 23 ...... 17 ...... 12 ...... 1 ...... 7 ...... grated geolo y w gradation in Munr , SW coast of n Ghats and dee y n India equenc , geochemistr onments and its implications on the pr ester , India gy e ved lightning hotspots in India India oic magmatism, mantle plume e olo e estuar phism, melting and cr oz etr fshor onmental de , Souther oic igneous units to trace Indian shield within the oic igneous units to trace Indian shield within , SW India n Ghats - An inte gins of ...... n of oz ode coast, SW India - R Beypor gime e ester oter ester etlands ent coastal envir satellite obser y of zhik n India: P w er ode coast, SW India f ...... 10 ...... 11 ...... 7 ...... the Pr the late Phaner dif zhik n Ghats ge at Ko Contents y of n Indian ocean and its implications on the w y of y of ent climatic r ariation of ve continental mar ester er Kuttanad w f ...... 22 ...... 9 ...... ther ous basins of e and geodynamic model for W phemeral sea states due to high fr er granitoids; UHT metamor e phism in souther oach for flooding and envir olif uctur gering factors in the W ater Dischar etr vers in dif ...... 34 ...... volution of Akathumuri - Anchuthengu - Kadinamkulam (AAK) estuarine system, south w y appr e along the W y e ves in the nor e and geochemistr vidence of oundw y along the passi a nar uctur phodynamics along the Ko ...... 27 ...... 31 ...... emplacement of vity w s Desk ational e n Kerala ...... 25 n Kerala ...... v onmental magnetism and geochemistr ocesses ector’ ustal and mantle str ustal str etland studies of eakup histor alaeomagnetism and geochemistr alaeomagnetism and geochemistr alaeo fluids in the P Annual Report 2017-18 coast of India Studies on selected ri Assessment of an urban aquifer vulnerability using GIS based drastic model, Greater Cochin, India ...... 36 Assessment of an urban aquifer vulnerability using GIS based drastic model, Greater Study on temporal and spatial v India sea The Makran waves: A mid-latitudinal low level jet induced surface waves in the Arabian Establishment and maintenance of wave gauge stations along the SW coast of India Infra-gra W Landform dynamics and its impact on stability of coastal zone - A case of Kozhikode coast, west coast of Landform dynamics and its impact on stability of coastal zone - A case of Kozhikode India A multidisciplinar souther Obser implications coastal applications Development of video monitoring system for Sediment textur Submarine Gr Response of human-induced changes in the distribution of sediments off Kozhikode coast Response of human-induced changes in the inner shelf sediment off Kozhikode coast Magnetic susceptibility measurements of the Envir Beach mor Late Quater br across shear zones, south India P geophysical investigation Cr supercontinental reconstructions and to unravel petrogenesis in terms of nature and development of supercontinental reconstructions and to unravel subcontinental mantle lithosphere P P Granulite facies metamor timing of Cr Geoid Low: Geodynamic exploration Insights into Indian Ocean in Kerala The b-value mapping Landslides and its trig ustal Pr om the Dir 3.1 2.15 2.16 Atmospheric Processes 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.14 2.12 2.13 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 Coastal Processes 2.1 1.10 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Committees Cr Fr ESSO-NCESS 3. 2. 1. Contents 4. ii 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.8 3.10 3.6 3.11 3.7 4.1 Hydrological Processes 4.2 4.3 A studyonrainfall,cloudcoverandnearsurfacemeteor Monsoon lowle Seasonal variationoftropicalrainintermsdurationandeventnumber Optical Disdrometer Rainfall characteristicsduringsouthwestmonsoonfromatropicalstation-AcomparisonbetweenMRRand Obser south India Development andperformancevalidationofshortrangePM10modelsinatropicalsemi-urbanlocation Green housegases(CO south India Micr India Analysisi ofCO south India Diur 4.1.1 W 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.7 4.1.6 4.1.5 4.1.8 4.2.1 Environmental MonitoringandAssessment 4.3.2 4.3.1 GIS andremotesensingapplicationsinnaturalresourcesmanagement 4.2.8 4.2.7 4.2.6 4.2.5 4.2.4 4.2.3 4.2.2 ater Resour oph nal c v ation onthev ysical pr ...... 40 Setting-up of Ri Ef souther Hy Evolution, h Hydro-chemical characteristicsofgroundwaterinBhavaniriverbasin Solute dynamicsandmodellingintheri W Moistur W Quantification of Kerala -anurbanizationperspective Geospatial analysisofgroundwater vulnerabilityassessmentandmappinginKozhikodecoast, sensing -Afutureperspective Evalution ofcoastalvulnerability inThiruvananthapuramdistrictofKeralausingGISandremote Holocene climaticeventsanditsimplicationonIndiansummermonsoon ...... 64 located inP Research onpesticidedynamicsandassociatedbiogeochemicalprocesses inthecardamomplantations reference tolagoonsystem Appraisal ofmarineecosystemKavarattiislandinsouthwest coastofIndiawithspecial inspired byClausprocess Removal ofCu(II)fromaqueousphaseusingtailormadesulphur impregnatedactivatedcarbon F Speciation andtransportcharacteristicsofnutrientsinthepaddy fieldsofNetravatiriverbasin: urban areaalongwithphosphateremovalstudies An integratedapproachonevaluationofhydrochemicalparametersriverinesystemsinTrivandrum SW India Geochemical characterizationofsurfacesedimentsinatropicallacustrinewetlandsystem,Kerala, India: associatedsilicateweatheringandCO y cle of ocus onbio ester ester ver h f dr ect of ces olo vel jetandthev pr oper n Ghats n Ghats 2 n W y concentrationsinNepenthespitchersandtheirroleattractingpreys e sour gical assessmentof dr changesinpr ecipitation andcloudsoveracoastalsite ...... 42 ...... 43 ...... 43 olo ariation of ties inrainfalloveramidandhighlandr eriy ester geochemical pr y criticalz g dr 2 ce v y of and CH ar ri o-geochemistr n Ghats ariations andassociatedw naturalandanthr souther ver basin:F ...... 38 ...... 54 ...... 54 ...... 57 ariation inther b one obser ecipitation characteisticsontheh 4 lac ), COandtotalNMHCatTrivandrum:atropicalinlandsitein , India ocesses andadsor k carbonaer n W gr y anddrinkingw oundw ...... 65 ...... 62 ...... 61 ester ocus onspeciationstudiesandmitig v atories inselectedw n Ghats-Monitoringandmodelling ater potentialz mal str opo osol andsour ver catchmentsof ...... 49 genic inputstothedissolvedloadsof pti uctur ater cir 2 olo consumption rates ve r ater potentialof g e inw y alongsouthw , Thir ...... 66 emov ESSO-NCESS culation inP ones of atersheds of ce identificationoverthetr e gion intheW al studies et anddr uv y dr souther ananthapuram Cauver olo ...... 58 g y of springw est India...... 37 eriy y rainfalle thesouther n W ation strate y ri tr ar ri ester opical ri ...... 39 ...... 60 ...... 56 ester ver basin,southIndia...... 50 Annual Report 2017-18 ver basin,souther n Ghats ater r n Ghats pisodes oversouthw W n W esour ver basinsof gies opical stationin ...... 41 ...... 44 ...... 52 ester ester , India...... 51 ces of n Ghatsri n Ghats.....45 n ...... 40 ...... 46 ...... 63 est vers , Contents iii ...... 67 ...... 96 ...... 72 ...... 99 ...... 79 ...... 73 ...... 68 ...... one oject on SGD raining ...... 95 ...... 91 ...... 93 ...... 93 gulation z e voir case ork pr eser ge ...... 94 e and Munnar ardhan TL for coastal r ...... 101 ...... 89 ...... 97 ...... 76 ...... 69 ...... grammes/ Summer T ater Dischar o y at Braemor oundw . Harsh V ator ...... 101 ...... 86 ...... 73 ...... 73 ...... 74 ...... 71 ...... v tation Pr gies for the National Netw HTL and L uctural stability - Idukki r uctural stability orkshop/ Symposium/ Seminar graphs ada kshop ojects eness talk ...... 101 Programme at NCESS ...... 95 ...... 91 ...... 89 ...... 84 ...... 83 ...... 75 ...... or ysics obser akhw cation of ar ech. Disser W ence/ W ers for str ojects y Pr er ...... 96 ...... 80 ...... 78 ...... olumes / Mono achhta P le Union Minister Dr tions a Day lications ada - Aw nals the cloud ph og ojects: demar Sw ech. / M. T our low Analyser lica akhw ersistent scatter y pr apers In Conference Proceedings In J A customized web based GIS application for Kerala hazard information system for Kerala web based GIS application A customized P Natural resource & environmental management of the Periyar-Chalakudy & Netravathi-Gurupur Periyar-Chalakudy management of the & environmental Natural resource river basin orkshop esented in Conf ming meeting on Submarine Gr Honorab y and Pub Seminar and ch P . Students nal grant-in-aid pr , national Y IGC - Reginal Brain storming session held at NCESS achhta P th National Conference of Ocean Society of India orkshop on implementation strater Annual Report 2017-18 atent filed apers pr th Inaguration of Inter Sw Brainstor IISF-2017 Curtain Raiser W Visit of eminent scientists Visit of 36 8.2.2 Books / Edited V P Hindi W Invited lectures/ chairing of technical sessions P National workshop, exhibition and field training on soil piping 5 8.2.1 Resear Ph. D Librar Monsoon onset phase campaign-2017 Monsoon onset phase Continuous F Surface Area Analyser Honours & Awards Membership in Committees outside NCESS Visits Abroad M. Sc. / B. T Consultanc Inauguration of Exter 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 ence acilities y and Pub nal and Consultanc er ar w F Extension 11.1 11.2 11.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 9.2 Conf Distinguished Visitors 9.1 10.1 8.3 8.4 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.2 10.3 8.2 7.5 Libr 8.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Activities Honours, Awards & Academic 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 5.2 Ne 6.1 5.1 Exter ESSO-NCESS 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. Contents 13. 12. iv 11.4 Balance Sheet 12.9 12.8 12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 11.6 11.5 11.8 11.7 12.1 Staff Details 11.9 MoES F Obituar Retirements Administration Projects, TrainingandDocumentation(PT&D) Hydrological Processes(HyP) Atmospheric Processes(AtP) Coastal Processes(CoP) Crustal Processes(CrP) Obser Hindi fortnightcelebrations Ear Inter Dir Recreation Club ector’ th ScienceF natinal W v ance of y s Of oundation DayCele fice Vigilanceaw omens Daycele or um ...... 105 ...... 105 ...... 103 ar ...... 109 ...... 107 ...... 106 ...... 105 ...... 105 ...... 102 ...... 103 brations 2017 brations eness w eek ...... 105 ...... 105 ...... 102 ...... 102 ...... 105 ...... 102 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 From the Director’s Desk e th o- he nal er op- ting tant tion a . T . our Ear star bor v one man- tories w y of ojects ysical pr tant implica- va xpected to pr ch and the J y pr oph NCESS has also , e e lose colla ts with JNTBGRI, Ministr Another impor y, . . o obser or coastal z por e ojects tories (CZOs), sity Bulletin of Seismological So- etar . Tw . va er tories ar TL) f ic R v gion in c e va Coastal Resear h also has impor oing Secr . el (L ts r v hic Studies on micr an, . v w nal of e ong es e Scientif y, g our ajee ell as biodi n Gha tur om the plan pr hese obser ts ar Tide Le R T t fr ant-in-aid and consultanc w r ester s Desk M. ’ . e as w par W n Gha en g Critical Zone Obser . A . n India. y Dr hang America, the J tak ester k of W te c with one in Na these digital ima , ted b or of Geological Society of India using Gas analysis technique, which indicates how carnivorous plants regulate CO2 concentrations in their pitchers to attract preys, an excellent example of cross disci- plinary research. NCESS scientists have taken up a record 3 Special issues this year, in the ciety of Sciences with IITM, Pune, which is expected to provide lightning forecast and warning in the near future. The number of research publications in high impact journals has also gone up under vide the much needed near-surface parameters charac- terizing the linkages between the geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere at a micro scale. A national lightning network is being set up to cover the southern Indian shield and with three of them in diverse hydro-climatic environs in with three of them in diverse hydro-climatic souther set up for high altitude cloud physics studies - one at set up for high altitude other at Munnar which was inaugu- Braemore and the ra initiative was towards establishment of a national net- initiative was towards establishment w erties of rainfall over midland and highland regions of erties of rainfall over the agement. taken off, like New research programs have successfully Discharge (Mis- the study of Submarine Groundwater of ground sion-SGD) aimed at quantitative mapping the entire east water discharged through subsurface along important national and west coasts of India.This is an Ministry of Earth network program supported by the research in- Sciences (MoES), involving several premier stitutes in the countr impacting cli- tions on the nutrient flux into the oceans ma Institute is a major player in the country in undertaking Institute is a major of High Tide Level CRZ projects related to demarcation (HTL) and Lo toring system has been set up to understand the com- up to understand has been set toring system dynamics through modeling plexities of the beach-surf of ector - al ch lu- er to ear K. , f er ma- . oad- v te-of- S or . aces of esear Br he y , Se of y f . luid inc a sta , . T Pr F y oil tr y. Also tor . ts ra C-MS/MS manent video moni- e LA-ICPMS mig , manship of tories (CZOs) in dif It gives me great plea- It gives me rapid sure to witness the in its growth of NCESS earnest strides to address sci- the most outstanding in entific problems Earth System Science, so- including important cietal issues 2017-18 saw a welcome addition of some bright young scientists and research students from n Gha om the Dir om icant jump in the r the countr ength to the Institute A per va

hair ester Fr st time w str W ir A signif India. . . the ynamic c Annual Report 2017-18 gic needs of or the f vided ne ted equipments lik te o F ocesses a hi. ones of est coast of h as GC-MS/MS and L oc tic z Critical Zone Obser has pr gical Pr K lusions could be seen in this sedimentar of olo lima C) under the d dr the sophistica andon, luid inc ESSO-NCESS tion. Using multi-proxy studies NCESS is investigating the Quaternary coastal evolution and paleoclimate record of SW India. NCESS continues to study the beach morpho dynamics and near shore transport of sediments along the w sion techniques developed by the scientists of the institute have been used for re-investigating the abandoned exploratory wells of ONGC in the western continental shelf ably balance the contemporary basic research with the societal and str some of the best institutes in the country into our core some of the best institutes in the country study of Crustal scientific programs centered around Processes and Processes, Coastal Processes, Atmospheric Hy ent c T f grant, facilities and infrastructure development promises grant, facilities and infrastructure development procured some a very exciting time ahead. The institute of analyzer, Surface band seismographs, Continuous flow for establish- area analyzer, and a few field instruments ment of the-art Chemical Lab was established for advanced the-art Chemical Lab was established sediment samples, physico-chemical analysis of water and instru- which will also house modern chromatographic ments suc The newly constituted Research Advisory Committee (RA other important geological and geophysical equipments other important geological and geophysical are under procurement. From the Director’s Desk NCESS on2ndJ T The visitoftheHon'bleUnionMinisterScience& the perf After aday-longinteractionwithourscientistshelauded long-ter reckon with.HeadvisedNCESStoworkonsustainable of Soilpipingwhichisemergingasanewhazardto role inmanyofthesehazardsandpioneeredthestudy ing, etc.HeappreciatedthefactthatNCESSplaysalead vesting, CoastalZoneManagement,Lighteningmodel- cietal benef the researchactivities,particularlythosetakenupforso- National ChildrenScienceCongress,2016andalsoafew this function,wefelicitatedtheawardwinnersof with thefocaltheme'ScienceforNewIndia'.During ence F Another importanteventwastheIndiaInternationalSci- re w conference entitled'OceanandClimateChange'which In August,NCESShostedtheOceanSocietyofIndia of ec as inaugur gion specif Ear hnolo esti th Sciences vi or m solutiontodrinkingw g mance of v y andEar it lik al -2017Cur ated b ic r e theLandslideHazar ain w ul y Dr , a y, theInstituteandg 2017w th SciencesDr ttended b a . ter har M. tain R R ajee as av v esting methodolo y o aiser heldinSe v an, a v ter pr er er 300par . Har Secr y signif d, r R ea ob sh ain tl etar y a lem thr icant e V Wa ppr y, ar Ministr ticipants ptember dhan to ter Har gies ecia ough v . ent. ted y - . r a significantroleinseveralotheractivitiesincludingout- nation ofScienceforsocietalbenefit.NCESShasplayed leading journalistsofKeralaworkingtowardsdissemi- sory Committeeoftheinstitute. support oftheGoverningCouncilandResearchAdvi- and otherstaffmembersundertheableguidance due tothecommitted,unstintedeffortsofscientists The currentgrowthanddevelopmentofNCESSissolely r initiated forthebenefitofnewlyrecruitedyoung Apart fromthis,abasicGeoscienceLectureserieswas eminent scientistsandresearchersfromIndiaabroad. g some oftheimportanteventsthatweresuccessfullyor- and ad stage. Effortsareonforrenovationofthemainblock of thecompoundwallandgatecomplexisinfinal the instituteareinfullswingthisyearasconstruction of W y eac esear ear too aniz omen's Da Inter h pr ed. c dition of her na , T ogr andor ESSO-NCESS s.T tional he Ear ams y, he infr andobser . T . ne g Yog th ScienceF aniz he Sw w f astr a Da ed 14talksondif acilities uctur ac y, HindiF v hc ance of Annual Report 2017-18 Dr e de hta P or . . N um w v elopment initia or akhw . Pur V tnight, as v igilance w f ada, er nachandra R er ent themesb Inter y vibr Cele Director na eek ar ant this br ti v tional a es of tion ao y e Committees vii y etar esident Pr Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Secr India India Committees India nment of nment of India India India anapuram , Gover May 2017) y (NIOT) nment of g nd , Gover nment of nment of nment of th Science Studies , Gover echnolo May 2017) s st th Sciences an v , Gover , Gover , Gover th Sciences ee visor t ao (since 22 e for Ear ajee Ear Ear Ocean T th Sciences Annual Report 2017-18 visor y of asco-da-Gama, Goa anathapuram , ESSO-NCESS y of y & Ad th Sciences th Sciences th Sciences uv ommit Ear . Khati ficer ati Basu etar an, Lodhi Road, New Delhi an, Lodhi Road, New Delhi an, Lodhi Road, New Delhi an, Lodhi Road, New Delhi an, Lodhi Road, New Delhi an, Lodhi Road, New ambaram Main Road, Naray an Nair R v v v v v nachandra R Ear Ear Ear v y of y C y-T ning Body (GB) .) Sw , Ministr r or , , , National Centr A, Ministr y y of y of y of . Pur ut . Anuradha Mitra etar ector ector ector gramme Of . B. K. Bansal . N . (Mrs . Madha o , Ministr at elacher allikaranai, Chennai P Dr. T. N. Prakash (till 21 Akkulam, Thir V Dir National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR) National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research Ministr National Institute of Dir Headland Sada, V Dir Dr Scientist-G & Ad Ministr Pr Prithvi Bha Prithvi Bha Dr Shri. Anand S JS Prithvi Bha Mrs JS & F Ministr Dr Scientific Secr Prithvi Bha Prithvi Bha Dr Secr ESSO-NCESS St 1. Gover Committees J Additional Secr Additional Secr Prithvi Bhavan,LodhiRoad,NewDelhi Ministr Principal Secr Executive VicePresident(EVP),KSCSTE& Dr. SureshDas RAC Chairman Prithvi Bhavan,LodhiRoad,NewDelhi Ministr NCS Director ISR Dir Dr. RadhikaRamachandran NCAOR, Goa Director Director, PRL,Ahmedabad Dr. AnilBhardwaj Sasthra Bha Ministr Programme Head(NCESS) Lodhi Road,NewDelhi Dr. T.N.Prakash(till21 NITI AayogRepresentative Prithvi Bhavan,LodhiRoad,NewDelhi Dr Secr 2. Gover Ministr Akkulam, Thiruvanathapuram Director, NationalCentreforEarthScienceStudies Prithvi Bhavan,LodhiRoad,NewDelhi oint Secr . N ector O etar , Ministr , Thir . Pur viii y of y of y of y of , SpacePh y etar ning Council(GC) Ear Ear Ear Ear nachandra R uv v y &FinancialAd an, P etar ananthapuram y of etar etar th Sciences th Sciences th Sciences th Sciences y , S&TDe Ear ysics Laborator attom,Thir y &FinancialAd y /J th Sciences oint Secr ao (since22 , , st uv pt, Govt.of May2017) ananthapuram viser etar , PrithviBha y nd y May2017) viser / Kerala v an Member Secr Invitee Permanent Invitee(Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member Member (Ex-Officio) Member Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Chairman (Ex-Officio) ESSO-NCESS etar y Annual Report 2017-18 Committees ix Chairman Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) Member (Ex-Officio) meeting of reconstituted RAC under the chairmanship of Dr. S. K. Tandon st 1 y Council visor May 2017) viser / y (Finance) nd y ch Ad etar etar viser Resear May 2017) th st 7 , , , , ao (since 22 puty Secr oint Secr y Committee (RAC) Annual Report 2017-18 y / J y & Financial Ad y & Financial visor th Sciences th Sciences th Sciences th Sciences etar etar esh Babu y & Financial Ad y & Financial nachandra R Ear Ear Ear Ear ch Ad Inaugural session of . Sur etar y of y of y of y of . Pur . S ector (Finance) / De . D . N oint Secr Director, National Centre for Earth Science Studies Director, National Centre for Earth Science Akkulam, Thiruvanathapuram Dr Chief Manager (i/c) (NCESS) National Centre for Earth Science Studies Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Dr Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi Dr. T. N. Prakash (till 21 Ministr Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Dir Programme Head (NCESS) Ministr Shri. M. A. K. H. Rasheed Manager (F & A) (NCESS) National Centre for Earth Science Studies Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala ESSO-NCESS Ministr Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Ministr Additional Secr Additional 3. Finance Committee (FC) 3. Finance Additional Secr Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi Prithvi Bhavan, Lodhi J 4. Resear Committees Dr SAC, Ahmedabad Deputy Director Dr Institute ofSeismologicalResearch,Gandhinagar Director General Dr. M.RaviKumar F Pr Indian InstituteofScience,Bengaluru Professor Prof. MudduSekhar Thiruvananthapuram National CentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS) Thiruvananthapuram National CentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS) Scientist G Dr. T.N.Prakash Thiruvananthapuram National CentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS) Director CPCM, NYU Senior Scientist Dr. AjayaRavindran British Geolo Professor Dr Dr University ofDelhi Professor Emeritus Indian Instituteof Professor or of . N . A.S . S . AbhijitBhattachar mer Dir . R . K.T x . P andall P . Kurian . R ector andon gical Sur ajaw , AbuDhabi ar at rish T echnolo vey ya , UK g y Kharag pur Member Secr Member (Ex-Officio) Member fromabroad Member fromabroad Member Member Member Member Member Chairman ESSO-NCESS etar y Annual Report 2017-18 Crustal Processes . . t gi- t a end the oing ed a v eolo ed a v 1 ting tr e been de- hnique de- he second- ra terial could v T e obser t. ar standing of e obser y on the g ma entions in the bio- ar ving mig terial ha v lusion tec luded ma T ocarbon / oil phase (Fig e ma escence w ed is ha dr ocus mainl he occ v luid inc ocarbon fluid inclusion trail y e samples ar dr luor y onkan (KK) basin is ong a better under gy. T gy. oup f y h e, luid h ic human inter or ala-K ails obser ef er t/ bitumen lik her w using the f ma lusions and f ocesses Gr y mobile f om K ar lusion tr l y. T y. e no . 1.1.1: Secondar T ystone litholo ed as asphaltene phase of Fig la r lear e ar ell fr under transmitted light (a) and under U-V illumination (b) fused asphaltene lik c er , ustal Pr W ocesses luid inc

luded . dif ace toda y f different depths in KK-well at 3065-3070 m, 3075-3080 different depths in KK-well at 3065-3070 depths with sand- m and 3080-3085 m, and 3115-3120 m stone Secondary hydrocarbon fluid inclusion trails and some Secondary hydrocarbon fluid inclusion occ tected as inc eration of hydrocarbons in the basin. This basin covers eration of hydrocarbons in the basin. Kerala-Konkan an area of around 580,000 sq.km. The are 15 explor- basin comes under category III. There them are produc- atory wells drilled so far but none of ing veloped indigenously at NCESS to re-look into the dry veloped indigenously at NCESS to re-look basin for any oil potential occurrence. from KK-4C- Detailed petrographic analysis of samples A-1 w be inf 1.1.1 a & b). It is the first time in Kerala-Konkan basin a migrating secondary fluid inclusion trail is reported. Oc- cluded asphaltene are also seen with dim fluorescence at 5900-5905 m depth in KK-4C-A-1 well. Fluorescence of ar depth of 3220-3225 m. and is c e f the Cr . i- x- f ed he ds w ences and also the unscientif oil luid . . T or n con- m g ks vities of om the indings the basins of en basin ir e utiliz d, oc v al hazar tion of ov ester ar y r these f ted fr tur elop the f he acti e ha v mina estw ous ba the w W y. T y. er W e star salizing the f if ell in a pr t of -1 and KK 4C-A-1. the na tions of er xamining the samples V e sediments with suf v rol 1. Crustal Pr 1. Crustal y w sedimentar R esta w e tur as anomalies conf n par halleng or the deter the countr h could be used in the oil e e no most of he pet onkan Basin). ia he c Manif ealm of ell till 2016 to de hic N latitude. Kerala-Konkan off- ells viz. -1 is a dr e. e ar 0 V w ost-rift ma y w gy. T gy. y w -1 w R ala -K g s in t lusions and uni Annual Report 2017-18 e, Ind P V h is vital f . ell; er tor ed. R ms the souther a elopment of uid hic . v hnolo tmospher ts or hnolo -1 w pe Comorin in the south. ks into the r luid inc V y w xplor e the causes of oc le de as spar esults and adsorbed g aeo fl b ed f n Gha o e al e ar e and a ern offshor el w en Basin (K e basin f v th to Ca lusion tec tw ov on siz ester om the R ecent sediments an ESSO-NCESS sin extends to Arabian Abyssal plain. On the eastern side it is bounded by the peninsular shield. The basin contains more than 5 km of Cretaceous to R cient organic carbon content are present in the basin. Drilling r tinental margin of India and extends from Goa in the nor Since, we developed the technique of fluid inclusions fr shor of KK 4C-A-1 well. The Kerala-Konkan basin is located at South of 16 window and the API gravity of oils from 2 to 10 micr making of fluid inclusion wafers suitable for fluores- making of fluid inclusion wafers suitable cence stud (Mumbai Basin) while KK4C-A-1 is a dry well in a non- (Mumbai Basin) while KK4C-A-1 is pr inc The samples from the geological repository of ONGC, The samples from the geological repository P the samples of ploration industry in India. In this endeavour, the Oil ploration industry in India. In this endeavour, (ONGC) ex- and Natural Gas Corporation of India providing samples tended their support to NCESS by of fundamental idea was to develop the fluid inclusion stud- fundamental idea was to develop the fluid ies into a tec NCESS took up the challenging task of developing the NCESS took up the challenging task that are generally science of fluid inclusion-based studies metamorphic and being carried out in the hard rocks i.e igneous r cal and geophysical processes pertaining to the evolution of the Indian lithosphere with special reference to the of the Indian lithosphere with special processes pertaining to the evolution cal and geophysical W dynamics of solid earth and its deep internal and surface processes is utmost essential for framing strategies for processes is utmost essential for earth and its deep internal and surface dynamics of solid sustaina spher The Indian lithosphere, characterized by a rich geological heritage spanning from Archean to Recent, provides an Archean to Recent, spanning from geological heritage by a rich lithosphere, characterized The Indian this part of the Earth. geophysical processes operating in to study a variety of geological and excellent opportunity forces of the hydro- reacts with and influences the component of solid Earth, the lithosphere Being a fundamental spher 1.1 P West Crustal Processes host miner inclusions showTHrangingfrom100 some samplesfr og well abovetheoilwindowandhostminerallithol- homogenization temperature(TH)of150 horizon depthof6110-6115m,thesamplesshowinga micr r falls undertheoilwindowandsomehydrocarbonfluo- T various stratigraphicsuccessionsinapetroliferousbasin. direct samplesofpetroleumthathavemigratedthrough industry sincehydrocarbonfluidinclusions(HCFIs)are emerging asanadjuvanttoolinpetroleumexploration Basin: Fluorescence emissionofoilsinHCFIsfromKK- f conducive foroilwindowandbelowthatdepthitis horizon depthrangingfrom3000mto4200misonly and isexpectedthatatKerala-Konkanbasinonlythe 4000 m.Furtheranalysisandinterpretationisgoingon na Detailed anal v using non-destructiveopto-spectroscopicmethodisad- ity isaquality-deter HCFIs fromKerala-Konkan(KKbasin),India.APIgrav- nique todeter indigenously developedfluorescenceemissionratiotech- sion ratioatF620/F560i.e.y=y equation connectingAPIgravitywithfluorescenceemis- to makeastandarddatasetforarrivingattheempirical oils withknownAPIgravity(Mumbai,India)wereused for theHCFIsamplesfromKKbasin,India.Petroleum PL emissionratiosat620/560wasderivedandapplied HCFIs orinbulkpetroleumoil.Arelationbetweenthe fluorescence (asphaltines)show anAPIbelow25.The an APIof30andabove fluidinclusionswithdim being a A non-destructivePLemissiontechniquedevelopedis cial utility ness' or'heaviness'ofpetroleumoilslinkedtocommer- gra fr the 1.4, xistheemissionratiovalueatF620/F560,andy and tareconstantswithvalues,y ossils onl escence isobser anta he deter om KKbasinw y issiltstone-sandstone tion. vities API g other g eous inman 2 Fluorescence emissionstudyoffluidinclusionsis W pplied todeter . InKKbasinthef . mina ra mometric studiesof y withatemper al litholo e ar vity ysis of mine theunkno tion of . e no F v om KKw luor ed inthisr mining f g y r as obser y isc w embar themicr thequalityof escence emissionof espects mine the la luid inc a . ystone-sandstone andthef actor tur At 4020-4025mde e v ell w . gion underUVlightillumi- ed todeter samplesa Pr e g king uponthedetailed wn other , 0 w lusions inthetr esent stud r o = 23,x as perf (x ea API g hic API g petr ter thanoilwindo 0 mometric da -x) h def 0 C to136 t de t oleum inHCFIs ra 0 ±1 wherey or ra = 2.55,andt mine the oilsinHCFIs vity of ines the'light- vity of pths lessthan med. y utiliz 0 C whichis 0 ail sho C which pth,

At the oilin oilin es the ta f API 0 the luid , x ws or w. 0, Basicall from eastcoastandwestofIndia. cratons likeBundelkhandandriverbeachsediments insular India,studiesarealsobeingconductedinAchaean constrain theevolutionofcontinentalcrustsinPen- following keyscientificquestions: gr Ind 1.2 Gr Souther geochemical, geochronologicalstudieswithfocuson through petrological,phaseequilibriamodelling, melting intherealmofHT/UHTmetamorphism The ongoingprojectaimstocharacterizelowercrustal mined asethane. bon fluidinclusionandthegascompositionisdeter- individually focusthegasphaseinabiphasehydrocar- With theRamanspectrometersystem,wewereableto ie cr er will becomparedwithothergranuliteterrainsviz.East- crus og technique isproposedasaquickqualityassaymethodol- charnockite (garnetiferousand non-garnetifferous),ma- Field material inthecontextofIndiansubcontinent. material throughtimeandrecyclingofcrustalmantle crust withinsightsintoquantumofadditionjuvenile better understandingoftheevolutioncontinental Answerstothesequestionscouldbringabouta Are theyrepetitiveortimespecific? are theramificationsinrocksystem? and Himala of rogra the SalemBlockhavebeencollected forpreliminarypet- migmatites, syenitesandmafic-ultramafic xenolithsfrom sentative samplesofgranitoids (hornblendegranites), Na n Gha ust withemphasison SGT s t y indr anit g (i) a) (ii) (iii) Whendomeltingandmetamorphismoccur? ia er t al ev o c phic andg coil, : P W T anu W y, oid : n Gr o under Fieldw Field W or ts Belt(EGB)andHimala thepr et y w ESSO-NCESS ha ons Madur k: rology ol s; UHTmet y l t trig it ells andinli as an ut e f tr . ulite esent stud ion stand thee ork inNager ain t or acie g eoc ai andSalemb er , g k w s meltinginlo T eo hemical studies s met er as car iming ofempl c r Ac v ain (SGT). hemis amorphism, me e drillingsites y isfr v haean cr Annual Report 2017-18 coil, MaduraiandSalemBloc olution of amorphism insout ried outinandar amed toans tr loc y andisot w a T y er cr ks of tons as he da thecontinental . R . . Inad , ust andw ac SGT e SGT pr ta g w ement of lt opic s esenta er the dition, ing and , ound the EGB ener . R hern ha e tud- a pr ti ted to t ve e- k Crustal Processes - - as ry. ar om e the g uhudi, K the host 3 dierite g ting fr g) the host er the quar tam, iza v ppherine bear e sampling w V v Sunakhala, In Ma le all o . . .g es to sa xtensi host to cor ansect star ound Musalar villa k e palle (near hang Ar or ries (e t places . . y c kite is visib g ield w Anaka ulite a noc ent quar an ry, ry, t the top r har er f tion (melting) of . ic g ma During f u quar . ained a or r pang) along the tr en in dif er within c ser maf uthur ansf ametta the litholo Ta y tak thic gneiss gnisses iner g coar tho angi, elspa T under In Mar Leucocratic granite is seen intruding the mafic host. In Leucocratic granite is seen intruding granulite with Gamparai quarry host rock is again mafic of leptinite (leptinite localised melting as visible by presence granulite) melt shows shearing near the contact with mafic Bokkella consists and mafic restite. Area around village On the way to prominently of porphyritic granite. is dominated Simliguda (Bondaguda village) the quarry move towards by sheared augen gneiss while as one Sunkar rock is mafic granulite/charnockite with signs of melting as visible by the presence of migmatite as well as leptinite. The migmatised portions are locally folded. In Bowlbara village the host rock is mafic granulite with migmatised lenses wherein augens arevisible. In the last quarry (unnamed) a sharp contact is seen between migmatite and the coarse grained felsic-mafic granulite. The host granulite is fine grained with presence of restite. Chilka Lake Granulite complex in the northern part of EGB (Domain 3) comprises high grade paragniesses and or ing pelitic granulite [at the top (slightly migmatised)] hosted ing pelitic granulite [at the top (slightly migmatised)] bearing quartzo- in between charnockite and garnet f rock is garnet rich charnockite with lenses containing rock is garnet rich charnockite with Restite with comparatively less garnet bearing charnockite. melt la host rock is charnockite which is locally migmatised. The host rock is charnockite which is locally bearing gran- mafic host is intruded by porphyritic garnet is dominated by ite. The area near Paderu (Jugallaputtu) with patches fine grained garnetiferrous mafic granulite of charnockite, mafic granulite and garnet-bearing felsic and garnet-bearing mafic granulite charnockite, field work during this etc. The samples gneiss (leptynite) the do- lithologies all over from various were collected main. near Araku town consist of mafic Lithologies exposed patches of restite and visible intru- granulites (Host) with sion/tr net bearing phase is visible in the mafic host. In Battivalasa, net bearing phase is bearing granite is seen intruding the porphyritic garnet (sandwiched between the finer and mafic granulite host mafic granulite). The granulite shows the coarser grained with coarser grained host at the base grain size variation and f a n w a ence r Sam- te ne Andhr ried out In east-

y occur as car .1.2.1a). ed b ustal section of ks w amil Nadu, or p cr ried out to loca ried out to EGB along the easter acteriz coil (Fig . h. .1.2.1b). er har g Sampling has also been car- Field w as car Domain 3 and Domain 4). k w om EGB phosed dee or Belt, Tamil Nadu . w Annual Report 2017-18 ield tite bodies (Fig ork in EGB: his locality is c f EGB om the east coast (T Domain 2, h and Marina beac ymetamor , y. T y. k samples fr pol oc arious localities in Na arious localities a beac ajector c) Field W med, Fig. 1.2.1 (a) : Massive homogeneous charnockite in Nagercoil Block, Fig. 1.2.1 (a) : Massive homogeneous charnockite amil Nadu), om v adar SGT; (b): Garnet-cordierite bearing metapelitic rocks in Kambam UHT SGT; (b): Garnet-cordierite bearing metapelitic rocks or ESSO-NCESS UHT (sapphirine-cordierite-garnet-sillimanite-bearing and sample intrusive alkaline gran- assembalges) locations ite and carbona ern Madurai Block, in areas around Kambam, Theni around Kambam, Block, in areas ern Madurai (T of diverse rocks like metapelitic granulite (khondalite), fic enclaves, intrusive syentites and granites were sampled and granites were intrusive syentites fic enclaves, fr pling has been carried out around Chilka Lake Granulite complex in Domain 3 and Araku-Sunkarametta- Ananthagiri-Similiguda-Paderu-Anakapalle section of Domain 2 of Earlier studies from Domain 2 (Araku-Sunkarametta- Ananthagiri-Similiguda-Paderu-Anakapalle) characterised metamorphic peak condition under ultrahigh temperature (UHT >950°C) at a deep-crustal level (8-10 kbar) followed by isobaric cooling along an anti-clockwise P- T tr Pradesh and Odisha). River sediments have been col- Pradesh and Odisha). River sediments Naidupetta; Penna lected from Swarnamukhi River near Rajamundry; River, Nellore; Godavari River near near Srikakulam; Champavati River, Kopperla; River have been Mahanadi River, Cuttack. The beach sediments Thippalavalasa collected from Sagar Nagar beach, Vizag; Konark Beach, beach, Mogaladapadu beach, Puri beach, Danavagipetta, Gopalpur beach, Bavanapadu beach, V Proterozoic orogenic belt. Based on isotopic data, this belt is subdivided into four discrete crustal domains (Do- main 1A-1B fringes of the peninsular India exposes multiply de- f b) Field work in East Coast: and the beach ried out in the rivers that drain the EGB sediments fr on the Eastern Coast of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh to on the Eastern Coast of Odisha and collect r Crustal Processes high -Kgranitoids). cess fortheBundelkhandgranitoids(TTGsaswell In addition,phaseequlibriastudiesarealsounderpro- along withcolumnchemistry (Rb-Sr-REEandSm-Nd as w phase equilibriamodellingtoevaluatemeltingepisodes pared forXRFanalysesdetailgeochemicalstudyand cal a textural features,mineralchemistryalongwiththechemi- b Craton, CentralIndiawereanalyzedbySEMaswell previously collectedgranitoidsamplesfromBundelkhand Kerala KhondaliteBelt(KKB)alongwithsomeofthe si mafic granuliteswhereingarnetbearinggraniteisintru- gneisses fr of quartzo-feldspathicgneissesandgarnet-cordierite studies and studiedinthelabforpetrographicgeochemical ies major andtraceelementalaswellgeochronologicstud- vious fieldworkarebeingprocessedforpetrographic, Sample Preparation migmatisation andpresenceofrestite. same isstillunderpr ratory (PRL),Ahmedabad. The datareductionforthe samples havebeengeneratedatPhysicalResearchLabo- selected samplesfromAchaeangranitoidsandKKB r garneiferrous felsicmelt/vein(locallypresent)aswell melting evidentbythepresenceofcoarsegrained host rockisgarnetiferrousmassivegranulite(mafic)with picked. tion. Theheavymineralsseparatedwillthenbehand- table, magneticseparationaswellheavyliquidsepara- mineral separationusingvariousmethodssuchaswilfley as w nantly comprisesofpyroxene-biotitebearinggranulites of Chilkalake.AtJibendabpurquarrytherockpredomi- Bhubaneswar towardsSunakhalaonthenorthernpart net andnong presence oflocalisedmeltpocketsaswellrestite(gar- present locallyinthearea.Localmeltingisevidentby granulite hostwithlocalmigmatisation.Cordieriteis Kuhudi dominantlyconsistsofhomogeneousmafic estite y EPMA(a ve. T . Someof b) c) d) a) ell asm g ell asintr e da . T . he g 4 R Major elementchemistr T W Petrographic Studies: he quar e ting of race andREEchemistr om P pr hole Roc r ultiple g anite islocall thesamplesar esenta t IITKhar usi ar oikam ries ar net bearing). monazites v k Sr-Ndsystematics: e g ti ro v ocess e thinsections(diamondpolished) : Thesamplescollectedinthepre- wths of r ukku and ound anitoid bodies ag . y def pur) toobtainmor Thinsectionswereprepared . e beingpr Ta y: Inandar g y: R pang ar ar Tr or V oc nets occur .K med andsho ace elementda k po otta . T . ocessed f e alsodominantl Sample dig w y ound he ar am quar der r s w ed inKKB ea ar e detailed T or hea ws local angi the er ta fr ries of estion e pr ound om vy e- y . fe pathic matrix.Garnetsarelocallyaltered.Somewhere nets arepresentasporphyroblastsoverquartzo-felds- ized bytheoccurrenceofGrt+Kfs+Pl+Qtz±Bt.Gar- quartzo-feldspathic gneissesfromKKBarecharacter- Locall ser quartzofeldspathic gneisseswithveryfewbiotitesareob- quar of meltmigration.Compositional variationofgarnets clase withinthelayerofquartz alsoindicatesevidence In theleucolayersofrock, narrowrimofplagio- a ture. Garnet-cordieritebearinggneisseswithmigmatitic these garnetbearinglayersareverydiscontinuousinna- oriented a ing evidenceisevidentfromthepresenceofleucosomes migmatised inappearance.Differentgenerationofmelt- gneisses withincipientcharnokitization.Theare comprise ofgarnet-biotitebearingquartzofeldspathic Pr at Goldschmidt2017whichwasheldinParis,France. was generatedandthepreliminaryresultswerepresented previously collectedUHTgranulitesamplesfromEGB along withthechemicalagedataofmonazitefrom Goldschmidt 2017whichwasheldinParis,France. gr als (apatite,titaniteandzircon)fromBundelkhand concentrations havebeenmeasuredinaccessoryminer- lar the domainofplagioclase,roundedquartzgrainswithin K-feldspar isperthiticinnature.Cuspatequartzgrains done insimilar erated ispresentlybeingcomparedtothepreviousstudies alr Laboratory (PRL),Ahmedabad.Theisotopicratioshave and DharwarCraton)wasdoneatPhysicalResearch columns) forArcheangranitoids(BundelkhandCraton ated dataispresentlybeingreduced. centrations usingisotopicdilutiontechnique.Thegener- a ICPMS new datageneratedonthesamesamplesusingLA- previously acquiredusingSIMSisbeingcomparedwith ppear ted onthesamespotusingLA-ICPMS w biotitesar anitoids eliminar g ead v • • g) f) e) e per ed. r y beenmeasur y o At P y highl Detailed Petrographicstudiesexplainthatthe ance ar Gneissosityisdef . Inad Phase diagrammodelling: T In-situ Ub/HfinZircons thitic f v ESSO-NCESS race elementsinaccessor t dif er oikam .T y R gro e f dition Hf f he da e pr eldspar Ac er esults wth of ound a ukku quar ent ang haean g y def esent alongtherimof ed alongwithRb ta g ; g allsug t isotopicda ar les toeac V ener r ined b .K nets isalsoobser or anitoids ry, Annual Report 2017-18 otta med g ther g Pseudosectionmodelling y minerals: : Zirconin-situU-Pbdata a est thepr ted w y str y am quar . h other oc ta hasbeeng etc , ks pr as pr Sr ar Tr hed g esence of . T net bearing , Sm, ace elemental . ry. theg

edominantl he da v esented a At Mylode ed. ar Ndcon- net and Mostl ta g ar melt. ener nets en- y y - t . Crustal Processes 2 t es O- g 2 hole ysed O-O 2 5 y anal the w -H 2 y, O-CaO-K 2 -TiO eighted mean a e (c) and Mg (d) 2 t phic stud W e being criticall y their peculiar elemental -SiO ogra ), potash feldspar is sanidine 3 30 1.2.3). O . 2 An med b 70 ir .1.2.4). owth among Kfs-Bt-Pl; b: Crd inclusion within Gr owth among Kfs-Bt-Pl; b: . to Ab gr tions (Fig 2 Mn and Ca ar , ks ns (Fig An oc ther conf dition to the petr Mg 98 e, tter the r last rimmed by Pl; c: Crd rim over Gr last rimmed by Pl; c: Crd The chemical age data of monazites from two The chemical age oning shown in BSE image(a); Ca (b), F placed by inter In ad Amphiboles in Bundelkhand granitoids show pe- or F e ent popula The EPMA data from granitoids from Bundelkhand Pressure estimate from Bundelkhand granitoids sug- ob h is fur er yr • • • • • f ph eO-MgO-MnO-Al hic oning pa rock composition (obtained from XRF analyses) of the rock composition (obtained from XRF bearing gneisses sample (KKB-3) of garnet-cordierite of P-T was used initially for the construction Na pseudosections in the oxidized system of different populations were calculated using isoplot of different populations were calculated of all monazite software and probability density plots timing of meta- ages were also obtained to interpret the morphism. different textural occurrences from the garnet-cordier- different textural occurrences from the grouped in two ite gneisses of KKB were studied and dif to explain their growths during the metamorphic evolu- to explain their growths tion of F nets f z culiar zoning patterns in plain polarised light, cross polars w and amphibole is mostly calcic amphibole ranging from ferro to magnesio hornblende with actinolite rims, edinite to ferro-edinite. (NCKFMASHTMnO) to demonstrate the metamorphic evolution of the studied rock with change of pressure and temperature. craton reveal that the predominant plagioclase feldspar is sodic (Ab por lastic Crd r ob di- m- net yr K- hite . ar ph Silli- ar . . 1.2.4: Amphibole z or ms rim y cor l Fig or lasts dierite with ained w ob r Spinel is also ticular yr Adjacent w . 1.2.2 a: P cor Qtz-Pl-Kfs ar ph Fig ine g P . lusion within g .1.2.2 c). lasts wth of ell as it also f 1.2.2 a) net por . ob inc ry s to ar gro yr y ele- At places f a ph . . net (Fig e consisting of ar ometer e inter X-r am quar . .1.2.2 a), k ar y dierite (Fig .1.2.2 b)as w Annual Report 2017-18 eldspar oc m-lik otta lastic g mobar ar lusion within g 5 kbar .K ob esent as por t (Fig V the r yr last (Fig la C, 7 kbar; Retrograde C , lastic cor 0 0

e pr eother ph ob ob om ob the w lase or K-f yr y, yr yr P-T values of studied garnet-cordierite gneisses of P-T values of studied garnet-cordierite

ph ph tions of ph • gioc er por esent as inc arious g ment composition maps of gar- construct P-T evolution path of metamorphism Estimated peak P-T ~850 P-T ~550 KKB are being calculated using v feldspar is also perthitic in nature. por Kfs/Pl is present surrounding the rim the big crystals of Kfs/Pl is present surrounding the rim pla like intergrowth of biotite and Kfs/Pl replaces the like intergrowth of biotite and Kfs/Pl por manites are also present as inclusions within garnet; some- manites are also present as inclusions within by sillimanite. where garnets and spinels are rimmed Locall pr ov por erite is present as in three different modes like as erite is present as por spinels ar ESSO-NCESS Fig. 1.2.3: The calculated population ages from analysed matrix monazite grains and their compositions a) population with weighted mean age of 531±9 Ma b) population with weighted mean age of 907±29 Ma c) probability density plot of weighted ages showing two peaks will be studied to evaluate will be of garnet with time. growths bearing The garnet-cordierite gneiss fr is migmatitic in nature. Darker is migmatitic are con- portions, i.e. mesosome of sisting of mineral assemblage Grt-Crd-Opx-Spl-Bt-Pl-Kfs- Garnet, Qtz-opaque mineral. and cordierite, orthopyroxene Crustal Processes 1.3.1). br Zen, (1992), Holliesteretal.,(1987)andHammaerstrom 674 -750°C,684755°Cand682757°CusingSchmidt, kbar and1.72-4.22atemperaturerangefrom gest apressurerangeof2.33-4.70kbar,1.574.37 and uppermantlestr Receiver Functionsareutilizedtounderstandthecrust a conc ried outtounder tion of1.2km.Althoughseveralstudieshavebeencar- coast ofIndiaforover1500kmwithanaverageeleva- T 1.3 C this r been adopted. grid searchapproachofZhuandKanamori(2000)has σ and Psmsphases,emergesfrom asearchinthespaceof depth (Z (Ppms andPsms)a mations) indicatetheexistence ofclearMohomultiples (as demonstratedfromthe low standarderrorsofesti- F Estimation ofPoisson'sRatioandMohodepth: depth/crustal thickness(Z Fig. 1.3.1:Locationofbroadbandseismologicalstations(invertedtriangle) ection of or theestima he -Z oadband seismolo , thr (1986)g W rus M lusi ester 6 . Inthewellconstrainedestimates of ee componentw M v t al s ) explainsthesimultaneouslyPms,Ppms NNW e n Gha xplana eother t tion of

ru A pairof stand thee -SSE andalmostpar ct ts of t the tion stillr ur uctur mobar P gical sta e al peninsularIndiae oisson's r ALDI, P e alongthe av ong t M ometr oisson's r ) beneaththeeachstation,a ef v emains elusi olution of or tions isconsider K m da a he W es OLH, tion ( . a W ta r tio ( ester est σ allel tothew KLMV W ) andtheMoho ve. ecor xtends inadi- ern Ghat σ ester Inthisstud ) andMoho n Gha σ ded a , n Gha MNCT andZ ed (Fig ts . t 16 F s est or ts M y, , . , fr Ghats (12-11-2017to19-11-2017). under the RFmodelingandinitiated themodellingstudyto 06-12-2017). nection withthe The followingfieldworkshavebeencarriedoutin-con- fr cessfully identified(29-01-2018to11-02-2018). tion ofBroadbandSeismologicalStationshavebeensuc- MNGR sta PCH, GO because of tion (Fig Moho depthorcrustalthickness(Z P wavevelocityof6.5km/sisutilizedtocalculatethe cr neath eachstation,however,whichdependsonthemean procedure, wearealsoestimatedtheMohodepthsbe- 36 to42kmand0.240.26r P under mor closely spacedstationsareessential.Thus,weidentified6 band seismolo and theprocesshasbeeninitiatedtoinstall6broad- Fig. 1.3.2:EstimationofMohodepth(Z oisson's r om Na om Na ustal Pw • • • • A, e loca stand theLithosphericstr PMB standing of BOMandIDKI, NCS Visit:17stationsdata hasbeencollected ISR Visit:Discussedwiththeexpertsregarding NCS Visit:48stationsdatahasbeencollected Site selection:Thesuitablesitesfortheinstalla- tional Centr tional Centr . ESSO-NCESS tions intheg 1.3.2). av a thea tions tio alongthe A, e v POO gical sta elocity . Ho bsence of W T thestr ester he obtainedcr wev grid searchapproach , . e f e f a Inthepr TR tions p r n Gha thispr uctur er W or Seismolo or Seismolo VM, e , ester c gions alongthe f . Annual Report 2017-18 or the4sta lear Mohom e alongthe V ts pr especti M esent stud ocedur uctur n Gha ) andPoisson'sratio( AL, oject: ustal thic M

e alongthe g g ) beneatheachsta- VLKV v ts ar e isnotsuccessful y (13-09-2017to y (20-11-2017to el tions viz., y. y, W ultiples W e v F ameancr ester or thebetter ester , ar K kness and ying fr OD and n Gha W σ n Gha CTRA, . Inthis ) usinga ester ustal om ts ts n , Crustal Processes - ″ o e- est th- es- or ains g In- bout t the turba- ear pturing ala F bs a 7 y sug At a l er el time r n of . . 1.4.1). . av ease in micr lear tter ents v hi in K elocity per a ed in the last de- oad band seismic v al ypothesis also g he pa eec e v esults c the high compr ential tr er av t this incr er t P ly, y. T y. f his h ting br Since then it is ca an subducted sla an subduction. . . T . a y y esting eth eth vity is obser support from the study of Aitchison et al. (2007), which shows that the present day location of IOGL corresponds to the reconstructed position of the T CMB the existence of high velocity material situated above the CMB beneath the IOGL. This high velocity material may be attributed to the dehydrated T sional and shear wave velocity sional and shear wave the IOGL perturbations sample region while the negative velocity perturbations sample the ad- joining geoid high region. The modelling r ter compressional wave velocity compressional wave from perturbations varying 6.5% to -5.2% (Fig ping in K t shear w esent stud ear 2000 a obtained dif obtained eal tha e map It is assumed tha layer vary from 8.4% to -3% and the layer vary from 8.4% u ev or the pr ″ layer (220 thick layer above the CMB). thick layer above layer (220 om the y grids gional and local seismic e al ″ ° e NCESS is oper . o seismic acti x1 h Institute campus y fr r ° c 1.5.1). . tor esults r aults va Modeling of Modeling lobal, R esear . y. er el ta is utilised f y v quake activity and the location of faults is still enigma. However, it is very important to identify the potential hazardous faults in region. An attempt has been made to 500 local earthquakes have been identified by broad- band station from 2000 to end of 2017. This available da the g obser est R seismic activity is due to reactivation of ancient pre-existing f cade (Fig Micro seismicity of Kerala is well known and it is causing a growing concern in recent time. A notable increase in the micr 1.5 The b- V tions in the D siduals indicate the velocity perturbations within the D siduals indicate the la The corrected PcP-P and ScS-S differential travel time differential travel PcP-P and ScS-S The corrected s respec- s and -9.6 to 5.0 vary from -4.7 to 3.3 residuals ti ferential travel time residuals truly reflect the anomalies truly reflect the time residuals ferential travel D within the y. er) w: y esent la ″ radius. ° ected dif- layer with r ″ phic model the seismic eoid Lo eoid anomal gra In the pr . he cor est g g . . T layer is important, ean G ″ c es he obtained ScS-S and ta has been collected ta has been most mantle (D standing of av er . T . lobal tomo ld's lar w Da or phic models y: ian O TS g tor with a Gaussian average of 3 gra ion y (10-04-2017 to 12-04-2017). y (10-04-2017 the lo esiduals , va at or the P w tor er layer, we modelled the compres- o Ind ″ or va Annual Report 2017-18 wev xpl or a better under el time r ed the S40R s int F lobal tomo . Ho av hi Obser . g hi obser layer utilizing the corrected PcP-P and ScS-S eec ″ phic model f P gions e utiliz eec e ynamic e w ential tr gra d y, er mantle er km thick layer above the CMB. Averaged shear wave velocity perturbations (top right panel) and km thick layer above the CMB. Averaged shear wave • f w eo om P from the corrected travel time residuals. The velocity perturbations are simply averaged over 1 from the corrected travel time residuals. The velocity Fig. 1.4.1: Percentage of shear wave velocity perturbations (top left panel) and compressional wave velocity Fig. 1.4.1: Percentage of shear wave velocity perturbations G 1.4 Insight ESSO-NCESS for the S waves and the GyPSuM compressional global tomo Understanding the structure of D since it plays a crucial role in controlling the dynamics of lo structure beneath the IOGL is one of the poorly understood r stud structure of the D sional and shear wave velocities especially with in the assumed D dif PcP-P differential travel time residuals are corrected for the velocity structure above a 220 km thick D the help of perturbations (bottom left panel) required to explain the observed differential travel time residuals in a 220 perturbations (bottom left panel) required to explain panel) in the bottom 220 km of the mantle inferred compressional wave velocity perturbations (bottom right fr 15-09-2017). The Indian Ocean Geoid Low (IOGL) to the south of The Indian Ocean is the w Indian subcontinent Crustal Processes micr find thevariationinb-valueKeralawithavailable the a Magnitude range1-3earthquakesareprominentinall occur events wereverylessinnumberandthoseevent quak temporal variationinb-valueisthebasicresearchofearth- tw in ear The Gutenberg-Richterlawisthefundamentalequation M f below andthecorrespondingrelationbetweenN log and thea-valueindicatestotalseismicityrateof M, bistheslopeoflinearfrequency-magnitudeplot Where, Nisthenumberofeventshavingamagnitude> een ma N or v =a-bM o seismicda e seismolo v thquak r aila Fig. 1.5.1:Cumulativenumberofearthquakeswithtime ed inthebe 8 arious b-v b gnitude andfr le y Fig e seismolo . 1.5.2:F ear gy. T ta obtainedb s assho alues issho ginning of he Guttenber r equenc g equenc y tha wn inFig y-Magnitude distribution y t connectsther wn inFig y seismicobser y. ear 2000(Fig Estima g -Ric . 1.5.2. . 1.5.3. hter la tion, Ma . 1.5.2). gnitude >4 spa ela va w isgi tion be- tor tial and y. v en events andM Where, M widel The AkiandUtsu'smaximumlikelihoodmethodis in b-v nism andstressappliedalltogetherdecidesthevariation The strengthheterogeneityofthematerial,focalmecha- region. Bothaandbmayvaryinbothspacetime. b=log by pr lik are associatedwithhighstressesandthoseregions er r important earthquakeprecursorandshowsagoodcor- It isg b v r ela ence of s ha ecur el alue f tion withotherear y tog y usedf ener v alue e sor tomajormacr e r / (M moder ollo e ESSO-NCESS . T . all et lar mean por Fig. 1.5.3:GRlawplottedforvariousb-values mean y obser he obser w Fig. 1.5.4:Spatialvariationofb-value or estima min isthemeanvalueofmagnitude ofthe ted tha ed b g -M istheleastmagnitudeevent. a e ear te ma y shor v min t ther thquak ed tha va thquak gnitude ear tion of ) tion of o-f t ter e isaninter t lo e pr Annual Report 2017-18 ailur e m dr M w b-v decr ecur v e (Fig ents C thquak and b op bef sor ement inb-v alues of . T media . s. 1.5.3). Se he b-v , w es or v . te incr hic er e theoccur ther al r h isgi alue isan esear alue isa ease in e gions v c en h- - Crustal Processes n as u- o- all A he ter ode A a the med t the k f . . T ed 65 ester y) w or v ys oc ve 9 t w 1.6.2 a). . hnique pr p a e perf Most of ee da ulti electr . As the w towards East) laimed 38 hu-

° er tion (Electrical as obser es a vity sur eas the r thr tur ying tec her all (~82.4 mm within ea iles w estig n side (Fig stand the possibilities esisti v ve f) and 26 m wide land- of 1.6.1b). ain of ic f . ainf So this implies tha ace w y (R w outlet w w. unof vy r It is 2.95 m dee lo ual r ve nakulam district on 19 y. o under vity pr k (Fig specif ysical in 2001 and had c el T e surf Er v v, oc ter f a esisti y shallo as conducted using m eoph ea as this sur ailur er aluk, o r ysical sur T especti 1.6.1a). d bedr y) w he g . ed due to hea ed f Tw ve v er eoph .T er is v g alam his 172 m long (r ea. y side and 2.4 m in easter subsided hole is circular in shape having diameter 1.8m and 4.3 m on the top and bottom r m down in SSE direction. The land subsided after the contin from the Kreala Government, NCESS team investigated the same. According to the local residents, the land subsided with a big sound and one w (Fig y har es s); . T . A g um on 9th No

tur es as trig vity Sur ed b v ted la ea . a w o andr tional/cur tion. ried out in the ar v o hour tur othamang esisti ri va ota ollo ace f for further failure, a detailed study was carried out dur- for further failure, month of June 2017. Some big iso- ing the monsoonal garnet-biotite gneiss are lying on the lated boulders of area is used mainly for rubber cul- landslide surface. The ti car and cost effective vides a toolbox of rapid, discrete of subsur- methods for the location and identification f tw digital Resistivity/IP equipment to know: a) The soil digital Resistivity/IP equipment to of bedrock in the thickness over the bedrock. b) Depth landslide ar R the top layer as high and prolonged rainfall may make rubber plantation water saturated surface. The pits for (36 might also contribute in it. Steep slope sa and shallow water saturated layer make the area unstable. and shallow water saturated layer make further landslide Therefore, the area has a potential for generation in high and prolonged rainfall period. Apart from the landslide, soil piping is another natural disaster in the lateritic terrain particularly in Kerala. A land subsidence event was reported in Manipara area, K r results show that across the landslide zone. The resistivity soil. Below the top 2 m layer consist of unconsolidated layer is present this layer a ~5 m thick water saturated f slide w don't possess this type of don't possess man li gust 2017 in the agricultural land. On request received slides are mainly occurred in the area having surface slope the area having surface mainly occurred in slides are >30 A deadly landslide happened in the Amboori area in A deadly landslide T , , k le ve he In al am uc- . est- oc y as no- W hough Some gic or land- ws ha otta palli and lo ea. . . T a lo ion hodupuzha ors in t y and str eo at T g anjir tions ention w bris f ig am ar ention f w and the r act v ace slope ang y v K lo ed G hnical methods vest anad and K vu and otta he de litholo at bris f the landslides of . T . amon, ta (surf ering f eotec ected loca al in Way g f egr de ulama eas , ole of Vag K rig el da ysic human inter v am, s t n int 1.5.4. y Idukki, . el of eoph v ysical and g animala, landslides am), Annual Report 2017-18 stand the r Field le profile alignment for Resistivity survey. s - A . ping this in mind, om landslide af s and it pur eoph enniy eas e ee wn in Fig g al and G id K y, V y, eas Mundaka e the studied places in K sl y. o types of gical, ph anantha hnic her ala to under asser ern Ghat e common in both the ar Tw uv ec gra er eolo alue is sho al elements along with the human inter g b) Resistivity tomograph demarcates the different subsurface units. hir eas w Fig. 1.6.1: a) Field view of Amboori landslide area. Dash white line indicates the as collected fr eot oonjar ar ering all ar ESSO-NCESS The b-value mapping and seismicity has been analysed has been mapping and seismicity The b-value the avail- package with Matlab software by using ZMAP of The spacial variation catalogue data. able earthquake b-v intense rainfall is a causative factor, the common affected sites to certain structural elements such as joints, lineaments and a higher le ticed. f joint set measurement, soil types, vegetation cover etc.) w of the human occupancies are also affected by landslides of the human occupancies are also affected in both the ar P ar slides generation. The traverses were mainly taken in high- slides generation. The traverses were mainly factors in the land areas to elucidate the broad causative were docu- region. A total of 40 new landslide localities locations in Idukki mented apart from 84 older landslide in Kattappana, area. In Idukki, the traverses were taken P tur this context fieldworks were carried out in Amboori this context fieldworks were carried (T in K G West 1.6 Land ern Ghats are studied by using an integrated approach ern Ghats are studied by using an integrated of Landslide is considered as one of the devastating natural Landslide is considered to human life and property all phenomena, that menaces year many casualties occure due over the world. Every the world including India. Therefore to the landslides in the landslide prone areas is one of the identification of Landslides the fundamental steps towards mitigation. important besides from different geological setup are rain fall, or understanding its influence on weathering, topo Crustal Processes b some areasthepreexistingstreamchannelshavebeen 0.3x1x1 m sisti and directionbyutilizingthemultielectrodedigitalRe- carried outinthesubsidenceareatoknowitsextension F ar the pr The generalslopeoftheterrainistowardssouth,thus subsurf nectivity betweenthesetwoandtolocatethepossible ence regionandthewaterflowoutlettoverifyanycon- m thic ered bedrockisexposedwhichfollowedbythe1.45 distinct pr The sectionwallofthesubsidedsurfaceshowsthree soil hasfalldownfromthesurfaceintohole. big roundedboulderof1mdiameterwiththesurface ing tothena configuration exhibitedresistivityanomaliescorrespond- thic tion. ca A bigboulderwithsurface soil isfallendowninsidethe and > 1misnotseeninresistivityimagesofSchlumberger depth of~9m.Anysubsurfacecavitywithadiameter water saturatedlayerandreachingthebedrocklevelata unconsolidated materialwithrockbouldersfollowedby beneath the3mdepth.Thetopsoillayercontains clearly depictthesoillayerthickness,watersaturated T Grama Panchayat,KozhikodeinmonthofAugust2017. Another soilpipingincidencewasreportedinPanangad nel ispr pipe is~5.9mhighand~3 mwideindiameter loc our r Fig. 1.6.2:a)DistanceviewofthesoilpipinglocationinManiparaarea.Peoplesarestandingnearcavity.Insetshowsinside he ca ea. vity k soilco vity/IP equipment(model: k W T F ed anddi . T of esisti enner conf he r or r k w vity w 10 ace ca esent insidetheca iles ar he pipeisorientedinN60 of esisti ub 3 ea vity pr were constructedontheslopingsurface.In tur iles v ther as f ber planta vity str er e alignedalongtheE-WorNW e of vity ima v . . R At thebottom0.5mthic er or ed r igur of ub ted. med after3da ear iles w uctur ber planta oc a Electricalr tion. th ma g tion, ks es of e usingthe60electr er vity andf . T . e laidinbetw pitsha terials his iso Sc

tion isdomina WDJD-4) (Fig hlumber b) Resistivityprofileshowsabsentofsuchcavityinupslopearea ys contin .T o lo . esisti ving adimensionof A smallw v wing inN110 he r er lain b vity sur g esisti k par een thesubsid- er and uous r odes setup vity r y the1m tial w -SE dir a ted inthe . 1.6.2b). ter c ve W ainf o y w enner esults . T . T ea han- ec- th- all. he he as . gra viz. Mohorovicicdiscontinuityfromthecorresponding such applicationisinmappingofcrustaldiscontinuities, based onar Parker-Oldenburg iterativemethod.Thisprocedureis interface iscomputedfromgriddedgravityanomalyby sical pr sional densityinterfacefromthegravityanomalyisaclas- of T ter interface isiterativelycalculated.Theiterativeprocess the twomedia,three-dimensionalgeometryof of thedensityinterfaceandcontrastbetween st f 1.7 C mo enhance thecon filter inthefrequencydomainhasbeenincorporatedto maximum numberofiterationsisreached.Ahigh-cut used asconvergencecriterion,oruntilapre-assigned cessive approximationsislowerthanapre-assignedvalue- ar application ofthemethodisusedindataavailable W upside rechargearea. the r moho isvaryingfrom~35kmto~47throughout W anomaly canbeseeninmohothatmightrepresentthe f ported. fault systemsinNW-SE direction thatareneverre- SE incentre,NE-SW ofDVPandtwodifferent de ha or ield r he deter ru ea of ester ester v pth. theg mina vity anomal m of e beena de ct e rus gion of ela l f

ur n Continentalf ob n Gha Also Deccan ted w ra theinterf tion sug or W t e acr ESSO-NCESS lem arisingfr vity anomal al andmant mina , b thecomputedg ela ts andSouthIndiapeninsularr hen eithertheRMSer D le todelinea est y. tion of oss shearz tionship betw VP g A 3Dg V v ace topo ern Ghat ests tha er olcanic Pr . Mor g y andthesumof ence intheiter ault iscontin om man theg l eometr e s eo t thepipeha te somelineamentslik gra v t Annual Report 2017-18 ru one er s andd eometr ra o ph een theF , vince (D y g ct vity g ashar y of y. s, Sout ur eoph Gi ued tothedee r e andg ahoriz y of or betw r v adient components eep l p ne a en themeande v ysical studies theF ti ourier tr VP) asapar e br v h Ind athr e pr ga it anc ontal density eo een tw ourier tr e ti hos gion w ocess v ee dimen- d ia e positi hing with ynamic ansf p cr pheric e NW o suc- . T . . One ustal her or ans- t of pth he ve m e - Crustal Processes . y, a- tion rain: Bin- a , le par 11 hemistr e samples . Tab y eoc yk al se ysis le g . e samples (Fig e samples y, ilf v ic d ti ph n granulite ter , W , ptibility vs temper ptibility vs tions a miner tor e maf ogra a v esenta ti par pr gnetisa oject, . e petr , y se ysis (susce esenta y out isotopic anal ences tor tions r r a pr this pr e ela thosite in souther bor t of acteristic ma ield r gnetic anal ried out on r ried out ess to car har rier la Gwalior (a) and Bijawar (b) igneous units oic anor he f ditional r As par ogr oz e car thosite occur . . . moma . . T er e ad oter ess ess ear Fig. 1.8.1: Thermomagnetic curves of representative samples from Fig. 1.8.1: Thermomagnetic curves of representative elv gnetic bar e) w w in pr o anor ogr ogr tur 1.8.1). Step wise incremental alternating field demagne- alternating field wise incremental 1.8.1). Step samples out on all the were carried tization experiments to compute c mal remanent magnetization, coercivity of remanence magnetization, mal remanent and ther from the Bundelkhand craton were analysed for a larger from the Bundelkhand craton were analysed by ICP-MS set of trace and rare earth element analyses XRF data and ICP- technique. With this a total 60 sample covering the MS data on 21 representative dyke sample craton are entire geographic area of the Bundelkhand Petrogenetic available for petrogenetic investigation. modeling and interpretation of geochemical data are in pr Tw Neopr ocular Microscope etc. Baddeleyite separation from both ocular Microscope etc. Baddeleyite separation initiated and it is Gwalior and Bijawar igneous units was no Geochemical, palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic studies taken up earlier years on the anorthosite-gabbro units of the Oddanchatram and Kadavur continued during this y laboratory was set by the end of previous year with laboratory was set by the end of previous Ma In the Oddanchatran pluton, igneous textures are remark- palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism results generated in this study were synthesized. During this period major emphasis is given to understand the mechanism of for- mation of the coarse-grained garnet along the marginal portions of the Oddanchatram anorthosite and also to study the interlinkage between rockmagnetic properties and petrographic attributes of magnetic minerals in the tw Preparation of samples for geochemical analysis is in Preparation of samples for geochemical pr - e ld o- these y con- pher e and gnetiza- ludes 23 he Pr gion has all e ur y of ions and hos ct it ian Shie tion isother ener he r y of t a ru e l tr l t ace the position . . T tur y is g ted stud g e Ind sa ons ains emanent ma r gra ac hemis ec r c erms of nat erms of al r al mant his collection inc onolo eo al r tur o t hr . . T ulite ter An inte . ements of s t inent Na eoc . an esults help to tr sis in t ks r tions g inent , a ont loc Palaeomagnetic and geochemical ene ont the r ism and g bc ade g c estig Measur r Annual Report 2017-18 e, . v rog mor y and U-Pb gnetic studies l pet y high-g e ther gnetic in he super continental b kma av aeomagnet oic igneous unit oic igneous Fur oc opment of su al . hemistr hin t el oz eas eoc tion of ounded b ev o unr er tion and susceptibility measurements were carried out on all the samples additional samples from 5 previous sites and 10 samples from one new site. Six additional block samples were collected for geochemical and isotopic work. All the oriented core samples were sliced into 1-inch dia and long cylindrical specimens for detailed palaeomagnetic and r investigations of mafic igneous units in the Gwalior, Bijawar sedimentary basins were continued during this period. A fieldwork has been carried out and collected additional samples from both the Gwalior and Bijawar units for palaeomagnetic and geochemical work; taking into account the results on earlier collection, 33 additional oriented cores were drilled from 6 sites for palaeoma of India within various Precambrian continental con- of India within various Precambrian petrogenetic evo- figurations and also to understand the processes lution of mantle and subcontinental lithosphere studies have under the Indian shield. In this background igneous rocks, been carried out over the years on mafic cratons; in recent particularly on mafic dykes across the and Bijawar traps years, studies are focused on Gwalior and and anorthosite-gabbro units of Oddanchatram and the progress Kadavur in southern granulite terrain of work during 2017-18 is as follows: Mafic Dykes in the Gwalior Traps, Bijawar Igneous Unit and Bundelkhand Craton: sidered as ideal for understanding the evolution and ori- sidered as ideal for understanding the draw correlations gin of large igneous provinces and to over wide between the mafic igneous rocks distributed ar Proterozoic igneous units combining paleomagnetism, Proterozoic igneous units combining g witnessed multiple igneous activities of diverse compo- witnessed multiple These igneous units are im- sitions during Proterozoic. of the breakup and amalgam- portant manifestations a Indian shield comprises cratonic elements (Dharwar, Indian shield comprises Singbhum and Aravalli) that are Bundelkhand, Bastar, cratons of the world and are sur- among the oldest r ESSO-NCESS d t t wit 1.8 P Crustal Processes g abl of CaO (>5wt%)thanthelow-CaO(<2almandine The garnetsarealmandinerichincomposition,withhigher metamor metamor at adepthcorrespondingtoupper-amphibolite-facies appear tohavedevelopedwhentheanorthositewasstill cia F hydrous liquids,asevidentfromprimaryamphibole. perienced, orinternal,fromthelatemagmaticenriched during theprogrademetamorphismthatterrainex- of thehornblende-biotitebearinggneisscountryrock source maybeexternal,releasedfromhydrousminerals appears tobeamorereasonableexplanation.Thefluid decompr F graphic attributesofthemagneticmineralsrevealthat Rock magneticpropertiesincombinationwithpetro- development fromgarnet. denced bytheplagioclaseorthopyroxenesymplectite f in theanorthosite,asdescribedforsimilarlarge-garnet of hydrousfluidinfluxwithplagioclaseandmaficphases and F by dehydrationbreakdownofamphibole,arelacking, baric reactionbetweenmaficsilicateandplagioclaseor r large size,comparedtotheirsmallersizeinthecountry They cannotbedescribedasxenocrystsbecauseoftheir ration magnetization(M high ratioofsaturationremanence magnetizationtosatu- of tur anor pearance intheOddanchatramanorthosite.TheKadavur lamellae ofmagnetiteinplagioclasewithcloudingap- Petrography highlightstheoccurrenceofexsolution gr mal remanence,Curietemperaturesof570-580 tism, hardernaturalremanenceoversaturationisother- nance ofremanencemagnetismoverinducedmagne- mT) andcoercivityofremanence(H value mostly>10),mediandestructivefield(MDF>50 rence ischaracterizedbyhighKoenigsbergerratios(Q r from hysteresisloopsindicating single(SD)/pseudo- or oc oc ar e-Ti o or ains g H ted pla es intheOd y w ma net inthemar ks kma ma thosite containsma ar cr , e-Ti o a tocoer tion inthe .T nets intheadjoiningmetamor ell pr tion of 12 xides sho gnetic a par phic te ession ande phic conditionsande he distinctionsar gioc t fr xides mostl eser ci lase orscar om thec danc g v ttrib xtur e f v ar Adir w distinctminer ed, gins of or net ande ha utes also es withlar ce (H ondac tr , xhuma suc y occurase am andK hemical distinctions rs gnetite inthef /M thepluton. ce dissemina cr h asg /H ks b . T e shar xsolution of s g tion subsequentl : 0.08-0.35)withlowratio e g c he Od :1.78-2.27) asdeter y McLellandandSellec ada ar xperienced isother alo r xsolutions intheasso- net f ains (upto5cm)of pl vur units(Fig cr g y r danc ; 45-86mT),domi- T y andmicr phic assemb ted o or or ypical pr ef ma ha F m of lected inthe . e-Ti o tr xide g tion b A r am occur y, discr ase . eaction ostr 1.8..2). ° ogr C and mined y iso- la r xides ains mal g ade uc- ete vies k, - . . low M natural remanence,Curietemperaturesof580-600 cate differentialerosionoraneasterlyregionaltilt. not berelatedtodifferentialexhumation,butmayindi- r H ized bylowerQvalue(mostly<1),MDF(<10mT)and Kbar depths correspondingtopressuresoftheorder4-5 Kadavur anorthositewasemplacedatrelativelyshallower c possess SD/PSDexsolvedmagnetitelamellaeinplagio- of theiremplacement.TheOddanchatramanorthosite ph netic mineral(haemo-ilmenites).Thesedifferencesin tite alongwithsmallquantitiesofcantedantiferromag- dicating presenceofadominantmultidomainmagne- 1.9 P and t Phaner along thecoastaltr The passivecontinentalmarginsandelevatedescarpments nent acti of continentalfragmentsarelinkedwithmantleplume the supercontinentGondwana.Theriftingandbreakup as aresultofthefinalphaseriftingandbreakup breakup alongthewestern continental marginofIndia Ma Deccancontinentalflood basalthadresultedthe India, theReunionplumeactivity manifestedas65-70 car single-domain (PSD)magnetiteasthechiefmagnetic emanence grain fromtheKadavuranorthosite,(b)NRMvsQvalueplot(c),here lase f feldspar fromtheOddanchatramanorthosite(a)Largediscretemagnetite cr remanence dominantfield;thevaluesofKadavursampleswithdiscrete ysical a Fig. 1.8.2:Reflectedlightimagesofmagnetiteneedlesinplagioclase rier (23-65mT),dominanceofinducedmagnetismover values ofOddanchatramsampleswithmagnetiteneedlesfallinthe vity andf al mar s. T al he br . or magnetite grainsdistributedintheinductiondominantfield rs Incontr aeomagnet /M oz med a hese dif ttrib ESSO-NCESS , oic magmat s har (0.02-0.04)withhighH eak gins ofInd utes ar or t dee der sa ast, ma up his f er theK tion of acts of ences inde e per le ism andg tur xplained inter t a or ism, mant tion isother ada ia v theIndiancontinentf lar y al els ( Annual Report 2017-18 vur occur g pth of ong t eo ≥ e igneouspr 6 Kbar c hemis l cr ms of mal r e pl he pa /H emplacementma r ence isc s; ume ev c (2.61-3.76)in- emanence o

tr cr ∼ ssiv 20 km). y oft ustal de o vinces har e c ol he l or ° ut C and acter ont T med pths . ion at In v he er i- e y -

Crustal Processes e e yst er ang- iso- ang , t the r 3 s w ried out O 13 2 e om KBH- alues r w tha wrie- Fuller e car ptibility ameter er al fr Lo v , ysis w oned plagioclase phenocr tions esis par esults sho Bulk susce . pth inter yst (b) (Scale 0.5 mm) mina yster he r Fig. 1.9.1: Typical Zijderveld diagrams Fig. 1.9.1: Typical Zijderveld of Koyna of stepwise demagnetization pro- sample. The closed circles represent plane and jections onto the horizontal onto open circles represent projections the vertical plane tion anal h tions the Cr and Ni v a . . T ly, , xene phenocr estig gnetiza o v Ma- tion of h subalkalic tholeiites with F gnetic deter ther mina esponding r on ric 1.9.2). . moma .Fur om 950 to 1250m de gnetism in cor emanent ma (a) and clinopyr T . her oundmass and plagioclase laths with z µ T ess Basement samples of the Laxmi basin recovered mal r k. ogr Fig. 1.9.2: Photomicrographs of Koyna drill core basalt containing fine Fig. 1.9.2: Photomicrographs of Koyna drill core basalt om selected samples or lassify into ir grained gr on all the 14 core samples obtained for palaeomagnetic w test and deter ther from 100 to 348 ppm and 61 to 112 ppm respectively indicating more evolved nature of magma. The BGRL Karad was visited recently and collected additional samples fr 7 drill core. IODP 355 Expedition and basement of Laxmi basin, Arabian Sea: from cores 96R to 98R of the U1457C hole of the IODP 355 expedition were obtained for petrological and palaeoma ing up to 16.02 wt%. MgO contents range from 4.7 to 7.0 wt%, day field of day 35.5 clinopyroxene is mainly augite and plagioclase varies from clinopyroxene is mainly augite and plagioclase The samples labradorite to bytownite in composition. c strengthen to this PI data, strengthen on more measurement from the sister specimens KBH-7 is under pr EPMA work was carried out on a few mineral phases EPMA work was carried out on a few fr Petrographic features for all were documented samples (Fig jor and trace element out analyses were carried by XRF and ICP-MS techniques for 39 samples collected up to a depth of 950 m. . . h e- ve ed te mi- sals the te the esults xperi- oss the er mined ta, mal r ev om eac r le domain/ e deter tion deter tion da als fr Salient r er isother . v , e also compar lina ecent studies ha er r est sing , lude umber of ties w g gnetiza en up y and domain sta er g n Deccan basalt acr the Deccan basalt seen up to compensa pth inter oper alo wev esults w y of hese inc ms of Ho he r o de . esults sug e been tak tions of T Based on inc v w. T w. vity acteristic ma gnetic pr lo ha elude to the palaeointensity e mina y in ter har h f Annual Report 2017-18 kma gnetic r gnetic miner mined. 1.9.1). ph e also been tak t least tw . oc v ra eac India, As part of the Koyna deep scientific drill- As part of the Koyna deep scientific T and this value is lower than the present the c k ma tig µ As a pr a om a oc as deter am, y. y. mine ma gin of tions ha detailed r tor ogr , mined (Fig eunion plume acti a er all r gnetostr mina n mar bor alaeomagnetism and geochemistr ESSO-NCESS pseudo single domain titano-magnetite/magnetite is chief magnetic mineral and are responsible for magnetic remanence. Based on this result, a total of 18 flow samples were subjected to Thellier-Thellier method modified by Coe. The estimated mean raw palaeo intensity (PI) value is 8.11±2.8 Ov manent magnetization, temperature-susceptibility experiments, Lowrie-Fuller tests, and tracing hysteresis loops to deter on samples of ments polarity w with the palaeomagnetic results from KBH - 5 and KBH - 8 that are available from the collaborating NGRI la flow have been subjected to alternating field flow have been subjected to were demagnetisations and characteristic magnetisations deter nations, rock magnetic measurements, palaeointensity nations, rock magnetic measurements, were carried out. experiments and geochemical work to identify mag- The palaeomagnetic studies are focused netic polarity deter quence across the KBH-7 core to workout quence across the KBH-7 core ma Samples fr Koyna drill core: ing pr P during this year are summarized below Hemisphere bias as much data are from northern Hemi- Hemisphere bias as much data are from field (GGF) sphere and to improve global geomagnetic background stud- models of secular variation. Under this on western/east- ies on the late Phanerozoic magmatism, er shown that not all the magmatic occurrences relate to shown that not all but some relate to the earlier Marion Reunion plume event there is a need to revisit these igneous plume event. Thus, the magmatic responses related to occurrences to isolate events in the Indian Ocean re- different mantle plume their role in shaping the passive gion and to understand In addition, palaeo field strength de- continental margin. ter paving way for the development of the escarpment on of the escarpment for the development paving way known occurrences are front. Several igneous the coastal province south of Deccan shield to the in south Indian earlier coast of India. Many of the west in the vicinity related to responses them as magmatic studies regarded the R Crustal Processes sliced andpr seen incore98R.Fifteenstandard8cccubesamples in thecore96Rand97Rpresenceofsulphideisalso cate Tipoortitanomagnetiteisthechiefmagneticcarrier conducted onr ma car and step-wisealternatingfielddemagnetisationswere (V characteristic magnetisationsandvirtualgeomagneticpoles Lampr terpretations basedonthelargerdatasetwillbeinitiated. deter ized andmajoroxidesafewtraceelementswere Gond palaeomagnetic resultsonthelamproiteintrusionsin data arecombinedwiththepreviouslypublished elements Earlier ninesampleswereanalysedformajorandtrace intensities sho and insomecasesupto40mTbywhichtheNRM r collected fromtheGondwanaGroupofsedimentary netic androckmagneticanalysisoflamproitesamples sults were reportedduringthelastyear,basedonXRFre- near primarymantlemeltcompositionsofthesesamples w larger setoftraceelements,includingrareearth petr da along withsyntheticapparentpolarwander pathandpalaeoplesofDeccan, oc cir as deter 90 MaigneousunitsandRajmahalpole. Thelamproitepoleconfidence Fig. 1.9.3:Meanpalaeomagneticpole dataofthelamproiteintrusions ta w GPs) w gnetisa ried outa ks intheDamodar cle doesnotincor only peripherallyoverlapstheA95circle ofthe85-90Mapole.It og , intheIODPpr mined b w oites intheDamodarv enetic inter er 14 incor ana f e alsoobtainedf . No mined f er tions porates A95cir e deter or t c e y theX-r par w >90%dr w, . ma Na lose inter e porate A95cir thr pr pr ed f or ninesamplesduringthisperiodf tions mined fr eta tur esenta ee ad or deter oceedings tions al r a cle of V . y F Combinedr alle emanent ma v or dif ti op ditional samplesw luor alley als of . v theR Subalkalictholeiiticna cle of om thr y w e samples . , Easter mina escence tec f er eitherof . er ajmahal polecompletely No 2.5mTupto27.5 e contin ent miner ee lampr tion of w, esults fr n India: gnetiza . T mor theDeccanpolesand he r hnique ued. c oite sites e detailedin- als phases har tion (NRM) P om 11sites esults indi- er Site-mean alaeoma e pulv acteristic . tur EPMA . T e and .A er he or g- - of T titanomagnetite) isresponsibleformagneticremanence. PSD typeofferrimagneticmineral(magnetite/ with Curietemperaturesof565-585 of Routine rockmagneticstudieswerecarriedoutaspart deter adopted f only sixsamplesmeetsthereliabilityandqualitycriteria by Coe(Zero-field/In-fieldmethod).TheAIdataof samples fr 15 rareMegalithic/IronAge(300-500BC)pottery Archaeo Intensity(AI)investigationswereattemptedon Geomagnetic fieldstrengthestimationonIronAge(300-500BC): numerical modelsofglobalmantlecirculation. 1138 oftheODPLeg183andwithpredictions mantle plumebasedonpalaeomagneticresultsofSite φ 11). Thecorrespondingpalaeopoleissituatedat sions asD=331.3 yielded anoverallmeandirectionofthelamproiteintru- AI of47.48±1.72 Moment of11.7±0.4×10 ing 0-120Ma(Fig the syntheticapparentpolarwanderpathofIndiadur- along thewestcoastofIndia,Rajmahalvolcanicsand with poleoftheDeccantraps,90Maintrusiveunits with ear tion oftheKerguelenhotspot.Thisresultisconsistent palaeolatitude issituated of ARCH3K.1GGFmodelfortheperiod300-500 new AIdataareingoodagreementwiththepredictions da of theKerguelenmantleplumehead.Thepalaeomagnetic Rajmahal trapsthatareattributedtorepresentlocation ably wellwiththegrandmeanpolereportedfor emper Fig. 1.9.4:MeanAIvalueincomparison withglobalgeomagneticfield = 287.6 thesein thesamplesyieldr ta estima model (ARCH3k.1,CALS3k.4and CALS10k.1b)forIndia mined b a lier sug tur ESSO-NCESS or the om theSeng v ° ( estig e v te apaleola α y the 95 =8.4 er g a AI deter sus susce tions estions of . ° T 1.9.3). ; I=-62.4°( µ hellier ev T andameanVirtualAxialDipole .T alur ar er ° he r mina ). Thepalaeopoleiscompared sib titude of ∼ ptibility e T -T 6° northofthepresentloca- southw Annual Report 2017-18 esults indica le hea c he polecompar 22 hellier methodasmodif tions w haeolo Am α ting andcoolingcur 95 =6.2 ar 2 43.7 xperiments f gical site areestimated.This or d mig ° ld C. AIvaluesare te tha wide +7.7 ° , k=55;N ra -9.2 , T t eitherSD/ tion of .T es r

λ amilnadu. ° he mean =14.9°: S. or most emar

T the v ied he es k- Crustal Processes as or s to- h w t of er v hic 15 embanad n par entions f V v els w v t of poch sion the ri er ming le v etlands (b) (souther human inter y di y, l uttand par ther e) during Holocene e ocess to alar h the K Kuttanad Kole w e pr eac g embanad Lak ted the nor V In the last centur y stages of an to r g ppalli. ggrava volutionar e a e Fig. 1.10.1: Schematic model showing borehole locations (a) and the Fig. 1.10.1: Schematic model v ted the shrinka hotta embanad Basin responsible for the present day configuration of the responsible for the present day configuration V paddy cultivation and other developments further acti- paddy cultivation and other developments va wards the Kuttannad wetlands, debouching near wards the Kuttannad wetlands, T lake since Late Holocene. The development of barrier lake since Late Holocene. The development of the basin might beaches and neo-tectonic subsidence ha of sea in the transgressive phase and the river borne sedi- of sea in the transgressive ments be . - y. a- as o- tes et wish posi- his to- d w ming is esh w V3 up- gical di- ello

y studies ar s. T s. e y olution es- e basin w ana om de his indica v t e f er marine shells v biolo GIA. , . T . ut wing fr y fr embanad basin, her ted in this stud ted in this V vity w gical e n por land ri e al contents in the la- ala, y model has been pr eolo esence of ion of K er Although man embanad lak oducti sediments V ut tion r K s. s. o other models (CALS3K.4 o other models ol er erine sediments ar med essentiall v tor species sho v the vy miner Tw olutionar mina or om the GEOMA wl of y ev v y the hinter t of hil ri xists on its g h b an e ed fr .1.9.4). Annual Report 2017-18 he top ri v uc y, the hea ernar etland in the souther ect deter y, ia (an indica . T . . at etland is f tion e ried out on the pr ar dir etland par ma base (Fig e Qu oonal with occasional pr or W Ind g ta y the khondalite suite of luenced m uttanad w la s, S illoritta sp alues of or India deri or India uttanad w h inf e been car V ted b v ted da uc uttanad w e of he K ene sediments and 1.10 Lat l posed which is given in Fig 1.10.1. As per the model, the area was a mega lagoon during Early-Middle Holocene, which was separated from the Greater Pamba basin, perhaps, by a lateric ridge. The ridge might have eroded of due to constant wave activity during the rising spells ter end of an estuary) with radiocarbon dates of 3-4 k yrs of BP reveal that the Achankovil - Pamba - Manimala river systems joined the Kuttanad basin only during Late Holocene period. Based on the stud gether with the occurrence of deposits of subfossil shells of not inf the fact that during Early-Middle Holocene times, the K goonal sediments of Early-Middle Holocene age is char- goonal sediments of Early-Middle Holocene suite derived acterized by sillimanite rich heavy mineral essentially from areas south of the Achenkovil river domina brown with heavy minerals derived from charnockite brown with heavy minerals derived the hinterland riv- provenance which is characteristic of and Minachil. ers such as Acaenkovil, Pamba, Manimala On the contr The entire sequence is deposited over lateralized Neo- The entire sequence is deposited over g pecially during the Late Quaternary period. Therefore, a pecially during the Late Quaternary period. Holocence evo- study has been made to understand the using multi-proxy lution of this unique wetland system from the area. data of 21 drilled borehole cores retrieved 40 m. Except the The core length varies between 8 and of the sediments top 2-3 of riverine sediments, the rest ar versity and pollution aspects of the wetland system not versity and pollution aspects of the wetland m ESSO-NCESS ha SW India is the rice bo SW India is the rice carried out 1-2 m below mean sea level. The fertile soil carried out 1-2 m in K from the Achankovil, Pamba, tion of riverine sediments Manimala and Minac T and CALS10K.1b) that incorporated sediment data have sediment that incorporated and CALS10K.1b) the ac- not consistent with values and are yielded lower tual v BC f da Crustal Processes 16 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Coastal Processes t e it as ell , ual ed. en- v v e w ysis al and 2.1.1 a ends in . it can be 17 tur p method e, mal ann a y along the ain siz tions as w g r igur o-T the harbour a esent anal wn in Fig Similar tr human inter . pholo osion is obser t the nor yil in connection with om both na om both t other sta the pr om the f he mean g r ella h mor ed tha ocesses wing the R uction of V F . . T ed a r ennial er t v er esses fr vidence of s a ollo . k in the coastal and near shor k in the coastal and per esults of e sets ter v or a ear period is sho ed f yil, hes v ong e e obser end in beac t w ella al sie al coastal pr eakw y ar ultiple str V our y v g al tr t om the r it can be inf tur br r . the beac F 2.1.1 (b) and (c). . h is a str . ener m after the constr ocesses a pholo or the f hic or harbor a h other uction of 2.1.1c ocesses . bility of ent pr yil w h mor er tion on g f ella act eac fishing harbour development. Ever since the construction of erosion-accretion pattern continued only up to the end erosion-accretion pattern continued of the year 2013. From the year 2014 onwards, there has been significant variation in the beach morphological characteristics and this can invariably be attributed to the constr seen that the beach width is more during the non-mon- seen that the beach width is more during which is typi- soon period and less during the monsoon the compiled analy- cal of the Kerala coast. By comparing collected by CESS sis results with that of the old data during 1980-84, and the corresponding beach volume changes are pre- and the corresponding beach volume sented in Fig study area during the 4 year period (May 2013 - August study area during the 4 year period (May measured at one 2017). The variations in beach profiles beach station of the profile stations, i.e. the Kozhikode newly constructed (which is a few km to the south of a harbour) f then computed using the GRADISTAT software. then computed using the GRADISTAT provides infor- Detailed analysis of the beach profiles ma using ½ phi inter V This is clearly evident from the cumulative beach volume changes for the Kozhikode beach station presented in Fig tions on the na can be concluded that the beach has never regained its original f samples were also collected from the beach face of the samples were also different seasons, viz. pre-monsoon, stations representing The collected beach monsoon and post-monsoon. after removing the salt and shell samples were processed contents and then sie beac which reiterates the negative impact due to human interference that badly affects the natural equilibrium as well as sta one is subjected to m one is subjected the dif ode 27' ° hik the z , 48' 8.66'' oz ° standing of he K ong t ter and air meet and inter ter and air meet and 2. Coastal Pr 2. Coastal a ough under At the same time At the same w . . s. sity A thor er 9' 45.4'' N; Long: 75 e land, ynamics al . . v ° 38' 5.88'' E) in the north which d ° her ces Annual Report 2017-18 h bio-di ishing harbour enic sour h Morpho g t and ric opo w other f e bita ucial ecosystem w coast, SW India 2.1 Beac E) in the south to the Nandhi headland (Lat: 11 E) in the south to the Nandhi headland includes the famous Kozhikode beach, Beypore port and includes the famous Kozhikode beach, a f Studies related to beach morphodynamics along the Studies related to of the southwest coast of India is Kozhikode sector project -"Coastal being carried out as part of the core India". The study morphodynamics of the west coast of stretch from area comprises of the 44 km long coastal Beypore inlet (Lat: 11 As part of this programme, monthly beach profile mea- As part of this programme, monthly study area during surements were taken along the 44 km adopting the the period of May 2013 - August 2017, beach vol- level and staff method. From these profiles, corresponding cu- ume changes were calculated and the Surficial sediment mulative volume change computed. 44.13'' N; Long: 75 ESSO-NCESS Fig. 2.1.1: (a) Beach profiles, (b) beach volume change and (c) cumulative volume change for an open beach at Kozhikode during the period of May 2013 - August 2017 environs is of paramount importance in evolving better decisions on environment-inclusive developments in this decisions on environment-inclusive importance in evolving better environs is of paramount cr anthr The coastal and near shore areas play a vital role in the nation's economy by virtue of its resources, productive of its resources, economy by virtue role in the nation's areas play a vital and near shore The coastal ha Coastal Processes inter addition, anthropogenicstressors suchascoastaldefense nif d that caninfluencethecoastal dynamics,sedimenttrans- w teorological, hydrologicalandtopographicconditions Nearshore sedimentsarehighlyinfluencedbylocalme- post-monsoon seasonsar tion collectedduringthepre-monsoon,monsoonand sured beachslopesfortheKozhikodeprofilesta- from thesampleanalysisandcorrespondingmea- The meangrainsizeofthebeachsedimentsobtained is obser and hasmaximumslopeof9.1°inthepre-monsoon.It 2.2 R mor fine sandduringthepost-monsoonseason.Thebeach whereas themoderatelysteepbeachfacehasmedium- medium sandisseenalongthegentlyslopingbeachface pre-monsoon season.Inthemonsoonseason,coarse- the narrowsteepportionofbeachfaceduring sons slope of4.7andbecomessteeperduringtheothersea- beach islesssteepduringthemonsoonwitha sand duringthepost-monsoonseason(0.19mm).The medium sandclassificationwhereasitisofmedium-fine mm) andmonsoon(0.25fallsunderthecoarse- be seenthatthegrainsizeduringpre-monsoon(0.33 tection andotherde breakwaters whichareconstructedaspartofshorepro- troduction ofhardstructureslikeseawalls,groinsand lo fering withthenaturalprocesses).Themajormorpho- less anopencoastwithhardlyanyhardstructuresinter- ported byCESSin1984(whenthecoastwasmoreor in sedimentgrainsizeandslopecomparedtothatre- Fig. 2.1.2:MeangrainsizeandbeachslopefortheKozhikodeduring is hic gical inter icantl t pholo ribut . T h deter v entions canalsoalterthenear es 18 he beac v y. ponse ofhuman-ind ed tha Sedimentg ion ofsed g pre-monsoon, monsoonandpost-monsoonseasons y ing v mine itstr ention tha h slopeis6.7°duringthepost-monsoon t coar ener v se-medium sandisconcentr al sho iment r elopment acti ain siz anspor t hasaf e pr ws signif s offK e isanimpor esented inFig t andspa f ected thecoastisin- uc ed c vities oz icant v shor hik tial v hang . e pr tant par od aria . 2.1.2. aria e c ocesses sig- e tions both s int oast tions a ameter ted on Itcan . In he to Quiland on theinnershelfoffCalicutextendingfromBeypore The studyareaselectedforthepresentislocated along sixpr pr to understandthegrainsizedistributionalongcross-shore por 93.6%; average86.5%)compared tothatofthenearshore mode oftransportdominated theoffshoreregion(74.5- 21.6%) inthestudyarea.Despite theseasons,suspension compared tosaltation(ranges from5.8-56.6%;average suspension (rangesfrom52.9-93.6%; average77.8%) that theprominentmodeofsedimenttransportationis soon seasonsforthetwoyearperiod2015-16indicates sion andsaltation%duringthepre-monsoonmon- 2015 and2016.Alongeachtransectthesampleswere grab, is sho tion inthenorthernandsouthernsideofstudyarea The cross-shorevariationofmeangrainsizedistribu- pension %ar suspension. Meandistributionofsaltation%andsus- two mainmodesoftransportationviz.,saltationand sediments inthestudyareahavebeendepositedthrough area. Asperthelog-probabilityanalysisresults,surface natural trendofgrainsizedistributioninthenearshore grain sizefromoffshoretonearshorewhichfollowsthe However, thesouthernsideshowedincreaseofmean comparatively largergrainsizeoccursat10mwaterdepth. ments areseenatoffshoreandnearshoreregionswhereas spa As expected,significant mined. pension weredeter- traction, saltationandsus- transportation suchas modes ofsediments grain size,thedifferent tion plotsofsediment log-probability distribu- 2000 µm.Basedonthe tion rangeof0.02to 1180), whichhasadetec- size analyzer(CILAS- taken usinglaserparticle measurements were and 20m.Grainsize 3.5 m,51015m collected fromdepthsof of tial v t andcoastaler ile anditsr duringthepr wn inFig aria ESSO-NCESS e-def tion insedimentc y. Surf e sho ela . ined cr 2.2.1. ace sedimentsamplesw tion withthecoastalpr osion pr wn inFig e-monsoon andmonsoonseasonsof oss-shor Inthenor ocesses Annual Report 2017-18 . har 2.2.2. e tr acteristics w grain sizevariationduringpre- Fig. 2.2.1:Cross-shoremean ansects using . ther Henceitisimpor Meanof monsoon and n side ocesses er er thesuspen- , f e obser e collected iner sedi- V an . V v tant een ed. Coastal Processes . y, g- he ma dition, s of t 19 ) in the bulk, e of gnetic Sus- -1 esent stud In ad kg . oast 3 Ma m ement als . he pr -8 e c ain siz r . T . sur od ine sediments in the ine sediments in king hik f and g oz y mea e lac gy, it gnetic miner alo ibil ence of ma t r e-monsoon and monsoon seasons e-monsoon ep miner esent in the sediments iment off K ution of tion, he occur monsoon in the nearshore off Kozhikode ic susc a ace sediments ar als pr f sed l . T . surf fine and coarse fractions of the surface sediment samples during pre- ties of ect the distrib Fig. 2.3.1: Distribution of magnetic susceptibility (10 MS of fine fraction (<63µm) and coarse fraction (>63µm) of surface sediments during the pre-monsoon season is also investigated to understand the grain size proxy to identify source and controlling factors that af- f reports the MS of surface sediment samples collected reports the MS of surface sediment monsoon and pre- off the Kozhikode coast during the are used as a monsoon seasons of 2016, and the results ceptibility (MS) indicates the degree of magnetization of ceptibility (MS) indicates the degree of field which in turn the sediment in an induced magnetic They are reflects the magnetic mineral concentration. mineralogical and strongly related to the grain size. Many in the nearshore geochemical studies have been reported to magnetic prop- off Kerala, however, studies related er nearshore region of the northern side of the study can nearshore region of to the dredging activity in this area. be partly attributed 2.3 Magnet The coastal sediments are repository of magnetic and The coastal sediments are repository of fluvial and non-magnetic minerals through the action are studied for their aeolin transportation. These minerals environment of physical properties to understand the on deposition. It provides a first order characterization the concentr netic miner inner she However, these natural conditions do not prevail in the do not prevail these natural conditions However, construc- mainly side due to human interference northern like seawalls, breakwaters, groins tion of hard structures activities related to maintaining desir- and also dredging . Dredging disturbs the natural able depths in harbours and can result in poorly sorted fine sediment distribution sediments surface sediment of the southern side of the study area side of the of the southern surface sediment by wave of the particles efficient dispersion indicates the pr action during . e e n t- the ans- ther gions tr h sor e e easier ain siz r e r oss-shor wing action ution of ains ar shor r eals suc y in the nor ev t mean g his is based on the winno y r In the cr . e distrib e and mode of . T . lighter g , ed tha e and near v especiall ine ocess ocess of ain siz ain siz r r fshor esent stud g gion, e y, al pr t the f Pr e r tur phic conditions ynamic pr tion in g Annual Report 2017-18 t na shor gra od aria n side it is obser dr esent stud y It means tha ed v suspension and (B) saltation in the study area suspension and (B) saltation y condition. . ther v g ests tha g ed in the near e ener v his sug he obser Fig. 2.2.2: Spatial distribution of mode of sediment transportation (A) Fig. 2.2.2: Spatial distribution y the local h ESSO-NCESS has been hindered in the northern region and heteroge- neous sediment size distribution towards the nearshore. As per the pr does not increase towards nearshore as in the case of southern side. Irrespective of the seasons, the fine sediments occur both in the of to transport than the coarse, heavier grains under the same wav At the nor ing process influence the cross-shore grain size variation in the study area. T port in the nearshore is influenced by regional hydrody- port in the nearshore is influenced by namics and topo fact that cross-shore sediment transport depends on sediment sorting process and water depth. In sorting process, settling and entrainment of grain depends on size and density T side of the study area. Occurrence of high saltation in side of the study area. Occurrence of the southern side the nearshore is more pronounced in northern side (9.8- (33.0-50.3%; average 37.9 %) than the 38.5%; average 22.5%). direction, the mean grain size of the surface sediments direction, the mean grain size of the dominates in shows coarse sediments which generally are usually the shallow water depth, and fine sediments water depth. This found in the offshore with increasing offshore is due to decreasing sediment size towards the of seafloor the decreasing wave induced disturbance Grain size varia- sediments with increasing water depth. zone is controlled tion of surface sediments in the coastal b (52.9-82.9%; average 68.4 %) region. However, the lo- (52.9-82.9%; average is also ob- calized occurrence of particles in suspension ser Coastal Processes 2.3. inf from 39.7to62.4m soon season,theMSvaluesforfinefractionranges the monsoonseasonforbulkfraction.Duringmon- imity totheinletofBeyporeestuaryespeciallyduring kg 31.7 m pr Ob 10 MS ofbulksediments(Xlf)variesfrom16.5to58.1x x 10 v emphatic imprintofhydrodynamicconditionsthatpre- potentiall tive ironspecieswithinthemineralmagneticassemblage, pr ceptibility meterandmeanvalueof3measurementsis were measuredusingaBartingtonMS-2magneticsus- fine andcoarsefractionsofsurfacesedimentsamples (coar samples wereseparatedinto<63µm(fine)and>63µm In ordertostudythegrainsizeeffectonMSvalues, fr ing relativelyhighvaluesofMSforfinerthancoarser the fr coarser fractionandthebulksedimentsareattributedto over, highervaluesofMSinthefinerfractionthan though implicitl f netic mineralsresultingina sorting processthatdeposits which itisunabletoentrain the heavierandcoarsermag- experiences aweakhydrodynamic conditionbecauseof hydrodynamic regime.The nearshoreoffKozhikode due tothesortingmechanismwhichistypicalof Fig. 2.3.1:Temporalandspatialdistributionofbulkmagneticsusceptibil- iner hea ailed duringthesor actions (Fig e-monsoon andmonsoonseasons esented asmassspecif -1 -8 ity (10 luence onthedistrib viousl 1). , while,thecoarsefractionrangeisfrom-22.5to m -8 se) fr actiona m 3 20 Spa 3 kg -8 Kozhikode duringthepre-monsoonandmonsoonseasons /kg m vies ric 3 y, y modifyingtheirma /kg -1 actions b 3 theen (average27.5x10 kg tiall -1 tion of withana . -1 2.3.1). -1) (average31.2x10 y, ofsedimentsamplescollectedfromthenearshoreoff h inma y conser highMSv vir y adoptingw ma onmental settingscanalterther Ma 3 /kg ting andfr ution of v gnetic miner gnetic assemb gnetic fr er ic v va -1 ag withanaverageof51.8m ti alues ar alues in10 ve, e of -8 m gnetic pr theirv ma actions of 3 et sie /kg 13.7m -8 actiona m gnetic miner e obser als -1 , 3 ) and8.5to164.8 la r ving /kg . T aria -8 g especti m oper tion pr es 3 his canalsobe /kg thesediments -1 . tions ha . MSof 3 Majorinput ) duringthe v /kg ed inpr ties -1 v sug . als el ocesses . Mor y (Fig b . v g e an eac- ulk, est- o x- 3 e- / . . dia (Fig prises of sediments totheestuar km andbasinareaof2933 km siz jected tomagneticsusceptibility(MS)analysisandgrain lected fromthenearshoreareaoffKozhikode,weresub- the magneticproperties,surfacesedimentsamplescol- In ordertostudytexturalcontrolofthesedimentson erals inthenearshore. potential contributortotheabundanceofmagneticmin- Beypore estuaryduringthemonsoonispresumedas of sedimentsfromtheChaliyarRiverthrough out thef relation withmeangrainsize.Theresultsdistinctivelybring ar sediments inproximitytotheinletofBeyporeestu- tr 2.4 En of Beypor Kozhikode districtofnorthernKerala,SWcoastIn- Beypore estuaryisthethirdlargestin r Beypore estuaryareinvestigatedtounderstandtheircor- grain sizeofthesedimentsatdifferentlocationsin po Environmental magnetism(EM)hasprovedtobea ment. used todelineatethesusceptibleindicatorsofenviron- ceptibility andheavymetalconcentrationsthatcanbe data indicatescloserelationshipbetweenmagneticsus- tion etc.Combinedanalysisofchemicalandmagnetic source, post-depositionalanddigeneticchanges,pollu- ela olling theMSv y duringmonsoon(Fig w e anal tion withthehea Fig. 2.4.1:Locationmapofthestudyareawithsamplingpoints erful dia Inthisstud vir . 2.4.1). act tha ysis c ESSO-NCESS onment har e . HigherMSv gnostic toolf noc stu T t g alues insediments he Chaliy r kite ar ain siz y, al magnet thema vy metalsinthesediments y , v , S ariety of y.T W c e isadeter . 2.3.2)sho ar Ri or deter alues ar Annual Report 2017-18 he hinter gnetic miner oas ism andg v 2 gneissesandla isthemajorsourceof er t ofInd , . withalengthof mining thesediment mining f e obser wing anin land g al contentand ia eo v eolo actor incon- ed f c hemis v . er terites g or b y com- se cor 169 try ulk . - Coastal Processes fd om χ aries e it is x (PLI) and Zn y Mn and xtent of w an ined to the 21 igur tios v ARM/ a Al, gnetic con- χ

Mn, e estuar S r 21-100 ppm, e, al sho Zn, F lf and SIRM in- and χ om the f r ener lf Ni, stand the e Cu, high ma alues obtained fr χ alue of F in g Ni, Cu, , om the Beypor , ollution Load Inde the v ed is high compar , ARM/ v χ . he PLI v om 33-96 ppm, 2.4.2 (a). esence of . tion of h as Cr a the P he . . T der to under y, e fr . T . he samples ocesses ang als y. T y. In or . esent samples el v tion pr he concentr picting the pr picting the vy metals suc esented in Fig esented in tions T uda de ound to r for surficial sediment samples fr , hea e pr especti or the pr ed. v y sta e f gnetic miner r F . esent in the samples als ARM and negative correlation with e ar oma Fig. 2.4.2(a): Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) acquisition curves Fig. 2.4.2(a): Isothermal Remanent Magnetization between 0.894 and 0.981 indicating dominance of fer- between 0.894 and r values of the samples range from 0.00147 to 0.012 (<40) values of the samples (<1000) respectively indicating the and 0.124 to 4.34 magnetite. absence of bacterial centration of ferromagnetic mineral such as magnetite mineral such as of ferromagnetic centration relative of S ratio gives the The value or Ti-magnetite. and anti-ferromagnetic min- proportion of ferromagnetic er evident that almost all the samples attained saturation at attained saturation almost all the samples evident that 300 mT mT) ar this study ranges from 0.0074 to 0.39 with a mean value of 0.088. Based on the computed PLI values of the samples collected during the pre-monsoon season, it can be concluded that the region is less polluted in this season. The PLI values show a positive correlation with χ dicating probable magnetic enhancement at certain points, which is dependent on the nature of the source rock and their den pr has been calculated and this is based on the concentration of F creasing trend in the concentration of trace elements to- creasing trend in the concentration of their proximity to wards the bar mouth depending on the mouth. However, the sample from B4 station located at the upstream of the estuary is an exception, as the Ni and Cr content obser 51696-94450 ppm, 155-465 ppm and 21753-62530 51696-94450 ppm, 155-465 ppm ppm, pollution in the estuar Wide variations in trace element concentrations are also Wide variations in trace element concentrations obser nearb . y. e- he es fd), /kg fr T χ alues 3 ted in ptibility m Out of aried be- e of -5 /kg with lf, ARM, um v 3 er estuar g ocedur χ rab. w m -8 alue v the sediments alues<2% sug- ARM), Isother- tions loca centa d pr χ een g . . V fd v χ lf) of he maxim ains χ pendent susce om the lo an-V r he per icial sediment samples icial sediment /kg respectively with . T . ds the bar mouth. 2 V the ar y, .T y-de w /kg 3 Am -5 ains m r ptibility ( 16 surf lf) is a concentration dependent -8 ed to wing standar χ t the B6 & B8 sta /kg to 112.89 *10 v equenc 3 r gnetic (SP) g 2015 using 2015 using F m ollo ed a In this stud y. Annual Report 2017-18 -8 B15 & B16) fr . v ama als a total of 135.43*10 gnetic susce y, se non-SP g alues obser e estuar e obser lf), Frequency dependent susceptibility ( lf), Frequency dependent e of er χ er v he ma ag w ypor w er lf . . T v gnetometer f χ gnetic miner

fd) is an indicator of the proportion of ultra-fine ained super par als or this stud emaining 3 (B14, χ ESSO-NCESS The IRM values for the samples corresponding to different field strengths (20, 60, 100, 300, 500, 600 and 1000 quency dependent magnetic susceptibility obtained in this study reflects the presence of multi domain and stable single domain size. tween 0.08 and 9.73% reflecting the presence of both SP and coar analyses results of the samples, which are derived based on the values of the three key parameters - SIRM indicate the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals in the Be gest that the samples contain no SP grains whereas those in the range of 2-10% indicate a mixture of SP and coarse ma the lo and 122.24 to 687.55 *10 ( gr middle estuary and the least value in the bar mouth at middle estuary and the least value in ARM and stations B 15 & B 16. The corresponding 0.291*10 SIRM values ranges from 0.109 to parameter and represents the sum of magnetic signals parameter and represents the sum of min- from ferrimagnetic and canted antiferromagnetic er of collected from the Beypore estuary shows values rang- collected from the Beypore estuary ing from 15.84*10 Anhysteretic Remanent Magnetization ( Anhysteretic Remanent an a Magnetic susceptibility ( Geochemical analyses (both major and trace elements) Geochemical analyses (both major and length dispersive were carried out using Sequential wave S4 pioneer) X-ray spectrometer (XRF Bruker model et al. (2007)]. following standard procedure [Krishna mal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) of different field mal Remanent Magnetization using Bartington Susceptibility strength were analysed Molspin AF demagnetizer and Meter (Model MS2B), Ma Magnetic properties such as Low field magnetic suscep- Magnetic properties tibility ( the 16 samples collected, 5 (B1, B2, B3, B4 & B5) repre- B2, B3, B4 & B5) collected, 5 (B1, the 16 samples region, 7 ((B6, B7, B8, B9, B10, sent the upper estuary are from the middle estuary and the B11, B12 & B13) r F were collected from the Beypore estuary covering the estuary covering from the Beypore were collected the pre- parts during and lower estuary upper, middle season of monsoon Coastal Processes χ χ la not haveanycontrolonthe SIRM andSIRM/ and it The obser with ahalf-lif Radon-222 isanaturallyoccurringradioactiveelement the estuar order tounderstandthetotalweatheringconditionof phosphatic material,actsasaconstantsourceof taining uranium-bearingmaterialssuchaslimestoneand r 0.65 f Cu, r=-0.69forCr,r=-0.72Ni,r=-0.54Zn,r=- cated bythecorrelationcoefficients(r)ofr=-0.62for tive correlationwithheavymetalconcentrationasindi- rivers andthecoastalocean. Beingagas, in identifyingareasofgroundwater dischargeintolakes, tude tosurfacewater,thusmaking thistracerveryuseful to beonlybecauseofradon inputofsignificantmagni- ence ofgroundwaterinacoastal environmentislikely marine groundwaterdischarge.Thechancesofthepres- thus actsasatraceroffreshwellrecirculatedsub- tive ofitscomposition(freshwaterorseawater)and Koz to themagneticsusceptibility( The geochemicalparametersofthesampleswithrespect 2.5 S miner cance of<95%.Theresultsindicatethatthemagnetic in g the estuarinesedimentshowshighlevelofvariabilityboth ther studiesar surf two tothreeordersofconcentrationhigherthanmost materials getsenrichedwithradonandisoftenabout Groundwater constantlybeingincontactwiththese estuar weathering duringtheirpassagefromtheuppertolower la puted v samples canpr sediments seemtoha the Be der of theoxidation,hydrationandleachingprocessesun- oma lf lf (r=-0.729and-0.718respectively)indicatingthat tion withtha ted usingstandar isbeingcontr g eoc ace w hik one b χ gnetic miner va or F als ar y. fd valuesofthesamplesexhibitanegativecorre- ypor s Impl u 22 hemical andma Fur alue r od tions w bmarine Gr a y, e andr=-0.73f y thesedimentsduringw ter e c e sedimentsw e deri thec ther ang s. oast e of ic e r R t of er o at , thehighv es fr equir adon dissolv vide inf e alsor v hemical inde olled b als andtheirf ions 3.8da , S ed fr

χ d molecularpr χ W Ind v lf showanegativecorrelationwith lf om 72.14to84.69, ed toconf e under gnetic miner , sug om ter ound e y thecoar er or ys por or e subjectedtow g . ma ia -R Sedimentsandr alue of esting tha Al, ted b es ing g x of tion r w one inter rig χ χ withasta or ir lf. Theratios, at lf) showastrongnega- ad enous sour m thepr ma y al concentr se ma opor alter ea er Disc r F on mea A eg ound tions thering vinash etal., e t theSPg ar 2 media tions O conf a gnetic g ding thee tion w wa 3 222 . ea tistical signif esence of f Rn doesnot ound inthe ter ir thering sur . . T ces har Ing ir a te tostr oc tions ming tha as calcu- he com- . χ ement r r ks Similar ains do ains r ARM/ g ener espec- 2016. , con- . e at xtent . . T 222R Fur f ong . In er he al, n. i- s - - t tion sincethehalf-lifeofradon isonlythreedaysand The groundwaterinthosewells indicatedinradondeple- and isnotatallinfluenced by tide/wave(lowsalinity). that, thesewellsareabandoned ornon-pumpingwells the possiblereasonforlow value ofradoninthewellsis w Fr ish w ence ofgroundwater,assalinity>2PSUdenotebrack- of sampleswithlowsalinity(0-1PSU)indicatesthepres- (0-0.5 PSU)indica show highradoncontent(>1000Bq)andlowersalinity where lateriticaquiferfeedsthewellsandthesesamples 2.5.1). Firstgrouprepresentlocationsinlandtothecoast, coast ther ing RAD ter disc tration withtidewasdoneinthreespotsofgroundwa- fr Inc.). w of theidentifiedsubmarinegroundwaterdischargezones wa coast identifiedwiththreezonesofsubmarineground- Kozhikode district,Kerala,India.Thisisaverydynamic region betweenKoyilandyandBeypore(~35km)in The areachosenforpresentstudyisaverydynamiccoastal water interface. location anditslinkwiththedynamismoffreshsalt amount ofradonincoastalgroundwateratdifferent As partofthestudyattemptismadetoidentify iz time. Spatialdataofradonactivitycanbeusedtovisual- and havecomparablehalf-livestogroundwaterresidence ter/seawater interface,asthesespeciesareinertinwater tracers thatshowsubstantialgradientsatthegroundwa- naturally occurringhydrochemicalindicatorsordissolved it requirestheuseofdifferentenvironmentaltracers,i.e., la a build upinthesurfacewaterbutescapesdirectlyto tmospher ted pr ells donotsuppor om 5-10mbg as perf e anddemar om ther ter disc

a ter ocesses andunder har or . ESSO-NCESS Butthelo har esults ar AQU ge. T e. T T med. adon sur ab g le 2.5.1:V ca es o ha A andRADH he acti te thez T l. . T T e g ting fr he w v he w t thepr empor ve w r e adetailedstud r ouped underf ariations of vity of y in20openw ones withhighestpotentialSGD adon v a a ter le esh g stand thetotalfr ter samplingof ͦ 0 ͗ al v 0 esence of Ɣ Annual Report 2017-18 Ɣ

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3ͮ } 3ͮ u aria 222 3ͮ v r 3ͮ alue of radonandsalinity 2 ound el of ut z O (Dur ut Rn w 4ͮ v 4ͮ 4ͮ 4ͮ tion inr { uu 5ͮ w uu 5ͮ 5ͮͥ iv 5ͮͥ wa g thesew | e ca x y onSGD !$# as deter <100Bqinthose ells a r !"# ound ter ridg action of 20openw te . T . adon concen- g t K e Compan wa ories (T he ne ells v mined us- o ter zhik , itsr . T SGD xt set aried ab ode hus ells e- le y, , . Coastal Processes - a or the de- And thur e and . . ar em f m mor It is in- alia ter t . 23 es of or testing V base man- dw g y described wa l ones of ta t-ter k in connec- y f India during g SGD t the or anta v w oring sys etland z . um is brief lished a ts with da tion in sea a b ess of esence of tion (both har a andr ogr e methodolo y star stand the shor v he main ad g g ri as esta eo monit . . T T ter seen in w ter seen in calibr he pr , ts the pr a of ee-sta tion w . T . h, eline in summer acility um in the SW coast of adon concentr ions esting e thr r T y and under er f tions at v unica gnant w a beac h suppor

andr ic he methodolo v aria ansf Sta pl ri hic T . thur opment of vid ehensi T el alues of om the shor ta tr alia ta comm gical v al ap V h of 2.6.1). . lished w b t the area as well as in selected coastal wells of the site, with wells of the as in selected coastal area as well complete could be due to of radon release no signature The pres- of measurement. radon at the time escape of the is established through in sea ence of groundwater higher v ferred that the tidal influence is up to a distance of 100- ferred that the tidal 200m fr the variation of the amount of radon with tide was es- the variation of the ta of the recorded videos has been devised which includes individual activities like database management, pre-processing of image products and finally post-processing of the images utilizing the in-house developed Matlab based software tools for getting the desired outputs (Fig tion with the coastal video monitoring system established a saline SGD in the next section. A compr pholo veloping such a full-fledged automatic system is that con- veloping such a full-fledged automatic man- tinuous monitoring of the coast in a cost-effective vital data for deci- ner is possible and the availability of of the complex sion making as well as understanding coastal processes (nearshore conditions) particularly during adverse weather conditions when field measurements are difficult (as the beaches/shore face become inacces- sible). It is being used extensively by the technical team at NCESS to stud software) used in the system and validation of the final software) used in the system and validation prototype outputs are in progress and the integrated system will model which is an indigenously developed system with real- be soon upgraded to a fully automatic time da September, 2016. The pilot system is the first of its kind September, 2016. The pilot system is being developed in India and has tremendous scope for coastal moni- into a fully automated remotely operable toring system. beac An integrated coastal monitoring system comprising of An integrated coastal monitoring system which includes a video capturing device with accessories tools for post-pro- camera systems, hardware, software facility for real- cessing of the recorded images and other time da coast 2.6 Dev , a- x- ells tion tion adon a e tidal aria R . Her he v . t these w to 95.7 Bq/ his can be e 3 . . T ter , at Puthyappa it adon concentr and at Kappad 3 . . T adon and salinity 3 ter wa r adon concentr ter wa equent basis wa ound r ts the idea tha ts the idea alues of t sea -117 Bq/m am the r 3 radon concentration with tide ar to 160Bq/m ed on a fr 3 w g ed with g y with the sea he samples with r har ences in v ariation of Annual Report 2017-18 . . T ec er f oughl tes ter mix At Gothees

wa . 2.5.1: V luence is higher tha Fig ed thor sea Higher salinity suppor Higher salinity . 2.5.1). . ter inf ter . The presence of radon in coastal water is due to the . The presence of radon in coastal water 3 e of ESSO-NCESS groundwater discharge. Thus it contributes to the pres- groundwater discharge. Thus it contributes in Kozhikode ence of submarine groundwater discharge coast. radon variation was between 33.1Bq/m m varied from 51.3Bq/m varied between 21.7 Bq/m plained as this well is tidally influenced wave and is re- plained as this well during low tide. Low radon charged with groundwater influence of seawater, flushed and high salinity indicates and mix tion within 300-500Bq, and with low salinity shows wells tion within 300-500Bq, and fresh groundwater mixed are tidally/wave influenced Low salinity value shows ground- in a 1:1 proportion. wa through of radon concentration with tide is monitored connected with an air water exchanger system and thus in seawa- RAD7. In all three spots radon concentration with high tide ter increased with low tide and decreased (Fig mixing domina values in the range of 200-500Bq in coastal stretch indi- in coastal stretch the range of 200-500Bq values in brackish mixed with of groundwater cates presence wa fresh groundwater and recirculated seawater zones have been distinguished. Presence of higher value of radon near coast and low salinity values shows the presence of groundwater near to the sea supporting freshwater discharge to sea through aquifer medium. Similarly low radon value and high salinity value marks the re-circulated ar Based on the dif this might have decayed, as these wells are non-pumping have decayed, as these this might being r or is not Coastal Processes storing of to recordimagesforapre-definedperiodoftimeand agement activitywhichinvolvesschedulingofcameras these outputf na main shor for real-timetransmissionoftherecordeddatato coor essential forlinkingundistortedimagesandreal-world parameters fortherectification.Extrinsiccalibrationis els) andse on imagesize(forthepresent studyitis1920×1080pix- ues ofthe11collinearcoefficientsLi,whicharedepenent The goaloftheextrinsiccalibrationistoobtainval- tained throughthecollinearexpressions: Bouguet's 'Camer calibrated forlensdistortionapplyingcorrectionsusing stack imagesarecarriedout.Theimageproducts geo rectificationandgenerationofplanviewtime wherein variousaspectslikelensdistortioncorrections, cerned withpre-processingoftheimageproducts sis etc.Thesecondmajoractivity/componentiscon- phological analysis,pixelproductsforhydrologicalanaly- eos dependingonthetypeofapplicationslikemor- ing therequisiteimageproductsfromrecordedvid- VPN connectionbetweenthetwostationsandgenerat- whenever neededbyestablishingapointtoMPLS (f), angles omega( Rectified Planviewand(b)Timestackimage(III)waveheightperiod

! """ #$$ tes (c camer Fig. 2.6.1:(I)Distortedtimeximagesgeneratedfromvideo(II)(a) dina 24 u , tes (x, r a orienta v ther e sta u) en basicv andr computation usingspectralanalysismethod iles intur ω y tion esta ecor , ), phi( z). a Calibr tion deter eal-w T aria ded videos he r φ n ser or b b ) andkappa( les lished a

ld coor a ela tion , v mined b viz.,

e astheinter tion betw . T Pr nor t NCESS dina oolbo o y thethr vision isalsomade maliz ℜ tes(x, een pix x inMa ) andthecamera ed f nal calibr , T , y

, ee Eulerian z)ar ocal length ri el coor v tla andr b' and e ob- a tion um di- 1) canbeusedtoobtainther cients Liareknown,thecollinearexpressions(Equation position (x collected b world coordinatesofcamerapositionsGPShavebeen tion areneeded.TherequirednumberofGCPsandreal of groundcontrolpoints(GCPs)andthecameraposi- bration filesobtainedthroughinternalcalibration,fixing z) correspondingtoagivenpixel(c par tensity havebeengeneratedfortheestimationofwave pixels athighfrequencies,severaltimeseriesofpixelin- beac like shorelinedelineation,estimationofwaveparameters, Development ofMatlabbasedtoolsforapplications quirement. nate systemorUTMcoordinateasperthere- cameras andcanbeassociatedwitheitheralocalcoordi- cide thesmoothingdegreeintransitionzonebetween a er and cr ucts aregeneratedassinglepixelproducts,long-shore eos post-processed imagesobtainedfromtherecordedvid- wav data at1Hzfrequencyforrealtimemeasurementof proximately at2meterdepth)torecordthepressure tide recorderwasdeployedinthenearshoreregion(ap- of themeasuredperiodfrom pressuresensor,butthe series analysisshowsreasonably goodmatchingwiththat is obser adopted forwhichthede-trended pixeldataareused.It parameters, time-seriesandspectralanalysismethodsare pr breaking waveheightfromthepost-processedimage In or A veloped toolbox,anexperimentwasconductedduring a wave heightandperiodwhereastimestacksarefind ucts areusedforestimationofwaveparameterslikethe t highfr pplica pril 2017a a oducts tion isperf . . T ameter e par h mor der tov o ac oss-shor tion inderi v ͦ . ameter 0 ͗ ed tha ESSO-NCESS hie equenc s.T 0 c y car Ɣ pholo , y Ɣ v t c alida e this

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t thew s f 3ͮ r alia } c 3ͮ med insuc u y. ). ying outGPSsur 3ͮ g 3ͮ ving dir te theperf F Sinceitisdif or v y etc , contin thur ut el timestac z or e ut 4ͮ v 4ͮ tasets w 4ͮ alida 4ͮ av . a coast. xtrinsic calibr de { e periodestima uu ection, 5ͮ w uous obser uu 5ͮ 5ͮͥ tion. h aw pend onthequalityof Annual Report 2017-18 5ͮͥ or | eal-w hic x !$# ks

mance of F ba As par !"# f h ar a . T . icult topr y tha or estima or vey. th u he sing , r e calledpix ld coor va ymetr a tion, Oncethecoef u t theusercande- t of tions ar ). Planviewgen- ted usingtime- thene y, le pix intrinsiccali- thisaw tion of ocess allthe dina cur e r r el pr tes (x, el pr wl equir ent and w y de- the av od- od- ave ed f y e- i- , Coastal Processes . . - y, y, f- tz, vg er the mation A to- sedi- iff or the or . . aria ions on 25 ond 10m 78.51%), e of . this stud y ysis of at sediments . udi estuar h as quar y of d vg alues f tectonic set- tur ic 60) and of , enance . e 50:50 (AS1), Be t of tr icant v e vital inf ov vg y has been initi- tions v a y na a es ar als suc la al Ashtam s impl thering y sand (a hemis enance of he CIA v er e loca c ea T 68.32%) and silt (a ov 14.39%). he XRD anal the e and pr . . w eo ted b e is a signif the cor yses to gi esent stud vg vg fshor y. T y. 53). s and it xtur . ting silty c hern K el ming miner ther y (a y (a v te vg , e collected as par . y and pr la la y, tios of a or er the pr er a e and g om of c xt, k f y r ur wev onment la especti oc ed indica ent aspects of r v e in sout ext hemistr vir er Ho . f mine intensity of eoc al en enanc he sand-c detrital r emaining 9 fr iment t 14.78%) and c positional histor . 85) than the estuarine (52-70; In this conte ov . . dominance of y. T y. oast vg 60 sub-samples w de vg , loodplain sediments e sediments (51-55; e subjected to detailed anal a king pth, y and r er he pr loodplain sediments is domina offshore and estuarine sediments indicate low to mod- shor The degree of weathering in the sediments are quantified based on their Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA). The floodplain sediments show higher CIA values (79- 91; feldspar, garnet, biotite and pyroxenes and clay minerals like kaolinite and gibbsite. Among the three environments, offshore and estuarine samples show more feldspars than the f samples from all the three environments show dominance of 65:35 (AS2) and 15:85 (AS3). The offshore sediment is 65:35 (AS2) and 15:85 (AS3). The offshore dominated by silt (0-0.4 m), clayey silt (0.4-0.8 m) and sandy silt (0.80-0.88 m) and the sand, silt and clay contents range from 0.31 to 22.3%, 54.46 to 80.47% and 16.15 to 45.23%, in the sand-clay ratios amongst the three core samples in the sand-clay ratios amongst the parts of the (AS1, AS2 & AS3) collected from different estuar de out of which 20 are from the floodplain, 31 from estu- out of which 20 are from the floodplain, ar ments and this extends up to the bottom of the core. ments and this extends up to the bottom clayey silt to clay The estuary is mostly dominated by type sediments 27.03%) is obser tal of The textural analysis indicates that the top 10 m in the The textural analysis indicates that the f silt (a tion on the g ated wherein core samples collected from different en- ated wherein core and the offshore vironments viz. the floodplain, estuary w ent c tings which is the second largest estuary in Kerala. But detailed which is the second characteristics as well as the studies on the geochemical sediments surrounding the estuary are provenance of the lac Major and trace elements geochemistry of sediments are of sediments trace elements geochemistry Major and useful to deter 2.7 Sed t Many studies based on surficial sediments have been car- Many studies based ried out on dif y ted ying tions a ar gra le with ding of ine tun- oposed b ecor tions (LEO) ther f r y, va the inte ield calibr y pr f Fur g e of ymetr th ms of 2.6.2). . wledg e ba the system under v onment Obser eline detection is possib shor vir at Kozhikode king kno near ements (Fig te shor mance of a al En or Annual Report 2017-18 vey, or . t accur eline sur tions ed tha the system is needed in ter the system va te the perf v tion with measur tion with shor , """ #$$ ! ttempted adopting the methodolo ttempted adopting o enhance the w ela alida

Fig. 2.6.2: Experimental setup and calculation of wave height and period Fig. 2.6.2: Experimental setup and calculation of Almar et al 2011. At present, the method is applied over Almar et al 2011. At the results are validated with visual single time stack and obser and modulation transfer function (MTF) as the results (MTF) as the transfer function and modulation like intensity variations due to sun are sensitive to factors between in-situ sensor and light, time synchronization estimation of breaking wave camera, etc. In addition, shore time stack also has been heights from the cross- a ing of wave height estimated using spectral analysis method par- spectral analysis method estimated using wave height poor cor- period has a the noon-evening ticularly during r ESSO-NCESS wave and tide by deploying instruments at pre-defined locations etc. is planned during April 2018. environmental conditions, a detailed experimental study with simultaneous field measurements like beach profiling made during the experiment. In order to fine tune and v the installed camera system consisting of 2 cameras of 2 MP resolution. The computed beach width, surf zone width, wave height and period showed good correlation with the Littor camera system and to prove the adaptability and appli- camera system and to prove the adaptability imaging methods cability of the newly developed video settings, for other coasts with different morphological at Kozhikode dur- an experimental study was conducted ing September 2017. The trial study was carried out by installing two cameras on the top of a multi-storied sea facing apartment building at about 35m above the MSL. The two cameras were mounted in such a way that the combined field of view covered an alongshore length of 2.6 km and 500m in the cross-shore direction. It is obser T Coastal Processes Fig. 2.7.1:(a)K moder erate weatheringwhilethefloodplainsedimentsshow flood environment (b)Discriminantfunction diagramforthecoresedimentsfrom as indica being sensitivetosedimentaryrecyclingprocessesareused jor andtraceelementcompositionisstudied.KRb ments depositedunderdifferentenvironments,thema- In ordertoelucidatethesourcecompositionofsedi- adjacent regionandUpperContinental Crust(UCC) shore sedimentsofthepresentstudycompared withpossiblesourcerocksofthe f the sedimentsexceptthatfromtopportionof SiO the coresedimentsrepresentingcoastal environmentsofsouthernKerala(d) inter sent chemicallycoherentnaturederivedfromrocksof high Rbconcentrations(>40ppm)inthesamplesrepre- shor which showedbasiccomposition),estuaryandtheoff- tinct environmentviz.floodplain(exceptsixsamples ity ofthesedimentsamplescollectedfromthreedis- the K 146 to193ppmand135182r rine andoffshoresedimentsrangesfrom38to190ppm, The averageCrconcentrationforthefloodplain,estua- and maf estuarine sedimentssho nates thefloodplainandoffshoresedimentswhile T used (pr jor oxidebaseddiscriminantfunctiondiagramisalso loodplain sho he plotr 2 plain, estuar /Al e f media 2 O vsRb(Fig a 2 26 all undertheacid+inter O te tohighw esented inFig ic r tor 3 vsK ev te andacidiccompositions s inthepr oc y andof eals tha 2 O vsRbplotshowstheprovenancefield,representingcoastal 2 O/Na ks w anunif . fshor 2 . O plotr 2.7.1a)plotindica t f ea esent stud e de elsic tointer thering . 2.7.1b)totr w mix positional settings(c)TiO or e pr m K/Rbr esenting theflood . ed sour media y. A c media ace thepr lose e te composition. ce of tes tha . a Inad tio of plain, estuar especti te sour xamina 2 inter vs Nidiagramfor t themajor dition, 230. ov v ce domi- el media enance y andof tion of y. T T ma-

All he he te f- - . c a reflectionofchangingsourcecomposition,andthe vice versa).ThishighandvariableCrcontentisprobably content (tophalfofthecoreshowinglowvaluesand the floodplainsedimentsshowfluctuationsinCr is mor the Crcontentforestuarineandoffshoresediments indicates maficinputfromthesourcearea.However, floodplain (49ppm)andoffshore(63sediments average Nicontentrecordedintheestuary(83ppm), cor ppm inthef It issupportedbyNicontent,whichrangesfrom7-124 compar rocks whicharepoorinTiO indicates thatNiismorefractionatedfromthesource stant enrichmentinNiwithplateauvaluesofTiO wherein theestuarineandoffshoresedimentsshowcon- can beassocia sediments canbederivedfromthelateritecontentand tuarine sedimentshavelowerK dominant rocksexposedinthesourceregion.Thees- The geochemistryofsedimentsiscomparedwiththe has beenconf presence oforthopyroxenesandgarnetsinthesediments Kerala, whichmighthaveundergonefractionation.The granulite terrainandtheProterozoicKhondaliteBeltof orthopyroxenes fromcharnockiteandgarnetthe lated tocontributionfromthedetritalmineralssuchas Cr andNiconcentrationsinthesedimentsmightbere- Al position. in Fig sediments areclusterednearertocharnockiteasshown Kerala KhondaliteBeltofsouthernIndia).Theoffshore khondalites oftheadjacentsourcearea(Proterozoic to r tion, whichindicatestheeffectofquartzenrichmentdue acteristics atthebottomofcorewithwidedistribu- acteristics inthetopportionofcoreandmaficchar- granite) whilefloodplainsedimentsshowmorefelsicchar- rine andoffshoresedimentsarecharnockite(hypersthene be compar ma the corecouldberelatedtoaccumulationofferro- anal groups), khondalite,cordierite gneiss,acidicandinter- orthopyroxene, graphitegneiss (NarichandK-rich consists of lastic detritalma 2 O gnesian miner r ec ysis obor 3 . yc ra e orlessunif 2.7.1d. . ab tios thangneisses ling Ing

a ESSO-NCESS Also le withinter tes w ed totheg . T ener majorlitholo loodplain sediments T ted withthec ir , Nicontentintheestuarineandof he maf ell withthe med b hus al, als terial of or , thec principalsour , w m (withv ic c y theXRDanal media eolo hic , hemistr har inter inter h isconf g la TiO Annual Report 2017-18 y of te tof 2 acteristics a y fr bearing mineralsandhence g alues >100ppm)w media y viz., media 2 action of thesour vsNiplot(Fig y of . T . elsic sour 2 ce r O/Na ir te c hus thesedimentscan ysis andther te/basic c med b g oc har , t thebottomof ar k f enric thesediments 2 ce ar O andSiO net, ce r noc or theestua- y theXRD hment of ea, oc kites biotite har . 2.7.1c) k com- w fshor her 2 esults . This acter , hic and eas 2 / h e . . , Coastal Processes ta e- el ed go. the ev wind ecast), m tem- n could equir w l or hipela 27 o c ysis of tter e and post- t-ter he wind da n ar ther F inal l ysis is r e pa T luence of abian Sea Anal r ea

t-lasting high fr t-lasting high av ud W it 2.8.1c). . e at he A shor -l ther anal y the inf ang w high shor during the pr est monsoon season the , xamined. er s in t Fur ent (Fig 2.8.2 a & b). . . e v ence of as e es sho r bility in the w to stud wev av s: A mid w ents av e v y, y (Fig aria Ho el e w . tion, av el v al e a v or Medium R ac ed v eas occur v e f an w estig her v ied wind system in the souther especti Interim re-analysis data from ECMWF) especti phemer During the southw ed surf . he obser uc ther in ents r T v actor opean Centr 2.8.1b) w ed during the second e ed during . v this identif October 2017 and (b) 14 - 16th October 2017 (Data Source: ERA- October 2017 and (b) 14 or fur Fig. 2.8.2: Average wind speed and direction for the period of (a) 3 - 5th Fig. 2.8.2: Average wind ted monsoon winds et ind quency waves which gradually intensified over a period intensified over which gradually quency waves were ob- southerly swells in addition to the of 3 days ser tinct swell component could be seen during the first event be seen during the component could tinct swell (Fig be attributed to various factors like influence of sea and land breeze, Southern Ocean Swells, Indian Ocean Di- pole, Shamal Winds etc. Recent studies carried out by poral variability (both hourly as well as in the daily time scale). F during the ephemeral events, the wind data from the during the ephemeral events, the wind of ECMWF ERA-Interim global re-analysis product (Eur monsoon seasons the w available at a spatial and temporal resolutions of 1°x1° available at a spatial and temporal resolutions and 6 hour r wind data showed that the winds were from the north- wind data showed that the winds were the first and sec- westerly and westerly directions during ond e provides convincing evidence of the influence of a dis- provides convincing evidence of the the Laccadive Sea tinct wind system that persisted in during the e average significant wave height in this region is in the range of 3.5m whereas it is less than 1.5 m for the remaining period. The wave pattern during monsoon in the Arabian Sea is mostly dictated by the locally gener- a to substantiate the findings related to study the influence to substantiate the findings related to of The Arabian Sea can be considered as a semi enclosed basin in the northwestern part of the north Indian Ocean. The sea state of this region is mostly influenced by the seasonal wind which can be considered as the major driv- ing f j 2.9 The Makr , e y th al e- h- ip es v er at t es w October hern t . or the r th av F . ed as a high al sea s m (FFT) tec ys e Rider Buo y comprising of y comprising terites or an hour inter g t the w da eninsular India is he sout Wav P titude 8° 9' 53.6'' N ansf t half Tr s in t event during 14-16 e nd h is consider (1st event) and 14 - 16 tzites and la tzites and hal (La th e of ephemer ded a av n tip of ectional ourier hic enc - 5 or a couple of w y w ecor quar , rd ast F Coalc f ta r it can be seen tha enc ia Annual Report 2017-18 ulites om a Dir sisted f kites and minor litholo kites and ed of an equ y r ional evid 2.8.1a, g noc . , amil Nadu, ar Ind ta fr WRB da l plo h per at v T tes har hic Da he D te c o high fr y coast in the souther T eninsu g 2017. The wave direction spectrum is plotted in logarithmic scale ysed adopting the F e t WRB) de Average directional spectrum for the 2 ents w Fig. 2.8.1: (a) Peak wave period and peak wave direction during October 2017 (b) Average directional spectrum for the month of October 2017, (c) media calc- silica ESSO-NCESS maining period, the swells that propagate from the south maining period, the swells that propagate In order and south-southwesterly directions dominated. seas and swells to study the correlation between the wind the average wave off Colachal during the two events, directional spectra are plotted. The presence of a dis- (2nd event) of October 2017. From the peak wave pe- (2nd event) of October 2017. From of October, pre- riod and direction plots for the month sented in Fig Detailed analysis of the wave data revealed the occur- Detailed analysis of the wave data revealed frequency (short rence of a couple of short-lasting high off Colachal period) wave events (ephemeral events) during the period of 3 nique to obtain the wave spectrum during the period nique to obtain the wave spectrum May-November 2017. predominantly from the southwest direction during these predominantly from the southwest direction ev and sampled continuously at a frequency of 1.28 Hz is and sampled continuously at a frequency anal Longitude 77° 15' 0.6'' E) in 15m water depth, at an Longitude 77° 15' of 1 km from the shore has been approximate distance used. (D of P studied. The wave climate off the Colachal coast in Kanyakumari The wave climate off district of ener du 2.8 Obser Coastal Processes bian Seaduringthenon-monsoonmonths LLJ inducedwindsystemonthewavepatternofAra- present studyaimsatunderstandingtheeffectofthis Systems whichcaninfluencethewavepattern.The identified theoccurrenceofnortherlyLowLevelJet(LLJ) NCESS ontheatmosphericvariabilityoverArabianSea r spatial andtemporalresolutionsof1°X6hours and wavedatafromECMWFwhichareavailableat based ontheanalysisofERA-Interimreanalysiswind INCOIS correlation withthemeasuredwavedatafrom Indian Oceanduringthenon-monsoonshowedgood evation) andsignificantwaveheightoverthenorthern wav The periodicityofthiseventandcharacteristicsthe coast ofIndia. Shamal g west swellswhichagainismoreorlesssimilartothe the easternArabianSea,theyappearasshortperiodnorth- viz. The variousstagesintheoccurrenceoftwoevents 2.9.2 r 21 the eventsoccurredin2012thatisduringMarch19to b events whichoccurredduringthefairweatherseason, the Gulfregion.Hencetoelucidatethis,twodifferent waves generatedbythenortherlyShamalwindsfrom this, theseeventsareoftenbeingmisinterpretedasswell tour the correspondingwaveheightsareshownincolourcon- especti ut non-Shamalperiodw Fig. 2.9.1:Differentstages-initiation, fullydevelopedanddissipation st (labeledasM12)andDecember27 M12andD12ar es issimilartotha s. states oftheMarch2012event(M12) event(premonsoonevent) especti 28 v el ener Wav y.T v a el e RiderBuo he ERA-Interimsurf ted s y. T w he ar ell w e pr t g ro ener er av esented inFig ws denotewinddir ys de e selectedf e c a ted b har plo acteristics ace wind(a y Shamals y ed alongthew or thestud th . 2.9.1andFig to29 . T . Becauseof he stud ection and w t 10mel- th ells (D12). y. Both . F y is est or . Fr than ada Mar ated withthisLLJeventby12:00hours(UTC)on19 bian Seastartedrespondingtothewindsystemassoci- 0.5m. However,thesurfacewaterofnorthernAra- dent fromtherelativelysmallwaveheightsoflessthan ciable impactonthenorthernArabianSeawhereisevi- in thePersianGulfregion,itdidnothaveanyappre- state ofM12event,eventhoughShamalwindwaspresent have asignificantinfluence onthewaveclimateof from initiation,itisquiteevident thattheseeventscan pattern. Fromthefigureswhich depictthevariousstages m ern ArabianSeaastheyhavegeneratedwaveswithmaxi- can beconsideredasstrongeventsinfluencingthenorth- the preandpost-monsoonseasonsinArabianSea The twoeventsdiscussedabove,whichoccurredduring obser LLJ eventisalsooneofthe contributeryfactorsforthe that theoccurrenceofthesewavesassociatedwith monsoon) seasonintheArabiansea,itisalmostcertain this magnitudebeingunusualduringthefairweather(non- a hour by 18:00hourson19 the significantwaveheighttoincreasemorethan2m Subsequentl ther was initiatedon27 mum waveheightwasattainedby28 t 00:00hour um signif Fig. 2.9.2:Differentstages-initiation,fullydevelopedanddissipation om Fig eb c s andthenthew states oftheDecember2012(D12)event(post-monsoonevent) h, v y dissipa ed shor 2012andtheinf y.T ESSO-NCESS . 2.9.1, icant w he per y, s on20 thew t-ter ting itcanbeseentha sisting windsysteminthisr th av . Similar m tempor December at12:00hours,themaxi- av th e heightof av , tha es pr th es star eventuallyreachingupto3.5m luence w t iswithinaspanof ly, opa Annual Report 2017-18 f ted dissipa al v or theD12e ga a ted to as obser aria bout 3.5m. t duringtheinitia th bility inthew December,06:00 w ting (Fig ar v ds thesouth ed f e v gion caused ent w Wav 24hour or mor . 2.9.2). es of hic tion ave s. h th e Coastal Processes h el ed v the hic ag y le w er g v 29 o distinct . y a Tw tions hal coast, t the ener o loca al comparison of y coast. g ener om the monthl or the Colac A g . . ed fr /Hz/ deg) plotted in logarithmic scale v 2 It can be seen tha or the other tw period of May to June 2017 y obser l y density plot f 2.10.2. 2.10.1 a & b a typical high ener . . g lear ections f e c al ener -W dir wn in Fig wn in Fig from the wave rider buoys of Kozhikode, Kollam, and Colachal during the from the wave rider buoys of Kozhikode, Kollam, and Fig. 2.10.1: Time series of significant wave height and peak wave direction Fig. 2.10.1: Time series of significant wave height wave data at the three stations reveals that the Kozhikode wave data at the three stations reveals experiences lower station which is located in the north two stations - significant wave height than the other the south. The Kollam and Colachal which are towards Colachal buoy is peak wave direction recorded by the it is from the mostly from the SE-S directions whereas SSW The time series graph of significant wave height and peak The time series graph of significant wave Kollam, and wave direction recorded by the Kozhikode, May - June 2017 is Colachal buoys during the period of sho Comparison plot of average spectral density off Colachal and Kozhikode during the monsoon month of June is sho Fig. 2.10.2: Monthly averaged spectral energy density off Calicut and Colachal for the month of June 2017 (m is much higher for the Colachal coast showing the characteristics of peaks ar spectr . e y. e- el ave om or av bad. the v tions a tions f as es- t fr pth on te F ed w bility (in der ia par e Sta 2012 and especti A aila y, Hy e of w tion w , v ter de

aug . a lished of ys r Ma b ta a e g or these sta d sta t of Ind nd lems av enanc y Ocean Sta le f y maintaining all the e da ob oas b ys the measur e esta av ee w he thir entl er aila r ys on 2 W c T v the dail

thr he w y. hnical pr he S el . T . v 124 and 219 da tions w oject, y (WRB) in 17m w e rider Buo tion of ta is not a ong t Annual Report 2017-18 o sta e Rider Buo e 158, Wav especti alida this pr NCESS is cur tion with the ESSO-INCOIS t INCOIS a Wav or v ishment and maint st tw uous da esulted in tec ions al t of ir these er a bor 2013 r e Rider Buo v abl at 2017. ying t t h 2018 ar y, c pril, e s Wav plo the f As par h also r h contin g Ma A . . ly, rd th hic hic au y de ESSO-NCESS data is being used for in-house research activities related to the study of shallow water waves off the SW coast of India. the routine work of data collection and operational maintenance of In addition physical damage to the buoys (could be due to boat hits) was also reported on a couple of occasions w The Kollam and Kozhikode buoys were subjected to vandalism a couple of times during this year because of w days) at the three monitoring stations viz. Kozhikode, Kollam and Colachal during the period of April 2017 to Mar three stations and the data is being transmitted regularly three stations and the data is being transmitted from the buoy) through INSAT communication (directly Shore Station (data and also over internet from the local received through HF receiver is stored and then pushed) to the ser 23 Kollam and Kozhikode coasts at about 22m water depth Kollam and Kozhikode coasts at about b 26 tablished off the western Kanyakumari coast by deploy- tablished off the western Kanyakumari ing a cast (OSF) issued to the seafaring and coastal commu- cast (OSF) issued to the seafaring and nity were proposed for measurement of wave parameters were proposed for measurement of of India. Accord- in the shallow waters of the SW coast ing The main objective of this project is to establish and The main objective of this project along the shal- maintain wave gauges at selected locations to collect site spe- low waters of the SW coast of India data is used by cific real time wave data. The measured the INCOIS f The project "Establishment and maintenance of wave The project "Establishment the SW coast of India" is carried gauge stations along out in colla 2.10 Es g northern Arabian Sea and also the wave climate off the the wave climate Arabian Sea and also northern on the detailed investigation of India. Further west coast (short periodic wave events of this type of occurrence to that similar waves) with characteristics period swell of India the west coast events reported along of Shamal influence the nearshore dynamics of is needed as it can during the non-monsoon period. the region, particularly Coastal Processes than 2000m)of T the IndianPeninsula. west) andtheBayofBengal(towardseast)thatsurround which includesdeepwatersofbothArabianSea(tothe waves inthedeeperpartsofnorthIndianOcean stages, aimstoinvestigatethespatialvariabilityofIG the IndianOcean.Thestudywhichisinpreliminary text tothrowsomelightontheIGwavesgeneratedin measured data.Thepresentstudyistakenupinthiscon- the K spectr SW coast.Thisisevidentfromthecomparisonof comparatively lesstowardsthenorthernsectorof monsoon. Ingeneral,influenceoftheswellwavesis indicates thedominanceofswellwavesevenduring Pr Ocean, thepressuredataobtainedfromfourBottom tidal w frequencies rangingfromcapillarywaves(<0.1s)totrans Ocean surfacewavescomprisesofindifferent India lished b Bay ofBengal(3Nos,TB05,06&09)are oc 2.11 Infra-gravitywavesinthenorthernIndian scanty of in otherOceanshavebeencarriedoutsincethemiddle the generation,propagationanddissipationofIGwaves gate freelyindeepocean.Eventhoughstudiesrelatedto are generatedbynon-linearmechanismandtheypropa- beach dynamicsandsedimenttransport.TheseIGwaves on thecoastalhydrodynamicsofacoast,particularly than thesemi-diurnaltidescanhavesignificantinfluence wind-generated oceansurfacegravitywaves,buthigher waves havingfrequenciesless(morethan30s)the Fig. 2.11.1:Studyarea(a)BottomPressure Recorder(BPR)locationsand o stud essur 20 ean andit th o al ener , pr 30 av zhik centur e R y NIO y theinfr es (>24hr oba (b) AnchoredBPRandmooringforsurface buoy ecor ode coasts g bl y, T, y densitiesf s impl der (BPR)sta similarstudiesontheIndianOceanar y becauseof Chennaiinthedee the a-g s .). Ar ra . ic Of vity w a at bian Sea(1No ions ont or theColac these tions (Fig thelimita av es inthenor , theinfr p seas(a he w . 2.11.1(a))esta .,TB 12)andthe hal, tions ing a-g t de es K t c ra ollam and pths mor th Indian vity (IG) oas etting t of b- e e maintained b utilized. TheBPRstationswhichareestablishedand team of of T providing earlywarningintheeventofoccurrence tions fr obtain thetemporalvariationsinseasurfaceeleva- f v sudden variationsinthebottompressureofseaat 2.11.1 (b))atpredefinedlocationshaspotentialtorecord ted tothesurf ter, every15secondsandtherecordeddataistransmit- of thepressureexertedbyoverlyingcolumnwa- pressure transducerisusedbytheBPRtotakeaverage or er sunami. Fig. 2.11.2:TemporalvariationsinIG waveparametersfromtheBPR theDee ma y highfr stations intheNorthernIndianOcean (a)meanwaveperiodand(b) tion tec (b) TemporalvariationsintheIFGsignificant waveheight om ther (a) TemporalvariationsintheIFGmeanwaveperiod NIO T ESSO-NCESS p Ocean he BPRw equenc y theOceanObser hnique (FFT)isa T, ace ecor essentiall T y (15sinter ded BPRda sunami b significant waveheight T hic sunami Buo h isanc y f Annual Report 2017-18 uo or ta, v pplied. ms par y viaanacousticlink. hor al). va theF ys w ed tothesea

tion Systems(OOS) A pie hic t of ast F h ar z oelectric type thenetw ourier e meantf bed (Fig Tr ans- or To or k . Coastal Processes - - y a- er t f es in oast, av ed dur ting the v e c 31 ca eline lies 2 od tion in man hik the IG w oz ped due to dif um obser s impact on s or demar : Paleo channels of aleo shor f el of e, v e sha er se of K tur Fig. 2.12.1: Map Showing the Demarcated Coastal Plain and Locations of Lithological Survey t the P a y le a ed their orienta g h w hic hang le liter b w- th- end with maxim end with ynamics and it one - A c ms w aila t the ener v Ho or . al z 2.12.1) c . orm d tes tha f as also noticed tha oast y and a t in the Nor ve ea (Fig It w . y of c y indica y ar ed tha thur Sector ws an opposite tr ws an opposite it v ield sur coastal plain. Paleo-shoreline of Kozhikode coast is about coastal plain. Paleo-shoreline of Kozhikode shoreline in the 2.5 to 5 km landward from the modern in the Kozhikode Beypur - Kozhikode sector, 1 to 2 km Kappad -Quilandi - Elathur Sector and 1 to 2.5 km in the Sector places during Holocene - Pleistocene period under tidal places during Holocene - Pleistocene shoreline was iden- influence. The landward limit of paleo features from the tified by evaluating geomorphological f ern and Southern sectors to 4 kms landward from the present position in the northern Quilandi- Ela nificant wave height shows seasonal variability with mini- variability height shows seasonal nificant wave mon- during the summer value of 4.9 cm mum mean 6.3 cm average of around of JJAS and an soon period period But the mean wave rest of the time. during the sho ever, in the southern Sec- tor (Kallayi-Kadalundi Sector) the Paleo shoreline signatures were identified up to a maximum landward distance of 6- 7 km. While the Paleo Shoreline of the mid Sector (Elathur-Kallayi) lies very near to the present coast, it is obser ing the summer monsoon months of JJAS and the mini- ing the summer monsoon the rest of the period. In general, the mum value during stud west coast of India plain that occurred Evolution of the Kozhikode Coastal is reflected on vari- during Holocene - Pleistocene period ous coastal landf the Indian Ocean being more compared to that of other the Indian Ocean being the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans can major oceans like of the ocean. influence the dynamics 2.12 Land ent geomorphological forces like marine, estuarine, flu- ent geomorphological forces like marine, vial and denudational. 2.12.1. Coastal plain demarcation stud bil y, ear TB ave om r t uar tions De- F br y. w a dis- the sig- e . el een 30 sec or sta v TB 05 and F f AS sho , y, JJ AS) and mini- el onounced a or the one y or the one tions he highest w y betw v bian Sea, l especti tions e been used. a v . T . ed during the post ta f eas the mean period e pr Ar v AS her ticular especti t the sta JJ w . ptember (JJ par 2016 ha In the . ear ., el, t all the 4 sta v eb bility is mor x.) is obser the BPR da the BPR bian Sea r y le ed a o y, 2.11.2 (a) & (b) r a e-monsoon months of aria . v g Annual Report 2017-18 Ar ppr n ugust and Se 2015 - F ., oughout the y ther y, A y, eb een 40 and 60 s esent stud ul 7cm (a F ease in ener y thr J , he seasonal v el esented in Figs v une y. T y. e period is obser 2.11.2 (a) it can be seen tha 2.11.2 (a) it can be . J el um during the pr e pr or the pr v aries betw ESSO-NCESS tinct incr The variation of mean wave period and significant wave The variation of mean the IG waves at the 4 locations height associated with ar and 20 minutes whereas it is not so evident at the other and 20 minutes whereas 06 & TB 09). two locations (TB tailed analysis of the data from the 4 BPR stations in the the 4 BPR stations of the data from tailed analysis namely that the two stations Ocean reveals north Indian of Bengal the northern Bay TB 12 located in TB 09 and and the nor period of TB 06 show more or less similar trend except in early TB 06 show more or less similar trend shows higher March. During this period, the TB 05 station the maximum wave period compared to TB 06 with variability in reaching up to 48 sec. Even though seasonal wav Fig F The significant wave height shows decreasing trend to- The significant wave height shows decreasing seasonal variability wards the northern location and the The variation is similar to that of the mean wave period. TB 06, and TB 05 in mean wave heights at the TB 09, and 7 cm respec- stations are (approx.) 4 cm, 5.5 cm ti March, April and May (FMAM). However, the mean March, April and May (FMAM). However, Sea (TB 12) wave period range for the station in Arabian (TB 05, TB was higher than the Bay of Bengal Stations 06 & TB 09). m TB 09 and TB 12 it was more pronounced, exhibiting TB 09 and TB 12 it was more pronounced, monsoon months maximum variation during the summer of Preliminary study conducted on the characteristics of IG waves in the northern Indian Ocean points out that the wave parameters viz. mean wave period and significant wave height exhibit both temporal and spatial variation. In spite of being seasonal, the significant wave height associated with the IG waves in the Indian Ocean exhibit more or less constant mean heights of 4 cm, 5.5 cm and 7 cm at stations TB 09, TB 06, and TB 05 re- specti 12, the the Arabian Sea stations, particularly during the summer monsoon months of v monsoon months of FMAM and the lowest (~4.9 cm) during the summer monsoon months of height of Coastal Processes 2.12.2. m ters andcoastalplain.Highresolutionstereopair beaches, cliffs,bars,spits,dunes,ridges,swale,backwa- Geo tur temporal unitslikespitandhooktostablecoastalfea- Coastal landf c The CentralSectorapparentlyhasnoevidencesofpaleo fied theirorientationmanytimesinitsgeologicalpast. there arelotsofPaleoChannelsandtheychanged/modi- mor cessing wereresortedtodecipherthesignaturesof cur togrammetry havingelevationdatawithasub-meterac- More than5000tiepointsweregeneratedthroughpho- Mor the micr view IIIstereopairimageswereusedfordemarcating ag Globe (US). area willbecapturedinMarch -April2018byDigital cess, asthemissingpartofsouthern portionofthestudy tour imageries ofKozhikodecoastareinthefinalstage.Con- analysis ofDigitalElevationModelsfromthesatellite b

hannel pr 2% .% /% $% "% y usingDEMderi Table 2.12.1:DescriptionofsamplingLocationsalongKozhikodecoast ulti spectr es (<0.5mGSD)of ac es lik ' ( )* ( )* ' ( )* ; ' * )* ( ' ( )* & ' phod s of gra phod y. Pr 32 phical Inf Fig. 2.12.2:ContourmapderivedfromSatelliteImage o-g tw Landf ynamic pr e pr ocur ynamic landf "" ""-/3%,"0 "" "8-.9%280 "" $,-$.%/"0 "" $$-$1%//0 "" "9-2"%"9 esence ormo o-meter inter eomor al ima or ement of omontories or ms of or m Identif pholo g v 12 ."- 12 .1- 12 ./- 12 .2- 12 .8- ma $3%210 ..%"10 /.%3$0 /$%830 /.%280 es ocesses ed fr stud , tec tion Systemanddigitalima v W highr gical landf or om sa v ements al w hniques of y ar ms of %1 "1%3/ .%21 %/ 234 5 6 '; "2%3, 2%// $"%2 "$%13 "%1. 2%9$ %8 % 6 ,%9 /%28 or . ica CAR , Headlandsandridg ld ea v er tellite ima tion and3DModelling: esolution ster ! V e g . K ie T ar or ener w -IIIisunderpr OSA y fr 4 5 6 '7 ' 4 5 6 ' : 6 ' o ms Photo zhik . om seasonaland a Gener g T 1and ted f es (Fig ode inc " gr eo pairim- or thear ammetr a . tion and 2.12.2). g W e pr ludes or es o- o- ea ld y, . mor map in1:10,000scalewillexplainthehierarchyofgeo- en cor of Munr K R 2.13 Amu be inter sampling area.Thegeomorphicprocessesandforceswill 2.13.1)consists of sur adequa fine readingofthoseliteratureswouldbearoutlack en land culminatedinproposingvarioushypothesesonthe stressed agricultureetc.Manypreviousstudiesintheis- gence, damagestohouses,flooding,saltwaterintrusion, issues beingfacedbytheisland,likesubsidence,submer- the lastdecadeduetodifferenttypesofenvironmental loca ra tidal/ f surface soiloftheareashowsHolocenedepositsby cesses Leica DGPSforanalyzingtheactualsedimentationpro- anal were collectedandsamplessubjectedtofurther locations ofdifferentpartsalongKozhikodecoastalplain 2.12.3. cr concerns, acomprehensiveapproachisadoptedthrough Fig W er esisti ph oss-pollina vir moder ater andsedimentsample(Gr vir . 2.13.1:Thestudyar ve ded b ysis (T al tions withr phic pr y, onmental de y w o Islandloca a oceano . onment vity sur Loosemediumandcoar luvial actionsa te obser pr Lithological Mapping as doneindif y CGWB ESSO-NCESS ab n coastallandf eted usingthelitholo lt ocesses actedinthef le 2.12.1). id tion of gra ve iscipl al d va espect toMSLw ys ph gr landf tion da , ted inK . T Cor y, ada ea. DGPS(b disciplinesinc egr inar h Pr he f t v y f tion mainl or e drillingsandlitho-lo er dr ecise g ad een triang ar or y ap ta. ent sector m w olo inal micr ying de ollam Districtof at ms alongK Annual Report 2017-18 T gy, ion inMunr lue flag),De pr hic r her ound ele le) collectionlocationsar andr o g or : Coresamplesfrom5 se sand h isinthene y f er y da ac pths ef luding g ma o g e sur s inc looding or h f emote sensingetc tion ande . ta collectedfr e, R eomor or fl plo o va toad zhik y f luding thecor vey esisti yment (Y tion of eolo ood . or K Ho ed b o ode coast. pholo ma vity meter e isl ws during g da er dr gy, ing and ellow pin), wev xistence ala (Fig Sample y using ess the tion of e shown g ta r and gical eo er om , g- e- a e , . . Coastal Processes as gi- pth. t the stand y col- e con- y con- er w or the eolo y er tant ob- ve 33 ent tha y is planned o under g e-monsoon pe- . . T vity sur ppar ements w the impor esisti the sedimentar It is a as conducted f a sandstone la y, . ynamics tion during the g y w One of ontal disposition and de ve . y on the litholo tide measur 2.13.2b , . esence of esent stud As per the r

ements during pr pr p tides , its horiz the pr Also ymetric sur

mous sedimenta ents due to tidal d th v ms of oe Island. t of dition to this Detailed stud . tion. In ad he tidal measur spring or nea e plotted in the Fig e in ter y. ting enor looding e . . T e of Fig. 2.13.2: (a) One DGPS measuring location and DGPS setup (b) Fig. 2.13.2: (a) One DGPS measuring location and ound Munr v Observed tide during pre-monsoon months (c) Salinity variation of Bottom Observed tide during pre-monsoon months (c) Salinity pisodes t a loca water at selected location in Kallada river during Monsoon and post monsoon water at selected location in Kallada river during Monsoon tide range in the inland area is almost identical irrespec- ti riod ar ducted at four locations corresponding to the three seasons noticed at varying depths and it even spotted as anoutcrop noticed at varying depths and it even spotted a cal time period. umn with intercalations of sand and carbonaceous clays umn with intercalations of sand and more than 100 m of varying thickness goes as deep as indica Submergence of the island raises a serious question on the f by drilling long coresto reasonable depth for understand- by drilling long coresto reasonable depth geological ing the sediment built-up and the respective e entire Ashtamudi Lake and a part of the main stream of Kallada River contributing to the lake. It is interesting to note that contrasting to what is being talked about, the last 17 years (a comparison of the present bathymetry with that of the one collected by CESS in 2000) have witnessed too little changes in bathymetry of Ashtamudi estuar the tidal dynamics, it is essential to have present shape of the lak A detailed ba ducted as par ar h as b- es- r tions time y and er t suc ta w s in the T ve ence sta- er y of g er tter ef tion is esta the da the DInSAR e being occu- tional , phic sur le sinking (sub- le sinking er na hnolo xpected tha 3 ar the r , gra wev y selected loca t tec ice Compound near opo sight displacement is sight displacement It is e f . us Inter Ho tes of manent sca h one loca . efull , T , ocessing of hic min dina t Of w the 12 BMs or ost-pr 12 car the per , hniques te-of-the-ar tion KPO P um line of y. sta Annual Report 2017-18 Out of Out of . easons on the ostensib easons on ds this ollam P hole issubsiding uousl ar ence sta er ainst the co-ter ine the 3D coor g he maxim ef Tow the island, 2.13.2a). . T . phemeris . tain the r s contin o def . T . ried out a sight displacement of sight displacement ainst the r ecise e o ascer elocities ESSO-NCESS Most of the previous studies have reported that the thickness of Quaternary deposits varies upto 25 m in and a combined GPS array would provide any small velocity ground disturbances in Munroe Island on variable spatial frame. pied for 24x7 monitoring and 3 GPS multi-frequency antennae systems were established in each location. Re- maining 8 locations are being occupied once in a month on the static mode and their data is being processed ag trial Reference Frame (ITRF) station Bangaloredata with pr car were Bench Marked (dimensions 1.5 feet x 1.5 feet x 3 were Bench Marked (dimensions 1.5 in and around feet) and monumented appropriately and eleva- Munroe Island defining precise coordinates tion (Fig lished inside K tion, long-static GPS measurements were carried out for 72 hour continuous ground-based monitoring is being carried out continuous ground-based monitoring land disturbancein using DGPSmethod to capture the the island. line of sight displacement of buildings have perceptible line of sight displacement of buildings to self-weight con- subsidence (slumping effect) owing as evidenced from solidation into the surface muddy layer outcomes from field validation. In order to validate the Time Series DInSAR tec estimated in the order of -30 mm/yrwith a standard estimated in the order mm/yrin the central part of the is- deviation of ±1.40 locations do show minor subsid- land. Neighbourhood of -5 to -8 mm/yr especially in the ence in the order the other parts of northern parts of the island, whereas for minor sub- the island are comparatively stable except to show that sidence(-2 mm/yr). There is little evidences the island as a w estuarine island. The preliminary outcomes from the time estuarine island. The reveals that the persistant scat- series InSAR processing signatures of uneven displacement terers show ample v Asramam Kollam, which is the reference station (KPO) Asramam Kollam, which is the reference geological condi- considered as stable under the known tions series differential interferometry DInSAR technique is DInSAR technique interferometry series differential using Interferometry The persistent scatterer attempted. the line is used to estimate 1A TOPS datasets the Sentinel of siding) of T Coastal Processes en area, isquiterepresentative ofawetlandfacingmany debouches intothesystem) and theadjoiningnearshore wa The Akathumuri-Anchuthengu -Kadinamkulamback- ser f plicated dynamicsareworkingintheareaensuing Island isnotrelatedtospringtideeventsandcertaincom- perience ofthefieldteamthatfloodinginMunro with theacquaintanceoflocalpeopleaswellex- Wa soon andpostmonsoonseasons ducted forthreetimeperiodscorrespondingtomon- cyc season duringthecurrentyearhasbeenaffectedby A y bottom regionofKalladaRiverthewholetime is responsiblefortrappinghighdensesalinewaterinthe The increaseddepthcombinedwithlowrunoffinriver cer that eveninthemonsoonseasonbottomwater Salinity estimationofthewatersampleshaveillustrated revisiting thesamelocationsandinadditiontoAshtamudi. from KalladaRiverrepeatingthesamplingaftertendays phase. Duringthistime,watersampleswerecollected thorities toopentheshuttersofdamforashort in 1994.Therainfalleventsleadtofloodingforcingau- ment areaofThenmalaDam(Kalladadam)constructed sys 2.14 W the estuarineregionandsurroundingland. struction ofthedamhadlargeenvironmentalforcingin Island. Thus,thepreliminaryresultsindicatethatcon- intrusion anddegradationofcropproductioninMunro 2 -3meterwithsomee Ri than 7metersinmostofthelocationsoccupiedKallada bed ofKalladaRiverleadingtorecordingdepthmore extensive sandandmudminingleadtoloweringofthe has affectedthehydrologicregimeofarea.Besides resulting indearthoftherun-offfromKalladaRiver off hasstopped.Itisevidentthatthedamconstruction line natureaftertendaysoftheeventwhenriverrun- saline w during OCKHI,thehighrunoffhasreplacedtrapped However, whentheshuttersofdamwereopened looding actiontha ear nc v vir ter systemalongwiththe va tain loca lonic stor ter samplecollectionandqualityanal er t . T . em, sout hut onmental crisesa . T tions madeinthisr 34 he tr a he a hengu -K ter et tions of . a m OCKHIr v Fur pped salinew l er and s h w ag ther e de es t needtobeunder K ad , t c theloca pth r allada Ri tud t lar inamk oas esulting inhea x eg a ie ce ang g ter haspilotedthesaltw t ofInd V e (Fig ar ptions incer s ofA tions ha amana e of ul v d w er issaline(Fig am (AAK)e . .T

2.14.1). hic Ashtam pur ia v he postmonsoon vy r h iscor stood pr e r k am Ri at eg ain f tain loca ysis w

udi isar humuri - ained thesa- T all inca v r stu . of er (w obor his inter 2.13.2c). as con- oundl arine tions ound hic a tc a ted ter h- y. h - . high sandr moderately andwellsortedsedimentswith %, The averagepercentageofsand,siltandclayare98.12 F dominant sedimentfaciesaspertheclassificationsof ture forthesedimentsofstudyareaindicatessand ments ar age ofpoorlysortedsedimentsindicatesthatthesedi- of palaeoshoreline.Thepresencesignificantpercent- mor connected brackishwaterbodyhavingadepthofnot e ments of theinnershelfiscoveredwithnegativelyskewedsedi- and cur are removedfromtheareabywinnowingactionofwaves dominant mec tom suspension,rollingandgradedsuspensionarethe detrital materialsetc.TheCMpatternindicatesthatbot- like wavebreaking,tidalvariations,seasonalsupplyof and 45.80%(a (avg: 1.47%),4.01and33.08% (avg:13.69%)and14.06 very finesandfractionsvaries between1.15and1.37% The totalheavymineralcontent inthemedium,fineand the samplesweredepositedbywaveaction. were depositedbyturbidityprocessesandonly10%of The LinearDiscriminateFunctionshows90%ofsamples of Mottai atabout1717mabovemslinthesouthernpart obser V bian SeathroughtheMuthalapozhiinlet.The Anchuthengu aftercovering81km. xhibits tr olk (1980)andF amana 0.59%and1.26r W e than4mhasaper v ester , w ed indica r pur ents e deri hic ESSO-NCESS acti Fig. 2.14.1:Studyareawithsamplinglocations ef n Gha am Ri h suppor . v lects thepr Symmetricall vg: e cur hanisms of v ed fr ting thea 21.68%), v ts er w r lemming (2000). ent andbeac , om thenearb ts highener de hic manent connectionwiththe esence of especti bouc tr bsence of r h origina especti y sk Annual Report 2017-18 anspor hes intothisestuar ew v h de g el r y conditions v ed sedimentsar y.Te y sour t of el elict sandinthef tes fr T position (Fig e y. T xtr he occur sediments xtur he miner om Chemm eme conditions ces al nomenc . Majorpar . T r . ence of he f als w 2.14.2). . Italso e also Ar or y a ines unji er la- m a- e t t Coastal Processes , e w a- 5) o- he ces ≤ T actor xtur al f ar and y sho otential te 35 esults in- xtur P ough bet- eriy te e used. enic sour P hment f g ysis r med on metal el of een 0.48% and v or ver basin opo he sampling loca- w le Enric T ai ri Zn and Pb), he anal ections and also pr ections and ession of ted in this stud aig Lo T ed. . . aries betw ogr Cu, er basins of h dir m outcomes thr m outcomes por v c e Ni, x (NIPI), , gical Risk (RI) ar al and anthr pollution due to Cu and Pb 2.15.1. (b) he pr . OC) v trix test is perf esear Cr tur the ri . . T tions r e r e, y, Cu and Pb ver basin, (b) V a el of tion options v F ar ri Ni, tion ma , pta e been consider enging v eriy w le le and long-ter v ela te the na Cr b or futur r ollution Inde e, a) P otential Ecolo s ha esented in Fig esent stud le ada tions (Al, anic Carbon (T ws lo er e F entia a g (a) v tion f e pr ted P er f ma ai ri son's cor gra and Zn concentr or , pendent sca aig o dif otal Or ear or the pr Fig. 2.15.1 Location map of the river basin indicating sampling locations moderate level of pollution due to Cr and Ni and high level of pollution due to Zn. Enrichment factor for Zn is 2.04 which indicates marginal enrichment (2

Coastal Processes 10°16 v wa researchers adaptedthetechniqueforassessingground was firstintroducedbyAlleretalin1987,laterseveral T aquif eters, suchasD:depthtowatertable,R:netrecharge,A: TIC model.whichtakesintoaccountsevenkeyparam- state canbeassessedbydevelopingsitespecificDRAS- tudes ar Ecological Risk(RI<150)wasreportedforthestudy eac The modelisderivedbyassigningratingsandweightsto low landandmidlandarea. is furthersub-dividedintotwophysiographicalunits,viz, metr banization. Aquifervulnerabilityofthegrowingtier-II has increasedduetolanduseactivitiesasaresultofur- In thepastfewdecades,groundwatercontamination India a the ratingsandweightsassigned toalltheparameters index isfinallycomputedusing alinearcombinationof based onDelphiapproach. The DRASTICvulnerability weights rangingfrom1to 5aspertheirimportance their relativeeffectandthentheseparametersareassigned individual rateswhichrangesfrom1to10basedon categories, eachofthesevenparametersareassigned 2.16 Asse it ppl adose z he stud y usingGISba ea w ter vulner h of ying thef o, er media, . Itco ′ Gr hic N Latitudesand76°16 36 thispar one y ar h isintheor ea ssment ofanur v Fig. 2.16.1:Locationmapofthestudyarea ter Coc er a , andC: ea (Fig bility s anar or S: ameter m soilmedia, sed d . ula gi hin intheEr . ea of h 2.16.1)liesbetw y der of . rast F dr v en belo a or c aulic conducti ppr ic mo T: ban aquif Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb lassif o nakulum districtof ′ topo Eand76°25 xima w: del ica gra tel , Gr tion intodif een 9°48 y 907km ph vity er vu eat y, .T I: er C impactof ′ l . he model E Longi- ner ′ 2 N and , oc K w f abil er er hin, hic ent ala h - sensiti ary 2016isusedtoidentifythepotentiallyvulnerableand r has beendoneadoptingtheDelphimethodandsome in tofourzones(Alleretal.,1987).Thereclassification ranging from71to167andthesevaluesarereclassified par obtained byoverlayingmapsofattributetheseven lation methodinArcGIS(10.3).Thevulnerabilitymap DRASTIC Inde that anareaof214.09and363.55km nerable zone.DRASTICIndexofthestudyareareveals 146: Moderatevulnerablezoneand146-167:Highvul- nerable zone,112-131:Lowvulnerable131 - classified zonesandrangesare71-112:Negligiblevul- fied usingthereclassifytoolinspatialanalysistool.The r DRASTIC mapisclassifiedintofourclassesasperthe adopting theIn is con of theparametersconsideredforDRASTICtechnique weightage. Theshapefiles/polygonsrepresentingeach suffix 'r'denotestheassignedratesand'w'indicates Here capitallettersrepresenttheparameterconsidered, I vulner ef ang r I Fig. 2.16.2:DRASTICIndexofthestudyareabasedonSept'14to w er ameter + C e of ences ab vity ar v r er C le andmoder v ESSO-NCESS w ted tothecor s f . . Eac alues or theperiodof eas inGr v h pix . T . x =D er se Distance he f el fr Fe a r inal DRASTICmodelhasv D te vulner ea b'16 fielddata om thef w r ter Coc (1) + R esponding r Annual Report 2017-18 Se r R W ptember 2014toF ab w eighted (ID + hin (Fig inal modelisr le z A 2 r fall underthehigh ones r A aster f w + S . 2.16.2).

especti W) inter r S w or + ma ec

T e T v alues lassi- r br T t b el po- w he y. u- + y Atmospheric Processes . - er een gni- vity pend Ov e high e used . 3.1.2). VHRR . in high tance of er A In NEI, 37 ., vity as ar ed betw y ia AA v lash densities ysis w mid-land and ocesses de olution. ysis etc NO t Ind v ed in both ma the f er and near sur ta, eanal ediction models to ediction models est India (Fig v nal lightning acti m e ov te is obser ying the impor hwes a lightning acti gion, op anal est coast, d c e e obser tellite da ou impl al r l , and these pr and these lash r , ain dr eloping pr er NEI and Himala , c e-monsoon and monsoon sea- tion of v v r ta and ERA r , ting on stor t southw ong sout all aria ences ar ocesses vity o est Beng or de er y al ainf f AS da e hea W nal v v CALIPSO sa x pr , ual lightning in southw acteristics olog Dif ecti ts y. ocesses v y on r har eor tories set-up a adient in lightning f tud ASA GLD n Gha ed in JK during pr ed in diur r tant in the JK and NEI diur e comple va v v Lightning acti N . loud c , e met les is essential f les is essential c ester e ar e higher during 14-19 IST opical con b y, or the stud ac tude and phase of the diurnal variation of rainfall, cloud f SST W Differences and coherence in the meteorological obser- vations in different geographical areas within the southwest India has been investigated. The data from NCESS obser f the hotspot and surrounding regions in southwest India. 3.2 A s Fig. 3.1.2: Inter annual lightning flash rate (flashes/year) in south west India Fig. 3.1.2: Inter annual lightning flash rate (flashes/year) the lightning activity peaks around 18-03 IST and it is the lightning activity peaks around 18-03 low during 04-11 IST in JK. Mountain circulations are impor High g ar tr The results show that El Nino and Negative IOD en- hances the ann obser sons during April to June period. Regional differences are during April to June period. Regional obser South India and aria . om ms equenc . tmospher ia ions of these v ee) fr e stor v Seasonal, ala (30-55 /year) gr 2 er ecti ariat v s in Ind 3.1.1). . ial v louds in the a louds in the pot tmospheric Pr tmospheric ta (0.1 de s standing of standing c pat opical con y tr . tion of Odisha and K y monitoring lightning fr y monitoring lightning ning hot 3. A les ga al, b e higher lightning incidents al and s ted b v a opa ight aria A better under A better vity in India (Fig ysics b ecei in India (1998 - 2013) . . ener Annual Report 2017-18 ed l empor v est Beng les b esolution lightning da ear) r m acti W /year) and areas in Himachal Pradesh, /year), North East India (NEI) (50-60 2 loud ph 2 /y bser 2 aria tion and pr y on t e o y v tmospheric v ma y high r est India is g it a tud Fig. 3.1.1: Mean lightning flash density (flashes/km or y on c akhand, er ll e y. V y. he f lashes/km sat ESSO-NCESS 3.1 S contain the adversities of climate change. The studies undertaken by the Atmospheric Processes Group focus undertaken by the Atmospheric Processes of climate change. The studies contain the adversities mainl on man altitudes and coastal field stations by establishing state-of-the-art cloud physics laboratories for continuous monitor- cloud physics laboratories for field stations by establishing state-of-the-art altitudes and coastal ing of T f monthly and diurnal nature of lightning incidents is be- monthly and diurnal nature of lightning (JK) (> 70 ing investigated. The Jammu and Kashmir flashes/km Uttar flashes/km TRMM satellite's Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) during TRMM satellite's Lightning Imaging Sensor the regional 1998-2013 period is analysed to investigate lightning stor Identifying the lightning vulnerable hotspots is impor- Identifying the lightning warning dissemination, awareness tant for mitigation, of our coun- campaign, inputs for industry and economy tr Lightning flash density is very low in December and Janu- ary months over South India. Higher lightning activity is Convective rainfall amount and lightning flash rates show a similar spatial pattern. Lightning in JK and NEI are mainly generated by orography whereas the hot spot in southw Atmospheric Processes ar sug w cantly positivelycorrelatedtocloudcoveralongthesouth- region hasalsobeenstudied.BayofBengalissignifi- The roleofregionalSSTandcloudcoveroverthestudy co 3.2.1). c re where thestationislocatednearforest.Thecoastal Morning relativehumidityishigherinmid-landstation, tions higher inmidlandstationcomparedtoothertwoloca- co soon periodsinsouther tain breeze.Occurrenceofsuchawindinnon-mon- direction withinadayasresultofseabreezeandmoun- did notshowapositiverelation withcloudbaseheight. tion withPBLheight.However, coastalboundarylayer W Thiruvananthapuram (toppanel)and (15 sCeilometerobservation)in Fig. 3.2.1:MorletwaveletofCloudcover er base heightin coastal and slightly highercouplingwith soilmoisturecomparedto cloud coverisstudied.Mid-landshowsa erly Jetcouldbeone.Theinfluenceoflandsurfaceon w for abetterpredictionofweatherconditionoversouth- coastal seabreezeandmountainoverthisregion the firsttime.Itisessentialtounderstandandresolve loud co est India. est India. ester e signif gion and n Ba v v g er andsurf er sug . est tha n Ghats:Munnar(bottompanel) Wav y of 38 v icant inw er g Beng elet tr ests tha Tr t, CALIPSOSa W , W w thediur ester ester anspor W hic ace meteor ester ansf al tosouthw h indica n Gha n Gha t, est coast(Fig mid-landhasaslightl nal v or t of n Gha m onhighr n ts sho ts highle aria tes thecon olo W tellite obser . R ts sho ester tion andsynopticv gy.T est coastb esult sho ws c . 3.2.2). n Gha v w asignif (2005-2010) CALIPSO satellitesensor cloud fractionobservedby Fig el c he diur esolution c lear c v . 3.2.2:MeanV ecti louds fr v ws tha ed v ts isr y hang v nal v Tr e acti y higherhigh icant cor er opical East- e t, om south- tical c loud co por es inwind thec aria vity (Fig aria ted f tion is tions er loud loud r ela- tical v or er . latent heatfluxinthearea. cloud covercanbeexplainedbytheincreaseinsurface India andmonsoonregion(1979-2017).Theincreasein monso is obser There isasignificantincreasingtrendintotalcloudcover bet 3.3 R w the underlyingphysicalprocessesofrainfall.Inthiswork, rameters inaprecipitationsystemcanhelpusunderstand ent r what sizescontributemoretowardsrainwateratdiffer- T (R Science Studies(NCESS)campus(8°31 from acoastaltropicalstation,NationalCentreforEarth Rain Radar(MRR)andOpticalDisdrometer(OD)data F (southwest monsoon)June-Sept,2012. 76°54 min height le de bin, wehavecalculatedthemeanDSDwithstandard cer for eachbinMRRanddisdrometercompareswell bins R disdrometer andMRR. tained powerlawtypeZ-Rrelationsfromboth MRR. ThisstudyalsoshowshowR peaks athigherDvaluefordisdrometercomparedto disdrometer, butforthehighestrainintensitybinR lo be verygood.Meandropsizesfoundtoincreasingin measured rainrateandradarreflectivitywasfoundto and disdr tion andchangeswidthwithrainintensityforbothMRR or comparison, he obser e studiedthev g Fig. 3.3.1:Correlationbetweenrainrate fromMRRanddisdrometer D via tain inter arithmic mannerwithr ) withr w ute r ain intensities tion andothermeandistrib een MRRandO ′ ainf D 35.2 on fr v peaksatalmostsimilarvaluesforMRRand ecor v ed inERAInterimr ESSO-NCESS ometer el. v all c ″ ain intensity ed r W media E), Thiruvananthapuramfortheperiod ded da om at e ha aindr har aria . w Cor te diameterr . F v ta) intof e ha e c tion of r act op siz or thisstud opic r lassif ela pt . R eris v ic e tak ain intensity tion betw al s D e spectr Annual Report2017-18 al Disd DSD gi ied ther iv t ics d eanal t e r v en MRRda at ang es ideaa utions y, ain r ion -Ac , r w es ysis o a andotherr r uring sout ain r een MRRandOD omet ain e . e ha D F . W . a shiftspeakposi- te bins . Itisf or thef a v e ha bout dr v te distrib v er southw e usedMicr er ents (eac omparison ta a v . ound tha F e alsoob- ′ 22.5 t 200m ir or eac hwest ain past f ops of ution h 1- ″ our est N o h D t , Atmospheric Processes y e- as y), e of g y. We y. ain r ilter w 39 ed in the ptember) al r v centa v a f , om monthl e & post mon- pril and Ma tions A the per ted fr w obser , va h, ter inter ember and Decem- ember and c e intense during the v ts the on the east. ugust and Se ugust and luded in the stud shor No y, A y, , e calcula ual basis e inc as mor ul n Gha er J , w and NT (raindrop number den- and NT (raindrop all w -3 ents of -1 ester v une esulted during the pr W ainf emonsoon (Mar emonsoon e e y-high and night-lo ain r ys on an ann y mean RI ar Pr a Da tic and spurious obser . tr e (a) r al r y), percentage and average RI in minutes order v ra uar ter than 10 m est and the gimes br Monthl ea e . ostmonsoon (October ostmonsoon r e oid er tions ar v er inter s and (c) mor als . 3.4.1 por . va o a ear Fig. 3.4.1: Monthly distribution of rain duration, number of rain event in Fig. 3.4.1: Monthly distribution of rain duration, pre monsoon gets reversed in the post monsoon season, with near even incidents during the summer monsoon. peated in the summer monsoons and fewer events of long soon r accumulated water and total rain duration. Primary obser applied to data from JWD and to two other instruments applied to data from only those samples that have RI as well. During rain, h greater than 0.1 mm T premonsoon and post monsoon seasons, (b) less intense rainfall was encountered during successive monsoons at this tropical coastal site for the entire data period of eight y ber). This tropical coastal site located at the southwest located at the tropical coastal site ber). This it is the gateway of the summer mon- coast of India and The site has the Arabian Sea soon to the subcontinent. on the w duration and events plotted as bars in violet and green colours, with the numbers over them representing the actual duration in minutes and number of events as nu- mer and P Summer Monsoon (J Summer sity) g used. The four rainy seasons here are Winter (January here are Winter four rainy seasons used. The and F considered only those events having more than 5 min- considered only those events having utes Around 4512 rain events comprising 11544 minutes du- Around 4512 rain events comprising analyzed from four ration and 10852.5 mm rainfall were number of events seasons at the study area. The least highest was in the were seen in the winter season and summer monsoon season. Fig s -1 es the ear um- e R- , and erms ang iv 50 or the ed line ws the .Corre- e bias is -1 tes n R Also

. v , B ta f or 8 y ti 50 esent f om B=-0.19 ga Da ain in t pr estima ted f e a ometer are the corre- y fr (2.62 mm/h) is er 3.3.1 sho 50 50 . v al r te diameter r he ne ASL). Fig scatter plots of rain scatter plots MRR and rates from disdr is y = x straight line. is y = x straight In each panel, the calculated values of correlation (C), bias (B) and standard deviation of the difference between MRR and disdrometer paired values (SD) are shown. C much less compared SD SD lation is very good for rain rate measured from MRR and OD (C=0.9) and it is even better for rain rate below 50 mm h (C50=0.93). sponding values calculated taking only those minutes with R<50 mm h . T . opic as oper r media e panels r ents MRR o , v v 20 m es eases slightl E, ″ ion of t ometer w or all e ent number op siz 35.2 3.3.2 Fi . ′ or the inter e data points and ) f -1 Annual Report 2017-18 t f ariat el disdr g 76°54 k dots ar =-0.82 mm/h. Negative bias indicates that =-0.82 mm/h. Negative bias indicates y small dr ws in Fig 50 N, er ″ though bias incr ion and ev aldo sonal v w, at At v 22.5 ′ . ur It is seen tha . , 2012. Blac red line in (a) is y = x straight line oss-W Fig. 3.3.2: Comparison between DSDs AS obtained from OD and MRR for the period 3.4 Sea of d ESSO-NCESS ber concentration compared to disdrometer and at larger drop sizes disdrometer overestimates compared to MRR. (180%)inbothw The boundarylayer,however,experienceshumidcon- per temper 3.6 Micr ing horiz dr with wetspellsassociatedmoremoisturewhereas are mainlyreflectedinmid-levels(between2to10km), to 4kmle However, temperaturepeaksaredistinctlydifferentat2 the 0 dry spells,withamaximumdifferenceof3ms Significant variationsinthewindspeedbetweenwetand black dottedline. (green). Zerowindspeeddifferenceishighlightedusing (wet minusdryspells)isplottedalongsecondaryX-axis net r It coverslargeareaandcontributesheavilytowardsthe even formanydaysduringmonsoonseasonoverIndia. Light rainoccurspersistentlyandsteadilyforseveralhours and highl tur aggrega known asthebrightband (BB) signaturewherelarge through enhancedradarreflectivity factorZ(dBZ) f or et spellsar her ying duringdr es a m r a -1 tur ainf ) depicting(a)LLJduringwet(blue)anddry(red) eas dr ° y obser y spells C isother t lo m la ain, sug a es tion andmeltingof tur all inthetr ontal bar , oph ESSO-NCESS withfr w canbeidentif v es (1 g y spellswithw y and r er le e c els esting str er (a va . T . v eanal ysic ed betw , tions c har withdr he anal va ° m. v y spells C to1.5 t 5km)e els (5kmle equent occur tions al pr s. egion int acterised b ysis (Fig R opics Compositedif adar measur ong LLJduringw lear een 1.5kmupto6le yses thusindica . opert Dail va y spellsassocia . . T . ° l tions (Fig y sho C) thanw xhibit coher eak LLJandstr et anddr ied fr . his typeof h 3.5.1b), Annual Report2017-18 y v y y str v he W ie dr el) duringdr r s inr w thisf aria ence of ometeor om r ong LLJandw ements andBBinf f . est tions ar er pr 3.5.1a). y spells et spells ainf ence inwindspeed r te tha adar obser ern Ghat oba ent peaksintem- ain, et spellsthandur ted withw ea w s tak all o tur bl ong namel ar y (w e mar t theacti Inter . y spells(Fig Dif y duetothe e compar . m temper e placenear v TEJ et) spells er amid v eak f s esting er el, k y str va ed us- ar -1 ences . con- tions v , are TEJ mer e or a or ed ti- ly, a- - - . , . Atmospheric Processes s or er v loud y t the tus is er f s o v d 41 equenc nal hour ted a r a ou l ultiple c loud sta s. loud co elocity is essen- er m c y he c (Lower panel) loud the ceilome- . 3.7.2: F am c all v . T . Fig distribution based on cloud ds ion and c status for the monsoon period tion of 2013 (Upper panel) and 2015 at hapur esence of ning and noctur ecor aria tion in f esence of m the BB la ta r ir aria ecipit nal v anant y mor l v ed the pr v e of pr aisala-CL31) has been oper aisala-CL31) has been Distinct v ycl ed in ear s. e, Thiru ws the diur v stand or conf "2" & "3") in da pending on the pr cloud cover . al sit ameter De . hing s. ysed and obser 3.7.1 sho oast . tc er om "1", ents y Fig. 3.7.1: Diurnal variation of a c 3.7 Diurnal c over the region. Satellite validation studies using data from MERRA satellite is being done. Diurnal variations in high- level, low-level and mid-level cloud fraction are found ma tial to under summer monsoon 2013 and 2015. Multi layered clouds can be obser occasionally "4", representing "vertical visibility as calcu- occasionally "4", representing "vertical lated" and "highest signal detected". The vertical profile extends from 1.8 m to 8 km for all from 1.8 m to 8 profile extends The vertical the par More than 52% and 46% of the rainfall during the south- the rainfall during 52% and 46% of More than band with bright season is associated west monsoon ev layers are lower during day hours during the summer monsoon. Fig A Ceilometer (V The study is to understand the diurnal variation of cloud cover during the monsoon period. Frequency distribution based on the cloud status is analysed. The diurnal variation of cloud occurrence in different layers is also anal ter shows a number indication of layers as cloud status ter shows a number indication of layers (fr summer monsoon onset site, Thiruvananthapuram for summer monsoon 2015 for the monsoon period. The the years 2013 and cloud base height at three different ceilometer measures la - n om e the 3.6.1 E) lo- . ester y. ″ occur E) lo- es fr W ″ Fig tur y. e of acteriz g el ea v har ys during mon- om the centa or the stud 77°04'46.81 77°01'6.58 e fr especti N, N, ″ ″ he per ) on 12 Aug 2017 at Munnar 3 the 122 da eloped to c tions r . . T Fig. 3.6.1: Time (minutes) - height cross section of radar reflectivity (dBz), fall velocity (m/s), rain rate (mm/h) and liquid water content (g/ m tions ar v va e been used f louds v . . y. Out of ts om the bright band f om the bright band . el eas ) on Annual Report 2017-18 v am (8°44'34.23 tion c 3 BB orithm is de adient method has been adopted to iden- adient method has pur n Gha r tions fr he peak g all the obser e and Munnar sta es of va ecipita y, Munnar (10°09'20.0 y, especti ester y, .T tur An alg W le pr ea anantha

tantl . aemor b Obser uv ts . er in both the sites the sta y ajamalla hir or Br iles favours the melting processes in the monsoon clouds at 4.6 km layer than coastal and mid altitude ar 12 Aug 2017 at Munnar reflectivity at the bright band layer is 20.05±7.5 dBZ and 19.95±10 dBZ for Braemore and Munnar r Bright band or melting layer is identified between 4.6 and 5.2 km la explains the time (minutes) - height cross section of radar reflectivity (dBz), fall velocity (m/s), rain rate (mm/h) and liquid water content (g/m The study revealed that orographic condition of ESSO-NCESS soon period, 30 and 63 bright band events are identified soon period, 30 and 63 bright band events f cated 400 m above MSL and high altitude station at cated 400 m above R Gha mean f two sites a mid-altitude station at Braemore, two sites a mid-altitude T cated at 1820 m above MSL, during the southwest mon- cated at 1820 m above MSL, during the soon period in 2017 ha Impor In this stud rence of precipitation amount and durations in the trop- and durations in amount rence of precipitation which is in the global scale important aspect ics is an of cloud properties to the microphysical directly linked precipitation. mation can be combined to analyse the vertical structure analyse the vertical be combined to mation can of tify the bright band (BB) features from vertically point- tify the bright band Rain Radar (MRR) reflectivity pro- ing K Band Micro f Atmospheric Processes impr tions andtoimplementreliablemitigationmeasuresfor for alertingtheurbanpopulationonadversecondi- a modelthatcanforecastparticulateconcentrationlevels by increasingparticulatepollution,itwillbeusefultohave affect humanhealth.Inviewofthehealthhazardsposed ban ar concentrations atatropicalandnearequatorialsemi-ur- (Day 2),nextthreedays3))dailyaveragePM10 to predictthefuture(nextday(Day1),nexttwodays back propagation(FFBP)neuralnetworkaredeveloped ing multiplelinearregression(MLR)andfeedforward combination ofmultivariatestatisticalmethods,includ- casting (3days)ofparticulatematterconcentration.A possible useofstatisticalmodelsfortheshortrangefore- systematic studyhasbeencarriedouttoinvestigatethe 76°54 with substantiall be obtainedforPM10predictioninThiruvananthapuram, i.e., tofindoutwhethersignificantlyaccurateresultscan ter understandingontheusefulnessofthesemethods, oped. Hybridmodelsarebeingemployedtogetabet- FFBP withprincipalcomponentanalysisisalsodevel- pollutants lik station provideshourlymeasurementsofvariousair tablished atNCESScampus,Thiruvananthapuram.The Continuous AmbientAirQualityMonitoringstationes- The airqualitymeasurementdataaregatheredfrom tic of solid,liquidoracombinationsolidandpar- diameter smallerthan10µm,whichcanbeasuspension PM10 isanairborneparticleofeffectiveaerodynamic semi-ur oxide (CO 3.8 Dev analysed forcomparisonduringtheperiod. short r (O Fig heights of multi-layercloudshasbeenfoundhigheratlower status forsummermonsoon2013and2015.Frequency models topr speed anddirection)areused asinputvariablesinthe and 2.5 meteor v alues of les 3 . , ppb)particulatematterof10 3.7.2sho o . Itisoneof ′ ving theairquality 35.2 ea in 42 . T olo ang µ el ban l pr m (PM2.5, he r gical par opment andperf ″ 2, E). Ahybridmodel,bycombiningMLRand ppm)nitrogendioxide(NO esent da e PM10mo ws thefr T e carbonmono edict futur ain da hir oc y mor uv at themainpollutantstha ameter ion insout anantha ta fr y pollutants(PM10, equenc µ e comple g m e PM10concentr om . Insouther s (temper del -3 pur y distrib A ) insize.Thedailyaverage xide (CO s inat WS/Disdr ormanc am, x sta h Ind India(8°31 a µ ution basedonc tistical methods tur r n tr m (PM10, , opic ppm), ia e, e v opical India, ometer isbeing CO humidity t canad a 2 , ppb),ozone tions al al , id carbondi- NO at . T . ′ µ 22.5 v ion of g m , 2 he air er wind ) and loud . sel ″ no -3 N ), y , pr principal componentsinMLRandFFBPmodelsim- The resultsofhybridmodelshowthatincorporating 11.7467. and under Fraction Bias(FB)toindicatethelevelofoverestimation 39% (PCA- next three-daypredictionby34.47%(PCA-MLR)and 29.72% (PCA-MLR)and27.39%ANN) MLR) and20.45%(PCA- as muchforDay1predictionby21.89%(PCA - to predictingPM10concentration,withreducederrors MLR ischosenwithR the predictionofDay3PM10concentration,PCA- Error (NAE)and malized Absolute Error (RMSE),Nor- Root MeanSquare two errormeasures- with R RMSE =7.71716andfor48hourPM10concentration dicting the24hourPM10concentrationwithR pal componentsasinputscouldbeabettertoolforpre- The resultsshowthatFFBPneuralnetworkwithprinci- cur (IA), PredictionAc- Index ofAgreement ter Coefficient ofDe- accuracy measures- rameters, i.e.three various statisticalpa- are evaluatedwith all thethreemodels region. However,theproposed modelhaslimitationsin gation strategiesfortheair quality overthissemiurban for predictingPM10concentrations todevelopthemiti- Hence, thehybridforecasting modelcanbeausefultool T obser tion withPCA. centration usingMLRandFFBPmethodsincombina- perimental v January 2017toMayhavebeentakenfortheex- are usedtodevelopthemodelsanddatasetsof pollutant andmeteorologicaldatasetsfrom2014to2016 he perf ov mina ac ed theirperf y (P v ed andpr 2 =0.7790, tion (R A) asw or ESSO-NCESS estima mance of alida ANN) (Fig 2 ) and tion of ell as edicted v tion of or RMSE=10.2021, mance f themeasur 2 valueof0.8067,andRMSE themodel. . 3.8.1). alues of ANN), Annual Report2017-18 or allthr observed vs.predictedvaluesfor24 hour PM10concentrationusing Fig. 3.8.1:Plotshowingthe MLR andANNmethods ed v 24hourPM10con- Da Fig ee da alue b y 2pr r . 3.8.1sho especti ys inad y themodels ediction b 2 =0.8833, v el ws the y. v ance F or y, . Atmospheric Processes . e Sig- ases . 43 and sit er panel). bility ence in the ), CO and w 4 aria al inl opic . 3.9.1 lo . r and CH 2 t higher coher a seasonal v CO and other GHS g , 2 rum: A t ws tha CO and all in 2016 (Fig and rainfall (lower panel) riv tion of ysis sho ys and the intr ainf va have increased progressively since the pre- 4 10 da he anal . . T and CH 2 al NMHC at T Fig. 3.9.1: Time series of rainfall (mm) for the period 1 Sept 2014- 30 Fig. 3.9.1: Time series of rainfall (mm) for the period bout the obser ot April 2017 (upper panel) and wavelet coherence spectrum with black carbon April 2017 (upper panel) and wavelet coherence spectrum industrial era. India became the world's third largest GHS emission country (6.43%) after China (25.93%) and USA (13.87%). In India a few studies have been reported a in south India The average concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO t nificant periodicity between 16-32 days essentially during the monsoon period explains the possibility of wet scavenging of BC in the atmosphere. The reduction of BC during continuous spell of monsoon rainfall increases the possibility of scavenging effect during the monsoon period. 3.10 Green house gases (CO The study indicates that the BC concentration in the tropi- The study indicates that the BC concentration synoptic weather cal monsoon region is modulated by the systems of periodicities of 8-10 days during post monsoon in 2015 periodicities of 8-10 days during post and monsoon r rainfall (greater than zero) are correlated and the correla- rainfall (greater than zero) are correlated are obtained for tions of -0.24, -0.73, -0.03 and -0.12 post monsoon to monsoon seasons carbon shows The wavelet power spectrum of black dominant feature periodicities less than 8 days are the of synoptic weather over the region implying the influence systems a- or al. . . To bon opi- t BC r er the v ar a near y less f Beng he t w tha k c SPLIT tr all o abl ac y of er t ainf HY y sho v . 76.9°E), y r , ion o dail ted in all seasons ion of bl at ela r tional site tion is consider ific a va ariat am (8.5°N ia est India and Ba oss the countr y cor ent s. pur el he v thw v ti ear e id h Ind c ga Annual Report 2017-18 tions acr ). Hence the local BC emissions are not anantha va -1 ion on t e ne are mostly associated with low wind speed ough nor uv ws the time series of -3 at v osol to the obser hir BC mass concentr all ar g m T y. ion in sout l and sour ed to other y µ t el at v ainf t oso 3.9.1 sho . gional obser mass is thr al s ESSO-NCESS and r examine the relationship of BC and rainfall over the region coherence morlet wavelet is applied to the daily values of BC and rainfall. The daily values of BC and Re Fig region for the period 1 Sept 2014 to 30 April 2017. The dotted line is used for separating the years and dashed box indicates the monsoon epochs in 2015 and 2016. Monsoon and post monsoon rainfall spells are clearly seen and the year 2015 received high amount of rainfall compar the relative humidity category of 90-100%. BC greater the relative humidity category of 90-100%. than 10 jectory model reveals that the long range transport of air (less than 2 ms well mixed or transported to a larger distance in calm or well mixed or transported to a larger pointed that the low wind speed. The bivariate analysis the black local emission from northeast sector contributes carbon aer Relative humidity of 60-90% and 70-90% favours the Relative humidity of 60-90% and 70-90% and night-time re- BC mass concentration in daytime specti equatorial tropical coastal station, in South India. High equatorial tropical coastal station, in aerosols in rela- diurnal and seasonal variations of BC conditions tion to changes in the regional meteorological diurnal cycle are examined. The BC exhibited well defined (7.00-8.00 LST) with a bimodal peak one in the morning and other in evening (21.00-23.00 LST). c Continuous and high temporal resolution surface based Continuous and high have measurements of Black Carbon (BC) concentrations 2014 -30 April been carried out during 1st September 2017 a aer forecasting PM10 concentration; especially in the case of especially in the PM10 concentration; forecasting if the variable data. Further, of any input non-availability variables experience and the meteorological pollutants synoptic changes due to behaviour (sudden any random In becomes unstable. system) the model scale weather the forecasting ability of PM10, it is order to improve more sophisticated and accurate necessary to include and other factors like pollutant meteorological inputs traffic conditions etc. emission inventories, 3.9 Obser Atmospheric Processes after during morningandlateeveninghourstroughinthe of among thesegaseshavebeenelucidated.Relationships TNMHC havebeencarriedoutandthecorrelations ahead of similar patternofvariationbutCO (Fig patterns ofallthegasesalsoshowedsimilarvariation 1.71 (±0.04)ppminthemonsoonseason.Thediurnal the postmonsoon,1.73(±0.05)ppminsummer,and 1.82(±0.07) ppminwinterseason,1.83(±0.06) soon season.TheaverageCH4mixingratiosbeing ppm inpost-monsoon,and386.1(±7.28)mon- in winter,402.8(±8.95)ppmsummer,398.5(±14.03) The averageCO parameters havebeenworked out. dioxide (CO (8°31 tions of March 2017isreported.Theannualmeanconcentra- In thisstud and ried outa rainy washoutbyprecipitation. season andlowestduringthemonsoonseason,dueto TNMHC concentrationswerehighestduringthewinter 56.1±18.74 ppbr 400±22.41 ppm,0.60±0.151.78±0.14ppmand Fig. 3.10.1:ThediurnalvariationsofallCO CO . 3.10.1). T noon inalltheseasons ′ otal Non-MethaneHy 22.5 44 2 , CO CO theCOpeak. ″ t aninlandcoastalloca N, y, CO 2 2 tw ,

CO2 (ppm) CO (ppm) ), carbonmonoxide(CO),methane(CH ,

CH CH4 (ppm)

TNMHC (ppb) 76°54 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 1.65 1.76 1.87 1.98 CO 350 375 400 425 100 40 60 80 o-y 2 2 concentrationwere407.8(±8.96)ppm , 01 41 82 224 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CO 4 , CH and ear surf especti ′ 35.2 , CH

4 Anal and TNMHC withmeteor ″ E), 4 ace measur and v . Hour(IST) dr BothCO yses of el Indiafr TNMHC ar ocarbons (TNMHC)car y.

TNMHC sho CO 2 , CO,CH 2 peakoccursslightly CO tion, ements of om 2 , 2 CO andCOsho 2 , CO e f T A 4 andTNMHC pril 2015to , ound tobe ri CH w , v CH ed peaks andr olo carbon 4 4 and gical and um ws 4 - ) ca hydrate levels,declinedproteinlowphotosynthetic penthes pitchers,viz.,highgrowthrate,enhancedcarbo- influenced bytheCO acidic Ne at 412.76±4.51ppm).HighlevelsofCO of aerialpreyscomparedtoair-streamedpitchers(CO ppm) attracted(captured)substantiallyhighernumber within Ne demonstrate respirationasthesourceofelevatedCO ‘cavities’, whenopentheyemitCO str that, NepenthesunopenedpitchersareCO ing GasanalysiscarriedoutatNCESSitisdemonstrated the gascompositioninsidethemremainsunknown.Us- on thesetraps,mostlytheirpreycapturemechanisms, logical traps(pitchers).Thoughtherearenumerousstudies mutualistic interactions,throughtheirleaf-evolvedbio- their nutrientdeficiencybycapturingarthropodsor Carnivorous plantsofthegenusNepenthessupplement Gas collectedfr Nepenthes pitcherswereintherange2500–5000ppm. towards them.CO ent aroundopenpitchersactsasacueattractingpreys showed CO pit 3.11 A pacity eaming thr c hers andt nal , highr ESSO-NCESS penthes pitc penthes pitc ysis ofC 2 at476.75±59.83ppm.CO ough N espir heir r om insideopenN 2 contentsinnearmature,unopened O a 2 . tion r -enriched environmentwithinthem. khasianapitc 2 her f her c ol onc e inat s. a Mostuniquef luids w Annual Report2017-18 te ande ent r tr at er act her 2 ions inNepent , andtheCO v e alsodetected. . khasianapitc olv s (a ing pr ed stoma t 619.83±4.53 ea 2 -enriched air- 2 dissolvedin tur eys 2 -enriched es of 2 gradi- ta, Ne- her We he ar e s s 2 2 Hydrological Processes , , h t- b- p- he th. In ms e . un- gical ents bility r ce . T . v , y ric opics esta edicted , ts olo onment escala its eco- , aria 45 te dr vir e on ear esour y emel eme e On the basis his v . lima lif xtr ms of n Gha inities xtr f ter r acteristics . T . a the h y e tions har ester ted in the tr ms of vices (It is pr y/paleoen bility W e of y and c he Critical Zone r ts in ter esh w g gical af ed b or g India is unique in ter aria . . T bility and e olo the e loca dr wledg n Gha y aria tic v acteriz litholo y to all f y, m v har bl ester lima e kno hain of ph v the system. W the limited fr ocesses in all loca paleo-h , gra te human-ecolo the ecosystem ser w CZOs ar It is c e ehensi y. y long ter ace pr y f topo le sustaina gical and c intrica b ement of esent the , er esilience of ed b requires huge effort to understand the earth surf of lishment of CZOs with several satellite sites are required to develop first order understanding on the Critical Zone c r ning through the west coast of India, represents geomorphic features of immense importance with unique biophysical and ecological processes and offers a potential site for Critical Zone studies mountain c g ter springs aila a sity ajector . V . v A compr er . . v acteriz ope le mana its litholo e it a b har biodi of logical attributes, socio-economic profile and development tr temperature and rainfall favorable to intense soil-plant- temperature and rainfall favorable to solute fluxes to the water interaction, and high water and ocean. leading to increase The growing population of India is in the demand of that the Indian population will increase from 1.2 to 1.5 that the Indian population will increase on the ecosys- billion by 2030), thus putting added stress need to study tem. All these points towards the imminent human activities the CZ processes in order to make all within the r though the tropics are fast changing systems due to hu- though the tropics are fast changing system of climate man activities and exhibit a monsoon c world-wide about 80 % of them are located in US and world-wide about 80 % of them are Eur easons ve vi- s in ern hot and cold-w . , arious r est h con- ter and al com- c a orie mine the y site w ver basin at ttention to mak ttention to ases mo v gy, esear ani ri v All these acti hern W . . Critical Zone is . planning and sustaina e and a ted r er ecosystems ess due to v te v t and deter ces tion, y ri lobal ener lima bita y in the Bha va ts as a case stud he Sout esour tmospheric g ator al Zone Obser al ha v es co-loca ic y and c hemistr es 4. Hydrological Processes 4. Hydrological tur g olv n Gha c s of t rit v ce is under str eoc ace in the g or conser eolo ter and a ester g Annual Report 2017-18 k and biomass into the centr ces need special car ces need esour W bio-g te the na e-sustaining r esour oc ershed n . Wa . gy, lif ter r at gula esour m r a les e y (CZO) in y biota, ing-up of C olo y essential f er R t or yc dr er tor ter r oposed Critical Zone Obser at a ed w Souther esh w va s ansf edominant interf bility of of (b) Pr ect anisms r l ., er time b eshw aila g eas is v he fr star) in Chittar, Idamalayar and Kunthipuzha - Bhavani river basins and Fig. 4.1.1.1: (a) Locations of hydrological monitoring stations (marked as 4.1.1 Set Ghat se ESSO-NCESS 4.1 W order to achieve this goal, the Hydrological Processes Group has taken up a wide range of studies covering Critical has taken up a wide range of studies goal, the Hydrological Processes Group order to achieve this Zone Hy etc and bio-geochemical processes operating in different environmental components of the surface and subsurface environmental components of the surface processes operating in different and bio-geochemical ar T ducted by interdisciplinary teams using continuous mea- ducted by interdisciplinary teams using of water and surements of land-atmosphere exchange carbon, event and seasonal changes in soil moisture, porewater etc. Of the more than 80 CZO's studied ties tr Fr ponent of the Critical Zone - the soil. A Critical Zone ponent of the Critical Zone - the soil. Obser through the porous Critical Zone, and living systems through the porous Critical Zone, shaped thrive in its surface and subsurface environments, ov carbon c the pr av Earth's Critical Zone (CZ) is defined as the thin outer Earth's Critical Zone (CZ) is defined the tree canopy to veneer of our planet, from the top of in which com- the bottom of drinking water aquifers water, air and living plex interactions involving rock, soil, or Hydrological Processes gra high vulnerabilitytoclimatechange.Thepeculiaroro- ing developmentalpressures,diminishingresourcesand Bha tained thr cesses operatingintheCriticalZone.Thiscanbeob- achieved throughcontinuousmonitoringofvariouspro- A betterunderstandingoftheCriticalZonecanbe the atmospherethroughphotosynthesisandrespiration. carbon invegetationandsoilexchangewith pr play animportantroleinregulatingtheCriticalZone Basin), posed tosetupCZOs,oneeachinMunnar(Periyarriver Seismolo the Vision2030document,underGeoscienceand projected CriticalZonestudiesasoneofitsobjectivesin its contin W The locationsoftheproposedCZOsinsouthern Long ter ri ies onthehydrologicalandhydroclimaticsettingsof gr to demar ter quality v c ter andevapotranspirationinthecontextofclimate tions betweenthechangesingroundwater,surfacewa- Critical Zoneand,toinvestigatethelinksandinterac- objective ofquantificationthehumaninfluenceon etc., willbecarriedoutintheproposedsitewith hang aria Fig. 4.1.1.2:Plannedmeasurementsandmonitoringofatmospheric,landscapecanopy v ester ound ocesses er basinsof phic f v b ani ri e andh les (LAI, 46 n Gha Silent wa ea m contin g ca ough installingCriticalZoneObser . T , uous monitoring ter le v soilc y theme tur te thepotentialz er basin)and he f ts issho y es of Souther dr biomassand V v hemistr or el, olo alle uous measur . ests stor str W Intunewiththis gical e y Na wn inFig ester eamf n y, W soilph T tional P xtr ric n Gha variables intheCZOs . ester e lar Inthisconte lo ones f h Veg emes w, . y (Cauv 4.1.1.1. ements of g surf n Gha ysical pr e quantityof ts andthedensef eta . ar or settingupCZOs tion k (Bhar ace andg , ts w er NCESShaspr Pr oper y Delta). Wa eliminar soilmoistur xt, er ter Content) e conducted va MoEShas a ties w tha r tories and ound , a canop puzha- ter and y stud- or ests w o- a- . e, y W in thesmallriversthataredrainingwesternflanksof nomic de rivers aredrainingessentiallythroughareasofrapideco- use and/ormana thropogenic activitiesisamajorsetbackchallengingwise- - Monit er catchments havedegradedmanyriversystemsofSouth- and ca human inter along withunscientif Over exploitationofsurfaceandgroundwaterresources Silent wa 4.1.2 R hy and climatechange.Lackofadequatedatabaseonriver sheds of three hydrologicalmonitoringstationsinselectedwater- Group (HyP)ofNCESStookupeffortstoestablish Under thesecircumstances,theHydrologicalProcesses ing systems strategies forimprovingthehealthoftheselifesustain- cal changesoftheriversisveryessentialforlayingdown better understatingofthehydrologicalandhydro-chemi- due tohumaninter decades a Most ofthewestflowingriverswereperennial4-5 basin. Thesethreewatersheds exhibitheterogeneous f data onthehydrologicalandhydro-chemicalattributes and (3)theChittarw (2) theIdamalayarwatershed ofthePeriyarriverbasin watersheds) intheBharathapuzha-Bhavani riverbasins, or monitoringandmodellingof n ester dr ter W olo sheds c ester tc V n Gha gy, hment pr iv alle oring andmo souther ESSO-NCESS go, v er h ca n Gha . elopments andhighpopula y v b hosen f tc ts assmallri entions andotheren T ut la ydrolog hment pr win w ts tonota ocesses of n g ter becameinter W ement of v or longter a entions ter ester a ter ic humaninter y ofsout shed of de ocesses andthede b sheds (K n Gha v ll souther le Annual Report 2017-18 er , ing unscientif theseri s ar v m monitoringar els the ts tocollectlongter hern W e mor .T vir mittent ore n theri unthipuzha-Bha V W he pr onmental c amana v ester er v ic de e r tion density entions inthe s. v est ob Mostof er h esponsi n Gha gr v pur lem isacute ern Ghat elopments ee of phemer y e (1)the am ri dr hang ts olo v . T v e to an- the . A . v ani es he gy m er al s . Hydrological Processes he ani end ain- v the . T . he r es major 47 ents v . T . v hes of ecei eac all e e in the Bha g er the linear tr er r ainf all series v w har te r ainf a y r unthipuzha r puzha ri he disc dle and lo T tha he K a . T . ease in moder 4.1.2.2. . or the Bhar le decr b F eas in the mid Kunthipuzha river (Pulamanthole Gauge Station) her wn in Fig . end. stations of the (a) Bhavani river (Nellithurai Gauge Station) and (b) Fig. 4.1.2.2: Time series of the average daily discharges in the gauge Fig. 4.1.2.2: Time series of the average daily discharges e sho end in the seasonal or monthl end in the seasonal part of its water input during the southwest monsoon season and hence exhibits an almost unimodal discharge river shows a bimodal pattern mainly due to the contribution of stream flow during both southwest and northeast monsoon seasons was not found to be significant but the positive values of Sen's slope indicate the presence of an increasing trend in the discharge. The time series of daily discharge of the Bhavani river (Nellithurai Gauge station) and Kunthipuzha river basin (Pulamanthole Gauge station) ar with a nota discharge in the Bhavani river did not exhibit any significant tr basin both the rainfall events registered an increasing trend. basin both the rainfall events registered on the other hand, Most parts of the Bhavani river basin, rainfall events showed an increase in the high intensity process under different geo-environmental and climatic and different geo-environmental process under settings evaluated by Mann-Kendall in the rainfall was The trend value of slope. The positive estimator of test and Sen's increasing trend whereas the nega- Sen's slope (S) indicates opposite trend. Bharathapuzha river tive value showed an rainfall of 68 mm per decade. basin showed a declining basin did not show any dominant Bharathapuzha river tr fall pattern (number of rainy days and the rainfall inten- fall pattern (number changes in the Bharathapuzha and sity) showed significant when the period before and after Bhavani river basins, The Bharathapuzha river basin 1995 are compared. high and moderate showed decrease in the number of period with respect intensity rainfall events for the above there is a de- to 1995. In the Bharathapuzha river basin, intensely rainfall crease in high intensity and moderate close to the Palghat events, especially in the upper reaches W gap. - ai ar ter a opo- ough tional hosen taka (4%). y Na the w ws thr na tions c lo , (b) Idamalay alle ar f V er is a 217 km , ds and joins the . v ts ar ala and Nellithur ee sta tions of atersheds er ani ri estw landuse and anthr landuse and v , n Gha he Silent alley w te the thr k in K ws w : : T ala (9%) and K ar ester lo lima m monitoring er he Bha W ws the loca c K er f T v (a) Silent V atershed sho the Out of tional P . ms of Annual Report 2017-18 and (c) Chittar watersheds or long-ter y Na alley W 4.1.2.1, . entions alle amil Nadu. v V T unthipuzha ri Fig . hosen f amil Nadu (87%), K T s. cteristics in ter cteristics . 4.1.2.1: Locations of er er eas of om Nilgiri hills of Fig v enic inter har ESSO-NCESS sheds c c for monitoring, two of them (Chittar watershed and (Chittar watershed two of them for monitoring, main- stations watershed) host meteorological Idamalayar Group of Processes (AtP) the Atmospheric tained by NCESS g The river basin is exposed to a highly-varied weathering the Silent long perennial river fed mostly by southwest monsoon and supplemented by the northeast monsoon. Its watershed drains an area of 0.62 million hectares and spread ov Bharathapuzha river near Kuttipuram. The river flows through the natural pristine (forest) ecosystem in its upper catchments and then through agricultural/ settlement areas in the downstream. The Bhavani river originates fr ar (a) The Silent V Hydrological monitoring stations: park is drained mainly by the Kunthipuzha and Bhavani ri Hydrological Processes (b) Idamalay arid partsoftheBhavaniriverbasin. cline ingroundwaterlevelismoresignificantthesemi- (winter mer, Mar-May)andlowrainfallduringpost-monsoon W through highlyvariedgeomorphicterrainsofsouthern ous rivercatchmentinthePeriyarbasinwhichflows b Sep) andNorth-Eastmonsoons(Oct-Nov)defined c out thestudyarea.Thegroundwaterlevelshowedade- soon.. Onanaverage,thereisincreaseinETthrough- pattern withjustaminorpeakfortheNortheastmon- W enth orderandisdevelopedwestwardtothesouthern ca to understandthehydro-geochemical processesofthe the surfacewatershasbeen usedforcharacterizingand ing themonsoonseasonand themajorionchemistryof contr being ahighmountainousrivercatchmentwithflow ing elevations(2690mto30aboveMSL).Idamalayar wa for understandingthecatchmentprocessesinmontane Hydro-chemical characteristicsofIdamalayarisstudied tations (tea,coffee,cardamomandrubber). prises evergreenforestsandagriculturalareasplan- the monsoonseason.Thelanduseofareaiscom- remains foraperiodoffourmonthsuntiltheend from thesouthwestmonsoonrainsandpeakstorage increases duringthesouthwestmonsoonduetoinflow hy carrying outmountainousrivercatchmentandhillslope v in thewaterlevelandstorageofIdamalayarreser- lining tr oir issho y thunder Fig. 4.1.2.3:Timeseriesofthewaterlevelandstorage(BCM-Billion ester ester tc dr ter hment. olo olled b sheds n Gha 48 n Gha , Cubic Meter)oftheIdamalayarreservoir(2005Data) Dec-F g y studies end inboththeri wn inFig . T stor ar W Surf y theIdamala ts ts he . . T e . m acti Ca b). atershed ace w he ar TDS v . T . Ca tc . he timeseriesof hment hasastr 4.1.2.3. ea isinf tc vities duringpr a : hment isoutlinedb Idamala ter samplesw alues (14-19ppm)sug y ar r v Wa er basins luenced b eser ter le y ar isahighmountain- v oir isanidealsitef eam netw thedail . v Ho e-monsoon (sum- y South-W er el inther e collecteddur wev y highl y v or er k of g aria , eser est (J thede- est tha y v tions se v ar un- oir or v- y- - t and fr sion fromtheforesttotree crops,treecropstorubber, the paddyfieldswerereclaimed, andthecropconver- of thelandusechangesinChittarbasinshowedthat a riseintherangeof0.02to4.66m.Thetime-seriesmap posed of of Pre-cambriancrystallinerocksandalargepartiscom- trol. GeologicallytheChittarbasiniscomposedmainly stances ofstraightcourse,indicatingitsstructuralcon- Chittar rivershowingdendriticdrainagepatternwithin- ca ences dams butdegradedconsiderablyduetohumaninterfer- r in whichthemajorcontributionisfrommonsoon The areareceivesanannualaveragerainfallof228.3cm decreases westward. Elevation ofthebasinvariesbetween20and310m in Fig ics oflandusechangesinthe Chittarsub-basinisshown sins of e the catchmentisunderprecipitationdominancewhich (c) ChittarW sources/cations towardsdownstreamofthecatchment. be asignificantcontributionofClassociatedwithother incr nance ofCloverNaandNa/Clratiodecreaseswith The scatterplotbetweenNaandClshowsthedomi- w mg/lit) revealslowdegreeofsilicateandcarbonate ous r anions) areclosetothesmallriversintropicalmountain- Na/(Na+Ca) andalsotheratioofCltoTZ-(sum miner ains vident fr Fig. 4.1.2.4:(a)Gibbsplotoftotaldissolvedsolids(TDS)versusNa/ ea (Na+Ca) and(b)Na-normalizedmixingdiagramofHCO te thering ease of g .T e ories . T . aliza om pad . gion. 4.1.2.5. he g V he basinishighl meta-sedimentar amana ESSO-NCESS . V om Gib tion isv . r V Clconcentr ound w atershed: alle alues of d T y totr pur ys ar her er bs plot(Fig a am Ri ter le y lo Chittar basinisoneof e isag ee cr e mostl EC(19-27µS)sug w, y undula a v v tion sug ops inthev el f w er y r Annual Report 2017-18 hile theHCO . T . r y culti luctua adual con oc . 4.1.2.4.)of he ri ks of ted withdif g tion inthebasinsho va ests tha v ted f er isde alle khondaliteg v er ys g or pad 3 ests de sion of . T t ther v

thesubba- TDS v alues (20-35 f v er he d oid of 3 versusCa ent slope e might dy.T gr ynam- e r er ee of oup an v sus er ws he y - . Hydrological Processes . - - - x- he ac h in har y of sins ticu- g . T . umber umber har ocesses moder er basin ces olo 49 tion c v 4.1.3.1(b), er ba e been e dr . v y his is par ion c ar ri esour gical pr ecipita at . . T al riv er basins eac ts ha tion and n umber of v a ter r olo a ease in the n ia dr Chaliy opic y he n dur ecipit r , n Gha our ri eshw . T . f er basins s, Ind v es in the pr ts of ester y of t 4.1.3.1(a) and Fig lobal h ents . y of v W s in pr g e is an incr e acteristics on the h . the ri n ts Chang olo . all e har dr ern Ghat y the intensity ydrolog y Most par hang ainf . aces all ther all c est n Gha the pristine fr er souther luence the g picted in Fig gimes of he h e ainf the h Ov ester y, r t inf y. especiall ect of c , W er basins el hern W n gical r v v ement of es of s tha ics on t n side of oss land surf g t olo high intensity r dr hang especti actor eris of ate intensely rainfall events showed a significant decrease in all ri changes in the land surface and rainfall characteristics over changes in the land surface and rainfall stress on the the past few decades have posed immense hy the river basins is a major setback challenging effective the river basins is a major setback challenging mana r of sout Changes in the land surface and the climate are two key and the climate are in the land surface Changes f larly true in the case of the rivers which are essentially fed larly true in the case of the rivers which more severe in the only by precipitation. The problem is populated and river basins draining the densely like that of the anthropogenically impacted reaches Souther Among the climatic variables, perhaps the most signifi- Among the climatic the hydrological cycle is the precipi- cant one that affects large spatial and temporal variabil- tation because of its ity acr In this stud amined. The trends in the rainfall, and its variability and amined. The trends in the rainfall, and test and discharge were analyzed using Mann-Kendall Sen's estimator of slope. The rainfall pattern (number of rainy days and the rainfall intensity) showed significant changes in Kerala and Cauvery river basin, when the period before and after 2000 are compared. Most parts of the Chaliyar, Periyar and Kallada river basins revealed increase in the number of high intensity rainfall events, while the Bharathapuzha river basin showed decrease in the number of high and moderate intensity rainfall events for the period before and after 2000. The difference in the total number of high intensity rainfall events for the period before and after 2000 is de of rainy days have significant impact in the runoff re- of rainy days have and groundwater recharge. gime, evapotranspiration adequate knowledge on the effect of However, lack of c acteristics the western side (Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, Periyar and the western side (Chaliyar, Bharathapuzha, and its three im- Kallada) and the Cauvery river basin Bhavani) in the portant tributaries (Hemavati, Kabini, easter t 4.1.3 Eff e- g est- eam W om the he str end is no- the ter lost due T a ver basin

vident fr he w or better mana easing tr . T . 4.1.2.6). . ied f amanapuram ri An incr

er ecosystems of . er basin is e er basin v v ri 4.1.2.6b e than 4 months . Annual Report 2017-18 tion of a om the basin (Fig om the basin apotranspiration in the V the Chittar ri the Chittar v or mor estor .. wn in Fig y of tion fr ts g a due to e entions need to be quantif v olo dr n Gha anspir Fig. 4.1.2.6: Changes in (a) streamflow characteristics and (b) water loss all is sho Fig. 4.1.2.5: The dynamics of landuse/landcover in the Chittar watershed Fig. 4.1.2.5: The dynamics of landuse/landcover ESSO-NCESS er ment and r The drivers of changes in the hydrological regimes of the three river basins due to natural and anthropogenic inter to evaportranspiration (ET) as a percentage of the rain- to evaportranspiration f ticed in the ET/Rain ratio indicating an increased loss of ticed in the ET/Rain and transpiration. water due to evaporation once perennial became non perennial with no flow once perennial became conditions f green forests to plantations such as Eucalyptus, Rubber such as Eucalyptus, to plantations green forests on the in the landuse The effect of changes and Acacia. hy changes in the streamflow and water lost due to evapo- water lost due the streamflow and changes in tr Hydrological Processes peciall high intensityandmoderateintenselyrainfallevents,es- In theBharathapuzhariverbasin,thereisadecreasein f W intensity r uplands oftheriverbasinexhibitedadecreaseinhigh an increaseinhighintensityrainfallevents,whereasthe Parts ofPeriyarriverbasininitslowerreaches,showed r the numberofbothhighintensityandmoderateintensely of theHemavatibasinshowedamoderateincreasein in theFig changes inthegroundwater levelofthestudyisshown ing tr ing trend,whileHemavatiwatershedshowedadecreas- soon season,theCauveryriverbasinshowedanincreas- Cauvery rivershowedadecliningtrend.IntheNEmon- charge oftheHemavatiandKabiniriversaswell hibit anysignificanttrend.Thesouthwestmonsoondis- The dischargeinKabiniandBhavaniriversdidnotex- ev fall eventswithanotabledecreaseinmoderaterainfall other hand,showedanincreaseinthehighintensityrain- w showed asignificantdecliningtrendintheHemavatiriver, r characteristics, particularlythe increaseinhighintensity correlated significantlywith thechangesinrainfall The decreaseingroundwaterlevelsofthestudyarea the dischargeofSWmonsoonseason. nificant trend.Alltheriversshowedadecliningtrendin the dischargeduringSWmonsoonshowednosig- the riverdischargeforPeriyarandChaliyarriver,whereas mean dischargeexhibitedsignificantincreasingtrendin ev fall eventswithanotabledecreaseinmoderaterainfall showed anincreaseinthenumberofhighintensityrain- all e ainf ainf Fig. 4.1.3.1:Changesinthenumberof(a)Highintensityrainfallevents her ester ents ents and (b)Moderaterainfalleventsfortheperiodbeforeafter2000 all e v all e eas ther end. ents . . y intheupperr Intheeastf 50 n Gha v v F ainf ents . . 4.1.3.2. ents Mostpar or thew e isanincr ts sho all e . IntheK . T . v he meang ents Of w ts of est f lo ed anincr . wing ri thew IntheCauv eac easing tr a bini basin, lo theBha hes c wing ri ells w r v ound ease inhighintensityr er lose totheP end intheCauv s, v v theann er ani ri thear er hic wa s, y r theNEmonsoon h f ter le e v gion, er basin, eas c alls inthear ual disc v algha mostpar el andthe lose tothe er onthe y ri t g har ain- v ap. er ge ea ts . tine fr the yearshaveimposedimmensepressureonthispris- pot w from thefallingtrendsofdischargeeastand the changesinrainfallcharacteristicswasalsoevident 4.1.4 Hy in tr Groundwater isoneoftheprimesourcesfreshwater India thr a decreasingtrendinthenumberofsmallrainfallevents an increasingtrendinthehighintensityrainfalleventsand de of alargeagriculturedependent populationandheavily located inSouthIndia.Cauvery riverbasin,isthelifeline study iscarriedoutinthe Cauvery RiverBasin(CRB) ma of groundwatertogetherwithmarkedchangesincli- dium r in theperiodsofdecreasednumbersmallandme- gr easily applicablebutreliabletechnologies,toassessthe of theworld.Thiswarrantsneedforlow-costand the watermanagersofmanyfast-developingeconomies availability tohumanuseisoneofthechallengesbefore spatial distributionofgroundwaterresourcesandits the highintensityr is anincreaseinmoderaterainfalleventsanddecrease ter levelsofthewellswhichfallsinareawherethere there isanaverageincreaseof1.35minthegroundwa- during thestudyperiod.Butsameperiod, ter level.Onanaverage,thereisadeclineby4.50m rainfall events,about85%showeddeclineingroundwa- with increaseinhighintensityanddecreasemoderate Fig. 4.1.3.2:(a)Themeangroundwaterlevel(GWL)(2001to2014)and (b) thechangesingroundwaterlevel( of thestudyarea.The est f ound pendent ontheg oughout thesouther te duetona ent opical andsub-tr eshw lo ainf GWL of2001andthemean2002to2014 wa ial z wing ri ESSO-NCESS drolo ter potentialof all e a ter r one tur v v ents gic er esour s ofC al andanthr ainf s. ∆ Gr al a . GWL iscomputedasthedifferencebetween r all e ound ce opical r au ound . n sse Inadequa v lar v W ents wa er Annual Report 2017-18 ssment ofgr ester wa opo g y riv ter r e ri e ∆ . Ov ter le gions GWL) between2001and2014 g v n Gha enic inter er basins er esour te inf er ba v all, . Ov els sho thestud ts or ces sin, Sout . T . er e ma . T v .T ound entions o he ef w xploita tion onthe he pr ed dec he er y sho w f ect of esent h at ra w tion line v er tic ed er Hydrological Processes er ter ysis a the Un- t the hem- ia s. er y of 51 he riv ver basin v ac all anal . ri y ri s, Ind ts er WRIS (W v ound tha te of major ion c ing in t as f he accur n Gha ll An o ge, .

the Cauver om the de . . T ern Ghat har ester It w gical sta one of est pacity W ones tion. er disc 4.1.4.2). . v ma . or hern W the ecolo ta collected fr lanks of ces y on ri ater potential z n f oor (Fig el inf ter potential z v ynamics and mo ter potential ca ter potential oundw esour a ester a stud wa s of sout e d p, ter le ut the r w and P l ound wa st ste r n and w ir Lo ried out using da . 4.1.4.2: Gr hment , c te Fig tion of ound a at or the assessment of istry and sediment transport of the Bharathapuzha river is car As a f c Solute dynamics and modelling studies are widely used f scientific and uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and skewed irrigational practices made water resources in many densely-populated areas more vulnerable to contamination. The present study is being carried out in the catchments of the Bhavani (a tributary Cauvery river) and Bharathapuzha rivers draining respectively the easter 4.1.5 So groundwater development. The weightages assigned for The weightages assigned development. groundwater charac- is based on their in all thematic maps each class w teristics and delineation of water potential zones made using the delineation of water potential zones accurate and can present overlay method is about 85% direct test meth- go for detailed investigations including sustainable utili- ods for groundwater development and za reveals that about 65 % of the basin area falls under the reveals that about 65 % of the basin and 19% under moderate groundwater potential zone zones as low and excellent to good and the remaining poor g output was cross validated in 10 representative sub-ba- output was cross validated in 10 representative and CGWB sins using the NRSC groundwater prospects gr The resultant groundwater potential values have been The resultant groundwater potential Good, Mod- classified into five groups such as Excellent, er s e . a- er v ain- y elv phic amil ts of phol- 05' N ones T ° gra Dr , 4.1.4.1. . ver basin all la taka, opo 45' E. The n Gha y ri

ains into the x and Cur ° na , T Geomor ar ps of ester en in Fig gy, v W . The drainage and 2 the Cauver CRB all the tw tic ma e gi tes and dr ough K oughness om 30' E - 79 R osition Inde ° , . s (Geolo y sta ea ar d thr r Lineament Density , er tes fr ar y er y ar her Slope phic P v he thema T hniques gra tic la te GWPZ of y sub-humid and semi-arid z

a Soil, ondic ws eastw Annual Report 2017-18 m. y origina dr opo all, lo the stud tial tec er or ener T tf x, ainf o g p of R 12 thema , ala and P eospa . T . er er Cauv v K 30' N and longitudes 75 30' N and longitudes . 4.1.4.1: Drainage and location map of Land-Use Land-Co ° tion ma pping Fig e density etness Inde s using g he ri were re-classified using natural breaks classification method for assigning weightage. Each thematic map was assigned a rank depending upon its influence on the groundwater development (both storage and movement of groundwater) on a total scale of 100. The different features of each layers were assigned weightage on a scale of 0 to 9 according to their relative influence on the layers were integrated using weighted overlay method on a GIS pla ture) were considered for groundwater potential zone ma W ag A total of ogy, ESSO-NCESS CRB experiences tropical climate. The north-east mon- CRB experiences tropical climate. The annual precipita- soon contributes a greater portion of basin has a tion. The north-western part of the drainage into humid, per-humid climate which passes eastwards moist sub-humid, CRB coveres an area of 82283 km CRB coveres an area loca - 13 Bay of Bengal. The basin lies between latitudes 10 Bay of Bengal. The monsoon rainfall in the arid and semi-arid regions of and semi-arid regions rainfall in the arid monsoon major cause for agricultural river basin is a the Cauvery present In this context, the in the recent past. droughts potential the groundwater on delineating study focussed lay- the various thematic CRB by integrating zone of the er Nadu, T South India and f Hydrological Processes R and seasonalv The riverwaterchemistryalsoexhibitedmarkedspatial Bhar Mankara, PulamantholeandKumbidi)inthe water gaugestations(vizAmbarampalayam,Pudur, is dominatedbyHCO nated byCaandNaoverMgK,theanionicgroup ment tr well reflectedinthedischargecharacteristicsandsedi- rainfall contributionsandtheresultantclimateeffectsare tially fromthesouthwestmonsoon.Thedisparityin ences ahumidclimatewithrainfallcontributionessen- northeast monsoon.Butthewesternmostpartexperi- a semi-aridclimatereceivingrainfallessentiallyfromthe Palghat gapandtheadjoininguppercatchmentsexhibit Bharathapuzha riverbasinthatspreadinthe32-kmwide Na/(Na +Ca) ence of substantially lowcomparedtoHCO in theupperca corded intheAmbarampalayamgaugestation,located (Cl +HCO monsoon w southwest monsoonand896MCMinthenortheast ever, areversetrendwithdischargeof3587MCMin higher thanthesouthwestmonsoon(92MCM).How- during northeastmonsoon(141MCM)wassubstantially ri located inthedownstreamreachofBharathapuzha tar tributaries arelowcompared totheChitturpuzhatribu- concentration intheThuthapuzha andGayathripuzha Fig v esour Bharathapuzha riveratKumbidi,Pulamanthole,Mankara,Pudurand er y. T . 4.1.5.1:V Cl/(Cl +HCO . a he c tha 52 ce Inf anspor CO puzha ri lustering of 3 ariation of as obser 3 ) vsTDSintheweathering dominantfield or isf aria t of Ambarampalayam gaugingstations ma vs tc 3 T ) asafunctionoftotaldissolvedsalts(TDS) elt onl hments of tions tion Systemof theri otal Dissolv thew v v er ed intheK thebi . W . 3 overCl.ThecontentofSO y a . T . eight ratioof v hile theca er t cer he easter theChittur . T v aria he a ed Solids(TDS)andCl/ tain sta te plots(Fig India)da (a)Na/(Na+Ca)and(b) umbidi g tionic g v er 3 andCl.Thepres- ag tions n par puzha trib e disc r oup isdomi- aug . T ta . 4.1.5.1)of base f t of he solute har e sta g utar the e r or 5 tion 4 is e- y, All theseobser Ambar is markedlyhigherthanthatofPudur(16mg/l)and (52.9 mg/l)andPulamanthole(25gaugestations The contentofsuspendedparticulatesintheKumbidi trib to be0.38milliontonnes coastal waterbodiesofBharathapuzhariverisestimated solved sedimenttransportedannuallytothereceiving ter nance sectorshowsthatrainfallhasadecisiveroleinde- Pulamanthole gaugingstationclosetotherainfalldomi- Pulamanthole (43mg/l)sta (278 mg/l)comparedtoKumbidi(95and the Ambarampalayam(151mg/l)andPudurstations the TDSshowedareversetrendwithhighercontentsin leac taries andshowdominanceofchemicalweathering tially lowfortheChitturpuzhaandKalpathipuzhatribu- T half ofwhichiscontributedbytheGayathripuzhaand from thegaugestations,is0.32milliontonnes,morethan ticulate transportoftheBharathapuzhariver,computed ri ing andleachingincontributingthemajorionsto of Gibbsmodelindicatetherolechemicalweather- W are flowingthroughthemonsoonfed,highgradient ering overchemicalweatheringinthesetributariesthat which isindicativeofthedominancephysicalweath- Gayathripuzha (1.05)andThuthapuzha(1.31)tributaries Load (PL)totheDissolvedload(DL)of w Cauvery riversystemsdrainingrespectivelythroughthe lution multiparametricstudyoftheBharathapuzhaand sur ute tr catchments incontrollingthequalityandquantityofsol- an improvedknowledgeabouttheroleofriver A systematicstudyshouldbecarriedoutforobtaining India, groundwatermainly lies inthefracturesof Continent. Inthesemi-arid areas ofsouthernpeninsular depletion ofgroundwaterparticularly intheIndianSub- planned exploitationofgroundwater resourcescauses The erraticbehaviorofmonsoons togetherwithun- w 4.1.6 Hy hutha v ester ester at mining themajorionc er w ve utar hing of er inBhav ys ar anspor n andeaster n Gha ampala puzha trib y. a ter ESSO-NCESS e tobeconductedf dr ionsinthesubbasins s.T t andalsotomodelthesoluted o-c t ter y va am (15mg/l)g hemic he spr tions ani riv r utaries ains n f lanks of , . pointstotheneedf Ho al c ead of . T . er ba hemistr . T . wev tions he totalquantityof Annual Report 2017-18 har or collectingw he r the er sin thebi aug act .T , . ther a y of he ann tio of W e sta eris ester the a v t tio w tions aria ics ofgr theP ual a n Gha or ahighr T a te plotsof hutha ter samples ynamics . as substan- v Ho er ar thedis- ts ag ticula wev . puzha ound Field e par eso- . er te - , . - Hydrological Processes f y e es ze ed ar , ee 600 Stif esent r . ang esents ding to F . . pr w mix 53 4 te r e WHO ds types 3 Accor am r

type and the 3 ied in the stud le limit of om the pr sodium is 200 gr r ding to F . bicarbona > Cl > SO samples sho ter standar 3 le limit. he dia missib a e identif accor ions , . . T 4 le limit of s ar ed Ca-Na-HCO alue of missib TDS and major ion concen- alue ter a he v w 4.1.6.2b missib t the . T TDS v

About 50 % of or drinking w or drinking and Mg-SO

3 ed tha r 2004). alls within the per all within per , er e Na-Cl and mix our types of le limit f le limit of en in the Fig 4.1.6.2a). v . F . Ca-HCO it is inf y, missib missib o samples f ea (Fig er emaining ar tration is increasing from the upper Bhavani catchments stud the dominance of Na-Cl ions and nearly equal proportion of ar r (Ca-Mg-Cl) water type, 32 % Ca-HCO from 115 to 338 mg/L. The anionic concentration of the groundwater samples is HCO diagram showing the graphical representation of major ions is gi and Cherry (1979) classified groundwater samples on groundwater samples (1979) classified and Cherry falls in most of the samples of TDS values and the basis (<1000 mg/L) with a few in the fresh water category water (1000 mg/L to10,000 the category of brackish of the well water samples in the mg/L). The TDS value substantially lower than the lower upper Bhavani is this may be due to dilution of Bhavani region and precipitation. Sodium content in groundwater by heavy 23 mg/L to 284 mg/L, and only the water varies from tw Hill-Piper trilinear diagram was plotted to understand the geochemical relationship among the groundwater samples WHO (2004) the per WHO (2004) the groundwater samples is Na > Ca > Mg > K. The chlo- groundwater samples is Na > Ca > Mg 430 mg/L, and all ride varied between 36 mg/L and the samples f mg/L (WHO mg/L. The total hardness varies from 131 mg/L to 628 mg/L. The total hardness varies from for drink- mg/L and acceptable limit of total hardness concentration of ing water by WHO is 500 mg/L. The magnesium from Ca ranges from 28 to 113 mg/L and concentration of 15 mg/L to 65 mg/L. The cationic 1000 mg /L. Samples in the two locations are above the two locations are /L. Samples in the 1000 mg per P . ce in ari- , ta of Fig. 4.1.6.2: (a) Piper diagram (b) Stiff diagram for the well water samples Fig. 4.1.6.2: (a) Piper diagram (b) Stiff diagram v t (Fig India) lead to esour TDS of , otal Dis- 4.1.6.1b) . entions he v both quality , , T tion of ter r ani par v . T . om the Upper wa ter quality da ms of y, a ani (Fig he EC v er Bha ound T utrient inputs w ound- tion System of he w r Gr . ter samples ma . T . a ces in ter e selected fr s/cm. ement of or ties µ g the g er In this stud esent the dissocia om the lo pr esour e oper ce Inf ells w ter r ee fr ter quality . Annual Report 2017-18 e mana wa e pumping and n wa o w v TDS r ter system. v esour esent in the w gical pr concentration in different well locations concentration in different he quality of cing ed to the upper Bha es coupled with human inter he tw wa ecti ound y, or ound . T f t and thr r cessi r . . T eolo ter R x als pr g a om 348 to 2381 hang e ound og nal f r dr y te c ani par ed fr xter hments v city of Fig. 4.1.6.1: (a) Location map of the study area and (b) Major ionic Fig. 4.1.6.1: (a) Location ms of the g esent stud tc or an ef lima ang ESSO-NCESS we analyze the hydro-chemical charac- groundwater resources, it is important of to identify and quantify the drivers the changes in the quality and quantity of F water is a major concern in the tropics, mainly due to the limited recharge and the deterioration of water quality due to e and quantity water samples vary between 229 mg/l and 1586 mg/L. ous miner scar The pH of the groundwater samples in the study area ranges from 7.5 to 8.0 indicating alkaline nature of the water in the well. Electrical conductivity (EC) values r 4.1.6.1a). ca Bha solved Solids (TDS) and some of major cations and anions are higher in the well samples in the lower Bhavani basin compar ter assessment and understanding its behavior becomes a assessment and understanding the improper representation of sub- difficult task when and realism of surface heterogeneity limits the accuracy The impacts of the models and their future prediction. c data base. Data from five wells were examined for the pr the wells in the Bhavani river basin is collected from the WRIS (W teristics of groundwater in the Bhavani river basin to teristics of groundwater in the Bhavani assess the g hard rock aquifers which exhibit spatial heterogeneity in hard rock aquifers the h Hydrological Processes par f Springs, thenaturaloutflowofgroundwateratsur- West is toc of freshwaterthearea.Theaimpresentstudy utmost essentialforplanningandoptimumutilization derstanding ofspringsanditspotentialisperhaps, Neogene cliffedcoastsofsouthwestIndia.Abetterun- springs areplentyinthegranuliticterrainsandassociated springs- bothw ter water theionicconcentrationincreasesingroundwa- continuously andalsoduetothehighresidencetimeof through anaquifer,thecompositionofwaterchanges towards lowerBhavani.Thegroundwatermovesslowly f of watergushingoutintotheground,springsareclassi- in manypartsoftheworld.Basedontemperature mal springs)andcoldw w K Maharashtra andPre-Cambriancrystallineprovinceof 4.1.7 Ev K springs thecold-waterincoastalstretchof derstand theevolutionanddrinkingwaterpotentialof /v ar and itsr controls ofthehydrogeochemistryriverbasin essential tounderstandandmodelthedynamics ace ied intotw Fig. 4.1.7.1:Locationsshowingcoldand hotwaterspringsinthestateof er e oftenassocia ar at olcanic pr . Contin ts of ala andthew , na er pot oftenser ern Ghat har taka hostaf 54 ela souther ol acteriz uous/seasonal monitoringof tion tothee ut o ca ent o ion, h vinces v te e asanimpor s e thequality ial ofs ar ted withf n g m andcoldw ar ories -w W ydr Kerala andKarnataka . e DeccanF m w ester w hot xter o-g a pring w a ter springs n Gha ault z ter springsintheDakshina eo nal f ar , quantityandoriginof m/hot w tant sour c a hemis ones of or lood BasaltPr ter springs ts (Fig a cing ter springsinselected at . Hotw er r tr . a ce of . highg ter springs(ther 4.1.7.1). y andd g e r . ound sour Cold-w fr a ter springs eother o esh w rinking vince of T wa ce o un- ter is s of the a a mal ter ter - w area areinalkalinenature(between7.18and9.31), r 604 µS/cm),whereasthecold-waterspringsshoweda missible limitofWHOdrinkingwaterstandards(452- fe iting watertemperaturesimilartothatofthespringand varying rangesofwatertemperature,withafewexhib- wells adjacenttotheIrde-Putturhotwaterspringshowed and Bandarutheertha-36.2 c monsoon seasonswereanalyzedfordifferentphysico- The hotwaterspringsamplesinthemonsoonandpost ducti which rangesbetween4.49and5.73.Theelectricalcon- springs (452-604µS/cm). K Alkalinity ce conducted inthemonthofMarch2017revealsthatex- w ev on theevolutionofspringsanditsrelationwith wa par a substantialreductioninspringwaterdischargeascom- e 33.5 lesser temperature(Irde-Puttur33 monsoon season,thespringwatershowedarelatively 4.1.8 Mois monitoring of wa W sociated watercirculationin Periyarriverbasin,southern basin andstudiedformoisture sourcevariationsandas- collected fromdifferentelevation regionsofPeriyarriver Surface water,groundwater, andrainwatersampleswere ern W monitoring of wa obser ear marginal increaseinitsconcentrationascomparedtothe ter springsinthe Preliminary investigationsonthegroupofcold-wa- investigation. Kannada districtofKarnatakaaresubjectedtodetailed ela hemical par xhibit seasonaltemper her w e ar at ester pt af olution of ter samplesar ter samples ter potentialof lier sur ed to2007. ti na ° er cir C) thanthemonsoonseason(Irde-Puttur-35.5 v vity of eas thecold-w v xhibiting temper el taka districtr ed tha est n Gha ew, y lo , ESSO-NCESS DO ern Ghat ve mostof cu w t thew y car the ameter ur er EC(44-260µS/cm)thanw t thepH, l . , ts at T F thew BOD V e sour . . e higherthantheBandar ion inP or the W he stud ar Among these ried outin2007. ar 4753millionlitr a ester V thespringsinar kala g s. T ev ter springsof s , m w ar Clconcentr ar eals tha c kala r a m w ca he hotw V n Gha e v tur a y of a ar tur r ° eriy ter springse T oup of tions andanionse C). Thesamplesfromthebore e lo kala g ariat Annual Report 2017-18 a e v e he v thew ter springswillthr gion of t thew ts ar riv w aria . , a the2016Nor er thantha alues of ° ions anda r ter springsinthestud a V C andBandarutheertha springsandseasonal oup of tion intheIr Longter ar tions ar es pery m w er ba kala ar ar K x ea sho m w . ceeded theper utheer Inthepost- er pH, springs a ala sho ter springsof sin, sout ea ar t of a m monthl ear ter springs sso EC w xhibited a ar de-Puttur tha w ed either . o m w Sur e acidic spring th-East ciat , w light , itw w TDS ed a ar a vey ed ter h- ° m as C y y - . , , Hydrological Processes . , . a- e- lu- ent om ms v ents eout Ar

v lones e fr yc igur 55 ain e te the pr o c ardah over a lonic stor after making bian Sea (AS) the r a lone has inf moistur y, yc der to f values of high- dah period. δ yc clone V Ar tel dah, ar the tw his helped to eluci- his helped acceler ar , V In or . V om T viour during the e dah c t gion in Arabian Sea ection of e ar vity Ultima v V e r er BoB ement of v ala. essions and c ected fr v e acti essur al ad er 4.1.8.2). v lear tha . v pr the ter mo ecti De v as ad . y site during the equent o all to K it is c ted la va e fr asting isotopic beha ainf clone nada making landfall c) Cy ging as a low pr dha w y ong con ar ocesses of e plotted (Fig e plotted V 4.1.8.2, , b) c . er e mor y m the ele ardah emer h ar ir AS to the stud en b ter into the BoB v te the pr om Fig hic ted with str clone V enced the contr BoB more depleted than Arabian Sea. Hence, the Ara- bian Sea connection of cipitation rate exceeding the evaporation rates and make cipitation rate exceeding the evaporation There is a distinct difference between land as well as coastal precipitation. As per the two component mixing model, midland moisture is considered bian Sea is characterized by relatively high salinity due to bian Sea is characterized by relatively the precipitation intense evaporation, much higher than it more enriched. and runoff inputs from land making are much smaller Rivers draining into the Arabian Sea that feed fresh- compared to the large Himalayan rivers wa the w but not from BoB; hence the responsible moisture source but not from BoB; system from Arabian Sea. The MFC was a low pressure moisture advection from BoB fields show the enhanced coast and the convergence in the towards the eastern where Chennai is first forward quadrant of the cyclone, This is further located, until the contact with the coast. convergence area followed by the spread of moisture these plots also towards the western coast. Besides this, conf dri a site, wind to the study sources of moisture the actual Flux Convergence with Moisture vectors overlayed (MFC) w landfall in Chennai moved further westwards to Karnataka landfall in Chennai low pressure system in Arabian Sea and emerged as a thus bringing r da Fr y - st clone Nada over BoB ir H), y om 2 BoB d) c hile δ ecipi- . Dur . eek of he f pr vent fr a) the c Fig. 4.1.8.2: Daily means of wind vectors for the respective days of precipitation events y. T y. e of O and el ardah e v 18 v- all δ cess anomaly w V amil hese samples be- hese samples y the winds y the T . T . ents has ve d-ex especti moistur v ed b a detailed ed during last w ed b w O ratio of v ly, v hanism behind this 18 asting beha δ ce of dah e dah) r ollo coastal ding ar ar ents made landf oduces positi v V th f Sour . as obser tain samples his contr Accor lier obser ces vents pr . T tions of Annual Report 2017-18 O and deuterium excess (d-excess) anomaly over ar ent w 18 stand the mec v δ Nada being with negative anomaly eriy ardah e as ear e sour Both these e y loca . ed to the pa December (V 4.1.8.1). es the Nada and . hment in cer hment in one e , d to P tur ar ar basin. Blue color indicates the ession w ysis of thw these eriy ent moistur pr Chennai. The V Fig. 4.1.8.1: The P tion is link e tried to under alues (Fig er ESSO-NCESS October and the others were during first week (Nada) October and the others and mid of During the season, 3 depressions/cyclonic circulations During the season, Bay of Bengal (BoB) region, which were present over the rainfall across Periyar river basin. subsequently produced Of w longed to a specific cyclonic event that happened during event that happened a specific cyclonic longed to events cyclonic precipitation Since NEM and the season. ratio ( for depleted isotopic are known ior during rain events generated by cyclone/ de Monsoon (NEM) precipitation were signifying anoma- were signifying (NEM) precipitation Monsoon lous enric The contrasting behaviors of isotopic signatures during the two cyclonic events were indicating the role of dif- f two depressions/cyclonic events were char- two depressions/cyclonic events were acterized by isotopically depleted rainfall; however, the third event exhibited enriched v been made in order to understand the processes giving rise to these contrasting isotopic signa GNIP data for the Calicut location, situated nor ta along nearb anal ing rainfall events associated with Nada, the winds streamed to the region from the BoB and were associ- Nadu. The simultaneous sampling from Chennai revealed the depleted nature of the initial moisture. Hydrological Processes land andhighlandbeingdepletedtothatofmidland. tures wereshowingcomplexbehaviourwithbothlow- gion. 68.76% ofcoastalmoisturewasfoundinmidlandre- as 67.65%.Incaseof and thefractionofcoastalmoistureinmidlandregion ture component-mixing model,thefractionofhighlandmois- result ofadvectionafterlandfall.Hence,asperthetwo ing Nada,thehighlandmoisturewastotallyderivedasa to beamixtureofhighlandandcoastalmoisture.Dur- δ

18 At thesametime 56 O inthemidlandregionwasestimatedas32.35% , during δ 2 H, 31.24%ofhighlandand V ar dah, isotopicsigna- 4.2 En of received lessattention.Thisisparticularlytrueinthecase riverine systemsinIndia,whilethesmall Most ofthestudiesinpastfocussedonlarger r management ofriverbasinresourcesandassessingenvi- dynamics atriverbasinscaleiscrucialforthesustainable of dissolvedsoildstoriverwatersandtheirtemporal contributions ofnaturalandanthropogenic economic developmentisrapid.Quantifyingtherelative pressure bymultipleutilizationsinIndiawhere,thesocio- River wateristhevitalresourcethatputundersevere 4.2.1 Qu Assessment ther particulate anddissolvedfluxestotheoceanrealm.Fur- ing astheseriverscancontributeasignificantquantityof tant forglobalsedimentyieldandnutrientfluxbudget- studies showedthatthesmallerriversystemsareimpor- chemical weatheringandforCO off andtemperature,makingitfavourableforhighyield are characterizedbysilicatebearinglithologies,highrun- have manysmallerwestflowingriverinesystemswhich input silicate weatheringandassociatedCO ers, Ind about 5398km PRB hasalengthofabout244kmanddrainagearea River Basin(PRB)andBharathapuzha(BRB). ar Present studyiscarriedfortwowestflowingriverswhich among theK g impor c to thedissolvedloadofriverwatersfrom naturalandanthropogenicsources Fig. 4.2.1.1:(a)Chemicalmassbalance forwardmodeland(b)Contributions rivers intheregionflowingthroughsoutherngranulite onmental impactscausedb lobal carbonc onsump e origina theri mor s t tant f v vir e, ia o t ant er ESSO-NCESS estima t : Asso ted fr s dr ion r he d or longter onment ific er aining the ala ri yc at isso 2 om ciat withthelargestdischargepotential at tion of le b ion ofnat es v lv W ed sil udg er m c al Monit ed l ester s. na Itisoneof W ets lima oad ic ester Annual Report 2017-18 n Gha . tur ur y de at te c s ofW al dissolv e w al andant n Gha v hang oring and 2 ts namel consumption.Many elopmental acti eat est thef ts e pr hering andC 2 . W . consumption is ern Ghat ed loaddueto edictions and y theP hr e ester w per opo n Gha g ennial s riv- vities eriy enic O ar ts 2 . Hydrological Processes e e e n e a- In th- F ried ac enic y of y. em, utri- for t the t ea g -1 Long -P ar ester n 4 Inten- y. .y 4.2.2.2) e. . -2 el 57 te w opo der of v ed tha hemistr x (PLI)] ar w and sys l oc al studies indi- ani lak or the stud the concentr y is also car y bilities of et . mined using the dr especti y, ion of surf he silica y -N and PO r xtur , 3 tes ted on the w om anthr ella at aria a e in the or y. T y. Stud V el esults sho y. Finall rine w e. Te e. NO e deter v the h loca eriz t s. R Sediments act as a major and Zn) in the sediments e, . , xtent v er basins is selected f ter act utions fr v a Cr , acus ter bod especti the lak he e a ollution Load Inde tions of ter lak ar ri har Pb a a al l er w T -P) in the sediments (Fig 4.2.2.3). the metals ar ar r v . 4 eriy Al, consumption r ea of 2 al c Contrib eriy . opic e, e, eshw Ca and Mg ar r ia South India, or P ace ar a fr 4.2.2.1). . t concentr ala, e, hemic uous monitoring of thering c er undance of -N and PO s in a t e basin (Fig W Ind tions of Na in the ri 3 utrients in sediments ea b hment in the w puzha and P a e surf K eo actor(CF) and P n ed tha vy metals (F e a a, S ani lak v tha te w y a ag al iment thering and CO w of m contin the lak hea tion of tion f er actions (Fig ella ea a er lo > Pb > Al > Cr > Zn. Geochemical indices [Contami of av out to investigate the seasonal variability and distribution of sink for the nutrients and it will subsequently cause nutrient enric sive fertilizer induced agricultural practice around the lake system is one of the major causative factors for the in- f higher in the sediment samples of ents (NO obser cate that lake floor sediments are dominated by sand (57.97%) followed by clay (29.53%) and silt (12.49%) fr coast of order to understand the source and nature of the sedi- order to understand the source and collected from ments, thirteen sediment samples were transect covering the lake basins seasonally along S-N the entir V na ter river and precipitation will add further to the understand- river and precipitation will add further of the silicate ing of the mechanisms and the drivers w Bhar 4.2.2 G tion of major ions (Na, K, Ca and Mg) in river waters tion of major ions anthropogenic and silicate cor- left after the atmospheric, to the contribution from the car- rections are attributed bona bed rock composition and the silicate derived concen- bed rock composition tr ering rates estimated to be 13 and 18 t.km ering rates estimated to be 13 and inputs and silicate weathering to the dissolved load of inputs and silicate on the modeled chemical mass bal- river waters based Bharathapuzha and ance equations are 29% and 30% for 9% and 44 % f K tion contribution to the river waters has been calculated waters has been to the river tion contribution the river the 'excess Cl' in Cl concentration and using the to the is attributed than the rain originated water other anthro- and balanced via the contribution anthropogenic Na and K. The silicate weathering pogenic inputs of concentr sed . - eas and the , and 3 sand - both , ecipita- ] repre- ed inor ter + a ta of easons ) expressed w - maliz )/TZ - tion System of y da and HCO loodplain ar 4 versus TZ ma + . The BRB has a or computing the tion of -TZ 2 4.2.1.1 is used. a + . or F tmospheric pr .). hemistr xplor eam and f he a Due to these r Due to these ces Inf y. T le e y using the nor

wn in Fig . b yields a correlation coefficients vities etc + isher ces esour ted b om instr h f Major ion c . al acti Annual Report 2017-18 ter R tion sho alida unsustaina Wa y basis actions fr ting a ric ) and sum of anions charge (TZ ricultur thering sour om + g xtr ms of e been v ea v y e la te w s ha = 0.99 and 0.96 respectively for all bi-monthly data = 0.99 and 0.96 respectively for all bi-monthly 2 e in ter er v ESSO-NCESS The model assumes that the river water composition is made through contribution of the dissolved loads from precipitation, anthropogenic inputs and silicate and carbona Major ions in river waters originate from a variety of physical, chemical and biological processes related to drainage basin and the sources of major ions involve atmospheric precipitation (via rainfall, dry deposition etc.), chemical weathering (via dissolution and protonation reactions) and anthropogenic inputs (via sewage, industrial and a points over the chosen years, indicating the reliability of points over the chosen years, indicating the data. measured EC versus TZ of r ganic charge balance [NICB = (TZ contribution from each source to the dissolved load of the river waters, a forward model based on the chemical mass balance equa India (India-WRIS) for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 India (India-WRIS) for the years 2009, on bi-monthl ri in equivalents and NICB is within 10% for all the data in equivalents and NICB is within 10% balanced by and points indicating that major ions are large. Moreover, scatter plots of TZ senting the extent of deviation between sum of cations senting the extent of deviation between charge (TZ Present study uses the river water hydrochemical param- Present study uses the river water hydrochemical eters such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO and c physical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS and discharge physical parameters such as pH, EC, parameter data data. Major ion composition and physical Periyar have been of river waters of Bharathapuzha and collected fr river has been named the "Life line" of Kerala. The river has been named basin has a length of 209 km and Bharathapuzha river is about 6198 km the drainage area plain and fluvial terrace of recent well-developed flood crucial water source for the popula- origin and it is the four districts of Kerala state. In re- tion of as many as is under severe anthropogenic pres- cent times, the BRB sur terrain and provides drinking water for several major water for several provides drinking terrain and on the significant bearing cities and has a towns and water for also provides of Kerala. The river economy be- throughout its course and domestic use irrigation sides suppor Hydrological Processes tamina that thesedimentsamplesarelowtomoderatelycon- lak calculated forunderstandingthepollutionloadsin sults inhighercontamination risk metals aredischargedintothe lake,whichultimatelyre- and thuslargeamountsofanthropogenic derivedheavy sediment quality are aboveone(>1)whichindicatesdeteriorationofthe m Fig Fig. 4.2.2.3:Spatialdistributionofheavymetalsinsurfacesediments uc Fig. 4.2.2.2:SeasonalvariationsinthenutrientsNO e en . 4.2.2.1:T h mor vir ted b 58 concentration inthesurfacesedimentsof onment. e r y F er nar a pid intheca e andPb y diagramde . T . Contamina he de lake sediments V . T ellay picting thetexturalfaciesof v he pollutionloadinde elopment of ani lak tc tion f hments of e actor (CF)conf V urbaniza V ellay 3 -N andPO ella ani y V ani Lak x (PLI) ellay tion is ir 4 -P) med ani e T T in theseriversduringthepre-monsoonseasonof2017. r to na Freshwater resourcesaredeterioratingovertheyearsdue 4.2.3 A f hydroc r vention intheriverecosystemhasbecomeakeyenvi- standar The laboratoryanalysisofsampleswascarriedoutusing is usedinthisstud technique forremovingphosphatefromaqueousphase 4.2.3.1. Adsorptiontechnique,anefficientandeco-friendly er basins tem formaintainingasustainableecosystemintheriver the riverinesystemsalongwithitsremovalfromsys- been undertakenintegratingthenutrientmonitoringin of theriverineecosystem.Inthiscontext,astudyhas moval ofthesenutrientsforthesustainablemanagement ment -friendlystrategiesaretobeadoptedforthere- the riverecosystembyeutrophication.Henceenviron- jor nutrientsthatenterintothewaterbodiesanddamage areas highlypolluted.Nitriteandphosphatearethema- industrial anddomesticareas,makeriversintheurban fertilizers fromagriculturallandsandwastedisposal T se is beingpollutedmainlybymunicipalwastesand of theThiruvananthapuram,capitalcityKerala,which or thedeter onmental concer emo o monitorthen riv he stud s (K w er Fig. 4.2.3.1:Mapshowingthestudy area andsamplinglocations and tur ag ar . T . v d pr al s al andanthr hemic amana ri es n int he stud y ar rum ur ESSO-NCESS . tud ocedur ea andsamplingloca mina egr al par ie y hasbeenconductedinthr v utrient f s er tion of n inthelastf at ban ar y. es , opo Killiy ed ap . T . amet g he titrimetricmethodw enic acti totalalkalinityandacidity lux, ar ri ea al pr Annual Report 2017-18 ers ofriv af v o er andP e ac w decades ield ong wit vities tions ar h onev w or . T . erine sys ar k w he humaninter va e sho h phos . Disc th as conducted al ee majorri y Puthanar) u wn inFig at har t as used ems in ion of phat . T . g e of he v- e - .

Hydrological Processes " ! ! ! e y g- x- er th mal va mina- xhibits te con- ar 59 t nor le 4.2.3.1. y Puthanar In our e the concen- th y. Tab te deter sulpha la te in P va um district w med a ar ea, calcium and ma or wn in y Puthanar e y Puthanar andr y ar . v th om 7.07-27.33 mg/L. ri els of Phospha va e sho v e perf T phospha ar om the P dness er y Puthanar mal condition, ath ed bentonite c ted le v ea of aried fr ar tions ar om P va y Puthanar (man-made canal) is In the stud , P .

tions of th a , iron etc., which is dissolved in water va a alues v 2+ Under nor ent sta ar stations te (1.95 mg/L). er a f al w te v , Mg xhibit higher har conium pillar ption studies w 2+ tur om P t dif ter sample fr ter sample e or not. he concentr Silica . um nitr ter containing ele Table 4.2.3.1: The phosphate concentration at different Wa tions e T wag h adsor le 4.2.3.2. te to na tc . Wa . om the samples collected fr periments, phosphate concentration of 15 mg/L showed a maximum adsorption of 91.0 %, when the real samples are spiked with 10 mg/L of phosphate solution. The percentage of adsorption and spiking details are given in Tab A detailed hydrochemical profiling of three major riverine systems in the urban ar using the zir experimental conditions for the removal of phosphate fr Ba Puthanar a Adsorption is not only an economical technique, but also Adsorption is not only an economical are rather flexible simple in operation as the variables within a short time. and the separation is almost complete water samples In order to study phosphate adsorption, collected fr used. Excessive loading of silicate may influence the composi- Excessive loading especially phosphate and nitrite. tion of other nutrients concentra- Enrichment of silicate reduced the nutrient issues and tion. This also implies serious environmental by polyvalent deterioration. Hardness of water is caused ions like Ca nesium are said to be hard. In the study area, most of nesium are said to be hard. In the study the sta ter tration of phosphate should not exceed 5 mg/L. In the tration of phosphate concentration varied from 0.014 to samples phosphate indicates a high degree of phosphate 5.47 mg/L, which loading tion may help to judge if the pollution is due to domes- tion may help to judge tic se maxim centration varied from 5.85 to 177.6 mg/L. Station 5 to 177.6 mg/L. varied from 5.85 centration con- concentration. Nitrite value of sulphate show higher to 1.95 varied from BDL in the present study centration mg/L. pha y, A A alter a y the he col- ea using vity v y EDT y EDT . . T Calcium, ted b he selected esent stud een 1.4 and ter WHO is 6.5- a tion. y ines the w ter sample col- . T . Nitrite (mg/L) (b) mined b al w y impar mined b Wa mina w conducti es betw ishes tur S/cm. Conductivity y. um urban ar µ la In the pr vity def na ariation of ang as deter or f escribed b andr as deter v y f auna. ri y Puthanar T ath dness w v hloride deter hloride r Conducti te ions of . or pH pr ar c a and f P Nitrite (mg/L) (a) Karamana (S2-S7), Killi Alkalinity is usuall ter ter samples sho y, ed bentonite c or c . . a a lor Annual Report 2017-18 eams of f w le limit f BOD 4.2.3.2. ariation of . e of anisms especiall een BDL and 3.84 mg/L. DO and BOD w DO and g as used f esent stud wth of erine str tur v te or bicarbona missib ro conium pillar alue of Collected w . tic or . 4.2.3.2: V gnesium and total har ent ri ter ver (S1, S6- S8) Bar diagram showing V he per ood g aried betw Fig er Ri 28.1 mg/L. A maximum value of 28.1 mg/L was found at S11, while a minimum value of 1.4 mg/L was found in S1. Domestic sewage and industrial effluents, besides biological oxidation of reduced species may add sul- the zir lected samples have alkalinity in the range of 19.52 - 53.68 mg/L. In natural freshwater, high concentration of chlorides can be treated as an indicator of sewer pollution. In the pr carbona lected from Karamana river basin (station 3) showed high v titrimetric method. The adsorption experiments were titrimetric method. water samples collected from dif- carried out using the f ues varying from 265.6 to 6317 DO varied between BDL and 4.48 mg/L and BOD v samples showed a pH range of 6.6 - 6.9, implying slightly samples showed a pH range of 6.6 - 6.9, acidic na quality and it indicates the level of dissolved solids in quality and it indicates the level of wa was found to be high at station 4 and low at station 7. was found to be high at station 4 and 645.50 mg/L. The The TDS values ranged from 4.73 to systems is pre- variation of nitrite in all three riverine sented in Fig The DO concentration of more than 5 mg/L favours g titrimetric method. The colorimetric methods of analy- methods method. The colorimetric titrimetric and nitrite, sulphate, silicate the estimations of sis include titration argentometric phosphate. The Mohr's inorganic method w ma amount of 8.5. The pH below 4.8 and above 9.2 is deleterious for 8.5. The pH below 4.8 and above 9.2 aqua T ESSO-NCESS Hydrological Processes to behighlyefficientforphosphateremoval. ag area isalmostsuitableforallaquaticlives,domesticand ag quality isessentialforeffectiveriverwaterman- ther researchandperiodicmonitoringofriverwater the waterforsustainablemanagement.Moreover,fur- tilizers andpesticidestoimprovetheoverallqualityof be takenagainstriverbankerosion,useofexcessivefer- sta ri which indicateshighdegreeofpollutionamongother maximum concentrationofnitratesandphosphates, be a ness, totaldissolvedsolidsandphosphatewerefoundto car samples collectedfr mg/L) andphosphate(BDL-5.47mg/L).Thewater such asnitrite(BDL-1.95mg/L),silicates(7.07-27.33 tration (5.85-177.66mg/L)comparedtoothernutrients the nutrientprofile,sulphateshowsmaximumconcen- Wa sa able useofthisvaluablenaturalresourceisrequiredto tain thelifeonthisplanetEarth.Theproperandsustain- ment w mensely todegradationandpollutionoftheenviron- trialization andagriculturalpracticescontributedim- for aspecificpurpose.Humanactivitiesincludingindus- present tosuchadegreethatthewatercannotbeused sidered aspollutedifsomesubstancesorconditionis ent pollutionisaf b biodi lems suchastoxicalgalblooms, lossofoxygen, flux distributioninaquaticecosystems causediverseprob- ents canactasfertilizerforexcess algalgrowth.Nutrient 4.2.4 S sin: F nut sorp v y e tisfy theneedsof ement. ricultur er tus of ried out. ter isthemostimpor rient bo x s.T v t cessi iv er o 60 v hic peciat e themaxim cus onbio he r e r sity

theri Also al uses s int v T h ad emo e inputsof ,

ab esult of lossof Among thepar le 4.2.3.2:Theadsor , phosphate atvariousspikingevents thene he pa ion andt v v . v er Necessar er w al s sel or aqua thestud alltypesli om theP g um per wl m of y af dd a tud eo ter systemin n y de y fie c tic plantbedsetc f utrients tow tant r hemic ie r ected thew w y initia ans v s y conc ameter missib eloped adsorbentw ld a ar ter pollutionw ption per ving beings s ofNet port c va esour al pr ti th v luded tha le s, y Puthanare es conducti centage of T ce r a har , a ther ri oce ter bodies v r ter v els av andr equir " ! ! ! . T . . . Wa. act sse Ex . at ef Considering t thepr hus n hic or i riv eris um Urban s anda cess n vity ter iscon- ed tosus- e, as f h r xhibited . should Nutri- , t utrient er ba- har ics of esults esent ound utri- d- d- T of analysisincludetheestimationsnitriteandsilicate. dissolv ity definesthewaterquality anditindicatesthelevelof ment isfoundtobeinrange of4.48-6.46.Conductiv- and 7,showingaslightlyacidic nature.ThepHofsedi- samples from14siteswerefoundtovarybetween4 aquatic organismsespeciallyforfish.ThepHofthe 8.5. ThepHbelow4.8andabove9.2isdeleteriousfor T wa ture anddissolvedoxygenwereanalyzedusingportable conductivity valuesvariesfrom 39.68-397 ter methods eters wereanalyzedinlaboratoryusingstandardAPHA essential tounder tion ofnutrientfluxandtheirnaturedistributionis contin enrichment seriouslydegradestheaquaticecosystem.The ov souther basin dr been conductedinthepaddyfieldsofNetravatiriver tems andtoplanformitigationstrategies,astudyhas pr water bodiesiscontrolledbyallogenicandauthigenic b of thenutrientsintowetlandecosystemareinduced ca during themonsoonseason(2017)andsamplinglo- sediment sampleshasbeencollectedfromthestudyarea wa gies which mayhelpindevelopingfeasiblemitigationstrate- y sedimenta he per he par Fig. 4.2.4.1:Mapshowingthestudyareaandsamplinglocationsin tions andstud ocesses er ter qualityanal ter interf mina .T all n uous tr o under ed solidsinw n par ameter tion of missib aining the . T . utrient b ESSO-NCESS . T . he titrimetricmethodsw ace pla he e ts of anspor tion pr le limitf s lik stand then totalalkalinity y ar xc stand theinterf udg yser K e pH, hang ys api W ta ocess ea ar Netravati riverbasin a ar et inw ester . ter tion of R or pHpr na e of electricalconducti . est of e sho Collectedw taka sta . T . v n Gha utrient d otal r Annual Report 2017-18 he tr n etland systems inor . T . wn inFig utrients inthesediment- thew escribed b he colorimetricmethods acial n ole indeter ts andspr anspor te of g anic andor ynamic of er a a ter qualitypar India. e usedf ter samplessho utrient c . t of 4.2.4.1. y vity . ead o WHO is6.5- µ Deter n Wa mining the S/cm. The g utrients to ri , or thede- anic f temper hemistr v ter and v er sys- er the mina- or am- m a- w y, Hydrological Processes ) y S o . 2 -1 as or ted er yser tion mit- va e and t z as de- C in the ded and ried out Anal 61 mittentl ° her

) w h as ca B ( 15 min) f ecor as car ylene bottles pacity w (5 mL min e r 2 op er al of e ca C w v ties suc the steam acti ypr osity and pH a C w C) thus obtained w s along with inter ly, SIA hang oper ) for 2 h. The product tor -1 por C. The carbonized mate- C. The carbonized C for 45 minutes to en- C for 45 minutes C for 1 h. The sulphur eundlich plots ) and SO xc a r ° ° ° ee pol -1 ario EL Cube). ea, Brief . ed with steam inter he pr g V ener e-fr tion of mined using CHNS-O tion e C and SIA . T . ace ar ocess as g A as pur ) have influence on the process of e g he ca ted carbon (SIA Model: v surf , acteriza zpc a of , as deter for 2 h, the carbonization was found for 2 h, the carbonization (A) (A) . . T va -1 S (5 mL min 2 (B) Langmuir and F or 5 min with an inter har d methods f ed in moistur -1 pacity especti ocess C min ted acti ° as in Claus pr e ca -IR spectr 2 the carbon w Elementar gna e: e C, ° hang ption pr mined using the methods described else e and stor om their r he FT he detailed c Fig. 4.2.5.1: (A) plot of pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics and ter analysed to describe the process of sulphur impregna- (Mak T adsorption in the solution phase. The impregnated sul- adsorption in the solution phase. The on the Cu(II) ad- phur groups also have great influence sor sulphur content w point charge (pH exc using standar T tent flow of steam (10 mL min carbon was heated in the muffle furnace at 600 carbon was heated in the muffle furnace was then subjected to rapid cooling, washed with dis- was then subjected to rapid cooling, tilled water and dried at 100 fr then ground and sieved to particles of -80 +230 mesh then ground and sieved to particles siz 2 h. This was followed by sulphurization where the el- 2 h. This was followed by sulphurization reaction of H emental sulphur was sourced from the and SO presence of H impr (10 mL min to be completed within 35 min when the temperature to be completed within 200 inside the furnace reached crispy chunk like biomass was cut into small pieces, pow- cut into small pieces, like biomass was crispy chunk ZM 200) Retsch, Model: plant mill (Make: dered using to obtain for one more day dried in sunlight and again was then The R-SBP bagasse pith (R-SBP). raw sugarcane at heating Labline) set a muffle furnace (Make: placed in rate of 5 rial was further heated at 400 rial was further heated sure completion of the carbonization process and was sure completion of steam activation with a view to en- then subjected to In a muffle furnace maintained at hance the surface area. 600 he ed en- v sug- at . T . ed in hloride iv ys copper y cause c y, mal condi- ted carbon h as metal his amount el of ee da e an alkalinity va eness of v enic inter v . T . v ed act g the pollution is oods cook acti le le ecti om aqueous phase or thr e if om aqueous phase f opo ss esent stud egnat utrients ting f Under nor . n missib oce tion of Industries suc y ea copper fr um per aus pr In the pr y help to judg e or not. ving Cu(II) fr al of or sulphur phur impr v e due to anthr l y assesses the ef le limits of either b y Cl he sulfuriza wag b emo y, he collected samples ha he collected samples Annual Report 2017-18 emo . T . as dried in sunlight f Acute copper poisoning ma e su tion ma pta . T . d ed b . he maxim Cu(II) f he stud ter the r C) in r , a . T . pir mina er pollution. . . T w ess y and w ease in futur hus omiting and nausea. al w or ma se v inity of . T , f tur ail tedl sheds . te deter bon ins eal conditions y incr na ter ceed the acce cess copper pea amp ar tions ma due to domestic se should not exceed tion, the concentration of phosphate ranged from 1 mg/L. In the study area, silicate values may influence 3.92 to 24.00 mg/L. Overload of silicate phosphate the composition of other nutrients especially some of the sites and nitrite. Among the 14 samples, ex concentration varied between 13.9 and 59 mg/L. Phos- concentration varied pha in the range of 16-200 mg/L. In natural freshwater, high in the range of 16-200 may be treated as an indica- concentration of chlorides tor of TDS values varied from 42.88 to 241.6 mg/L. varied from 42.88 TDS values favours more than 5 mg/L concentration of The DO 5 mg/L and DO of < of flora and fauna good growth The range the aquatic life. an adverse effect on will have is 2.2-5.62 mg/L. Alkalinity is of DO in the samples the carbonate or bicarbonate ions usually imparted by of ESSO-NCESS was effected by an adapted Claus process to leverage on the af The sugarcane bagasse pith was washed well with water re in r arcane biomass based Sulphur Impregnated Activated Carbon (SIA is highly warranted to maintain the health of the aquatic wa plating, electrical, copper plumbing and ceramic material processing cause copper pollution in receiving water bodies in drinking water is 2.0 mg/L. The higher concentrations of copper in drinking water may cause stomach cr hematemesis, coma, low blood pressure and gastrointes- tinal distr Copper is a persistent and toxic metal having bio accu- Copper is a persistent and toxic metal Copper mulative nature and is not easily metabolized. due to excess of toxicity known as copperiedus occurs copper in the bod uncoated copper pan or by using drinking water with uncoated copper pan or by using drinking ex c 4.2.5 Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous phase us- 4.2.5 Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous ing t Hydrological Processes 4.2.6 A c Kavaratti IslandatLakshadweep ar- geochemical characteristics of chemical, marinebiological and The studydiscussestheunique hydro- r Isl ing vibr T sulphur g phur g absorption bandat3762cm tion atthesolid-gasinterface.Thestrongasymmetric peaks at690and608cm b spent SIA centr OH g and S-Sstr pr OH andSIA Cu(II) w %), 32.81mg/g(87.5%)and41.25(82.5of A maximumof11.84mg/g(94.7%),22.83(91.3 mum adsorptionofCu(II)fromaqueousphaseis6.0. initial concentr second-or The kineticdatawaswellinagreementwiththepseudo- impr solution ascomparedwiththatoftheexistingsurface hanced adsorptioninremovingCu(II)fromaqueous The sulphurimpregnatedactivatedcarbonshoweden- after f sorption studiesandfoundtobemoreeffectiveeven f acti 4.2.7.1 B). bonded carbo of surface entitiesareresponsibleforthehigheradsorption high andf cm pla da wa mental friendlysystemforCu(II)removalfromwaste- or theadsor hipela ef y peaksa hese obser esent inSIA ta w Cu(II)ontothesurf and insout ter tf -1 er v indicatedthepresenceofconjugatedhydrogen e carbons or e a . enc gna r our c tions of r oups inboththeadsorbents m f 62 go. as f oups bondedtothesurf a p as adsorbedontoSIA tion of r pr ted adsorbents e t C w der kineticmodel(Fig oups inSIA T or de t 1167, A detailedstud yc ound tobe73.53mg/g itted withLangm etc aisal ofmarineec va he Cu(II)adsor o l C-O surf les ption of . C duetothesulphurisa as conf hing vibr 25, 50, 25, tions c Sulphonicacid(SO xyl g a ag . T C-Sandsulphona tion r v hwes eloping aneconomicall 1111and460cm he optimiz o r on sys oup lear ang ir C andg 75and100mg/L, ace functionalitiesar t c Cu(II)ontoSIA med b ace of a . T . . T . -1 l tions inSIA e (50-150mg/L). y indica oas alsoindicatedthepresenceof y onph he optim t he pr em ption ca -1 ed e av t ofInd y conductingr uir isother indicatedthepresenceof SIA C f e inf ace of . 4.2.5.1 osys ted thepr xperimental conditions or dif esence of 3 ysi- te g C. H) surf . um pHf or .T As thepeaka pacity of -1 tion pr C w t r , ma SIA em ofK r ia wit oups r f he r er especti A) f C ma m model(Fig tion onstr y anden r er ent initialcon- ace entitiesar T esence of C.T e commonin especti eusa e conf ocess C=S or theentir or themaxi- he isother e especti pea SIA h s y actasa av he SIA v bility of el . T ted de- pecial , ar y. T t 1606 v vir S=O C w ir Table 4.2.6.1:Hydro-chemicalparametersofKavarattilagoonandoffshore el etc hese med v sul- at on- y. el C- he h- as m ti y. e e

. conducted fr system oftheIsland.Thesamplinganddataanalysiswere out tocharacterisethecoastal,groundwaterandlagoon cochemical andmarinebiologicalstudieswerecarried tant inf biological componentsofdiversitymayprovideimpor- of KavarattiIsland.Thecontinuousmonitoringthe and relativeabundanceofzooplanktonincorallagoon logical partofthecurrentresearchdescribesdiversity ter community structureandspeciesrichnessalongwithin- r includes thestudyonimportanceofdifferentenvi- tha contrast microscope(OlympusCX-41). planktons carriedoutwithadvancedbinocularphase T the year2014to2017alonglagoonandoffshore. for zooplanktonanalysiswerecollectedseasonallyfrom 56 species and Appendicularianswereidentifiedcomprisingof namely Cladocerans,Ostracods,Ciliate,Cheatognatha ous taxa.Therearesevenclassesofthezooplanktontaxa lankton compositionandrelativeabundanceamongvari- the hydrologicalcharacteristics,whichregulateszoop- mental conditionsincorallagoonhasbeenattributedby The resultspointoutthat,themainchangesofenviron- Oithona br copepod wereA and dominatedtowardsthelagoon.Majorspeciesof of copepods(about60%)recordedduringthestudy Fig. 4.2.6.1:RelativeabundanceofzooplanktontaxainKavarattilagoon onmental v ax actions betw t modifyecosystems onomical identif Appendicularians Leptomedusae Chetognatha Ciliata Ostracoda Cladocerans Copepoda or e ESSO-NCESS ma . T . vicor aria tion a om they he Fig nis een v b , P les bout di crocalanus gibber,Nannocalanusminor, aracalanus par . , 4.2.6.1sho w aria ica ear 2014to2017seasonall hic . Specif tion anden b v h deter les er Annual Report 2017-18 sity d . 14% Subsurf 11% vus ic objecti ws thewidedistrib 6% mines thez ynamics andpr , Eucalanuselong 4% 3 1% umer ace w 4% v e of 3 a a tion of ooplankton ter samples thew 60% ocesses ates y. ution Bio- the , and or k

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& ° as deter ometr bile pesticides esidue pesticide anal ilter specification occurs at stations PRB1, PRB2, PRB3. Samples were slightly acidic in nature. Sample from PRB13 showed high alkalinity while PRB 5 exhibited less they can be identified and quantified according to their they can be identified and quantified MS/MS system mass to charge ratio (m/z). And, the of the precur- involves the mass spectroscopic analysis sor ions which are obtained by the LC-MS system. Re- ports showed that surface water temperature varied from 20 The lowest water temperature noted at PRB9 may be attributed to high altitude of the sampling location. The pH of the samples collected from PRB ranges from 4.24 to 8.96 (T tr r The application of MS detection system in LC has ap- The application of MS detection system pear la Phosphorous were also estimated. Nutrient analysis was Phosphorous were also estimated. Nutrient SAN carried out by Continuous Flow Analyzer used f done b filtering the water through 0.45 w f y e- or ed ci- b ec- s um k the otal f cus , y r o ,T er e ana- in the sso 4 ops f v otal ni- he con- amom te egie er in situ 4.2.7.1). te in ppb y period, d . mines the te mar eo a at , T , Maxim y. T y. 3 ar sin: F . he collected tr el silica (Fig aler hannels and 4 v 2 ter quality pa- v Mor esent stud . the cost-ef and SiO e done y. T y. NO he c , tions n deter , en 2 er c ion s er ba er . Wa . v pplied on cr TN at especti , , s in t 2 PRBP3 and PRBP4 e a the pr ter samples w r ig NO , 5398 km One of ynamics and a een sta h in tur om ri ar riv er te and F y. sse During the stud During the Wa esent stud NO ) were 2.72-0.90, 5.32-4.80, e d hic h as ammonia, y. , oon systems 4 3 pha wev ea of g el le 4.2.8.1 and indica le 4.2.8.1 and eriy oce w PRB2, d methods , v ted. icid tions of a s suc a Ace NO Tab Ho st

esticides ar s and mit . TDS and EC w alues betw par al pr , , P e necessar ie es in la or the pr ter adients especti a ed in P r Annual Report 2017-18 ameter r , DO tud at hang alues of y is se h on pe hemic oc la c esence of cates c esented in esented in utrient v the w 4.2.7.1). tions PRBP1, . ion s e pH, um concentr eo le utrient g s pr g sear e collected f Sta ab ions l e s lik . y using the standar er at ed the pr onmental c opages fur Eight sediment samples fr . Chemical par tion in n peciat . te in n ysis w ded higher v ameter els (T ed b er basin comprising an ar er vir ed bio ant ties v v v aria ameter yz ESSO-NCESS shape of species and its ecological response to niche prop- shape of species and its ecological response er coral lagoon (Z1) than helipad (Z2) and lighthouse (Z3) coral lagoon (Z1) than season, might be due to the mon- during the monsoon the settlement area of the coast. soonal flushing from an insight into the This study is in helpful to provide respect to the zooplankton community diversity with en lagoon exhibits specific and complex features with exac- lagoon exhibits specific and complex erba cor Centr nutrient concentration in lagoon was obviously higher was obviously in lagoon nutrient concentration of Hydro-chemical of offshore. Summary than that par v trogen (TN) and Silicate (SiO trogen (TN) and Silicate µmol/l, 25.17-18.59 and 3.78-3.45 centration of nutrient status indicates that the oligotrophic centration of nutrient condition of and minim r portable water quality device (Make: Eutech, Model: PCD 650). l tive methods to remove pesticides is selection of clay as adsorbent since it is inexpensive and has no toxic effects to the environment. From the collected sediment and soil samples c raising agricultural productivity and yield. But the accu- mulation of the same over the years causes severe pollution and threat to life. Removal of pollutants and toxic contaminants is a dar le at sho 4.2.7 R samples were stored in polypropylene containers till anal on s pl The study focuses on water quality analysis of Periyar The study focuses on water quality ri soil samples from cardamom plantations of Idukki dis- soil samples from cardamom plantations trict w The study deals with seasonal monitoring of pesticides, The study deals with seasonal monitoring of Periyar water quality and sediment quality parameters ri Hydrological Processes to 120.4µS alkalinity (T v exist aninhomogeneitydue tolackofappropriatesam- c dences haveprovidedinsights abouttheimpactsofmajor link betw ter identified anomalousbehaviourintheISMrainfallpat- Branch and/orBayofBengalbranchISM.Recently over theIndiansubcontinenttakesplaceviaArabianSea dian OceanandtheIndiansubcontinent.Precipitation the pastISMintensityandvariabilityoverNorthernIn- on ISMrainfall.Thisinvigoratestheneedtounderstand economy ofIndiansubcontinentdependssignificantly NA pr 4.2.8 Ho v dian SummerMonsoon(ISM)intensitiesleadingtose- abrupt climaticeventswhichhadstrikingimpactsonIn- Global Holocenepaleoclimaterecordsshowmajor on IndianSummerMonsoon ing pesticidedynamicsofthestudyarea. A fewresearchspotswereselectedexclusivelyforstudy- r especially duringsurfacerunoffintherainyseason.The sin enrichestheriverwaterwithpesticidesandfertilizers agricultural practicealongthebanksofPeriyarriverba- µg/L w (T river basin.SilicateshowsBDLforPRB10and11 free ammoniawasfoundatvariousstationsofPeriyar ranges from60.91µg/Lto401µg/L.Increasedlevelof esults of lima alues f er ab esence of n duetov e dr O andIODhasstr le 4.2.7.1). te e 64 ought orhea or PRB3(Fig as noteda Fig. 4.2.7.1:SamplingstationsinPeriyarriverbasin pisodes ontheISMpa een g loc thepesticideanal . Highv ab dissolv ene c arious otherc le 4.2.7.1). T lobal pr he highestconcentr l t PRB14. imat alues w ed solidsandmetalions vy r . 4.2.7.1). engthened theneedtoesta ocesses andISMv ECof ic ev ainf er lima ysis isgi e notedf all conditions (T ent tter T sampler tic v his isma ab s andit ns a le 4.2.7.1). tion of v . aria Ho en in or PRB1andlo ang b wev les lik s impl y beduetothe aria silica Tab es fr .T er . tions Intensi Ammonia , he socio- le 4.2.7.2. stillther e ENSO om 29.56 te 143.86 ic b at . Evi- lish a ion ve w e , with thesolarf tal recordspossiblyduetotheconnectionof4.2kaevent over Indiansubcontinentthroughmarineandcontinen- cooling eventhasbeenidentifiedasaweakISMperiod On thecontr not witnesstheseverityof8.2kaISMweakeningevent. the westernIndiabeinggatewayofISMonset,did tation inrecordingsuchshortlivedclimateeventor(iii) extent, (ii)theresolutionofstudiedarchivehadlimi- be (i)thearchivestudiedtilldatedidnotreachuptothat Indian archivenotregisteringthe8.2kaarideventcould sample resolution.Thepossiblereasonforthewestern ka eventsplausiblyduetopoorageconstrainor nental recordshavedemonstratedtheoccurrenceof8.2 w and 4.2kahavebeendemonstratedasdryclimate(ISM The globallyestablishedmajorcoolingeventsof8.2ka of ISMoverIndiansubcontinent. in timeandthusr pling resolutionandtheabilityofarchivetogoback LIA b of thestudieshavediscussedsignatureMWPand R The lasttwomillenniahasbeenbroadlydividedinto matic eventsviz.8.2ka,4.2kaandlasttwomillennia. delineate theHoloceneISMrecordswithglobalcli- marine andcontinentalrecordshavebeencompiledto Ag high r the firstmillennium.Thoughproxieshaveprovided could havebeenresultedin theweakeningofArabian Bengal Branch.Thusasynchronous strengthofrainfall cipitation frombothArabian SeabranchandBayof ern Indiaespeciallythecentral HimalayagetsISMpre- lar Indiacouldbethesourceofmoisture.Asnorth- geneity inLIArainfallbetweennorthIndiaandpeninsu- Zone (ITCZ).Anotherpossiblefactorfortheinhomo- southward migrationofInter-tropicalConvergence it aswetclimateduetowinterprecipitationcausedby climate duetoISMweakeningbutothershavedescribed case ofLIA.Sometherecordsdemonstrateddry continental records,howeverinhomogeneityoccursin strengthening eventthroughoutthemarineaswell Pr to c back intimeresultedselectivediscussionofthemajor 1800 Period (MWP:9001300AD),LittleIceAge(LIA: lima oman eak esent). Ar e ColdP ening) b a tic e esolution c bian Seabr ut v AD) andModer W

Ad ESSO-NCESS ar er v eriod (D ents ditionall m P y f ar y themariner y, e or . aconsistentoccur w ha eriod (R lima emains unr MWPhasbeenr anc cing y, A h of te histor v signif . CP: F e ad or thelasttw WP: n ISMasitdeter 400900AD), dr icant a W esolv Annual Report 2017-18 ecor y, essed R ~200BC400AD), ar itslimitedtendenc ming (MW ds ed. ttention hasbeengi . r Butonl V ence of eco WP andD arious studiesfr o millennia, Medie mines theonset gnised asISM 4.2kag y f : 1800 v e w conti- al A y tog CP of W Dar most lobal ar AD v om en m o k Hydrological Processes est ted e to y in g e sea- ions gra ement it 4.3.1.1 g . the e 65 iv icat Fig abil s. a using GIS one of am coast has al bilities lik pect ppl a ner bility assessment pur er l ement a y. x) model inte ameter coastal mana , y causing dama e pers al vu e vulner tel anantha v ur rict of K t uv gical par ensing A ensing is bility Inde oast a hir es Manag e S tolo c coastal vulner ulnerability rate and risk z esses dri e, y, T y, am d ulner ms ultima ough a pilot stud lima or V or ef emot ion of c esour hese str her Initiall Thiruvananthapuram coast, Kerala hapur at ted thr In this critical scenario a T u . e sensing - A fut . . T al R gical and c al etc estig india. ur anant ms and human settlements along the southw ms and human settlements along the v . 4.3.1.1: Coastal V v emot eolo CVI (Coastal ention. or Fig v g ment to landf , usion, o decades in Nat 4.3 GIS and R 4.3 GIS settlements and infrastructure due to erosion, flooding, settlements and infrastructure due to shows the coastal vulnerability index and risk level at site- shows the coastal vulnerability index and of coastal vulner- specific scale. A decadal assessment images reveals cer- ability using multi-temporal satellite threatening im- tain hotspots along the coastal stretch pair with remote sensing and GIS analysis has been executed with remote sensing and GIS analysis physical, oce- to demarcate the vulnerable zones using anic The coastal stretch of Thiruvananthapuram district of The coastal stretch of Thiruvananthapuram and 15 km in Kerala extends for about 72 km in length width. been in has become an essential tool to identify and manage the has become an essential tool to identify context, a study vulnerable areas along the coast. In this to the coastal has been initiated to assess the damage landf coast of has become one of the very important issues in the last has become one of tw Coasts are facing serious threat from multiple stresses Coasts are facing global climate change and human like coastal hazards, inter level rise, coastal erosion, extreme freak events, saltwater level rise, coastal erosion, intr and r Thiru 4.3.1 Ev s. x- p- tic h a lima An e gions marks e y. y. Suc . tel te modeller a lobal c g ends par lima e tr vents for both marine and h) se ence of ening during LIA, 4.2 ka and r anc eak gist and c al br tolo oject the futur gests ISM w lima enous occur Beng g Annual Report 2017-18 y of ecords sug ey (marine) and pink (continental) shaded r t homo geneity in the LIA and 8.2 ka e een paleoc tical gr er h and Ba ests tha . Inhomo g anc ESSO-NCESS Sea branch compared to the Bay of Bengal branch caus- Bay of Bengal branch compared to the Sea branch during LIA. in rainfall ing inhomogeneity proach may require an intensive expertise and coopera- tion betw Though the studies discussed have paved path to think beyond the established climatic events, further work is needed to underpin the regional hydrological changes through which the behavioural pattern and intensity of the ISM can be addressed and modelled. event of 4.2 ka and MWP has been deciphered from event of 4.2 ka and MWP has been remains in the both the records while inhomogeneity Thus, the present occurrence of 8.2 ka and LIA period. the ISM pattern by work reveals the need to understand (Arabian Sea studying each of the ISM rainfall branches Br tended study is essential to track each of the ISM rainfall tended study is essential to track each branch separately using various natural archives so that the behaviour, intensity and progress of the ISM rainfall during Holocene can be well understood. Moreover, extensive high resolution studies for the Arabian sea branch exclusively along the western India between the western coast and the western Ghats should be elabo- rated for the last two millennia so that the intensity and onset of the monsoon can be comprehended and ex- pounded to address the present issues of frequent ENSO and IOD occurrence which can later be used in climate modelling aspect to pr Fig. 4.2.8.1: pannel showing Northern Indian Ocean marine records and Fig. 4.2.8.1: pannel showing Northern Indian Ocean Indian continental r The pannel showing continental and marine records from The pannel showing continental and marine Ocean (4.2.8.1) Indian subcontinent and North Indian sug 8.2 ka. V continental records has been observed. has been mentioned with Note: Core number (marine) and area (continental) the respective references the ISM weakening while orange (continental) implies strong ISM during the ISM weakening while orange (continental) implies MWP Hydrological Processes mental ecosystems able tohabitats,infrastructure,propertiesandenviron- f sea le pended sedimentconcentr multiple parametersincludelanduse/landcover,sus- nels andbeachridgecomplexes getaffectedseasonally comprising ofyoungcoastal plains,backwaters,chan- an estimatedrangeof22.30 -32.40.Thecoastalstretch length) experiencemoderately vulnerableconditionswith Major partsofthecoastalstretch inZone3(37km v of thetotalcoastalstretchZone4and5depict of theCVIateachsegmentshoreline.About6.14% settlements inP Fig height, slope,relativesealevelrise,andmeantidalrange. line c nerability rateisrangingfrom20.45to54.43). of thissectorarealsopronetodamages(estimatedvul- rized ashighlyvulnerablezonetoerosion,certainspots southern part(Zone4with20km)havebeencatego- ment removalfromthenearshore.Manylocationsin the strongwaverun-upinducinglargequantitiesofsedi- f rate oferosionfrequentlyresultingindamagestoland- Bhima Karumkulam andintheZone4(southernpart)thatof Fig of shorelineunderdifferentscenariosalongtheThiruvananthapuramcoast, or or er . 4.3.1.2:Riskle ms neighboring . ms y highandvulner 4.3.1.2sho hang v , palli, beac el riseandanthr 66 e, V r hes elief eli, ws theriskle , oo andb V vel (De andba ella v . GISbasedCVImodelanal ar V y gr , alia K ani andP ee of uilt-ups opo th ollank a thur Kerala bility a V ymetr g tion, enic acti v ulnerability) of a beac el (de . . T . od, IntheZone5, ana g y, he mainr eomor meansignif V thur gr h ar izhinjam, vities ee of a e e highl CVIandper pholo . xperience high Coastalland- vulner eason being thecoastal Mukk icant w gy, ysis using y vulner shor a bility) centage olla, ave e- - due tor of the coastlinealsorecordshighrateoferosionforastretch settlements inc %) andverylowriskzone(72.54%).Thissafecoastal and areclassifiedundercategoriesoflowriskzone(19.94 northern part(Zone1and2)isconsideredassafezone habitats inthispart.Theareacovering91.46%ofthe V (north-west part)andKappil,Punnamud,Malapuram, Perumathura, Chembilippad,AnjuthenguintheZone2 cur coast. However,seasonalimpactsofwavesandlittoral covering bythecentralpartofThiruvananthapuram under thecategoryofmoderatelyvulnerablezonesmainly Kollumuri, Kolathur,KazhakuttamandKaniyapuramfall that about2.39%ofthecoastalstretchinareaslike abil 4.3.2 G beaches withgentlebeachface. (northern part).Theareaischaracterizedbyaccreted to w tential zonestoseepageanddiffusionofsaltwaterdue vulnerability toseawaterintrusion.Erodedareasarepo- water atsignificantdistances,whichincreasesdegreeof nearshore area,influencinglandwardmovementofsalt- due toerosioncausesdecreaseofsedimentsinthe ment ofseawaterincoastalaquifersystem.Coastalchange due toerosionandaccretionprocessesinfluencemove- Kerala state.Spatio-temporalchangesinthecoastalzone intrusion vulnerabilityalongKozhikodecoastalstretchin sensing andGIStechniqueshasalsoaddressedseawater dro-geological andenvironmentalfactorsusingremote banization onaquiferhealthbyanalyzingmultiplehy- This ongoingresearchprogramtoassessimpactsofur- coast tistical da recharge usingspatio-temporalsatelliteimagesandsta- accretion rates,groundwatertablefluctuationandnet ment wascarriedoutbyanalyzingcoastalerosionand zone whereexcesspumpingtakesplace.Impactassess- contents mainlyinjectintounconsolidatedaquiferatthe der groundwater qualitymeasurements weretakentoun- inland. Site-specificgroundwater tablerecordsand GIS techniquestoassessrelative extentofseawaterinto model wasappliedusingintegrated remotesensingand for theyear2000and2013.TheGhyben-Herzberg were demarcatedusingLandsatTMandETM+images ila 27kmduringthesouthw stand theintensityof r bha ents alsocausesubstantialdama av it , K y a e r eos g ev er am, un-up ta sour ESSO-NCESS sse er pat al K sal of a -anur ssment andmap , ial anal o tidesandcoastalf ces zhithottam and ludes Pundakasal, littor . T . he z baniz mixingwithsalinew ysis ofgr al cur ones of Annual Report 2017-18 est monsoon. at r ent r ion pers V er looding; ping inK ound g ettur intheZone1 osion andaccr e es tolandf gime Va w pect Itisobser at . ho Incidentall a ta er vu ter oz wev iv or tur . hik Ing e ms and er uthu, l etion ner , ode salt v en- ed y, - Hydrological Processes , t- e, A y- er or ter v en- om h tion , e un- wa tion of ion f om sa ov 4.3.2.2). thquak b ser e SQL is out g e impact 67 . r 4.3.2.1 at y t sea pplica v ma . ic e the poten- ear anging fr ed fr or tion density We v taining to the v p la ostg pl o impr e r tmospheric ha xtensi T eals tha lood, y, ones (Fig pping engines and he P s deri f ed GIS a sunami and coastal , ds ar em ev t T e(OSS), er y , , T ar osion. picted in Fig picted in y and ma hed z s to all a la y bear e equenc l sed GIS ap er tion based inf oac al hazar astest ma e de e SQL. ef ion sys r lightning g model r m of . tur p quer y, en up studies per b ba and fr e ar , or e ce Softw d" r landslide g ostg ving higher popula ving higher e, Na ma . ormat har y, erity ould possib v namel ed w b based customiz m scale ec , being the f e and P se al hazar ds thquak d inf ver oducts ter r eas w tur a w omiz yben-Herzber ar pr p displa t tion, y, ear wa sunami and coastal er tasets in the f NCESS has tak h ar , T , al hazar MapSer y.

m "na in situ lood, he Gh a haz ound or ma he HTTP), e and other human encr e and other human tur r sel Suc f . , al . . T er ok standing and identify loca m using Open Sour tion. ludes da pac their loca v a er he ter ar ones in a long-ter or K 4.3.3 A cus used f (A software for spatially visualizing the various hazards in the Kerala state has been developed on Windows plat- f er landslides in the hilly regions, coastal flooding in the low- lying areas and erosion along the coastal regions, and lightning related activities affecting the people and their as well as the economy of a region. In this stud open source development environment for building spatially enabled internet applications is used in this application. Hosting the programme in intranet/internet has been tested. Thematic hazard zonation spatial layers for lightning ellite images and other derived data products from field ellite images and other derived data products data analy- investigations, statistical derivations, secondary sis and natural hazards, a web-based GIS tool bas been designed natural hazards, a web-based GIS tool and char- to facilitate synthesis of data from investigation in Kerala. It acterization for natural hazard assessment inc der landslide six na tial to affect humans, their structures, or their activities tial to affect humans, their structures, ad T drologic, geologic, and wildfire phenomena that, because drologic, geologic, and wildfire phenomena of z In the coastal belt, eroded zones were found in many In the coastal belt, contamination extends towards locations, where seawater 2 - 3 km across the shoreline, par- inland approximately marshes, brackish waters and estu- ticularly along the salt aries rises up to 1.78 to 3.50 m at the dispersion zone under- the dispersion zone 1.78 to 3.50 m at rises up to zones in some of the densely lying the eroded coastal namely Kozhikode, Pudiyangadi, populated urban areas Elathur, Modern Bazaar, Beypore, Muguran, Quilandi, F & B Coastal settlements ha Coastal settlements table affected groundwater erosion had where significant and g he . . T ones oded z ed to er ess compar period 2001-2011 r Annual Report 2017-18 ter ing wa zones of erosion and accretion in the Kozhikode coast le to sea Fig. 4.3.2.2: Ghyben-Herzberg relation of seawater intrusion at different zone and its impacts on groundwater table (A) and net recharge (B) for the zone and its impacts on groundwater table (A) and Fig. 4.3.2.1: Relationship existing among population density in the coastal Fig. 4.3.2.1: Relationship existing among population zones of depositional sediments maintain stability in zones of depositional sediments maintain recharge. groundwater table due to higher groundwater eral, groundwater resource in the depositional zones of eral, groundwater resource in the depositional to be less vulner- about 40 different spots were found ab ESSO-NCESS Hydrological Processes 4.3.4 P st nario especiall is generallyanindispensablepracticeinpresent-daysce- Monitoring thestructuralhealthofengineeredstructures gr monitoring andproviding highaccuracystructural/ (InSAR) hadcurrentlydemonstratedthecapabilityof recent past,SyntheticApertureRadarInterferometry been achallengingtaskfortheengineersinvolved.In various monitoringapproachesadopted,ithadalways all-w found themselvesbeingused forvariousapplicationsin iz erosion areintegratedintothesystemandcanbevisual- out of basic toolsforoperationssuchaspan,zoominand This webapplicationhasbeendevelopedpresentlywith understanding ofthehazardzonation. assimilated withinthecustomizedapplicationforbetter as lineaments,forests,road,railwayandassetsarebeing tem. attempted todevelopthisintoadecisionsupportsys- addition ofmorecustomizeduserfriendlytoolsisbeing The webapplicationisstillunderbeingfinetunedand a particularrangeandthelocationswillbehighlighted. play thelocationswithearthquakeofmagnitudebetween for instance,theusercandefineasearchcriteriontodis- sions areavailabletomakesearchfortheparameters, click onthemapdisplayed.Inadditiontothis,provi- tribute ofaparticularincidentcanbedonebymouse Fig. 4.3.3.1:Samplescreenshotofwebapplicationwiththelandslideand abil ed b ound def ea y theuser(Fig it 68 theindi ther ca ersis y -Id or t ma uk ent sc y inthecaseof pa vidual la tion inf ki r bility lightning aredisplayed . 4.3.3.1). e at ser , micr t y or er er v ma ers f oir c s. owav Otherthema Also thedispla tion. me a or s se W e SARda g a str t ith theall-timeand ru ct uctur ur tic la y of tasets ha al es y . Of er thea s suc the ve t- h steel andconcr structural monitoringofhighrisebuildings,bridges(both a cur ing theIdukkiR study isanattemptonusingthistechniqueformonitor- of the givenstudyduration.Atemporalcoherencecriterion mainly duetothelessnumberofdatasetsavailablewithin LOS displacementhasshownavariablevelocitytrend the datasetsexhibitingbaselineofaround200m.The tained withinthecriticalbaselinecriteria,withmostof tec Chenthurni damisontherightside.Thestate-of-the-art the highestarchdaminAsia.Anotherknownas two hillsacrossthePeriyarRiver,thisdamisidentifiedas f nique isusedtostudytheimplicationsofstructuralde- (DInSAR) basedpersistentscattererInterferometrytech- ar baseline betweentheMasterandSlavestoodat w SAR SLCdatasetsduringtheperiodfrom2006to2011 using thea The LineofSight(LOS)displacementwasestimated dam. Thelimitationofthepersistent scatterertechnique persistent scatterersresulted incaseoftheChenthurni Arch damwhilesubsequently reasonablenumberof 0.7, lessnumberofpersistent scatterersresultedoverthe With theAmplitudeStabilityIndexbeingconstrainedat or ting thedef er ound 2y Fig. 4.3.4.1:Baselinedetailsanddisplacementmapofthestudyarea 0.7ismaintainedtoselecttheper hnolo ma va e usedinthisstud tur tions inthedam(Fig e ar g ESSO-NCESS y of v ear aila c or h dambetw timeseriesdif s.T ete), ma b eser le 13da tion timeseriesof he per damsandr v oir inK y. tasets pendicular baselinew een thetw . 4.3.4.1). Annual Report 2017-18 f er er . T ala. ential interf eser he maxim Constr v T oir o nar thestr he sistent sca s etc AL ucted asdoub er ro um tempor ., OS P ometric SAR w g uctur thusg as main- or ALSAR

tter e.T g ener es of er his le al s. - Hydrological Processes , , . d ts w y- ys gy, r . . A la vity k c n Gha pholo 69 hannel is ampant har ester er c v loodplain and R y studies sho . W ying acti eomor r ts At the same time onmental impacts te f . er bank slumping v tile and bric vir 449 mining/quar h as g eas in t the ri ri , n Gha eliminar Ar m en Pr e . er basins v ester ering v ed tha bility of v w W A total of . . aila Indiscrimina . v ts the upur ri etc om the mining/quar as obser upur basins er bed lo gical Sensiti el, n Gha eas of v v ee fr Ar It w ecedented long-ter ester he ri ti and Gur y Ecolo W onmental components suc onmental components . T . ava ti and Gur line in the net a line in the noise le , otected vir sand mining in the Netravathi river ava 4.3.5.1). . vities e also not fr e also not he highl damages to engineering structures etc., are noticed in the area. lowering at a rate of 13 cm/year due to sand mining acti instream mining in the rivers of the study area over the instream mining in the rivers of the prob- last few decades has led to a host of environmental slumping, low- lems like river bed lowering, river bank to mining sites, ering of water table in areas adjacent depletion of river uprooting of riparian vegetation and of clay could sources of sand. Unscientific extraction impose unpr security of the re- in addition to threatening the food gion. initiated in the Fieldworks and data collection are Netr that indiscriminate mining and quarrying activities are that indiscriminate mining and quarrying in these basins imposing severe environmental problems - Chalakudy as well. However, compared to the Periyar quarrying is less in river basins, the intensity of hard rock the Netr river sand mining is rampant all along the river channels (Fig landscape, surface and sub-surface water resources, air landscape, surface quality rock quarrying has become a major threat to the differ- rock quarrying has ent en ing sites are located in the Ecological Sensitive Zones ing sites are located and Pr T ar other non-agricultural purposes have also contributed to have also contributed purposes other non-agricultural the dec major part of the highlands in the Idukki district and a in the Idukki district of the highlands major part in Ernakulam district, drained by portion of midlands within the Ecologically Sensitive the river Periyar, falls Zones of te e- es- hi- ead y is bility at tuna or pr or aila av v r tion on the he stud en to assess e widespr al manag va T e Site f Fig. 4.3.5.1: (a) A sand mining location in Netravathi river and (b) Channel incision due to active tak er g it is unf , vince in peninsular or settlements and y & Net y site can be man- y site can o er y. n imposes immense onment 6 ud ea is subjected to indis- wev s due to non-a ld Herita e minimal. vir ak y mining w er ometr phic pr or la Ho he ar y lands f er . W d tter es ar gra k c his in tur . . T -Chal e & en y has been under s in the stud es c . . T ysio pad ar er uctur ed as a Annual Report 2017-18 tter sour ts ph lar mous sca a stud eriy e e, uctions tion of or al r he P ef y the UNESCO n Gha ces on one hand and its conser ur manent str lama her elopment centr ec v y been dec ester manent sca viding enor R . T . esour . Although tile and bric e per W o tions b . e de ) which caters to the development needs of Kochi per va eas -1 he her uilding constr ecentl 4.3.5 Nat ment of t Gurupur river basin other the impacts of mining and quarrying in two twin river the impacts of mining and quarrying and Netravati- basins such as the Periyar-Chalakudy Gurupur river basins hosting two fast growing development centres - Kochi and Mangalore - of south west India as an example. The study in the Periyar and Chalakudy river basins reveals that the scarcity of river sand has resulted in indiscriminate extraction of hard rocks from the fragile hill ecosystems of the region, imposing severe environmental problems in its wake. Rock quarrying is severe in the midlands of Ernakulam district (12.66 x 10 ESSO-NCESS that lack of adequate data base on the environmental that lack of adequate data base on minerals is a impacts of mining/quarrying of minor management of major lacuna challenging wise-use and the r er pressure on different environmental components of this pressure on different environmental components India that has unique life sustaining system of Peninsular r criminate mining and quarrying for minor minerals for criminate mining and quarrying for b India hosts many fast growing economic and infrastruc- India hosts many fast growing economic tur T in the wetlands/paddy lands of the study area, the present study reveals that the activity has declined drastically over the years due to scarcity of mineable clay in the targeted ar City ty in pr of aged by extended scatterer selection based on techniques scatterer selection aged by extended scatterers and distributed persistent scatterers like quasi w being further extended to use multi sensor datasets with being further extended descending passes so that the lack to both ascending and for the Arch dam also can be ful- persistent scatterers shown promising outcomes open- filled. This study has research in structural monitoring ing new avenues for Interf using SAR time series Hydrological Processes 70 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18

5. External and Consultancy Projects 5.1 External Grant-in-aid projects ! "#"$% "%&# 2.31 '( ! " "#%$"" ### 6.00 ) * * + , '( / "#%$1 34.5 20.00 - . *' .0 2 ! 3 / * ) "#%$1 66) ### /4 **" 5 Characterization of mid-to-deep crustal metamorphism and melting under varying P-T-X-t conditions and its * 4 6 "#%$1 6## &% applications to the proterozoic Eastern Ghats Belt, India (DST 85) ' ( 82984.'4. 7 8 '4 "# $% 98.49 66# 0( 8 1 8 4 4 # ::4 4 ' 4. % "#)$% #) "## -45 ($ 0( 8 : $; '4" * + . & ( 4 5 "#%$" )")& #" 45$6

71 External and Consultancy Projects 72 External and Consultancy Projects

5.2 Consultancy projects: demarcation of HTL and LTL for Coastal Regulation Zone

Table 5.2.1: Ongoing Consultancy Projects

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ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18

New Facilities

, . , . e- ao re the h as e also

e msl) a R ent Secr v er MoES . Altitude 73 y, an, bo les v b y 2017 (Fig handr etar ter content and ajee ynamics of March 2017 to aria utrients in sedi- nac a utrients suc Ma CARR) C st th R 400m a Secr he n he n Pur . E; M. h (A ′ . an, ted the High c . T . v . . T a N liquid w . , Dr oup in NCESS w te r ajee 77°5 a sear tmospheric d e Dr wing colorimetric principles e the output v R N, India on 12 ′ ain r ollo r , M. ar R d methods

ter samples .

a une 2017, y f 6.1.2). ocesses g . ad vity J e (8°45 th elocity ar y Dr MoES inaugur March 2017. The instruments installed nment of e and Munnar esh w lecti y, rd er standing the a ef all v v 23 at the site include Micro rain radar, at the site include Micro rain sta- Disdrometer, Ceilometer and weather base tion. The drop size distribution, cloud radar height and vertical distribution of r On 9 f tar ala (Fig aemor ted b ultaneousl er ties pheric R Thiruvananthapuram is upgraded with ad- Thiruvananthapuram which is inaugu- vanced scientific instalations ra Go The cloud physics laboratory of NCESS at The cloud physics Br 6.1.1). on 1 The installation started aemor li K , ter and fr

mos a or under t

Atmospheric Pr

ysed sim ta f aci T A y at Br A aste w Installtion of ceilometer and disdrometer at ACARR (CUSAT) or w , at vide da y in Munnar v o

esting the samples using standar oup Head (i/c), estuarine ajamalla T) will pr Gr t R ysics Obser e (ST) 6. New F 6. New or bet- akash, ysed after dig

te-of-the- d Ph CPO) a y (CUSA tions in sea, ampaign - 2017: CUS Pr a g

. te and ammonia can be anal ou

yser N opospher se C y (HA Rajamallay, Munnar hnolo nal silica Tr . T. . , he Cl e ec tor te T va w A o CARR) in 2017 f Annual Report 2017-18 nset Pha is the latest fully automated continuous flow analyzer (Make: Netherlands), which is used for is the latest fully automated continuous flow analyzer (Make: Netherlands), ion of t tospher utrient concentr a ++ at h (A phospha , c ous Fl on O hese along with the Sta gur ysics Obser inu Science and Fig. 6.1.2: Inauguration and Instruments of the Munnar HACPO, Fig. 6.1.2: Inauguration and Instruments of the Munnar T NCESS and Dr , esear Fig. 6.1.1: Inauguration of the lab facility at Braemore Fig. 6.1.1: Inauguration nitrite , ont te a ector sity of t 205 MHz Str

CARR. adar R er

6.2. Monso 6.1. Inau Wind Profiler Radar installed at Cochin Uni- ar ment and soil samples can be anal Apart from this, the total phosphorus and total nitrogen can also be analysed. The method of analysis involving Apart from this, the total phosphorus and total nitrogen can also be analysed. nitr ter understanding the regional variations in ter understanding the regional variations physical processes during the monsoon onset phase. As part of the special experimental campaign, Atmospheric Processes Group of NCESS installed a Ceilometer and Disdrometer on 18 May 2017 at the A measuring the n The Skalar San A collaborative research programme has A collaborative research programme been initiated with CUSAT Atmospheric R ESSO-NCESS 6.3 C present. Dir Cloud Ph region. v

New Facilities eac sampler isfullycontrolledbySkalar'sFlowAccess®software.Duringtherun,allanalysispeakscanbeviewed, ID andcalcula instr of 12mL,includingrequireddilutionposition.Allsamplesandstandardsundergothesametreatment sample racksof35positions(total140samplescanbeprogrammedforanalysisatatime)withcapacity v thr deter r under vacuumbeforestartingN mined b 6.4 SurfaceAreaAnalyser nitr the lar re meso-and micr m tha ca titrations yieldmonolayeruptake,metalarea,nanocluster (crystallite)sizeandactivemetalareaofheterogeneous especti olume andar ultila pr tal h c ee samplesa t ar og esents m ument isa ysts mined usingtheBr hannels se en a g 74 y e lik e uptak v er adsor . y nitr Isother el t liquidnitr y. T el y topr ultila ea distrib og ted r hr e of opor b t atime par ption of le topr mal r ough ph en adsor y er adsor nitr esults ar a es tel omote orca og . esults canbeusedtoma Chemisor y indetailorm og utions b . T en temper ev nitr unauer ysisor en a ption-desor ent an he adsor ption of e displa og t lo en onthesurf ption surf y por -Emmet-T ption isprimaril y typeof w P/P tal 2 a y tur adsorption. Surfaceareaandporevolumes(orsizedistribution)were ption/desor yz nitr ed inr e siz ultiple c ption isother e c e.T 0 og , w hemical r e, ace ar he sha en onthesurf eal timemanner contamina eller (BET)equa DFTpor hic por thickness, poreareadistributions(BJHmethod),totalvolume, such asN through chemisorptionandphysisorptionofvarioustypesgases deter Surface AreaAnalyserisasophisticatedinstrumentalfacilityusedto (Mak face AreaAnalyser,whichisabletoanalysetheporecharacteristics T hannels sim ace he Centr p surf h indica ea of e surf ption isother , pe of y usedtoe andtheconca e: mine thespecif eactions Micr ms ace ener e siz samples tomatically preandpostdiluteknownunknownoverrange for calibrationpurpose.Thedilutorstationisalsousedtoau- ing differentworkingstandardsfromthemotherstandard dom accesssamplerwithdilutorstationtoautomaticallymak- anal tercepted byairbubbleandispossibleformultiplesetof segmented flowofreagentsolutionandsample,whichisin- vide mixingm mentation isusedtoeliminatecrosscontaminationandpro- ammonia isdetectedbyfluorescencemethod.Theairseg- absorbance ismeasuredbycolorimetricdetection,whereas veloped. Thentheflowpassesthroughacelland mixing, dialyzing,distillation,etc.,untilreactionproductisde- modules alongwithsamplepreparationbymeansofheating, 0.01m ace ar , tion, thetypicalisother tes f 2 al ChemicalLa measur , H omeritics ultaneousl ace e andDFTsurf ysis 2 illing of . w . , CO v Bothsta ea, tion, , g 2 . T . alua theco . . T /g andup ms andpor hic etic heter t-Plot, ed a v he instr 2 he r Bar h leadstoaccur , etc.TheSingleandMultipointBETsurfacearea, te quantita e up , ic surf Model: themicr y inonesing ultiple r t 77K. v ESSO-NCESS andom accesssamplerwithf er w r Langm tic adsor bor et-J ar ag og ument isca w ace ar d por ace ar m pr e up a e v o eneity viahea ar

TRIST tor yner ea ti T ds canbeaccur opor olumes of v g uir surf y, w el o he samplesw tion of ents ption isother ea canbedeter ea of HyPisequippedwiththela -Halenda (BJH)andDFTmethods le scr ar vides v y then es AR-3020kr) of a d por te andpr . T . T . pa een vie po ace ar he instr thecur he linearpor b umber of arious usefulinf Annual Report 2017-18 tion of le of theadsorbentsw t of w der ea andisother adsor w. ecise r ms andd a r er ument consistsof tel v s, P mined. unning thec thecur e r e de solidsandg eak mar y deter surf solidsamples e ption calcula pr tion of esults g our r esents f assed a ace acti Itcananal ynamic pulse v or mined using king e r . T m r ma thecur emo er e hemistr pr test Sur his auto , e deter t 200 v illing of sample tion on r e e sites an esents por .T tions vab r ules an- yse he ° ve ts le C y - - , , , . Honours, Awards and Academic Activities e e o- d- vi- K. . and ar ASC or the hang K. Dr Aw 75 d f gical Pr te c M. ties , ar ee tional Centr w olo y ee under the MTS has been a lima dr , t ICAR-N gr Na vising guide and , eeque per Hy de af . y a R ., D an Nair t the ocesses T es and c ee held a st posi- k Best P ts" a ir Atmospheric Sciences Di Atmospheric as her super ajendr oor , , Finance & ed Akhil, ded Ph. gical Pr R or f . v gies " on October 2017. halleng R ar ded 'Best Emplo ve, n Gha B y the Ministr ge, te olo c gy, , ar a Smt. Sheikha E. John has been Smt. Sheikha E. aw Faculty of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental for her thesis University of Kerala in the river "Mining and Quarrying Kerala catchments of Central ecei dr r ecuti . Shri. aw 2017' by the Ministry of Earth Science Studies, Govt. of India. SW India- Consequences and sustain- olo ester , . Hy Scientist-F & Head, S , . W dr Scientist-F Ex th Geor n a selected f D d-2017' b y ba Hy hi city u, ar b etd.), ze an ajesh, oc ter security admalal, elopment str a Aw th Science Studies w v R . P Sar Souther . Scientist-F vising guide . P ee a, P esh Ba D y y . . International Groundwater Con- le de ound K umar (R th or Ear Sur adaption". The conference was organized by National Institute of complex, New Delhi during 11-13 December, 2017. Mintu Ele ference (IGWC-2017), the theme of conference was "Groundwater Vision 2030-W 7 tion for poster presentation on "Sea- sonal patterns of surface water and groundwater interaction in Periyar river basin, of Earth Science Studies, Govt. of India. Ms Accounts has been awarded 'Best Em- plo cesses was her Co-Guide. Shri. f Dr K sion, National Centre for Earth Science Studies was his sion, National Centre super Ma ar ab , . gy een N est- . y and as his y the W essor of g Mohan n Coastal admalal, . of , hnolo y w aculty of ds and Academic Activi Academic ds and P Pr g . G ec . Pr ded "Gr T D . Ecolo om the Com- ar Dr ar ph, w souther d-2017' b hnolo Dr ar ose w Scientist-F , e- une 2017. Aw ded Sci- Sci- ution ar d-2017" fr ee under the F w ar ded Ph. or Geotec ugust 2017. Science and gr er basins of ar v October 2017. A e f y" on J Ammini J Merit Aw w th g . de he has been a aculty of , . Sheela Nair e distrib o ri or his thesis ds aculty of bility on South Indian Institute of ear a L. D sity of . tw ar Centr te of Also akumari using R er hnolo w y Ministry of Earth Science Studies, Ministry of Earth Govt. of India. Processes has been awarded 'Certifi- Processes has been ca Dr . . Annual Report 2017-18 Smt. Hema C Nair has been awarded Ph. Environmental Studies, Cochin Uni- v (CUSAT) for her thesis "Hydrochemical characterisation and water quality assessment of spring and ops siz India" on the y ec ulner an T V ces of dr w Delhi, Head, ala, , K aj has been a er ements" on 26 eekanth has been a ee under the F Ne amil Nadu f gical K alir gists of , Sr gr ms of . ts ee under the F asekar ter sour K S , , T . a de . Honours, A . Honours, gr vising Guide . S T. pholo hnolo vising guide and Dr sity D 7 de est coast of n Gha ell w ec er all in ter ESSO-NCESS School of Environmental Studies, was her Co-Guide. Chandr mote sensing "Geospatial Analysis on Coastal Geo- mor W Environment (IIEE), New Delhi and Scientific and En- Environment (IIEE), New Delhi and Kolkata in June, vironmental Research Institute (SERI), 2017. Scientist-F and Group Head, Hydrological Processes, National Centre for Earth Science Studies was her super super er ence, Manonmaniam Sundaranar Uni- v D. Shri. T mittee constituted by Confederation of Indian Universi- mittee constituted by Confederation ties (CIU), w Shri. 7.1 Honours & A 7.1 Honours Ph. ence, University of Kerala for his thesis "Characterization of tropical rain f at surface , its variation with altitude and comparison of rain rates with satellite measur Honours, Awards and Academic Activities Ko Chief GuestEditorofspecialissueentitled“50years America. Seismicity” intheBulletinofSeismologicalSociety ter Chief MinisterofKeralatolookintotheIOCLLPG Chair a west coastofIndia"presentedintheOSICON-17held Selected forCSIREmeritusScientist Geomagnetism. Member, GoverningcounciloftheIndianInstitute ima their poster"Derivingbathymetryfrommultispectral 2017. K.K. received3 R during 28-30August2017. in theOSICON-17helda waves inthesouthwesternshelfseaofIndia"presented for theirpaper"Locallyandremotelygeneratedwind Nair f Coast, SWIndiaanditsImplications"inNationalCon- paper entitled"RadonMeasurementsinKozhikode R Anoop ing 21-23December2017. ment (SWEM-17)organisedbyJNTUHyderabaddur- 7.2 MembershipinC ment of Member, StateExpertAppraisalCommittee,Govern- Shri. J pact entif Member Member Mulla Dr. T.Radhakrishana Dr er t NCESS upam K amac ence onSustaina minal pr yna ear . N g , T., es f ic MiningP Assessment man, periy handr ohn Mathai , T., 76 . Pur M. or aninlandw K , , T , Exper umari, R., thquak , T Exper r ar Dam, er oject, ec ecei nachandra R an, ala, hnical Committee hir SheelaNair K. t Committeef rd v V undertheSta olic Puthuvype uv e -lessonslear ed 3 A Best PosterPresentation t committeeconstitutedb K., incent anantha b Go uthority (SEIAA), y of le r d a Pr Wa Best P ter bod vt. ommit K t NCESS ao akash, of ter andEn A. , pur L., er , F K ala Sta K or thef a te le y,V Pr am during28-30 er oc per Pr , er t T. nt inr DisasterMana r ee er andR hi. ala. asad, , T embanad Lak v N s out te el En vir hir . or . andBalakrishnan K esenta eser R., onment Mana uv m er vir sid ula anantha R v ala. amac oir trig onment Im- e NCE tion of eji Srini tion awardfor y Hon e, g handr ement- A south- a pur g ugust w SS er Sci- ’b v ar g am as ed an e- le d , taina eral MappingofIndianCoasts,NationalCentreforSus- Exper ogra Member of Plan (IIMPs)f Con Member, EditorialBoard,JournalofCoastalScience. Sciences (socialw Member, BoardofStudiesundertheFacultySocial Shri. P nal of Member, EditorialBoard,GeoscienceResearch,Jour- Dr f Uni Member, FacultyofEnvironmental Studies,Cochin J Supr Member, ExpertCommittee,constitutedbytheHon’ble Dr. T.N.Prakash Member rity sc Member tuted b Chalakud tions inthemoder Member, ExpertCommitteformakingrecommenda- sug government aswelltheMinistryofEarthSciencesto Member, ExpertCommitteeconstitutedbytheState HVRA Cell,DepartmentofRevenue,Govt.Kerala. Member, ResearchandManagementCommitteeof Govt. ofKerala. a Shri. G ustice R. or thepr bility . D v g v ph b eme Cour er est mitig enor le CoastalMana . hemes a t Member theGond . P sity of y, . Sudee y theGo constitutedb . Sankar , T V. , admalal ESSO-NCESS Ecolo y di , e R par R theP ec esear vision, Scienceand hnical Committeef a av t Sr or theinha p a t of tion measur tion of , T eendr vt. w gicall er ee P or nisa c ana Geolo ec of h Committeeof manent Doctor India(undertheChair Go k), hnical R g admana an, tion of K ement (NCSCM), y theUni Uni y F Inte vt. er F bited islandsof ra of ala. or T v es to Annual Report 2017-18 er ec gra gile Land(EFL-CDR K mer J gical Society e bha Sw K sity of vie hnolo er ted IslandMana v er er ala F w CommitteeonMin- or v V udg ala. al Committeeof sity of ar g CUSA ami K kala Clif y (CUSA or alida e, er MoEF Supr est De T Lakshad ala. , K India. emple consti- tion of T. manship of er eme Cour f V f par , ala. T). Chennai. g tment, ement secu- ulner w Ge- ee C), p. t) - Honours, Awards and Academic Activities , , e e- o- o- gy of te R vt. emote t Com- hnolo 77 . the Uni- ound De- ec Go te R or the pr or Science or the pr T ala Sta y the District er All R onment Centr K ala Sta or Science vir er of amme-Exper f Studies of K ogr e (KSREC) f e (KSREC) te Council f y the District Collector d of aculty of or Science and ic staf y Committee f or Society f ala Sta ala. onment (KSCSTE), visor wship Pr er y) Boar er vir g Ad K ello s. K tment or Scientif onment Centr er te Council f h F v of t f c t Committee constituted b par vir constituted b aprasad emote Sensing and En esh Babu vt. ala under the F hnical Committee f hnical Committee of hnical Committee ay ry, por Ser er th e ec ec y and En ala Sta esear te R Go g K . Sur er est De 13 R Exper PG (Geolo , T , , , T k R , , , , or K . S or , W anad. ala. ala Sta hnolo ement of te F sity of . D er er ec elopment (SARD), er curement of GIS software and hardware for the Kerala curement of GIS software Sta Member cur Sensing and En Sensing and Member Shri. B. K. J Shri. B. K. Dr. A. Krishnakumar (KSCSTE), Govt. of Kerala. Geologi- Member, Geo-Host Committee, International cal Congress (IGC) -2020 Member, Expert committee for Augmenting and Up- dating RE Resources was constituted by NITI Aayog mittee Member T K v mote Sensing and Environment Centre (KSREC), Govt. mote Sensing and Environment Centre of Kerala. Member Member, Assessment Committee for Scientific Staff, Member, Assessment Committee for K (KSREC), Member, Committee for framing Confidential Report Member, Committee for framing Confidential and Member Way v Member, Expert Committee for the scientific study of Athani Quar Member Dr Collector, Malppuram for studies on environment and water flow in the site proposed for the construction of hospital in the Kottakkal village, Tirur taluk, Malappuram District. Nodal Officer, Climate Change Cell focal team of Dept. . , - h- t of ec gists ector T tion of . uthority espect of equest of A ala. or Fisher y NCESS the Multi- der alua . er v Science and y the Dir t or K sity f ed b . tus in r ement er tion of of Sedimentolo v g Science and sity of emote Sensing and aniz or the e er vices (INCOIS). vt. g R . v alua v ts f uthority Go sity of y or tion of ala Uni A CRZ sta er or e y High Cour er Marine Sciences v xper tion Ser hin Uni or M.Sc ety e K ds of Mumbai as per the r GPS and ETS b ma d f , Associa tion of Coc est, or , ecor hin Uni ica T). W aculty of Annual Report 2017-18 ysics tional erif DGPS Coc oan a Coastal Zone Mana , na National Conference of Ocean Society ala Dam Saf hnical Committee constituted as par hnical Committee the team of eg th tics Exam of assing Boar er ec site v y (CUSA P ashtr etting Committee f ma g K y & Land R Inter , T , or , , or Ocean Inf h guide V or c ve t, t f y under the f e f man of man, g y and Geoph hnolo g India (OSICON-17) jointl Sur esear ec R nolo Dr. K. Maya ESSO-NCESS Member T hazard vulnerability map prepared by Indian National Centr Member, Board of Studies, Department of Marine Ge- Department of Marine Board of Studies, Member, olo Exper ICMAM and OSI held in NCESS during August 28-30, 2017. Geoinf of Convenor, 5 Member, Shoreline Monitoring Cell constituted by the Kerala Coastal Zone Management Authority for Vizhinjam International Seaport project. ies and Ocean Science Studies (KUFOS) in June 2017. Exper a plot in Gor Chair Member extended abstracts and papers in the subject area ‘Earth extended abstracts and papers in the with 28th Kerala and Planetary Sciences’ in connection Science Congress, Govt. of Kerala. the Mahar Chair Member, Board of Studies of Environmental Science Member, Board of Studies of Environmental Science Stud- in Kerala University for Fisheries and Ocean ies (KUFOS). in connection with a Bomba of Member Dr. K. K. Ramachandran Committee by the Govt. of Member, Co-ordination of the State Environment Re- Kerala for preparation port, Kerala the tendering of Honours, Awards and Academic Activities Dr. C.K.Unnikrishnan Life member,IndianScienceCongressAssociation Life member,IndianMeteorologicalSociety "API g tended anddeliveredatalkon Group-Head, CrustalProcessesat- Dr Member ing 26-28F Engineering (GOPE-2018)heldatHouston,USAdur- the InternationalConferenceonGas,OilandPetroleum fluorescence emissiontechnique"at Kerala-Konkan basin,Indiausing in hydrocarbonfluidinclusions Member Member, IndianAssociationofHydrologists(IAH) vationists (IASWC) Life MemberoftheGeologicalSocietyIndia Climate Change as partofimplementationtheStateActionPlanon of EnvironmentandClimatechange,Govt.Kerala 23-30 September2017. 7.3 V Dr. K.AnoopKrishnan .V. Nandakumar isit 78 ra , , vity deter IndianSocietyof Indian s A e br br uar oad Associa sion onR cember 2017,wherehechairedases- New Orleans,USAduring11-15De- cal Union(A ies attendedtheAmericanGeophysi- National CentreforEarthsciencestud- Dr y 2018. mina Dr tist-B 2017 heldatHouston,USA during Bengal" at87 mentary fanintheregionof Bayof cealed structuresbeneaththicksedi- delivered atalkon"Imagingofcon- , Scientist-Fand . N . Chandr tion of , . 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Ba tions of . amac hemes a Pr Ammini J dr 125-141. vir v, v Ne Scientif oc asekar N eser an, y of Anoop Krishnan, a a R onment, bha, tial tools-ane hemical par ao handr DOI: K. V eva yy W v , ao Beng P oir K g ar andK Pur G is Balaji, etland Science th ainst dir , . w N v ose ic andR R. an -Induced SeismicZone ., an, an ., el bentonite-alumadsorbentsystem, y Das(2017). y https://doi.or adas

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13-16. . P (2017). J Long-ter ra Manohar y in a humid tr y in a humid anith, Naqvi, e Ir v nal of ocal mec ., India, M., pp and Dhar luid m ar . nar P R., and P T. e f S T. y, y, our Na ala, ghese (2017). K. K. K. a ter ., J (2017). er th (2017). K. y ar the r M. . 12(1), D a, an, est coast of onmental Monitoring and Liji, om India, Sedimentolo pa V y gi, N ., , 1-9. ol. a n K thquak . V. V. V. vir I. tter and f B ao te Qua R hala Ma , V , ethamon a, n India, 31-43. K. handr ., pp . le En Ear tion fr V ength of a R tac Tiju, tion of S K., southw admalal, ., and Dhan pp ana, y in India and mig ester P onic Souther . V . 109, amac A. ay mina enka 1-32. y, and S . ye, hr , , India, . alle handr ol. Upendr ield str 185, (2017). V V . Associa ., N pp anar Calicut, , , V ala, , A., nac es during La es during ol. u Mohan, f D T and R , , ty , er T. Lima Ecoc . Suspended ma , V , 135. . K. K gnetic f ishn B hang oir site in w est, udi estuar ea of v Indian Samiksha, pp V ynamics W ., M. akash, udi, and Sa uta, te c Anoop Krishnan, .

e ar eoma aj, Plos One , , V eser R., S R Pr . Science 127-139. Krishnakumar . (2017). ., 5(1), , R., ao nal of lima T. eer Ashtam the Damodar G adhakrishna, S shor umar and Pur Geod R., na r ol. South pp a, K. R. . Ashtam Sr a R R y our ar Krishnakumar

and Shashidhar , , V ., J P . y Das the 684-691. ala, , , near . ajan, P R., est India, R., ajimol, th er nal of esmi, N el and c ar a, , Annual Report 2017-18 u, handr v R ender K y pp g R Soum yna-W K v eva Axial Dipole Moment deter Axial Dipole Moment ao u Mohan, ., yn gnetism and g ulla, our o an nac J T R Na Aspects 34 (1& 2), H., ana basin of . a R ., De Sh ohn., , ishn tual J w le impact, ., Sar k ma J ol. Asan 90 (6), R., ir ., as etland, G Pur Coastal and Shelf V , v . V . oc a, om southw V t the K S E. , , V W ol. handr R K. R., D st K., V ollution M. u, ir endr a, gists dy, ace sediments of nac y 720-727. g gi, yn . and Dineshkumar om Gond adhakrishna, amsar ed eji Srini esponse to sea le esponse to ESSO-NCESS Estuarine T. Sh of a tropical Estuary due to human interferences- A case from Southern Kerala, SW India, Arabian Journal of of a tropical Estuary due to human interferences- A case from Southern Geosciences, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3112-z. Salahudeen, R Shiekha, 338. Revathy Das and Krishnakumar, A. (2017). Evaluation of phytoplankton diversity and environmental implications Revathy Das and Krishnakumar, A. (2017). Evaluation of phytoplankton Kerala, India, Journal of Environmen- of two lacustrine wetlands located in midland and lowland critical zones of tal and Social Sciences 370-375. estuarine sediments of studies a R pp surf Geochemistry of heavy metals and CHNS composition in the sediments of Netravathi River Basin: Insights into composition in the sediments of Netravathi River Basin: Insights Geochemistry of heavy metals and CHNS the P fr Ra R Indian Ocean, Pur the last five decades - Current understanding on tectonics and seismogenesis, Journal of the Geological Society of on tectonics and seismogenesis, Journal of the Geological Society the last five decades - Current understanding India, their possib tolo Na 10.1016/j.grj.2017.11.002. R Prijilal, the f (2017). Mohamed Mohamed model fr r Ma Library and Publication Adity 8.2.2 InConferenceProceedings Metals inthesoilsofPeriyarUpperCatchments-AGIS basedapproach;Proc.ofthe2 Geospa Science and A Geospa Anoop Ar Na Soum Andhr V T. Sr Sr Dynamics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4117-3. ENSO andIODontheintraseasonalvariabilityofnortheastmonsoonrainfalloversouthpeninsularIndia,Climate souther miner Soum ov Sumesh, Sr wa of availablewatercapacitycomponentstwo-layeredsoilsusingcropmodelinversion:Effecttypeand Sikkim Himala slice tectonics(LFBST):Insightsfrompetrological,structural,geochronologicalandgeospeedometricstudiesin the Tre Identif Sumit Chakr 9. tion a Sunil R 10.1007/s12517-018-3406-9. ments, SouthernKerala,India:implicationforProvenance,ArabianJournalofGeosciences,https://doi.org/ Seismolo Str V ol. ar M. eekala, eekanth, eelash, er acoastaltr ulbalaji, ter r uctur tional Conf pmann, ghese 209, (2017). a, t aninlandtr y y alo a Uni ica 86 , T., a, a, S e ohilla, n g tial inf e of gime R. G G P K., . g pp gical Societyof , T. K., tion, R., y of P tial T. . r F K., P . . an S S . v I., a theK . Sam T andSr r Locall S 1768-1778. P , er ., SheelaNair bor R J ed Gaidies ec or ulite ter ., Ear . anor A V er andR ., Pr R y a sity Mohamed our Hamza, a, vithr hnolo ppr a opical sta ma ence of ty ajee ija vi K uel Buis NEIndia, akash, opical sta , V , th SystemsandEn , o nal of Dilip y thosites inthesouther tion systems: eelash, oac y andr yna-W a Bhaskar a v isakha r umar adhakrishna, gy, an, V. ain, h; T , V OceanSocietyof Pr , NilanjanaSor Uni

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1314-1325. 166-178. g as and , AHI Na N Gr ar uiz, va , av shi Cho and th Dasgupta(2017). e R . ajan, thr gion of 464-482. ,T . va ttom, es intheSouth andSa er ound amac T Sa . Anoop Krishnan, (2017). C tions , V empor ough Modelingof he J Ar R. t K . T. K. ol. T tional SeminaronHy w wa handr unac (2018). our theIndianshield, , umar , dhur J (2017). InterUni 1(13), hir (2017). ty ter P Char our al p nal of anar uv halam, V an, . y, 123. nal of T ESSO-NCESS aria anantha otential Zonesof oter DanielaR SedimentGeoc omer andMar acteristics of ay K. https://doi.or V R W Geolo tion, ana, oz v aria M. ChannelF K., ester K. er Hy oc oic Od H. sity Centr pur bility of Meteor P?R S Pr k ma (2017). dr n shelf . gy,V uba (2018). V. akash, am pp Geoph olo ecei gnetism inr S tto danc r dr gy, V lo ol. tine Guerif ainf olo P . Spa v g/10.1007/s41748-017-0015- (2018). hemistr seaof , olo w andlocaliz e f T. R . Cauv er Functions 125, ar Annual Report 2017-18 11-21. Combinedef ha ysical J gical Inf ober all duringdif or Geospa N ticula gy, ol. tial distrib tr . 1(14), pp andBalakrishnanNair De am nd er India, t y of Nationalseminaron Shear Anczkie te Ma y Ri our . ela 459-467. (2017). pt. Anor luences andSour CoastalEn tion toma nal Inter v ed f of pp Pr tial Inf , er Basin, Bulletinof ution of tter Concentr -W f thosite inthe f er Geoph oc ault bounded wicz, . ect of 2556-2565. av Estima ent seasons . of e or na V Claudia India- ma Hea the5 elocity MJO tional, vir gnetic ysics tion tion the on- vy ce a- th , , , Library and Publications of est . s in top ects ideo te & f an in posi- oc India y a V ter and y f (2017). Pr actor es in the op 87 adua National ements in Wa southw K. av th ed f le ks in the soil 130-131. 166. . b Soil piping in India; . h of aining on Land aining on Land or ost Gr 177. . p vity w pp Tr Tr ala, ects and its ef P ra p , y, f 3-6. . er elopment of k sedimentar v a g tion w e and anisotr K , pp a adon Measur Ocean Society of ts tion and link De hniques th thic R halasser uctur Anoop Krishnan, ec

India, T ., n Gha ence of ence on Sustaina ge,T ala, kshop & Field , V , kshop & Field er (2017). Alka Gond (2017). er . vity and infr er (2017). or es benea . ester or ra N adas W K elocity str S W W . g e esturine sediments and their de acteristics and its ef tions and mitig India (OSICON-17), oscopic w and n . a T. is uctur e v India (OSICON-17), D har S u, ypor ollam, tional vy metal contamina b tional ennan Colle estig y, V y, Wav tional Conf v tional Conf all c K ence of akash, Be r Br , ppan, Na Hea ge, ainf th olution along a placer mining beac National Conference of Ocean Society of India Conference of Ocean National aja ess Anton v esh Ba th the Na r es of anced Spectr the Na Shear v R the Na Occur and Pr hnical in concealed str concealed of tur . of the 5 . (2017). Ad 35. ea K., . of Ocean Society of Sibin eline e 39-52. 64-76. oc , . . . oc of T. p . es in the r Ocean Society of and Sur a, oc an, tional Colle Pr y (2017). y K. K. K. pp pp Pr oc ace f ging of , , (2017). Geotec Shor K. ts ts Pr an, Pr ala; L. ence of , Eldose ta Na Ima Chang er ence of M. er India; , o-surf ala Science Cong tions; er alampall K 200-205. n Gha n Gha ajan, handr . g ala, (2017). India; er . el Seminar on a Sudhakar and Dhan opical lotic ecosystem in Souther . er R y v P . Micr K . eeque pp (2018). (2017). P th tima Ma ester ester e tr af amac a, a N v y R. W W K. . ti F te Le 126. R R 32. . a, tional Conf . P an ., y, Sandh , umar Ma y ur district, p tional Conf p (2017). asobh P India (OSICON-17), . T the 30 urian, L., ao and Sheela Nair upam Mital (2017). , an, a, est coast of Sar , ann v esenta N Pr vi K Na of An a W ., . , V. , th the Sta T. pr K ashtr e Akhil, B oc and Ma , and R and K y Das giri, Chemistr of . a r ao the 5th Na umar and Pr K. th . L. ge, ge, the 5 M. , aluka, tna oc akash e; a T ement (SWEM-17), g of G eva . V. Mahar , g of ynamics/ S16, , Sheela Nair . Pr sha Mahade t R Annual Report 2017-18 SW India and its Implica R oc y, 127. 169. har . . ari, eelash, oc sity adma R tment of Sanil K ec A., p p th Geor Ocean Society of Pr and Pr Har er Iritty Sr , , . P Pr v Tiw par

ba Sankar gion a S y; er r . ge, ., A., e R., Sheela Nair . . ze P ected land subsidence sites in K oshi, . J ao Bommoju and R f illa A. e r K., India;

e and Geod ohnson, h De ace sediments of ode Coast, R., V C ence of c y, onment Mana pur Uni ption studies; thri, er shor ank J ana, zhik y y ya vir uctur aseetha B asad, olari amesh Madipall esear anjami, adma R ESSO-NCESS R tional histor Pr coast of Pr disturbances due to soil piping in the piping af P the core mantle boundary beneath the Indian Ocean Geoid Low; Proc. of the IASPEI symposium/ 05, Earth the core mantle boundary beneath the Indian Ocean Geoid Low; Proc. str P R Na Adsorptive removal of nitrite from aqueous solution using modified activated charcoal: Mechanism and batch Adsorptive removal of nitrite from adsor En Ko Mintu Ele disturbances due to soil piping in the disturbances due to soil piping in the K Ma the National conference on Multidisciplinary research in Geoenvironmental studies for sustainable development, the National conference on Multidisciplinary Shola Glejin J Kaushalendra M. Bhatt (2017). Microseism and its detection using the charecteristics; Proc. of the 5 Kaushalendra M. Bhatt (2017). Microseism (OSICON-17), near Krishnakumar the surf on the aquif Dube (OSICON-17), Conf Arun R. Nath, Lakshmanan, A. and Ramachandran, K. K. (2017). Estimation of coastal inundation along Cochin inundation Estimation of coastal K. K. (2017). A. and Ramachandran, Lakshmanan, Arun R. Nath, Proc. of the 5 Sensing and GIS; using Remote coastal stretch Ga the region of Bay of Bengal; IASPEI Symposia, DOI:10.1190/segam2017-17408485.1. the region of Bay Library and Publication garnets fromhinterlandrocksandbeachsedimentsofKerala,India;Proc.the5 Monitoring systemforcoastalapplications;Proc.ofthe5 Ra (OSICON-17), Ocean Societyof Sur Na magnetic characteristicsofthenearshoresedimentsoff Kozhikode,SouthwestcoastofIndia;Proc.the5 Shynu, R.,RejiSrinivas,Sreeraj,M.K.,Ramachandran, K. andSureshBabu(2017).Spatio-temporalresponseof R T estuarine sedimentsforheavymetalremoval;Proc. of theStateLevelSeminaronAdvancedSpectroscopic Hydrochemistry ofCochinestuaryaroundWillington island: Evaluatingthepotentialuseofclayseparatedfrom coast of inf sediments ofAshtamudiwetlandsystems,SWcoastIndia;Proc.the5 w and tracingofmoisturesources:TheArabianseaBayBengalinfluencealongPeriyarriverbasin,South Reva R Sheela Nair Tiju I. India, f Sar Society of T tion inthesedimentsofatropicalwetlandsystem,Kerala,SWIndia;Proc.2 Revathy DasandKrishnakumar,A.(2017).AGISbasedapproachfortheassessmentofheavymetalconcentra- (OSICON-17), Le Ocean Societyof disturbances duetosoilpipinginthe Sankar Tr Salom Gnana T Environmental controlsonabundanceandactivityofmethanogenicarchaea:spatialchangesinSouthwestcoast of or aninlandw ec ec amil Nadu, esmi, upam K ester aining onLanddisturbancesduetosoilpipinginthe v vindr or tional Conf an an hniques hnolo el J th ma y y pp n coastof V a, E. , a, 88 y Das et G a K tion systems: P K., India; . ar gy, V 33-36. umari, ., ., India(OSICON-17),

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n ends andUtilities Anoop Krishnan, K th . in 174. tional Conf Tip of Na c NitaSukumar u aria T. h De V. W th , umar and K. tional Conf K p p Na N amac va De ester g . . India; 175. 154. e, uriak par V. ttom, . , endr India(OSICON-17), (2017). S tional Conf southw v, andK ., n Gha handr R tment of Prince er a, ose a T Pr ence of theesh K R. Anoop Krishnan, hir , , er Fing InterUni an K.K. Pr , ts r Sr K. (2017). est coastof oc anakar ence of uv , S . asoph P eekanth, Chemistr er of e andR anantha W er printingof gion of OceanSocietyof . ence of Godson, umar ester the5 a, (2017). Quar OceanSocietyof v R. th er eji Srini NationalConferenceofOceanSocietyIndia n Gha . , T. R pur M., S sity Centr K th India; p y, OceanSocietyof . Na ajan, S (2017). tz micr F K. Deri er . am pp R 177. Shin ESSO-NCESS . a andDhar ala; tional Conf ts (2017). tima Ma a sour v gi, Dee , pp as (2017). ving ba Pr Pr y R M. . e f o te 44-49. Shor . India(OSICON-17), oc 11-38. oc ces of or Geospa aj, pa, S Pr . . xtur ta Na of R. of . C th India(OSICON-17), and madas J eline c ecipita th er and ymetr NationalConferenceofOcean theNa nd . Te the5 placerde e andte andEldhose ence of nationalseminaronGeospatial tional Colle India(OSICON-17), Anoop Krishnan, xtur hang Annual Report 2017-18 tion sta Anoop Krishnan, tial Inf y fr ash (2017). th th NationalConferenceof tional Na al studiesof OceanSocietyof om m xtur es alongtheSouthw posits b or tional Conf b al c le isotopev ge, ma W ultispectr , K. p or K tion Scienceand har MonsoonLo . 122. kshop &Field y c (2017). ollam, p acteristics of thesurf hemistr K. . 104. K. er al ima p aria (2017). K ence of (2017). . 54. Land India er bility y of ala, g ace est es w th Library and Publications tion anthi gion, en- e and puzha e v ay tur 89 tha a National pplica a th A . L. J 187-188. . . J Bhar aining on Land emper pp 19 - 21. ed in connection T pp Tr y, par otential es of ace e na Seismicity R na Seismicity P 57 (1), lux ar le pr ol. 41/2016 on the in . halasser V tic yna-W ala, utrient f o ge, T ge, een Sea Surf er tion no kshop & Field K or th K e - an ar lica emote Sensing: g W y and n . Nandakumar and Dr e R pub . V tional ennan Colle owav nment of hemistr tionship betw tion benea er a Br , v ela National Conference of Ocean Society of India National Conference th ess igur r the Na he r y Go T of Inventors: Dr . 176. Major ion c . 53-63. . ukkai (in local langua oc p am2017-17408485.1 nal on 30/09/2016, pp lished b Pr ustal Conf , g (2017). Synthesis on Micr ts (2018). Cr K. pub K. an, aj, ala Science Cong v icial jour n Gha f (2017). t r er bhoomi nam aphs (2017). ya ajee . K K. ester th gr P ha . or Soil Piping; W K. and Sajan, . C anc y, and R an, DOI:10.1190/se D P India (OSICON-17), the 30 K. t the IPO of s/ Mono of R. handr . hniques f ec oc admalal, pril 22). T ume P and Dube amac . lished a Pr ol y, A y, S K., Nammal bhoomikkai, Sumesh, a, Annual Report 2017-18 ed V 77. . K., it . th Da er and R ed p tion pub Ocean Society of Ocean Society d IASPEI Symposia, IASPEI r eelash, C il Mishr (2017). SW India; er . Sr F D aj, ld Ear M., ala, pplica ks/ E A. ent F R er or o A ence of V. n India; at T. W er K , ari, tent er InSAR and DInSAR InSAR and DInSAR ester incent ipin admalal, v tion title "Method of detecting API gravity of oil present in hydrocarbon bearing fluid inclusions". The patent tion title "Method of detecting API gravity has been listed for immediate consideration. with P Pa 8.4 P 8.3 Bo ESSO-NCESS ri V disturbances due to soil piping in the disturbances due to of V (OSICON-17), Surface Latent-Sensible heat flux in Central India. Proc. of 5 heat flux in Central India. Proc. Surface Latent-Sensible Palaeo-strandline sediments, South Central Kerala-implication to depositional history; Proc. of the 5 Proc. of the to depositional history; South Central Kerala-implication sediments, Palaeo-strandline Unnikrishnan, Conf Tiw W Library and Publication 90 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Distinguished Visitors , . t y y. ic vi- N In- est- . or Di- ed a , v g dhan er ote of esting te ao ar y to the v v y to ini- y Dr V 91 he Minis- e had vis- a R ed v eenl sh ed a talk on ed its R&D T ter Har d to the con- er a ement so tha er v ar v v ter Har aining on "Soil ess commented am. t millions of a Har handr eg . Tr USA deli dr ainw es in this ca elcomed b te Chang pur nac Dr amiliariz t NCESS wishes to ith r ainw y. th Sciences and En outh and the countr ested NCESS to come or humanity and also R as w g , y . W . Pur He listened k . anted the countr . ocesses deli

Ear m f estions tha N anantha tsmouth deli g . or esting as a mo tant lectur gy, er of m and scale up their scientif uv or v gies (DMT), ilm on the R w ements He w Dr . dhan in his ad P v or ant topic hir the countr y f v ic sug ar ef Minster w ests and Clima hnolo hie kshop and Field NCESS and f r V , , T hnolo ele bility or ter har ec or Coastal Pr a le Minister sug sh ec T sity of y r F SS W tions of ove, aila T ’b er ar e the impor v July 2017 Hon. Union Minister for Sci- July 2017 Hon. Union ector mentioned tha v ainw he Hon. nd Har . tories of a ter a . . T te r tional esenta Dir Uni o NCE , , Dr ement onment, . idence in the po wing ar out with specif the Hon of fresh dians can take up to combat the issue wa rector, NCESS on R & D programs of Insti- rector, NCESS on tute and its ac whatever rain received from nature is stored in whatever rain received from nature is one or the other f tempor for the benefit of the ecosystem as a whole. for the benefit of the ecosystem as a tia pr ter interacted with the Director, Group Heads ter interacted with and Senior Consultants ited NCESS r On 2 ence and oup Head, bor ess ell as scientists of dr ollo Gr conf x and to impr the Na

dhan t institute he f ar arious la th of of t of ho is taking documentar akash, f f . T . oplet Measur the bo w Pr , Ear . elcome ad gy ew, Dr . , N onmental Sciences th system sciences ed as par hole staf . Harsh V . Harsh echnolo vir . T. . essing the staf ector nment has lot of aniz Dr omoting science as w g . er er Dr v y NCESS w to the cr t essed w ting to ear th System Science During his w le Minister visited v vie dr . th and En ela Science and T Ear Ear y 2017 b ts ging and pr t inter NCESS to think out of Hon'b a ood science xhibition or ul is , NCESS nion Minis , 9. Distinguished Visitors 9. Distinguished s of t the Union Go hool of e U ests and Climate Change addr lobal issues r ector senior scientist and dir or g the Minister ad Sc holar , abl ds encour ving a shor or doing g ey, ed tha ar Dir , Annual Report 2017-18 ving NCESS w er of arious aspects of lar Axisa, y ao onment, F Coastal Processes are also seen on the dias. alent f after gi NCESS e lea a R aig Stor ardhan, Hon. Union Minister of y, y pla ev um um or e es on v heduled during 5-9 J He also visited the e or or Cr He dec . ts of . . Duncan Bef handr . isit of Honor of isit of eminent scient . or f am pr . Harsh V nac vities w as a k Pr Dr engths ogr Dr • • ed lectur NCESS. Dr. N. Purnachandra Rao, Director and Dr. T. N. Prakash, GH, NCESS. Dr. N. Purnachandra Rao, Director and Sciences and Envir oung scientists and sc

ESSO-NCESS 9.1. V "LA-ICI-MS and its application for Earth Science" at National Centre for Earth Science Studies as part of Earth "LA-ICI-MS and its application for Earth Science" at National Centre for Science F talk on " Understanding Dust-Cloud Interactions" at National Centre for Earth Science Studies as part of Earth talk on " Understanding Dust-Cloud Interactions" at National Centre for Science F During the reporting period many eminent scientists of the leading scientific institutions visited NCESS and deliv- During the reporting period many eminent scientists of the leading scientific er 9.2. V Piping" sc str thanks looks up to scientists with hope. He mentioned that under the dynamic vision of Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, looks up to scientists with hope. He mentioned that under the dynamic vision the good quality ecosystem startup and Shri. Narendra Modi India, now has brain gain rather brain drain because of pr acti specifically narrated how science would be useful to solve the problems that common man faces in India. He urged specifically narrated how science would y that science in India is superior to many countries across the world and he pointed out the role of Prime Minister that science in India is superior to many and his passion to gro Subsequentl Pur ing ef Distinguished Visitors f en ment subductionvs sear Ear dynamics inferredfromHydro-GeochemicalMonitoring"atNationalCentreforEarthScienceStudiesaspartof or Ear • • • vir th ScienceF c Dr Pr Dr h, onmental/c 92 Br of . th ScienceStudiesaspar J . ean Riotte Tim J . W emen, illiam M. enner or Ger lima um , . InstitutdeR sedimentassimila jahn (Leader, te c man W hang hite y) deli , Ear e" a v t of ec er t Na th and W her ed atalkon"R Ear or tional Centr c tion andma he pourleDév king Gr th ScienceF Atmospheric Sciences oup e f gma g econstr , Ecolo or Ear or eloppement (IRD), um enesis intheLesser uction of th ScienceStudiesaspar gical Bio , Cor g ESSO-NCESS nell Uni theP eoc hemistr F alaeo-en r Antilles Island ance deli v er sity y, Centr , vir NYdeli t of v onment withr Annual Report 2017-18 er Ear e f ed atalkon"CriticalZone Ar or th ScienceF v c” er Tr a ed atalkon"Sedi- opical MarineR t Na espect topast tional Centr or um e- e Conference, Seminar and Workshop , ., or ed he el- R. . am. SR w y of DG P IGC . T . India . India kshop akash, ve th ied f ak em- pur thanks ttended ollo Ahmed, or y aju, of Pr 93 Dr GSI, . , W elicitating the R IGC . ts' f vt. eel N Na he IGC-BSS . tak, NCESS w le Minister of ote of , Scientist-.G T nment of gical Sur anantha . T. . e identif Go y Dr . , . V . er er Shak uv ted the n Gha . v , MoES F a y ector ess Dr ener e Committee Mem- GSI. hir , akash, v v dr Dr etar Go , ester 36th IGC and a Dir uthority , T , thering , Pr W ming session (BSS) as a ming session (BSS) a ttended b . ADG & HOD A ent aspects of ecuti

ao amji, Singdha Gha al ad orkshop . er DDG an, Secr N f v as a a, al function Dr Ex a R , vikr ppa, esident, Dr tr ajee , Six themes w . T. . ement thering and Hon'b . ain stor ha jee hri pa a Pr th Sciences g ess and inaugur tion with the Geolo handr Dr . T . ak, . T . dr essed the g . M. R . a w on dif GSI as Co-con y IGC was convened by the 36 IGC was convened Ear , P th dr D nac . Moha Baner May 2017. The session was inaugurated May 2017. The session vie bor al ad bad and NCESS th B K. y of gional br er a . .R. IGC-BSS ector e v .M. SS Pur . of luding session w N der hnical sessions y r D . Dir Shri. IGC ad During his inaugur Pr , elcomed the g Dr th . of and 25 y. During the inaugur Shailesh Na . Hy Ministr th . ph, o-da ener of y, v ur y Shri. 36 , he conc esented o ose d at NCE l y Dr tional Disaster Mana etar ed the inaugur ann . T . ber NCESS and Pr A tw run up to the 36 comed the guests Society in colla by about 20 invited speakers, and more than 70 del- by about 20 invited speakers, and other research egates from IGC Secretariat, GSI, and parts of the institutions and universities from different countr The BSS titled "36th IGC: A Unique Opportunity for The BSS titled "36th Geosciences" was hosted at NCESS the Advancement of on 24 phasized on identifying gap area and presenting focused phasized on identifying gap area and themes b India, NGRI, , t pr w J er aining on Soil Piping K ale Prior to tec Na v r . , ao NCESS w , Secr the K .M. oposed b . eminar and W and eminar d T eteria l an, S . D ssion he v Ma tor and Con ector ie an deli . of upuzha, as pr . . V.

. ajee Member of dina R Bhaskar R . ma, y discussions t Cher asekhar J mer Dir M. e on dias . or venue lighting the lamp on the inaugural function, Dr Co-or orming Se orming ion and F thanks w . Y. . , ed b t Shar inaguration and discussion with scientists on exhibition . ba and Pr w Re , GSI, SR and Pr kshop on 'Land disturbances due to soil piping in the N IGC ar Chandr om the IGC Secr . y 2017 a hile Dr ence, S ence, e Dr Ba hibit th or ollo um Unit with Dr ain S ul ote of er D . . . W s f M. , 36 V . er andr IGC inaugurating the function and Dr. Dr ak. 6-9 J Shri E. v Dr th le Minister of y ocesses and F ri amesh fr tional w Nandakumar T ala, kshop, Ex R ppa, er . V. . e member or egional Br egional ha R. K . Annual Report 2017-18 six themes w . T . y GSI aditional lamp y Dr N of . Thappa, ADG & HOD . y cor D . Coastal Pr ve Committee Member vt. Shailesh Na . er the function, ed b IGC - R aining during 5, ional W v h t er Go sons of Tr , v tions b 10. Conf 10. Shri B a , Shri. B. D , Executi ue per jee en oup Head, esided o ocesses as co-hosted b as deli y lighting the tr y Field 10.2. Nat Dr. Shailesh Nayak, President, 36 Baner Purnachandra Rao, Director, NCESS, Dr. T. N. Prakash, GH, Coastal Purnachandra Rao, Director, NCESS, Dr. T. N. Pr 10.1. 36 ESSO-NCESS Shri. E. Chandrasekharan, Hon’b w GSI and Dr Chair Golani and Dr NGRI, deliber pr b w Rev NCESS conducted a Na Gr b Conference, Seminar and Workshop (a) 10.3. 5 phenomenon inthef activities onposters,fieldvisitnarrationusingvideo-clippingsanddifferentequipmenttoolstoinvestigatethis with pr Dr Journal ofCoastalResearch asaspecialvolume. Organizing Committeehas decidedtogoforpublicationofthebestpapersafter duereviewingprocessinthe distinguished atmosphericscientist andacademicianwashonouredinthefunctionfor hislifetimecontribution.The acce the phenomenonofsoilpipingatvariouslocationsnorthernKerala. The 5 distrib Based onthemarksprovidedbyChairandCo-chair ofthe21sessions,certificatesandcashawardswere 310 a w f 2017 inNCESSw and Dr c the oceansandr conference. Thepresentationsanddiscussionsduringtheconferencehighlightedimpactsofclimatechange in weather eventswerealsopresented.

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hair g aniz . e ofO R. ed thesessions (b) an w er Maiti, ed jointl v e atotalof e beenbr c er ed toallthepr . as theCon Subsequentl ean So or thebenef s namel Smt. y b ought outb y NCESS P ciet esenta 141w . y, Dif anjami, Dr v enor y ofInd y, it of f . er S thedele tions inthev e er vious 4OSICONs . ent f w OSICON-17 startedwithavibrantinauguralfunction f Rajeevan inauguratedthefunctionanddeliveredaspeech Zone of the PlenarytalkonSustainableDevelopmentofCoastal secr uni huge participationofstudentdelegatesfrommajorresearch/ participated intheconference.Theconferencewitnessed ticipants ofthisconferencewere361,outwhich 292 a research inIndiamakingcriticalareasofchallengeto be ers inthecountryvividlyunfoldingstrengthofocean had 8invitedtalksbyreputedscientistsandsciencemanag- K. Dr . , OceanandClima itting ICMAMpr dele e listedundertheor ttempted f her Das deli Dr dent, KSCSTE,GovtofKeralaofferedfelicitationsand of of mec Exhibition witha3Dphysicalmodeldemonstratingthe shop y man Cha v . V acets of etar er ia 2017(OSIC thanks thecountr ein theHon . ga D l v ga sity institutionsinthecounty incent , y settingthetoneof hanism of PrincipalSecr er . ttopadh tes y of .S tes leftf India: y speak ed thek ourcountr . . Sur Fur soilpipingin aledictor or pr ESSO-NCESS theMoESDr . Mor oject Dir A. esh Ba

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tions andlanddisturbances as deli as thef y of At themeeting Also , Dr c ga ys of theimpactsof h. , . ocess NCESSpr or theNa OSICON-17r tes fr T . , er theMoES SekharL. Dr v otal r ence f er ocal themeof ecuti , Dr y ield w 252pa . om v , ed b ak. P displa th e to30 . . Subsequentl er OSICON-17 P e . V. v xtr tional gister y thef e oposed v . e conducted or arious par K. , K Dr V eme ocean y of J per k tostud th ice Pr , uriak ose T Dr August c . ed par ecei Sur s w W hampi or R&D lima India ph, . or the mer ose M. esi- v esh ote er ed k- a ts te y, e y - , . Conference, Seminar and Workshop

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deli a ming meeting as par . Mohankumar (Rtd.), Scientist-F e Committee with nine member gy, tional pr oposal submission and also f Sasidharan Managathil, Chief Editor, Mathrubhumi and Shri. T. Nandakumar, Senior Science Corre- spondent, The Hindu are seen on the dias IISF Curtain raiser programme was inagurated by Dr. N. Purnachandra Rao, Director, NCESS. Dr. G am, as or he Br admalal, ESSO-NCESS 10.5. IIS NCESS Cor Departments to share their expertise and archival data for the program. Departments to share their expertise pr subcontinent and its islands" to the Ministr subcontinent and its islands" to the program during 2018-2022. A general consensus was arrived at with regard to the project goals, common method- program during 2018-2022. A general olo T (CGWB gr water Discharge (SGD)". SGD is the direct discharge of freshwater to sea through coastal aquifers and also the direct discharge of freshwater to sea through coastal aquifers and also water Discharge (SGD)". SGD is the with nutrients, metals and other contaminants from land and exchanges recirculated sea water that receives carbon, marine en na NCESS as Or 10.4. Br P National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) convened two-days (31/08/2017 & 01/09/2017) brain- convened two-days (31/08/2017 & Earth Science Studies (NCESS) National Centre for stor w

Conference, Seminar and Workshop shop 10.6. W visit, loca quality anal R meter In in SGDstudies,suchas,PrinciplesofAquifermodelling,mapping,GeophysicalandMarine participation. TheDay-1oftheworkshophadexpertpresentationondifferenttoolsandmethodstobeadopted international scientistsfrompremierR&Dorganizationsanduniversitiesworkinginthearea,additiontostudent Gr tion withtheimplementa India or The NationalCentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS),undertheMinistryofSciencesGovernment of India organisedcurtainraiserprogrammeon22 The NationalCentreforEarthScienceStudies(NCESS),ThiruvananthapuramMinistryofSciences,Govt meeting inDecember'2017a context ofIndiancoastswithCGWBofficialsinNewDelhionSeptember'2017andSGD-ExpertCommittee in contin Science F N. R the a a CESS onthetheme"Anapproachtoscience".ThestudentsfromMGMCentralPublicSchool,Thiruvananthapuram 10.7. Hind T cant contrib tion of Of With anobjectiveofpromotingtheprogressiveuse HindiasanOfficialLanguageandcreateawarenessabout Chief Hindi Of ttended thefunctionandinter ole of ao he w v Pur ound f estig icial Hindi, , tions andg Dir discussionontheconstitutionof . w , Editor or GPR)in ar 96 nac Of a g R kshop be d winner ector w or ua tions f aniz f esti handr icer adium andR f at tion of kshop O yz icial Langua i W utions insciencecomm v , er Disc ed thr Ma er , , al-2017 (IISF-2017)underthetheme"Sciencef NCESS aw VSSC w , lobal sta or SGDdeter or a R Pie V Inaugural sessionofSGDworkshop s of thr g ar kshop he thetw an withthew or ee da ao z kala andK ubhumi andShri. n Impl har kshop w ometer/ Pushpointw Na , Dir , inhisInaugur as theChiefguestandf g tus onSGDIn adon IsotopesinSGDf ys Na e tional Childr g tion of o da ector Act andopinedtha e" he ement l d on12 as or ys Br tional mina t NCESS , aric acted withDr NCESS elcome speec l R&DPr d on21-23,F g hal SGDsitesw ainstor tion, at anised on12.03.2018a W unica en ScienceCong T. t ion S al ad or h teammember Mar IsotopeFing v . . T . Nandakumar kshop during21 estig As par ming sessionheldin tion. dr oject onSubmarineGr he w tr a c h b ess . ter sampler a G at t NCESShasalr h 2018atNat Itw tions withe aculty of t of , y Dr egie . or emphasiz Mohankumar nd e lux deter kshop hadleadtalksandf bru September2017atNCESSaspartoftheIndiaInternational as ar thecur as f . D s F er s andconc , r SeniorScienceCor ar ess-2016. . ollo printing anda S thew or TheNat r , st R ang . y 2018atNCE -23 Sur ed theneedf t NCESS xamples fr w tain r mina adon measur ed onDa ed b or Ne esh Ba ional C or r ead d . A F aiser pr kshop W tion, ugust' 2017a luding r y atalkb e y beenf ound br e alsof w India". , T ESSO-NCESS b uar R ional Net om r u, pplica ent . y-2. ri Chief emote sensingtoolsf ogr or pr v y 2018in Wa ement, emar andr r ollo T SS elicita r P e y Dr e f amme of espondent, ter Disc ar gional studies tion of he Da T oper under ticipants of or E ks onthepr wing ther Mana um. t NCESS ield demob he pr DGPS . ted Shri. G w Smt. T or art y-3 w . har isotopesin hir Mohankumar g ogr IISF-2017, k Pr er (i/c). SGDW Annual Report 2017-18 T h Scienc uv g , , R am w discussiononSGDinthe e (SGD). V ules standing andimplementa- P he Hinduf as de anantha . T esisti oj .S . oceedings of y eminentna Sasidhar . . ect O K Henotedtha he f Dr orkshop as inaugur v or identifyingSGD vity meter omalakumari, oted f NCESSf e S Aquif . pur ield demo(W T N , n "S Scientist(Rtd), tud he w . or theirsignif an Mana Pur am inconnec- or la er Ma ie u a the or nac tional and ted b bmarine , s See elicita bor kshop is t Hindi handr W pping ga R a y Dr pa or tor thil, a etd. ted ter ge k- i- y a , . Conference, Seminar and Workshop , u- ee y in br g e June th ajasr F xplained th wn Hall, GA 2017 97 R . e hnolo December To nment Col- .S th ec er V T v t the SA tial am on 09 t Mini med decision mak- t Go y y Smt. or s a otta y" a omalakumari, g her K , Geospa K or inf July 2017. . st thanks b .S sity Kerala Environmental Con- hnolo th December 2017. er V th ec v . emote sensing" a T April 2017. ote of hool teac tions of tor nd s. tial ear ansla pplica A o y Tr guest Smt. November 2017. th or high sc ed a talk on "R ed a talk on "GIS f Hindi the Official Language Act, 1963 and the proper Language Act, the Official of the targets of method for the implementation office work. The workshop official language in ended with a v implementation in NCESS is doing well for the is doing well for in NCESS implementation last tw Chief tma Gandhi Uni er ed f er v v es in Geospa aniz Delivered a talk on "EIA and CRZ" in the state level workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment at Maha Kasaragod by ICCS on 01 Delivered a talk on "CRZ Mapping and preparation of CZMP for Kerala" organized by KCZMA at Hotel SP Grand Days on 22 ary 2018. Deli 2017. Delivered a lecture on "Science of Climate Change" or- g in a workshop organized in association with VSSC, KSREC & NIRD& PR at Mascot Hotel on 20 gress at EMC, Thiruvnanthapuram on 07 gress at EMC, Thiruvnanthapuram 2017. lege, Kasaragod on 19 Chaired a session of 13 Geo-environmental Studies and delivered a talk on "Chal- Geo-environmental Studies and delivered leng Dr. K. K. Ramachandran Deli Attended the inaugural function of the two day National Attended the inaugural function of the Seminar on ing" on the occasion of GIS Day jointly organized by ing" on the occasion of GIS Day jointly Environment Cen- the Kerala State Remote Sensing and (TVM-Chap- tre and Indian Society of Remote Sensing ter) on 15 ssions ter Wa al Se y 2018. e in con- All India g uar h 2018. ones in the c es on hnic br e ec y" in August 2017. F th Mar enic z y 2018. June 2017. th nd th halleng uar National Conference br onnani Colle e th y on 6 etland Da F y on 22 W nd ld t MES P ao or ter Da s/ Chairing of T etland Da otential tsunamig e Wa W ur June 2017. Annual Report 2017-18 e on "Issues and c th ld ld or or ynote talk a W W e oadcasting on 2 nachandra R ed Lect admalal vit or br ed a talk on "W ed a lectur ed a k ed a talk on “P . Pur . P er er er er v v v v . N . D adio f ESSO-NCESS Management in Kerala" at State Planning Board in connection with Delivered an invited lecture on "EIA of Sand Mining" to the Senior Officials of MoEF & CC, Govt. of India, at Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), Hyderabad on 24 Deli Delivered an invited lecture on "Sand mining - environmental effects and mitigation" for the Senior Officials of various government departments of India at Admin- istrative Staff College of India on 14 Deli R of Ocean Society of India (OSICON-17), National of Ocean Society of India (OSICON-17), 28 Centre for Earth Science Studies on nection with Delivered C. RadhaKrishna Murthy Endowment Lec- Delivered C. RadhaKrishna Murthy of earth through ture on "Probing deep interior Some Indian Palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism: of the Geo- Examples" at the Annual General meeting on 2017. logical Society of India-Sagar University Dr. T. Radhakrishna Deli Dr Indian Ocean: causative mechanism and threats to the Indian Ocean: causative mechanism Indian Sub-continent" on the 5 Dr Deli 10.8 In Conference, Seminar and Workshop Chemistr theme: “ConnectingPeopletoNature”,Departmentof Inaugur Dr. K.AnoopKrishnan India on19 ter P Department ofEnvironmentalScienceson12 geochemistry ofCoastallakesattheKeralaUniversity the mental concer Deli Dr. A.Krishnakumar 2018. D the AtomicMineralsDivisionThiruvananthapuramof Chief GuestfortheScienceDayfunctionconductedby on 23 AE anddeli W v ollution: er rd or 98 March2018. ed atalkon"W a ld En ted anddeli y, NSSColle th June2017. Ri v vir er ns" intheNa v ed atalkon"ScienceandSustaina onment Da erine v er , estuarineandoceansystems"on ge, ed atalkon"Chemistr etlands andemer Nemmar y-2017 cele tional a, W P or alakkad, br kshop onBio- ging en a tions onthe th y of K January vir bility" er W on- ala, a- Dr. K.Sreelash Uni K logical modeling"atDept.ofEnvironmentalScience, Delivered aninvitedlectureon"IntroductiontoHydro- January 2018. modeling inh Delivered aninvitedlectureon"Introductiontoinverse 2018. Science ing andinversemodeling"atDept.ofEnvironmental Delivered aninvitedlectureon"Introductiontomodel- er v ala Uni er sity , K ESSO-NCESS , er Chennaion10 v er ala Uni y sity dr og , T , v eolo hir er sity uv g y" a anantha , T , th J Annual Report 2017-18 hir an t De uar uv pur anantha pt. y 2018. of am on30 Geolo pur am on29

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Extension ed ed tion er ver or all v OGA Senior Y 101 Sanita aining ses- , vitha, a arliament deli pts of he tr K P . T akumar e" aining session f ay y Ms J . ast J aste" has been deli a 2017. le Member of W OGA tr y Sri. om W Y Yog om r ried out b r , Hon’b oor y of ed a om F as car y 2017 b w ul aniz oduced the basic conce , eed g eedom F J r r th . Shashi Thar tional Da h intr actices na , Dr hic w heme "F une 2017. Inter J atherings th he t sion, employees on 21st June 2017 as part of the celebrations employees on 21st June 2017 as part of NCESS had or and its pr Faculty at The Art of Living, Thiruvananthapuram. t NCESS on 27 As part of the Swatchhta Pakwada 2017 an awareness talk on the theme "F a Expert, Suchitwa Mission, Govt of Kerala. June 2017) at National Centre for Earth Science Studies by June 2017) at National Centre for Earth th alk on t the inaugural address - 30 th ss t liament on 16 ar ene P hwada 11. Extension 11. ar ak elcomed the special guest and g a P hht a - an aw ac , NCESS w le Member of w a Day ector og hwad , Dir Hon'b , ao ak Annual Report 2017-18 ion of S oor a P at ional Y har hht T gur nachandra R ac ernat w . Pur Shashi . N . Dr ESSO-NCESS 11.3 S Inauguration of Swatchhta Pakhwada 2017(16 Inauguration of Swatchhta Pakhwada 11.2 Int Dr 11.1 Inau Extension House k w 'Inter equality of audience f Scientist-D inagurated thefunctionDr.K.Krishnakumar, Dr. N.PurnachandraRao,Director,NCESS 11.5 Hind country andworkingmodelsrelatingtoearthalongwiththeposterpresentationswerearrangedinexhibition. the F on thedias Bhatt, ProjectScientist-C,CrustalProcessesare scientists inter parting awarenessregardingthevariousR&DprogrammesofNCESSandtheirsocietalrelevance.Apanel of 11.6 Obser session f ous laboratoriesofthecentre.Anexhibitionwasalsoarrangedaspartprogramme.Thereaninteractive schools, collegesanduniversitydepartmentsvisitedNCESSinteractedwiththescientistsassociated vari- During thesedaysNCESSLaboratorieswereopenedforstudentsandpublic.Around800fromvarious instr speec Heads Sudee Hindi f Pr T and Maintenance writing Krishnakumar As perthecir the employeesofNCESStookintegritypledge. October to4 11.4. MoE 11.7 Int

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. ar econstr tional theme gi USA. w The activities of recreation club of NCESS continued to be very vibrant with the active participation of staff, students and family members tions of aw unof E. na ance ed b e and Sta . J r opical Marine R er les in the Humid tr tment of F al, v Tr all R yc y Dr pplica ed a talk on "LA-ICI-MS and its a actions" w par h students or ed an 'A thquak c he inter er ed a talk on "T ainf a P and Ms v ed b as deli o talks - one on "Ho e f er y De . . . T ent themes of v er aniz gies (DMT), Ear , ed talks on "R v esear an g er gical studies" in Mar f er aishri Sanw v loud inter J alo . Sar . andon, hnolo ocesses thi deli e" and "R as deli T oung r ec Dr Pr "#PressforProgress" was elucidated. The vote of thanks "#PressforProgress" w ning the best poster award in international conference. The international conference. poster award in ning the best instan- programme conducted nonstop speech five minutes of women based the theme among the audience taneously in society Ms y T ter and carbon c upa tsmouth deli .K a eloppement (IRD), Modelling sity deli hang anasi made tw f or S hir tion. Leibniz Centr ESF also or . er , a ar v P T te c of ta (Solution Consultant - Scientif ement , V , unof d studies in India" w jahn, Ya ed 14 talks on dif standing dust-c lima y Pr y ARL, sity of all-R ed a talk on "Challenging a BHU N er aniz ic themes , , enner er v g Anna Uni ed b e Hazar

v ainf ao he pour le Dév er ed a talk on "W c xide Sequestr R v , umar Uni a Shenth er , Tim J v oplet Measur her thi R . . e on "Sediment Subduction vs Sediment assimila e on "Sediment Subduction vs Sediment EPMA and SEM in miner thquak CWR, e on "Under onmental/ c ec pa bad deli Dr as deli al, , Shipr Dr vir . e deli NCESS or Anish K . . tion of alor Chala ector y Ms . Dr Mudg ed a lectur um of Ahmeda y 2018, of . ub vited lectur er or .V y, y, vited talks on scientif pplica v Bang Pr uar , Institut de R A talk on "Ear Annual Report 2017-18 , B . tor an y. y. onmental Sciences a y 2018, An in el ion Cl

v vir IISc uar bor Critical Zone Dynamics a". espect to past en , eat y ali, NY deli br , e y and Dr th Science F ean Riotte h La ecr especti 2017 on the topic Carbon dio sity c J During J . dition to the in h, er actions c man v th and En ta" r st talk during 2017-2018 w he Ear esear ripti Mug y Dr ir 11.9 R ESSO-NCESS September 2017. Science and End Note' b In ad Ghats: Insights from stable isotope investigations". T and its Dynamics". and the other on "A During F Da ment with r ence". Ger R lesser articles Island". A talk on "Critical Zone dynamics inferred from Hydro-Geochemical Monitoring" was given lesser articles Island". A talk on "Critical b Ear for Earth Science". During October, 2017, Prof. William M White, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell for Earth Science". During October, Uni Senior Scientist and Dir Scientific Research, Bengaluru delivered a lecture on "The proxy record of Quaternary climate and techtonics from Scientific Research, Bengaluru delivered the Himala Mar f and researchers of India and abroad. The themes of talks include, Carbon di oxide Sequestration, Dust-Cloud and researchers of India and abroad. inter T 11.8 Earth Science Forum 11.8 Earth Science Extension 104 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Staff Details . B) ion y 2018) 105 at y 2018) anuar J th une 2016) anuar nal Auditor cument oint Manager Executive Assistant Manager (till 26 Deputy Manager Deputy Manager (till J Deputy Manager Deputy Manager Scientist C Deputy Manager J Scientist B Scientist B Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientific Asst. (Gr Scientist-F & Head Chief Manager (i/c) (since November 2017) Chief Manager (till October 2017) Manager (Finance & Accounts) Inter Scientist B Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientist G & Head Scientist-F Scientist-E (till November 2017) Scientist-D Scientist B Scientist B Scientist B Scientist B (since J fice) (till October 2017) s of esses (HyP) G’ oc Scientific Officer ( Gr. 3) om A ma ion aining & Do r at ash tr gical Pr ph s, T a o putation fr aprasad esh Babu esh Babu p ouse ol admaja Kumari any cy ect ay v apal a madas J dr . P . Salaj minis ay oj ay (on de . Sur . Sur admalal d . J . La . Mer ajat Kumar Shar . Krishnakumar . S . Sudee Hy . B. Vibin . P . S . S . Kaliraj . D . D . D . S Shri. N Shri. R. Haridas Shri. C. M. Y Shri. S Smt. G Dr. E. A. Resmi Dr. E. A. Shri. Dhar Shri. M. Madhu Madhavan Smt. R. J Smt. K. V 12.7 A Dr. C. K. Unnikrishnan Smt. Nita Sukumar Smt. K. Reshma Dr 12.6 Pr 12.5 (PT&D) Dr Shri. S Dr Shri. P Shri. M. A. K. H. Rasheed Smt. G Dr. K. Sreelash Smt. C. Sakunthala Smt. T. M. Liji Shri. P Dr. K. Maya Shri. B. K. J Dr. K. Anoop Krishnan Shri. Badimela Upendra Shri. Prasenjit Das Shri. R Dr . B) une 2017) May 2017) May 2017) J une 2017) May 2017) th nd J nd st May 2017) May 2017) th st st tP) 12. Staff Details 12. echnician (Gr s (A Scientist F & Head (since 28 Scientist G & Head (till 27 Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) Scientist-G & Head (since 22 Scientist-F & Head (till 21 Scientist-F Scientific Officer (Gr. 3) (till April 2017) Scientific Officer (Gr. 3) (till September 2017) Scientific Officer (Gr. 3) Scientist-F Scientist-D Scientist B Scientist B Scientist B Scientific Asst. (Gr. B) T Scientist B Scientist-D Scientist-D Scientist B Scientist B Scientist B Scientist B Scientist-G & Head Scientist-E rP) Director (since 22 Director (i/c) (till 21 MTS MTS (since 01 oP) sse s (C s (C oce Scientist-F & Head PT&D Scientist-F & sse sse ao oce oce Annual Report 2017-18 oshi pheric Pr al Pr al Pr s esh Babu esh Babu t ao Bommoju . Kallukalam st nachandra R as . Salaj mo . Sur t o . Sur ru . S . Mohanan . Nandakumar . S . Pur . S omson J adma R . D . Kumar Batuk J . P . T . V . D . N 2.4 A Dr. K. K. Ramachandran Dr. T. N. Prakash Shri. M. K. Rafeeque Shri. M. K. Sreeraj Dr. T. N. Prakash Dr. K. K. Ramachandran Dr. L. Sheela Nair Dr Shri. M. Ajit Kumar Shri. M. Ramesh Kumar Shri. S Dr. Reji Srinivas Shri. Ramesh Madipally Shri. S Ms. Alka Gond Shri. N. Nishanth Shri. K. Eldhose Dr Dr. A. Krishnakumar Shri. Thatikonda Suresh Kumar Shri. Arka Roy Dr. Chandra Prakash Dubey Dr. Nilanjana Sorcar Dr Smt. Sreekumari Kesavan Dr Dr 1 12.3 C ESSO-NCESS 12.1 Director’s office 12.1 Director’s 12.2 C Dr. T. N. Prakash Dr Smt. T. Remani Shri. R. Binu Kumar Dr Staff Details Smt. P Smt. D Smt. SmithaVijayan Smt. F Shri. P Shri. P Smt. K.S Smt. V Smt. SeejaVijayan Shri. P Shri. B.RajendranNair Smt. InduJ Shri. P Shri P Shri. M.R.Murukan Shri. K.SudheerKumar Smt. P . R . C.R emi R.Srini . S . R . S . H.Shinaj . SaseendranNair 106 . Shimla . SajithaKumar ajendra Babu . Di . Anoop ajesh . Anju anardanan asi vy a v asan y Executive Executive Executive Executive (till November2017) J J J J J (till J MTS Scientific Asst.(Gr.B) MTS MTS (since 1 MTS MTS MTS MTS unior Executi unior Executi unior Executi unior Executi unior Executi anuar st May2017) y 2018) ve ve ve ve ve 12.8 R Personnel &General Scientific Officer(Gr.3) Shri. C.M.Y Shri. B.K.J Hydrological Processes Shri. M.AjitKumar 31 30 30 Superannuated on Deputy Manager Administration Superannuated on Superannuated on Coastal Processes st th st J September 2017 November 2016 et anuar Scientist E ESSO-NCESS ir ement Shri. B.RajendranNair y 2018 ay Purchase &Stores 31 ouse Superannuated on aprasad st s J ph anuar MTS Annual Report 2017-18 y 2018 Scientific Officer(Gr.3) 30 Purchase &Stores Superannuated on Shri. N th Shri. S 31 Superannuated on Superannuated on Coastal Processes 30 Chief Manager Shri. P November 2017 Administration Executive st th October 2017 April 2017 . J . Mohanan . Sudee ay apal p Staff Details 107 te He . Assis- Janu- , , th bility to ala Sta NCESS s. er ed a major ammes y umar ear His a ogr ed in K y ed 15 y g usic pr Krishna K Krishna . He had pla . el m S v es ho is emplo ary 2018 while rendering a pa- ary 2018 while rendering occasion of triotic song on the in flag hoisting ceremony with the NCESS in connection He Republic Day function. tant Manager, Estate, Adminis- tant Manager, tration and Maintenance of NCESS (EA&M) Section 26 breathed his last on Shri. lishment Section. b w lub -le e, Annual Report 2017-18 y ucial junctur d (KSEB) and son a ar May 1983 in Centre for Earth Science May 1983 in Centre mer in c rd u y his wif y cr or vice in Esta ed b v t man vi gular perf pays rich tributes and homage to his soul. pays rich tributes and homage to his Electricity Boar is sur role in National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) where role in National Rural Health Mission on deputation. His he worked for more than five years and had been a love for Hindi music was well known re joined on 03 had shown exceptional ability in dis- Studies (CESS). He had been instru- charging the work entrusted to him and procedure dur- mental in simplifying the administrative ing his ser solve the intricacy of a problem had helped the institu- solve the intricacy of a problem had tion a 12.9 Obit ESSO-NCESS Staff Details 108 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 109 13. Balance Sheet Balance 13. Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 110 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 111 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 112 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 113 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 114 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 115 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 116 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 117 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 118 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 119 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 120 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 121 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 122 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 123 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 124 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 125 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 126 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 127 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 128 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 129 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 130 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 131 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 132 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 133 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 134 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 135 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 136 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18 Balance Sheet 137 Annual Report 2017-18 ESSO-NCESS Balance Sheet 138 ESSO-NCESS Annual Report 2017-18