La Sfida Degli Hawker Centres

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La Sfida Degli Hawker Centres Corso di Laurea Magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Antropologia Culturale, Etnologia, Etnolinguistica Tesi di Laurea La Sfida degli Hawker Centres Etnografia di un mercato alimentare di Singapore: paesaggi sensoriali e esperienze identitarie Relatore Ch. Prof. Gianluca Ligi Correlatori Ch. Prof. Giovanni Dore Ch. Prof. Francesco Vallerani Laureando Claudia Squarzon Matricola 829980 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 2 Indice Introduzione ................................................................................................................................. 9 Capitolo I – CONOSCERE SINGAPORE 1. Un piccolo puntino rosso vincente ........................................................................................... 21 2. Inquadramento geografico ........................................................................................................ 24 3. Inquadramento storico: “From third world to first” ................................................................ 29 4. Eterogeneità sociale, teorie politiche e prassi: il modello CMIO ............................................ 42 5. Una “cleaned city”: da hawkers a hawker centres ................................................................... 51 Capitolo II – STUDIARE I MERCATI ALIMENTARI: LINEE TEORICHE GUIDA 1. L’interesse antropologico per i mercati alimentari .................................................................. 63 2. Corporeità e sensorialità come proposta metodologica etnografica ......................................... 69 3. Lo studio relazionale dei luoghi ............................................................................................... 81 4. Il cibo come veicolo d’identità e fattore di autenticità ............................................................. 95 5. Guardare all’identità “in atto” attraverso i sensi, i luoghi e il cibo .......................................... 111 Capitolo III – LA QUOTIDIANITA’ VIBRANTE DEGLI HAWKER CENTRES 1. Entrare negli hawker centres: il percorso fino alla scelta del Dunman food centre ................. 119 2. Il kampong di Joo Chiat: tra storia e modernità ....................................................................... 129 3. Il carattere autentico degli hawker centres ............................................................................... 143 3.1. I luoghi ...................................................................................................................... 143 3.2. Le ricette .................................................................................................................... 148 4. Un paesaggio sensoriale nuovo ................................................................................................ 157 3 5. Il Dunman food centre ............................................................................................................. 169 5.1. Il luogo ...................................................................................................................... 169 5.2. I chioschi e le ricette .................................................................................................. 176 5.3. Le persone ................................................................................................................. 195 5.4 Le giornate .................................................................................................................. 201 Capitolo IV- LO STALL 19: DUNMAN ROAD CHAR SIEW WANTON MEE 1. La scelta di un solo chiosco e questioni etiche ......................................................................... 213 2. Steven, il suo chiosco e il Dunman food centre ...................................................................... 219 3. Azioni quotidiane, pratiche e gesti tecnici ............................................................................... 228 4. Char siew wanton mee: la ricetta ............................................................................................. 236 Conclusione .................................................................................................................................. 251 Appendici .................................................................................................................................... 271 Interviste ........................................................................................................................ 271 Immagini e fotografie ................................................................................................... 303 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................... 315 Sitografia ..................................................................................................................................... 331 4 5 A Domenico 6 AVVERTENZE LINGUISTICHE Nel corso di tutta la lettura si noterà la presenza di alcune trascrizioni di termini o espressioni cinesi. Il cinese è una lingua tonale, caratterizzata da un sistema a quattro toni che, nella grafia moderna in caratteri latini (il cosiddetto pīnyīn, introdotto nel 1956 da Zhou You Guang) si esprime mediante segni diacritici posti sopra le vocali. Per questo motivo si riporteranno sempre le parole in caratteri cinesi, la trascrizione pīnyīn, e la traduzione in italiano. Inoltre, per una migliore comprensione è bene dare una breve spiegazione della situazione linguistica di Singapore. Le lingue ufficiali del paese sono quattro: l’inglese, il cinese mandarino, il malese e il tamil. Per ragioni storiche la lingua nazionale di Singapore è il malese, utilizzato anche per l'inno nazionale. Dall’anno dell’indipendenza dall’Inghilterra, nel 1965, l'inglese è la lingua ufficiale utilizzata dall'amministrazione pubblica ed è ampiamente diffuso anche fra la popolazione. I cartelli stradali e le pubblicazioni ufficiali sono in lingua inglese solitamente accompagnate dalla traduzione nelle altre lingue ufficiali. La forma locale e dialettale dell'inglese, quella più diffusa nella lingua orale, è il cosiddetto singlish. Il singlish ha molte caratteristiche in comune con le lingue creole, avendo incorporato termini e forme grammaticali dei dialetti cinesi (hokkien, teochew, hakka e cantonese), del malay e del tamil. Il singlish è parlato nella vita quotidiana ma è inviso nelle occasioni ufficiali. Il vocabolario di questo cosiddetto “inglese colloquiale singaporiano” consiste di parole originarie inglesi, hokkien, teochew, hakka, cantonesi, malesi, e tamil, e ancora, in misura minore, di lingue europee e sinitiche. Le sue radici risalgono al periodo coloniale (1946-1963). Proprio in questo periodo iniziò a prendere forma il variopinto ambiente linguistico-culturale singaporiano, poichè le diverse popolazioni approdate a Singapore, oltre alle proprie radici culturali e ai propri costumi, portarono nella “Città del Leone” anche le proprie lingue e i propri dialetti. Ovviamente, in un ecosistema linguistico-culturale all’interno del quale sono contestualmente presenti più di una ventina di idiomi differenti, le interferenze linguistiche sono inevitabili. Nonostante le accanite campagne governative volte a contenere l’uso del singlish tra la popolazione locale, tale realtà linguistica, si conferma come un imprescindibile ed estremamente funzionale collante per l’integrazione dei diversi gruppi etnici, e uno spazio di testimonianza delle radici linguistiche e culturali delle diverse popolazioni che nel tempo hanno caratterizzato Singapore. Nel corso della ricerca sul campo le lingue usate nelle interviste sono state l’inglese e il cinese mandarino. L’inglese riportato nelle interviste trascritte è volutamente lasciato originale, si tratta di inglese con tratti di singlish. Si è reso, tuttavia, necessario un breve approfondimento di alcune terminologie in ambito culinario, in particolare dei nomi dei piatti preparati negli hawker centres. I nomi delle ricette rappresentano la sintesi linguistica dell’incontro tra la cultura cinese del sud e i suoi dialetti, e la lingua malese autoctona. Nel testo si troveranno i nomi originali dei piatti, con la spiegazione in nota della traduzione, sia essa di derivazione cinese o malese, seguita dal procedimento di preparazione, come osservato dalla sottoscritta o nel modo in cui mi è stato spiegato dagli hawkers. 7 8 Introduzione Sono atterrata a Singapore da sole poche ore. Scrivo queste righe per non far affievolire le sensazioni che ho provato e cerco di descriverle a parole, per quello che si può trasmettere a parole dell’esperienza corporea e mentale dell’”atterrare” in un posto del tutto sconosciuto. Ho un entusiasmo tale, dato da questa partenza, che nemmeno il jet-lag mi tranquillizza, e temo perfino di non chiudere occhio stanotte. Sento quelle vibrazioni di vitalità frizzante dentro che il partire per vivere un posto per alcuni mesi mi ha sempre dato. Amo partire, amo la sfida con me stessa nell’imparare ad ambientarmi e a stare bene ovunque io sia, anche se ogni volta è un re-imparare. Mi è capitato più volte, negli ultimi anni di studio, di soggiornare all’estero per lunghi periodi, ed è il percorso stesso per trovare la mia dimensione in un luogo nuovo, è lo stesso luogo nuovo, del quale mi devo “riempire” in fretta, che mette in moto in me numerosi stimoli. Sono le nuove persone che incontro, le quali contribuiscono a farmi sentire piano piano parte di una comunità prima così lontana, che mi permettono di stupirmi sempre e di sentirmi riempita di vita. Tutto ciò mi da una grande
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