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The Historia Plantarum Generalis of John Ray: Book I - a translation and commentary. In three volumes Elizabeth Mary Lazenby, B.A. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The University of Newcastle upon Tyne. NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 094 51560 4 1sts L5t+13 Department of Classics January 1995 Volume One John Ray, drawn from the engraved frontispiece to the second edition of HistoriaPlantarum, Volume I. 2 For David Table of Contents Volume One: Commentary Table of contents 4 Illustrations and diagrams 9 Acknowledgements 13 Abstract 14 Abbreviations 15 Preface and inethodus operandi. 17 John Ray and HistoriaPlantarumGeneralis. 23 Chapter 1: The definition of a plant. 54 Chapter 2: On the parts of plants in general. 81 Chapter 3: On the roots of plants. 88 Chapter 4: On the stems of plants and their constituent parts, 140 from the writings of the most famous authors Malpighi and Grew. Chapter 5: Concerning the parts contained in the stems 176 and the movement of sap. Chapter 6: On the annual increase of the trunk. 209 Chapter 7: On the differences of stems, from Joachim Jung's 220 Isagoge Phytoscopica, with some additions and changes. Chapter 8: On buds, especially what is written by the most 272 illustrious Malpighi and Grew. Chapter 9: On the leaves of plants according to Joachim Jung 286 and other writers. Chapter 10: Concerning the flowers of plants and particularly 343 concerning their parts. Chapter 11 On the differences of flowers: from Joachim Jung's 405 Isagoge Phytoscopica, with some additions and changes. Chapter 12: On the fruits and seeds of plants. 459 4 Volume Two: Commentary Table of contents 498 Illustrations and diagrams 500 Chapter 13: Certain general observations on the seeds of plants. 501 Chapter 14: On the leaves of plants called seed leaves. 537 Chapter 15: On the seedling and other things contained in the seed. 544 Chapter 16: On the secondary or auxiliary parts of plants: 574 tendrils, thorns etc. Chapter 17: On the nutrition of plants. 585 Chapter 18: On the sowing and propagation of plants. 605 Chapter 19: On grafting. 663 Chapter 20: Concerning the specific differences (as they call them) 689 of plants. Chapter2l: On the transmutation of species in plants. 712 Chapter 22: On the stature and size of plants. 738 Chapter 23: On the age and lifespan of plants. 765 Chapter 24: On the powers and uses of plants in food and medicine 779 Chapter 25: On the position of plants. 827 Chapter 26: On the division of plants according to their genus. 835 Chapter 27: On the division of plants into 847 trees, shrubs, subshrubs and herbaceous plants: and of individuals into their subordinate genera. Chapter 28: On the collection, drying out and preservation 886 of plants and their parts. Chapter 29: On the chemical analysis of plants 905 and the use of their dissolved parts. Chapter 30: On the diseases of plants and their remedies. 940 5 General table of herbaceous plants showing the main types. 953 Table 1: Imperfect plants. 959 Table 2: Herbaceous plants with very small seed, which is scarcely visible to the naked eye. 973 Appendix: Table of authors etc. referred to by Ray in HistoriaPlantarum, Book I. 981 Bibliography. 984 6 Volume Three: Translation and Text Table of contents 1007 Illustrations and diagrams 1009 Prologue: Book one of The History of Plants, 1010 which is about plants in general. Chapter 1: The definition of a plant. 1012 Chapter 2: On the parts of plants in general. 1017 Chapter 3: On the roots of plants. 1020 Chapter 4: On the stems of plants and their constituent parts, 1028 from the writings of the most famous authors Malpighi and Grew. Chapter 5: Concerning the parts contained in the stems 1036 and the movement of sap. Chapter 6: On the annual increase of the trunk. 1044 Chapter 7: On the differences of stems, from Joachim Jung's 1047 Isagoge Phytoscopica, with some additions and changes. Chapter 8: On buds, especially what is written by the most 1051 illustrious Malpighi and Grew. Chapter 9: On the leaves of plants according to Joachim Jung 1055 and other writers. Chapter 10: Concerning the flowers of plants and particularly 1067 concerning their parts. Chapter 11: On the differences of flowers: from Joachim Jung's 1075 Isagoge Phytoscopica, with some additions and changes. Chapter 12: On the fruits and seeds of plants. 1088 Chapter 13: Certain general observations on the seeds of plants. 1099 Chapter 14: On the leaves of plants called seed leaves. 1105 Chapter 15: On the seedling and other things contained in the seed. 1107 Chapter 16: On the secondary or auxiliary parts of plants: 1120 tendrils, thorns etc. 7 Chapter 17: On the nutrition of plants. 1123 Chapter 18: On the sowing and propagation of plants. 1128 Chapter 19: On grafting. 1145 Chapter 20: Concerning the specific differences (as they call them) 1157 of plants. Chapter 21: On the transmutation of species in plants. 1164 Chapter 22: On the stature and size of plants. 1168 Chapter 23: On the age and lifespan of plants. 1175 Chapter 24: On the powers and uses of plants in food and medicine. 1179 Chapter 25: On the position of plants. 1194 Chapter 26: On the division of plants according to their genus. 1197 Chapter 27: On the division of plants into 1199 trees, shrubs, subshrubs and herbaceous plants: and of individuals into their subordinate genera. Chapter 28: On the collection, drying out and preservation 1208 of plants and their parts. Chapter 29: On the chemical analysis of plants 1215 and the use of their dissolved parts. Chapter 30: On the diseases of plants and their remedies. 1220 General table of herbaceous plants showing the main types. 1225 Table 1: Imperfect plants. 1231 Table 2: Herbaceous plants with very small seed, 1235 which is scarcely visible to the naked eye. Photocopy of the text of HistoriaPlantarum, Book I, and of the three additional tables 1237 8 Illustrations and diagrms Volume One Portrait of John Ray drawn by the author from the engraved frontispiece 2 of the second edition of HistoriaPlantarum, Volume 1. The title page of the sale catalogue of Ray's library 26 Illustration of Concha anatfera from Gerard's Herball from the edition of 1597 77 from Johnson's edition of 1636 78 Dandelion plant showing the tap root 89 A fibrous root system 89 The Crocus corm in winter 99 Longitudinal section of the Crocus corm in winter 99 The root system of the Spotted Orchid (Daclylorhiza) 101 Rhizome of Gramen caninum Offic. 104 Rhizome of Men:ha 105 Gladiolus corm as it appears in autunm 115 The rhizome of Iris tuberosa 116 Stem tubers of Solanum tuberosum 118 Longitudinal section of a Daffodil bulb 120 Longitudinal section of a Tulip bulb 121 Cross section of a root 121 Robert Hooke's microscope of 1664 124 The phloem in transverse and longitudinal section 134 Section through the tip of a growing root 138 A basic stem 141 A woody stem 142 Cell types in the xylem 156 Tracheids 158 9 Experiment 1 186 Experiment 2 187 Experiment 3 188 Experiment 4a 195 Experiment 4b 195 Experiment 5 196 Cross section of a tree trunk 208 Ray's stems respectufoliorum 220 Capitulum 234 Spike 238 Raceme and panicle 242 Umbel 214 Corymb 245 Stem sections after J. Lindley, Introduction to Botany, 1832 260 Malpighi,AnatomePlantarum: Tab.XI, fig. 56. 275 Horse Chestnut bud showing the transition from bud scales to foliage leaves 275 Paramecium 277 Overlapping leaves in a bud: in simplified form 279 Malpighi,AnatomePlantarum: Tab.XIV, fig. 75. 280 Basic leaf 287 Some common compound leaf shapes 301 Common compound leaf shapes from Linnus, Philosophicabotanica 302 Simple leaf shapes and margins 313 Simple leaves from Linnus, Philosophicabotanica 314 The venation of the Hedera leaf 326 The reticulate veining of a leaf 326 The cells of the spongy mesophyll 328 The hydathodes on a leaflet 329 The flower of Arctium minus 350 10 A typical flower in cross section 354 A pollen grain germinating on the stigma 388 The position of the perianth in relation to the gyncium 398 Actinomorphic flower 419 Gamopetalous flower 419 Structure of a zygomorphic Lamium flower 424 The leguminous Sweet Pea flower 429 A composite, capitate inflorescence 433 A superior ovary 474 An inferior ovary 474 Early development of the cotyledons of the embryonic plant 484 Development of a dicotyledon, the common runner bean 486 Volume Two Broad Bean seed 549 Seed leaves from: HistoriaPlantarum: 27 554 Malpighi, AnatomePl.antarum: Tab. LIII, figs 18 and 19 554 Sycamore fruit showing the rolled up embryo 555 Cross sections of the seeds of Ricinus communis (Castor-oil plant) and Zea mays (Maize) 556 Epigeal germination (Phaseolus) from Malpighi, Anatomes Plantarum Pars Altera: Tab.!! 560 Hypogeal germination (Faba) from Malpighi, Anatomes Plantarum ParsAltera: Tab.III 561 Avena from Malpighi, AnatomePlantaruin: Tab.LIV, fig.324. 570 Pine seed 572 11 Volume Three Table to show the types of simple leaf 1058 Table to show the types of flower 1080 Table to show the types of seed 1091 Seed leaves from HistoriaPlantarum: 27 1110 The title page of HistoriaPlantarum Generalis, Volume I: first edition, published in 1686. 1237 12 Acknowledgements I wish to express especial gratitude to two people: first and foremost to Dr. David Gardner-Medwin for not only providing me with the text but also for transmitting his enthusiasm for John Ray and for his unfailing support and encouragement whilst I have been researching this thesis. I would also like to thank my husband, Professor John Lazenby, who admits that he 'knows no science', for his long sufferance, which even extended to reading the finished product.
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