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Threatened Medicinal and Economic Plants of the Sudan Savanna in Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria

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Threatened Medicinal and Economic Plants of the Sudan Savanna in Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation ISSN: (Online) 2311-9284, (Print) 0006-8241 Page 1 of 17 Original Research Threatened medicinal and economic plants of the Sudan Savanna in Katsina State, northwestern Nigeria Authors: Background: The loss of biodiversity in Nigeria is escalating alarmingly. However, there is 1 Abubakar Bello generally a paucity of information as to what taxa are endangered because of a dearth of Sirajo Jamaladdeen1 Muhammad T. Elder1 functioning conservation agencies in Nigeria. 1 Samaila S. Yaradua Objectives: The aim of this research is to record the endangered medicinal and other economic Sulaiman S. Kankara1 Nasiru H. Wagini1 plant species in the Sudan Savanna vegetation in Katsina and to provide an assessment of the Charles H. Stirton2 various threats faced by these plants. Muthama Muasya2 Method: Medicinal plants were identified through oral interviews with traditional medical Affiliations: practitioners within the study area. Conservation statuses were assessed using a bespoke data 1Center for Biodiversity and collection and assessment form; the data were then evaluated using the International Union Conservation, Department of for the Conservation of Nature Red List categories and criteria. Biology, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria Results: A total of 169 species belonging to 62 families were recorded. Of these, 43 taxa were reported to be used for ethnomedicinal practices. It was found that more than half (108) of the 2 Bolus Herbarium, 169 species were threatened with extinction and one taxon (Xeroderris stuhlmannii [Taub.] Department of Biological Mendonca & Sousa) qualifies as being Extinct locally. Threats recorded include overexploitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape town, South Africa (24%), agriculture (15%), deforestation and desertification (12% each), invasive plants (11%), urban residential development (7%) and erosion (6%). Corresponding author: Abubakar Bello, Conclusion: Most of the plants are already under threat and require urgent conservation [email protected]. measures. The data point to the critical need for further research into conservation strategies ac.za and a more sustainable use of threatened plants. We recommend that the Nigerian government should establish a national Red List agency and ensure effective protected area management Dates: Received: 28 Oct. 2017 and community-based natural resources management. Accepted: 07 Sept. 2018 Keywords: conservation; endangered species; Hausa community; IUCN; threat categories; Published: 04 Apr. 2019 Nigeria; Sudan Savanna. How to cite this article: Bello, A., Jamaladdeen, S., Elder, M.T., Yaradua, S.S., Kankara, S.S., Wagini, N.H. Introduction et al., 2019, ‘Threatened The loss of biodiversity in Nigeria is escalating alarmingly (‘Assessment of the threats to medicinal and economic biodiversity’ Convention on Biological Diversity [CBD] n.d.; Ihunweze n.d.). This is more plants of the Sudan pronounced in seven states across the northwestern and northeastern geopolitical zones of Savanna in Katsina State, northwestern Nigeria’, Nigeria, which are threatened by the adverse effect of desertification, posing a significant threat Bothalia 49(1), a2325. to agriculture, food security and water resources (Dike & Obembe 2012; Gbile 1992; Wakili 2016). https://doi.org/10.4102/abc. These seven states, mostly bordering the Republic of Niger and characterised by Sudano–Sahelian v49i1.2325 Savanna, are grappling with the challenge of desertification, which advances at 0.6 km every year, Copyright: leading to soil erosion and disruption of the ecosystem (Smith 2000: 2). This adverse effect is © 2019. The Authors. attributed primarily to persistent deforestation and a loss of ground cover, extensive overgrazing Licensee: AOSIS. This work and other faulty farming practices (Borokini 2014; Dike & Obembe 2012; Emma-Okafor & is licensed under the Ibeawuchi 2010). The vegetation cover of the Savanna is economically and medicinally important Creative Commons Attribution License. as a large number of Africans use medicinal and aromatic plants that are known to be reservoirs of curative elements in the treatment of various diseases ranging from malaria, diabetes, mental disorders, cancer and hypertension to HIV and AIDS (Bello et al. 2011a, 2011b; Dike & Obembe 2012; Okigbo 2009). However, increasing demand, coupled with harmful unsustainable collecting habits, threatens the survival of these plants as well as the livelihood of the general population Read online: who rely on the overall natural system (Borokini 2014; Emma-Okafor & Ibeawuchi 2010). Scan this QR code with your smart phone or Katsina State lies in the Sudan Savanna vegetation zone (Keay 1949; White 1983) between 12° 15′N mobile device latitude and 7° 30′E longitude and is one of the 11 states that comprise the northwestern and northeastern to read online. geopolitical zones of Nigeria, which are impacted by the adverse effects of desertification and http://www.abcjournal.org Open Access Page 2 of 17 Original Research excessive indiscriminate felling of trees for firewood and timber Methodology (Bello pers. obs.; Gbile 1992). The plants that are the most threatened are the numerous medicinal and economically Study area important trees, which were once found abundantly in This research was carried out in the Sudan Savanna vegetation farmlands across the region, but which are no longer easy to zone in Katsina State, northwestern Nigeria (Keay 1949; come by. Some of these species include Neocarea macrophylla White 1983). The area consists of nine local government areas (Sabine) Prance ex F.White (Gawasa), Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich) including Jibia, Katsina, Kaita, Mashi, Maiadua, Daura, Hochst. (Daniya), Detarium microcarpum Harms. (Taura) and Sandamu, Zango and Baure (Figure 1). The area has a mean Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Kirya) (Borokini 2014; annual rainfall of about 800 mm – 1000 mm (Olofin 1985). Emma-Okafor & Ibeawuchi 2010; Mudansiru et al. 2016). There The vegetation is characterised by a variety of scattered trees is therefore a need for a more sustainable forest resource in an expanse of grassland (Olofin 1985). The area is known management to ensure that the current generation utilises the to enjoy four distinct seasons: a dry and cool season, which available natural resources wisely without compromising starts from around November and ends in late March and is the availability of the resources for future generations characterised by Harmattan winds; a dry and hot season, (Chukwuma, Soladoye & Feyisola 2015; Taylor 2015). which is a short transitional period from March to about mid- May characterised by the warmest temperature of the year; a A major impediment to a more sustainable management is the wet and warm season, which starts around May and ends in lack of information on which taxa are endangered due to the October during which 90% of the annual rainfall is received; paucity of functioning conservation agencies in Nigeria (CBD 2015; ‘Red List 2013: Threatened species across the regions of and lastly, a dry and warm season, which starts from the end the world’). The major significance of this study is, therefore, of October to mid-November (Olofin 1985). to provide up-to-date information about endangered plant species in the Sudan Savanna vegetation zone in Katsina, in Users consulted in the study and sampling accordance with the guidelines set by the International Union techniques for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The study also aimed To determine which medicinal and economic important at providing criteria to determine the relative rate of the risk of plants were being used in the region, we targeted users such extinction of medicinal plants, with the main purpose being to as herbalists, traditional medical practitioners, traditional catalogue and highlight those plants that are facing a risk of midwives, housewives, farmers and other elders who have extinction. In addition, we want to assess previous practised with or used medicinal plants. These groups recommendations about conserving the remaining patches of effectively sub-sampled the larger population thereby the available plant resources. Specifically, the objectives of this enabling us to generalise the findings more easily. These study are to (1) identify the indigenous medicinal and targeted consultees were identified after conferring with economic plants used by the people of Katsina State; (2) assess village heads in the study area. The number of consultees the conservation status of the indigenous medicinal and varied according to the size of the population of the study economic plants of the Katsina Sudan Savanna based on the area. This ensured a proportionate representation of the share Red Listing criteria developed by the IUCN; and (3) outline the of the population. Random sampling was adopted to select various threat categories affecting the plants. villages in the north, east, south and west of each of the nine Internationally, 199 countries have signed an accord to create local government units in the study area thereby minimising biodiversity action plans that will aim to protect endangered bias and oversimplification of the results. and other threatened species (Hariramamurthi 2000). One of the recent efforts by the Nigerian government to reduce the Sources of information on medicinal plants and loss of biodiversity was the signing of the bill by the president Red List data of Nigeria on 30 December 2016 to stop the trafficking of
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