"China in Unseren Köpfen
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Qingdao As a Colony: from Apartheid to Civilizational Exchange
Qingdao as a colony: From Apartheid to Civilizational Exchange George Steinmetz Paper prepared for the Johns Hopkins Workshops in Comparative History of Science and Technology, ”Science, Technology and Modernity: Colonial Cities in Asia, 1890-1940,” Baltimore, January 16-17, 2009 Steinmetz, Qingdao/Jiaozhou as a colony Now, dear Justinian. Tell us once, where you will begin. In a place where there are already Christians? or where there are none? Where there are Christians you come too late. The English, Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish control a good part of the farthest seacoast. Where then? . In China only recently the Tartars mercilessly murdered the Christians and their preachers. Will you go there? Where then, you honest Germans? . Dear Justinian, stop dreaming, lest Satan deceive you in a dream! Admonition to Justinian von Weltz, Protestant missionary in Latin America, from Johann H. Ursinius, Lutheran Superintendent at Regensburg (1664)1 When China was ruled by the Han and Jin dynasties, the Germans were still living as savages in the jungles. In the Chinese Six Dynasties period they only managed to create barbarian tribal states. During the medieval Dark Ages, as war raged for a thousand years, the [German] people could not even read and write. Our China, however, that can look back on a unique five-thousand-year-old culture, is now supposed to take advice [from Germany], contrite and with its head bowed. What a shame! 2 KANG YOUWEI, “Research on Germany’s Political Development” (1906) Germans in Colonial Kiaochow,3 1897–1904 During the 1860s the Germans began discussing the possibility of obtaining a coastal entry point from which they could expand inland into China. -
From North India to Buryatia Isabelle Charleux
From North India to Buryatia Isabelle Charleux To cite this version: Isabelle Charleux. From North India to Buryatia : The ‘Sandalwood Buddha’ from the Mongols’ perspective . Xie Jisheng, Luo Wenhua and Shi Yangang. Studies on Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Art: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Tibetan Archaeology and Art, Shanghai Clas- sics Publishing House, 2014. halshs-01192972 HAL Id: halshs-01192972 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01192972 Submitted on 4 Sep 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Authors’ own file _______________________________________________________________________________________ From North India to Buryatia The ‘Sandalwood Buddha’ from the Mongols’ perspective Isabelle CHARLEUX (GSRL – CNRS, Paris, France) This article was published in Studies on Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Art: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Tibetan Archaeology and Art, ed. Xie Jisheng, Luo Wenhua and Shi Yangang, Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House, 2014, p. 539-558 It is the English version of “Cong Bei Yindu dao Buliyate : Mengguren sheyezhong de zhantan foxiang” 从北印度到布里亚特:蒙古人视野中的旃檀佛像 [From North India to Buryatia: The ‘Sandalwood Buddha’ from the Mongols’ perspective], Palace Museum Journal 故宮博物院院刊, 2011-2, n°154, p. 81-99. The Sandalwood Buddha, also known as the Udayana Buddha in Western literature, was one of the most famous icons of Qing dynasty Beijing. -
A Global History of the 'Multiple Renaissances'*
The Historical Journal, , (), pp. – © The Author(s), . This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/.), which permits non-commercial re-use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that no alterations are made and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any com- mercial use and/or adaptation of the article. doi:./SX A GLOBAL HISTORY OF THE ‘ MULTIPLE RENAISSANCES’ * PABLO ARIEL BLITSTEIN Centre de recherches historiques, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris ABSTRACT. Many scholars claim that the world has had many ‘renaissances’ in its long history: they advocate what we could call the ‘multiple renaissances’ thesis. In this article, I will focus on the history of this idea. Where and when did the ‘multiple renaissances’ thesis emerge? What intellectual exchanges and historical conditions made it possible? To answer these questions, I will first draw up a short genealogy of the idea that the European/Italian Renaissance is a ‘culture’ or a ‘social type’; then, I will show that such typological use of the renaissance made it possible to apply this concept to different historical and social configurations, not only within, but also outside Europe; finally, through an ana- lysis of the relation between Arnold Toynbee and Hu Shi, I will show that the uses of the renaissance category in the non-European world, especially in East Asia, contributed to shaping the ‘multiple renaissances’ thesis and, through it, to redefining the perception of the renaissance in Europe proper. -
Western Sinology and Field Journals
Handbook of Reference Works in Traditional Chinese Studies (R. Eno, 2011) 9. WESTERN SINOLOGY AND FIELD JOURNALS This section of has two parts. The first outlines some aspects of the history of sinology in the West relevant to the contemporary shape of the field. The second part surveys some of the leading and secondary sinological journals, with emphasis on the role they have played historically. I. An outline of sinological development in the West The history of sinology in the West is over 400 years old. No substantial survey will be attempted here; that can wait until publication of The Lives of the Great Sinologists, a blockbuster for sure.1 At present, with Chinese studies widely dispersed in hundreds of teaching institutions, the lines of the scholarly traditions that once marked sharply divergent approaches are not as easy to discern as they were thirty or forty years ago, but they still have important influences on the agendas of the field, and they should be understood in broad outline. One survey approach is offered by the general introduction to Zurndorfer’s guide; its emphasis is primarily on the development of modern Japanese and Chinese scholarly traditions, and it is well worth reading. This brief summary has somewhat different emphases. A. Sinology in Europe The French school Until the beginning of the eighteenth century, Western views of China were principally derived from information provided by occasional travelers and by missionaries, particularly the Jesuits, whose close ties with the Ming and Ch’ing courts are engagingly portrayed by Jonathan Spence in his popular portraits, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci and Emperor of China. -
Early German Research in Ancient Chinese Architecture (1900–1930)
Eduard Kögel: Early German Research in Ancient Chinese Architecture (1900–1930). 1 Berliner Chinahefte/Chinese History and Society 2011, Nr.39, p.81–91. Early German Research in Ancient Chinese Architecture (1900–1930) Architectural history in China Architecture was seen as a handicraft in China until the early 20th century. This craft was documented in building manuals and passed down from generation to generation of carpenter families (Chiu Che Bing 2008). Traditional Chinese scholars were engaged in all aspects of art, but only marginally in architecture. Western-based architectural education was introduced into China during the 1920s, and only afterwards was architectural history established as an academic field of study (Xing 2002).1 Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt writes: “In truth, architectural history in China in the first decades of the twentieth century was perceived as a primarily literary endeavour, interesting because of the challenge of making one’s way through difficult texts, not because the actual structures were inherently inspiring.”2 Today the history of architecture is an integral part of architecture education, but faculties of art history that focus on architectural history are still very rare (Shatzman Steinhardt 2002). Foreign scholars first started conducting scientific research on ancient Chinese architecture in the early 20th century, before Chinese historians started to concentrate on the topic. In the following paper, I will focus on the status of knowledge in Germany concerning Chinese architecture up to the early 1930s, when the Beijing-based Society for Research in Chinese Architecture (Zhonggo Yingzao Xueshe) discovered new insights by studying ancient buildings on site. The most important German scholar in the first phase of the 20th Century was Ernst Boerschmann (1873–1949), but besides him various architects and art historians also contributed to the discourse in the West with publications almost always written in German. -
Trans-Cultural Exchanges Through Chinese Studies
Trans-cultural Exchanges through Chinese Studies: Reflections and Challenges Yves Camus sj 赵仪文 Macau Ricci Institute 澳门利氏学社 The World Conference on Sinology 2009 Renmin University of China, Beijing The main theme of the Second World Conference on Sinology, 1 hosted, with its usual expertise, by Renmin University of China, Beijing, is in its final formulation is “汉学与跨文化交 流” ― that is “Sinology and Trans-cultural Exchange”. This theme is particularly worth of attention due to the fact that it succeeds an earlier formulation stated as “文化对话与当代汉学 ― Cultural Dialogue and Contemporary Sinology”. Despite the fact that the various topics proposed for further study have remain the same, yet in a slightly different order of discussion, the change in the formulation of the general theme might imply some considerations that should be first addressed. Concerning the academic disciplines that occupy the participants in this conference, several names have been given outside China and in China proper, which are not totally synonymous. The most ancient one was first crafted in Europe, probably sometime in the seventeenth century, and in Latin as Sinologia. In his book Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology,2 Professor Mungello does not mention by whom or where neither when the term was first coined. One might suppose that it was used to mean the various studies published mainly in Latin (the academic idiom of that time) and made on the language, the script, the history and the Classics of China. The Chinese Empire captivated the European intelligentsia, beginning with the early ‘Proto-sinologists” as the Mungello calls Athanasius Kircher (1602- 1680), Andreas Müller (1630-1694) and Christian Mentzel (1622-1701), and including Gottfried Leibnitz (1646-1716) himself. -
Vasilii Mikhailovich Alekseev and Russian Sinology
T’OUNG PAO T’oung Pao 97 (2011) 344-370 www.brill.nl/tpao Vasilii Mikhailovich Alekseev and Russian Sinology Christoph Harbsmeier* (University of Oslo) Vasilii Mikhai lovich Alekseev1 (1881-1951) is best known to readers of French and English through his by now curiously outdated but refreshingly thoughtful discussion of the underlying principles of Chi- nese literature, La littérature chinoise: six conférences au Collège de France et au Musée Guimet .2 e first few dozen pages of that book are among the weakest that I have seen from Alekseev’s pen. Its merits lie in the persistence with which he asks fundamental questions such as what exactly should count as Chinese literature and why its global status is what it is and should be what it should be. He asks squarely why Chi- nese poetry, rich and abundant as it was, has never had much formative impact on the West. But in this context he does not mention what he could not know: that apparently more than a million copies of his own * I would like to thank Michael Heim of the University of California, Los Angeles, for his generous help with this article. I have written the present essay—originally designed as a review article of the recently published Rabochaia bibliografiia kitaista. Kniga ruko- vodstvo dlia izuchaiushchikh iazyk i kul’turu Kitaia (see below), but then much expanded— on the basis of my personal collection of Alekseev’s books. I do not own, and have so far had no access to, the following collections of essays: Literatura i kultura Kitaia. -
Zur Geschichte Der Sinologie Im Deutschsprachigen Raum Von Hartmut Walravens
Zur Geschichte der Sinologie im deutschsprachigen Raum von Hartmut Walravens Bei der Gründung der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 1845 waren zwei Vertreter der Sinologie und Zentralasienwissenschaften beteiligt, Carl Friedrich Neumann und Hans Conon von der Gabelentz, die in der Folge auch in der Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft publizierten, wie sie auch bereits bei der Vorgängerin, der Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Pate gestanden hatten. In der Folge entwickelte sich die Sinologie zu einer bedeutenden Sektion innerhalb der DMG, wenn auch mit einem Zeitverzug gegenüber den älteren etablierten Fächern. Hier sind besonders die Namen Erich Haenisch, Werner Eichhorn, Wolfgang Bauer, Günther Debon und Herbert Franke, der 1965 bis 1971 1. Vorsitzender der DMG war, zu nennen. So wird im Folgenden ein Überblick über die Entwicklung des Faches gegeben, wobei es manche Berührungspunkte mit der DMG gibt, auch wenn sie aus Raumgründen nicht detailliert angesprochen sind. Nach der Entdeckung des Seewegs nach Ostasien bildeten sich im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert die Anfänge einer Chinawissenschaft heraus, die heute vielfach Protosinologie genannt wird. Obwohl Deutschland wenig direkten Kontakt zu China hatte, gab es doch eine intensive Beschäftigung insbesondere mit der chinesischen Sprache und Schrift sowie der chinesischen Geschichte. Ein Beitrag des Tiroler Jesuitenmissionars MARTIN MARTINI S.J. (1614–1661, aus Trient) ist hier von großer Bedeutung – er übersetzte nämlich eine chinesische Darstellung zur chinesischen Frühgeschichte, Sinicae historiae decas prima (Monachii 1658), eigentlich gedacht als Hintergrundmaterial zu seinem hervorragenden Novus Atlas sinensis (Amsterdam 1655). Diese den Originaltexten entsprechende recht trockene Präsentation erregte in Europa Aufsehen, denn ein Teil der beschriebenen Ereignisse schien sich vor dem nach der Bibel berechneten Datum der Sintflut abgespielt zu haben. -
Cycles of Cathay:1 Sinology, Philology, and Histories of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) in the United States
Cycles of Cathay:1 Sinology, Philology, and Histories of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) in the United States CHRISTIAN DE PEE University of Michigan [email protected] Abstract: This article offers a critical assessment of the field of Song history in the United States as it has developed since World War II. By placing the development of Song studies in the United States within the wider context of the philologi- cal tradition of European sinology, the development of academic discourse in Republican China and Meiji Japan, and the social-scientific methods preferred of postwar area studies, this essay recovers narrative strands that have been commonly omitted from accounts of the historiography of China in the United States. By their partial resumption of the philological methods of sinology, cul- tural historians of imperial China have created a filiation that is distinct from the new medievalism in the historiography of Europe and that complicates recent discussions of the methods and politics of social history and cultural history. So the complete identity of the medieval Persian list of “Catayan” words of Nasir-al- Din and Ulugh Beg, published by Graevius, with the Chinese cycles and chronological series, was established for the first time by Golius and with it, the identity of China and Catay. Incidentally it had led [in 1655] to the first printing (from wood) of Chinese characters in Holland, which were really the first properly printed characters in Europe.2 1. The name “Cathay” derives from “Khitay” (Khitan, Qidan), the pastoral people who founded the Liao dynasty (907–1125) in what is now the Northeast of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and Mongolia. -
China Studies in Germany
155 China Studies in Germany LI Xuetao* Abstract China studies in Germany has undergone great changes since the 1960s. Infl uenced by burgeoning area studies in the United States, German scholar- ship shifted from traditional philological studies focused on translating and interpreting Chinese classics to practical studies of modern Chinese politics, economy, law, etc. Hence, there was also a shift in research methodologies to those of the social sciences. However, this shift, signifi cant as it is, can never replace traditional Sinological studies aimed at Chinese history and classics. This paper uses Chinese history as an example to explore the development of German academic Sinology. It points out that research in traditional Sinology, as well as in modern China studies, no longer focuses on a particular disci- pline, but rather follows the trend toward interdisciplinary, comprehensive research. Hence we can expect that China studies will become increasingly decentralized and interactive in the future development of the fi eld. Keywords: German Sinology, German China studies, Chinese history in Germany I The notion of a paradigm shift signifi es a change in the intellectual climate of an age to a deeper level. Progress in an age inevitably gives rise to new theories incompatible with the old paradigm. As a result, there is movement to a new set of standards, which eventually results in a paradigm shift. The paradigm shift in research on China is an inevitable result of changes in the thought and circumstances of society from one age to the next. German research on China and its traditions of knowledge and culture was at fi rst carried out in helter-skelter fashion in areas such as translation and interpre- tation, traditional China and cultural China, contemporary China and actual China, and Chinese spiritual traditions and cultural traditions.