Annex 09_Avian Report Avian and Eagle Use Surveys Glacier Sands Wind Project Mason County, Illinois

Year 2 Report May 2017 – May 2019

Prepared for: Glacier Sands Wind Power, LLC 184 High Street, Suite 701 Boston, Massachusetts 02110

Prepared by: Travis Brown, Michael Gerringer, and Meredith Rodriguez Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. 408 West Sixth Street Bloomington, Indiana 47404

July 26, 2019

Privileged and Confidential - Not For Distribution Glacier Sands Wind Project Avian Use Report

STUDY PARTICIPANTS Travis Brown Project Manager Rhett Good Senior Reviewer Diem Pham Statistician/Data Analyst Michael Gerringer Report Compiler (Year 1) Meredith Rodriguez Report Compiler (Year 2) Carmen Boyd Project Tracking and Data Manager Jeff Fruhwirth GIS Specialist Andrea Palochak Technical Editor Dina Pettit Field Technician

REPORT REFERENCE

Brown, T. T., M. Gerringer, and M. Rodriguez. 2019. Avian and Eagle Use Surveys, Glacier Sands Wind Energy Project, Mason County, Illinois. Year 2 Report: May 2017 – May 2019. Prepared for Glacier Sands Wind Project, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. July 26, 2019. 38 pp. + appendices.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1 PROJECT AREA ...... 1 METHODS ...... 3 RESULTS ...... 7 Fixed-Point Avian Use Surveys ...... 7 Bird Diversity and Species Richness ...... 8 Year 1 ...... 8 Year 2 ...... 9 Bird Use, Percent of Use, and Frequency of Occurrence ...... 9 Year 1 ...... 9 Year 2 ...... 10 Spatial Use ...... 10 Year 1 ...... 10 Year 2 ...... 13 Eagle Observations ...... 13 Year 1 ...... 13 Year 2 ...... 13 Overall ...... 21 Sensitive Species Observations ...... 21 Year 1 ...... 21 Year 2 ...... 21 Northern Harrier ...... 25 DISCUSSION...... 25 Eagles ...... 26 Northern Harrier...... 26 Diurnal Raptors ...... 27 REFERENCES ...... 31

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Land cover types, coverage, and percent composition within the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois...... 1 Table 2. Summary of species richness (species/plota/minuteb survey), and sample size by season and overall during the Year 1 and Year 2 fixed-point bird use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019...... 8 Table 3a. Mean use (number of birds/plota/surveyb), percent of total use (%), and frequency of occurrence (%) for each bird type and species by season during the Year 1 fixed- point bird use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018...... 11 Table 3b. Mean use (number of birds/800-meter plot/60-minute survey), percent of total use (%), and frequency of occurrence (%) for each bird type and species by season during the Year 2 fixed-point bird use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019...... 12 Table 4a. Bald eagle minutes and observations recorded during Year 1 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project area in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2019...... 14 Table 4b. Unidentified eagle minutes and observations recorded during Year 1 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project area in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2019...... 14 Table 4c. Bald eagle minutes and observations recorded during Year 2 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project in Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019...... 14 Table 5. Number of bald eagle and unidentified eagle observations with survey hours, number of eagle minutes within the risk cylindera, and number of eagle minutes outside of the risk cylindera by month during Year 1 and Year 2 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 to May 30, 2019...... 15 Table 6a. Summary of sensitive species observed during the Year 1 fixed-point avian use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018...... 22 Table 6b. Summary of sensitive species observed during Year 2 fixed-point avian use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019...... 22

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of the Glacier Sands Wind Project and land cover types and proposed turbine locations within the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois...... 2 Figure 2. Location of avian use survey plots for Year 1 surveys conducted in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018...... 4 Figure 3. Location of avian use survey plots for Year 2 surveys conducted in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019...... 5 Figure 4a. Number of bald eagle and unidentified eagle observations and number of eagle minutes within the risk cylinder (800-m; 2,625-ft radius plot, and at or below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 1 surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. No golden eagles were observed during the Year 1 surveys...... 16 Figure 4b. Number of bald eagle observations and number of eagle minutes within the risk cylinder (800-m; 2,625-ft radius plot, and at or below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 2 surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019 No golden eagles were observed during the Year 2 surveys...... 16 Figure 5a. Flight paths of bald eagles and unidentified eagles observed during Year 1 fixed- point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. No golden eagles were observed during Year 1 surveys...... 17 Figure 5b. Flight paths of bald eagles observed during Year 2 fixed-point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. No golden eagles were observed during the Year 2 surveys...... 18 Figure 6a. Spatial distribution of bald eagle and unidentified eagle risk minutes (observed within 800 meters [m; 2,625 feet (ft)] of the point and below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 1 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. No golden eagles were observed during Year 1 surveys...... 19 Figure 6b. Spatial distribution of bald eagle and unidentified eagle risk minutes (observed within 800 meters [m; 2,625 feet (ft)] of the point and below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 2 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. No golden eagles were observed during Year 2 surveys...... 20 Figure 7a. Flight paths of sensitive species observed during Year 1 fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sand Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018...... 23

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Figure 7b. Flight paths of sensitive species observed during Year 2 fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. ....24 Figure 8a. Comparison of diurnal raptor use (number of raptors/800-meter plot/20-minute survey) observed during Year 1 of fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018, and annual diurnal raptor use recorded during comparable surveys at other North American wind energy projects...... 28 Figure 8b. Comparison of diurnal raptor use (number of raptors/800-meter plot/20-minute survey) observed during Year 2 of fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019, and annual diurnal raptor use recorded during comparable surveys at other North American wind energy projects...... 29

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. Summary of Group and Individual Observations by Bird Type and Species during Fixed-Point Avian Use Surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019 Appendix B. Mean Use by Point for All Birds, Major Bird Types, and Diurnal Raptor Subtypes during Fixed-Point Surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019 Appendix C. Mean Use by Point Figures for All Large Birds, Diurnal Raptors, and Diurnal Raptor Subtypes and All Small Birds during Fixed-Point Surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019 Appendix D. Summary of Wind Energy Facilities in the Midwest Reporting Data on Bird Species found as Fatalities

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INTRODUCTION

Glacier Sands Wind Power, LLC (Glacier Sands) is developing the Glacier Sands Wind Project (Project) in central Illinois (Figure 1). Glacier Sands contracted Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST) to conduct pre-construction field surveys to assess avian use, particularly use by eagles and other diurnal raptors, within the Project area. WEST followed a survey methodology consistent with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines (USFWS 2012) and Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance (ECPG; USFWS 2013).

Two years of pre-construction avian use surveys were completed for the Project. This report contains the results of Year 1, May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018, and Year 2, June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019, fixed-point avian use surveys conducted in the Project area. The objective of the study was to provide information regarding levels of use by birds in the Project, with a particular focus on bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and other large bird species.

PROJECT AREA

The Project area in Year 1 was approximately 22,887 hectares (ha; 56,554 acres [ac]) in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois. The proposed turbine layout was known prior to beginning Year 2 avian use surveys, so the current Project area is the minimum convex polygon (MCP) around turbine locations; the area of the MCP is 26,172 ac (10,591 ha), and is located only in Mason County, Illinois (Figure 1). The Project occurs in the Central Corn Belt Plains Level III Ecoregion (US Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] 2017). Historically, extensive prairie communities intermixed with oak-hickory (Quercus spp.-Carya spp.) forests dominated this ecoregion. Farming practices and tilled agriculture have largely replaced natural vegetation communities. Presently, row crops, primarily corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max), and livestock farming operations dominate the region.

Table 1. Land cover types, coverage, and percent composition within the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois. Land Cover Type Acres Percent Composition Cultivated Crops 23,842 91.1 Developeda 1,198 4.6 Hay/Pasture 866 3.3 Deciduous Forest 251 1.0 Woody Wetlands 10 < 0.1 Open Water 3 < 0.1 Herbaceous 3 < 0.1 Totalb 26,171 100 Source: Yang et al. 2018, Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics 2019. a This classification encompasses Developed, High Intensity, Medium Intensity, Low Intensity, and Open Space land uses. b Sums may not equal total values shown due to rounding.

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Figure 1. Location of the Glacier Sands Wind Project and land cover types and proposed turbine locations within the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois.

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An initial review of National Land Cover Database indicated that the Project is primarily composed of cultivated cropland, which accounts for 91.1% (9648 ha [23,842 ac ]) of the Project area (Yang et al. 2018, Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics 2019; Table 1, Figure 1). Additional land cover types within the Project area are developed (4.6%), hay/pasture (3.3%), deciduous forest (1.0%), woody wetlands (less than 1%), open water (less than 1%), and herbaceous (less than 1.0%; Table 1, Figure 1).

METHODS

Avian use surveys at the Project consisted of large bird and small bird surveys in Year 1 (May 19, 2017, to April 30, 2018; Figure 2), and large bird surveys in Year 2 (June 25, 2018, to May 30, 2019; Figure 3). Avian surveys were conducted from fixed points within the Project area. Biologists also recorded incidental wildlife observations of species of interest while traveling between points or were otherwise working within the Project.

The primary objective of avian use surveys was to document use by birds within the Project, both seasonally and spatially, and to collect data on avian use patterns that may warrant consideration during the development, operation, and maintenance of the Project. In Year 1, seasons were defined as: spring (March 1 to May 15), summer (May 16 to August 31), fall (September 1 to November 30), and winter (December 1 to February 28). In Year 2, seasons were defined as: spring (March 1 to May 30), summer (June 1 to August 31), fall (September 1 to November 30), and winter (December 1 to February 28). Survey methodology was designed with particular focus on use of the Project by eagles, other diurnal raptor species, federally or state-listed species, and Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC). Biologists conducted fixed-point avian use surveys (variable circular plots) using methods described by Reynolds et al. (1980).

Point locations were selected to be spatially representative of areas of proposed turbines. A grid with 1.6 kilometer (km) by 1.6 km (1.0-mile [mi] by 1.0-mi) cells was laid over the footprint, and grid cells were selected using a spatially balanced sampling method (Brown et al. 2015). One point was placed within each of the selected grid cells. Point locations were then moved to the nearest public road within the selected grid cell and separated by at least 1,600 meters (m; 5,249 feet [ft]) to avoid overlap of the 800-m (2,625-ft) plots.

Each fixed-point count location was centered on a circular plot (survey plot) with an 800-m radius for large birds and a 100-m (328-ft) radius for small birds (Figure 2; USFWS 2013, 2016). Large bird survey plots cover approximately 201 ha (497 ac) and the ECPG requires a minimum of 30% coverage of the Project. Since a turbine layout was not available for Year 1 surveys, efforts for Year 1 fixed-point count surveys were based on the Project area (522,886.8 ha). Thirty-five fixed- point count locations were needed to meet the minimum 30% coverage of the Project area (Figure 2). The proposed turbine layout was determined prior to beginning Year 2 surveys and the determination of the MCP area was 10,591.4 ha, allowing a reduction in the number of fixed-point locations. Nineteen fixed-point count locations were surveyed for 35% coverage of the MCP (Figure 3), which exceeded the minimum 30% coverage of the MCP that would have required only 16 point count locations.

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Figure 2. Location of avian use survey plots for Year 1 surveys conducted in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

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Figure 3. Location of avian use survey plots for Year 2 surveys conducted in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

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In Year 1, points were surveyed once per month for 70 minutes (min). Small birds were only recorded during the first 10 min of the survey period, and large birds were only recorded during the remaining 60 min of the survey period. In Year 2, points were surveyed once per month for 60 min and only large birds were recorded. Small birds were defined as cuckoos (Coccyzus spp.), hummingbirds, swifts, woodpeckers, and passerines; large birds were defined as waterbirds, waterfowl, shorebirds, gulls and terns, diurnal raptors (i.e., kites, accipiters, buteos, eagles, falcons [Falco spp.], northern harrier [Circus hudsonius], and osprey [Pandion haliaetus]), vultures, upland game birds, doves and pigeons, large corvids (i.e., magpies, crows, and ravens [Corvus spp.]), and goatsuckers. Eagles and federally or state-listed species, regardless of size, were recorded during either survey. The initial 10-min small bird survey and the first 20-min of the 60-min large bird survey allowed for comparison of small and large bird use with other wind energy facilities in the region, whereas the full 60-min survey for large birds was consistent with the ECPG and used to obtain a more robust dataset with which to evaluate eagle use at the Project.

Biologists conducted surveys during daylight hours, and varied survey periods to cover approximately all daylight hours during a season and to ensure individual points were surveyed at different times of the day throughout each season. This survey approach is consistent with the recommendations included in Appendix C: Stage 2 – Site-Specific Surveys and Assessments in the ECPG. Biologists recorded the following information for each survey: date, start and end time, habitat, and weather (i.e., temperature, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, and percent cloud cover). Additionally, the biologist recorded the following data for each individual or group seen:

 Species (or best possible identification);  Number of individuals;  Sex and age class;  Distance from survey plot center when first observed;  Closest distance observed;  Flight height above ground level (AGL) when first observed;  Flight direction; and  Activity (e.g., flying or perched).

Biologists recorded approximate flight direction, flight height, and distance from the survey plot center at the first observation of each individual bird or group of birds engaged in the same activity. Biologists recorded the approximate lowest and highest flight heights of observations the closest distance from plot center. Flight paths and perch locations of sensitive species observed during surveys were recorded on field maps by unique observation number, and were digitized using ArcGIS software (ArcGIS; ESRI ). Any comments were recorded in the comments section of the data sheet.

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Every bird observed during each survey was recorded, and a unique observation number was assigned to each observation of an individual or group of individuals of the same species. Other information recorded included whether the observation was auditory only (i.e., heard, but not seen). Locations of diurnal raptors, other large birds, and special status species (defined as federally listed-species [endangered or threatened], Illinois state-listed endangered or special concern, or BCC), observed during surveys were recorded on field maps with unique observation numbers.

In the event that a golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) or bald eagle was observed during the survey period, data were collected following ECPG methodology. Biologists recorded eagle behavior (i.e., flight height, distance from observer, activity) each minute at the top of the minute to provide an instantaneous count. Minute data were examined to count eagle risk minutes, defined as the number of minutes an eagle was observed in flight within the risk cylinder (identified as the area within 800-m of the survey point and up to 200 m [656 ft] AGL) during the 60-min survey period (USFWS 2013). Observations of perched eagles and those outside of survey plots were not considered eagle risk minutes; however, the perch locations and flight paths of all eagles were mapped to qualitatively assess areas of eagle use within the Project area.

In addition to reporting the total number of eagle risk minutes observed during surveys, eagle risk minutes were standardized by survey plot and survey duration to enable spatial and temporal assessments of eagle risk minutes recorded in the Project.

Eagles and federally or state-listed species observed within the Project, but outside of scheduled survey times, were recorded on incidental wildlife observation data sheets. The data recorded were similar to those recorded during scheduled surveys, including observation number, location, date, time, species, number of individuals, distance from observer (m), sex/age class, and habitat.

RESULTS

Fixed-Point Avian Use Surveys

WEST conducted two years of fixed-point avian use surveys within the Project from May 19, 2017, to May 30, 2019, during which time 648 60-min and 420 10-min surveys were completed (Table 2). This resulted in 70 hours of survey for small birds and 648 hours of survey for large birds, including eagles and other diurnal raptors.

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Table 2. Summary of species richness (species/plota/minuteb survey), and sample size by season and overall during the Year 1 and Year 2 fixed-point bird use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019. Large Birds Small Birds # Surveys # Unique Species # Unique Species Season # Visits Conducted Species Richness Species Richness Year 1 Summer 4 140 15 1.69 29 3.51 Fall 3 105 14 1.13 18 0.99 Winter 3 105 10 0.52 4 0.44 Spring 2 70 14 0.69 15 1.69 Overall Year 1 12 420 22 1.06 34 1.75 Year 2 Summer 3 57 7 0.81 - - Fall 3 57 9 1.04 - - Winter 3 57 10 0.49 - - Spring 3 57 14 1.54 - - Overall Year 2 12 228 19 0.97 - - a 800-meter (m; 2,625-foot [ft]) radius plot for large birds; 100-m (328-ft) radius plot for small birds. b 60-minute (min) survey duration for large birds; 10-min survey duration for small birds. Please note that surveys of small birds used smaller viewsheds and shorter survey periods than that used for large birds; direct comparison between large and small bird use is not possible.

Bird Diversity and Species Richness Year 1 During large bird surveys, 5,118 bird observations were recorded within 597 separate groups belonging to 22 unique species (Table 2, Appendix A1). The most commonly recorded large bird type was waterfowl, which composed 79.5% of all large bird observations. The majority of waterfowl observations were snow goose (Chen caerulescens; 89.1%; 3,624 observations in 20 groups) and Canada goose (Branta canadensis; 8.8%; 356 observations in 12 groups; Appendix A1).

Six species of diurnal raptors were recorded (129 observations in 118 groups); the most commonly observed species was northern harrier (56 observations in 52 groups), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis; 45 observations in 39 groups), and American kestrel (Falco sparverius; 19 observations in 18 groups; Appendix A1). The majority (76.7%) of diurnal raptors were observed during the fall (63 observations) and winter (36). Northern harrier, red-tailed hawk and American kestrel were observed year-round. Eagles, Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) were observed in the winter, fall, and spring (Appendix A1).

Mean large bird species richness was 1.06 large bird species/800-m plot/60-min survey in the Project. Large bird species richness varied seasonally, with summer having the highest species richness (1.69), followed by fall (1.13), spring (0.69), and winter (0.52; Table 2).

During small bird surveys, 3,104 observations were recorded within 875 separate groups belonging to 34 unique species. The most commonly recorded type of small bird was passerine,

WEST, Inc. 8 July 26, 2019 Glacier Sands Wind Project Avian and Eagle Use Report which composed 99.9% of all small bird observations. The majority of passerine observations were of red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus; 34.5%; 1,071 observations in 221 groups), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris; 14.5%; 451 observations in 92 groups), and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris; 14.2%; 441 observations in 13 groups; Appendix A2).

The mean species richness of small birds was 1.75 small bird species/100-m plot/10-min survey in the Project. Small bird species richness varied seasonally, with summer having the highest species richness (3.51), followed by spring (1.69), fall (0.99), and winter (0.44; Table 2).

Year 2 During large bird surveys, 622 bird observations were recorded within 251 separate groups belonging to 16 known species and 3 unidentified species (Table 2; Appendix A3). The most commonly recorded large bird types were doves/pigeons and waterfowl (Appendix A3). Doves/pigeons composed 39.2% of all large bird observations and the majority (95.5%) of dove/pigeon observations were of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura; 233 observations in 54 groups; Appendix A3). Waterfowl composed 19.1% of all large bird observations ,and the majority (54.6%) of waterfowl observations were of snow goose (65 observations in two groups; Appendix A3).

Four species of diurnal raptors were recorded (72 observations in 72 groups), including red-tailed hawk (42 observations), northern harrier (14), American kestrel (11), and bald eagle (three; Appendix A3). The majority (62.5%) of diurnal raptors were observed during the fall (25 observations) and winter (20). Red-tailed hawk and American kestrel were observed year-round. Northern harriers were observed in all seasons except summer, and bald eagles were observed only in fall and winter (Appendix A3).

Mean large-bird species richness was 0.97 large bird species/800-m plot/60-min survey in the Project. Large bird species richness varied seasonally, with spring having the highest species richness (1.54), followed by fall (1.04), summer (0.81), and winter (0.49; Table 2). Species richness for large birds was similar between Year 1 and Year 2 (1.06 and 0.97, respectively; Table 2).

Bird Use, Percent of Use, and Frequency of Occurrence Year 1 Seasonally, large bird use (observations/800-m plot/60-min survey) was highest in the winter (36.09), followed by spring (6.37), fall (3.85), and summer (3.39; Table 3a). Large bird use in the winter was attributed primarily to use by waterfowl (35.60 observations/800-m plot/60-min survey). Spring use consisted primarily of waterfowl (3.94 observations/800-m plot/60-min survey) and gulls/terns (1.43). Fall use consisted primarily of shorebirds (1.7) and doves/pigeons (0.85). Summer use primarily consisted of doves/pigeons (1.51; Table 3a).

Small bird use (observations/100-m plot/10-min survey) was highest in the summer (9.31), followed by fall (7.62), winter (6.33), and spring (4.77; Table 3a). Small bird use in all seasons was attributed mostly to use by passerines. Swifts/hummingbirds were only observed during the

WEST, Inc. 9 July 26, 2019 Glacier Sands Wind Project Avian and Eagle Use Report summer, with a use of 0.02 observations/100-m plot/10-min survey [Appendices A and Table 3a]), and woodpeckers were only observed during the fall (use of less than 0.01; Appendix A and Table 3a). Year 2 Seasonally, large bird use was highest in the fall (3.54 birds/800-m plot/60-min survey), followed by winter (3.07), spring (2.82), and summer (1.39; Table 3b). Large bird use was attributed mostly to use by doves/pigeons (2.14 observations/800-m plot/60-min survey), while winter use consisted primarily of use by waterfowl (1.77). Spring use was attributed mostly to use by shorebirds (0.88 observations/800-m plot/60-min survey) and doves/pigeons (0.75), and summer use was primarily attributed to use by doves/pigeons (0.44), vultures (0.37), and upland game birds (0.33; Table 3b).

The primary difference in mean large bird use between Year 1 and Year 2 was in mean use during the winter by waterfowl. In Year 1, winter waterfowl mean use was 35.60 birds/800-m plot/60-min survey compared to only 1.77 in Year 2. In Year 1, 3,624 observations of snow geese were recorded in 20 groups. Snow geese were also observed in Year 2; however, the number of observations recorded were far fewer (65 observations in two groups; Appendices A1 and A3).

Spatial Use Year 1 Large bird mean use was highest at Point 16 (91.08 birds/60-min survey Appendices B1 and Appendix C2), primarily due to use by waterfowl (89.08; Appendix B1). Mean large bird use ranged from 0.83 – 35.08 birds/60-min survey at the remaining points (Appendices B1 and C2). Diurnal raptors were recorded at most fixed points, except points 7, 19, and 25 (Appendices B1 and C3). Diurnal raptor use by point throughout the Project was relatively low, ranging from 0.08 – 0.67 bird/60-min survey (Appendix B1). Use by buteos was highest at points 23 and 29 (0.58 bird/60-min survey), use by northern harriers was highest at Point 8 (0.50), and use by falcons was highest at Point 33 (0.33; Appendices B1, C5, C7, and C8). Eagles use was only recorded at points 1, 3, 6, and 13 (0.08 bird/60-min survey; Appendices B1 and C6)

Small bird mean use was highest at Point 22 (24.58 birds/10-min survey; Appendices B1 and C1). Mean small bird use ranged from 2.25 – 23.08 birds/10-min survey at the remaining points (Appendix B1). Passerines were observed at all observation points. Use by swifts/hummingbirds was only recorded at Point 3 (0.25), and use by woodpeckers was only recorded at Point 8 (0.08; Appendix B1).

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Table 3a. Mean use (number of birds/plota/surveyb), percent of total use (%), and frequency of occurrence (%) for each bird type and species by season during the Year 1 fixed-point bird use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. Mean Use % of Use % Frequency Type/Species Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Waterbirds 0.03 0.02 0 0 0.8 0.5 0 0 2.9 1.9 0 0 Waterfowl 0.14 0.32 35.60 3.94 4.0 8.4 98.7 61.9 5.7 1.9 13.3 11.4 Shorebirds 1.00 1.70 0.05 0.13 29.5 44.1 0.1 2.0 46.4 29.5 3.8 5.7 Gulls/Terns 0 0 0 1.43 0 0 0 22.4 0 0 0 2.9 Diurnal Raptors 0.10 0.60 0.34 0.23 3.0 15.6 1.0 3.6 8.6 41.0 27.6 14.3 Accipiters 0 <0.01 <0.01 0 0 0.2 <0.1 0 0 1.0 1.0 0 Buteos 0.05 0.22 0.07 0.13 1.5 5.7 0.2 2.0 4.3 18.1 6.7 5.7 Northern Harrier 0.02 0.28 0.18 0.07 0.6 7.2 0.5 1.1 2.1 21.0 13.3 7.1 Eagles 0 <0.01 0.02 0.01 0 0.2 <0.1 0.2 0 1.0 1.9 1.4 Falcons 0.01 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.4 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 8.6 6.7 1.4 Other Raptors 0.01 0 0 0 0.4 0 0 0 1.4 0 0 0 Vultures 0.24 0.26 <0.01 0.51 7.0 6.7 <0.1 8.1 12.1 9.5 1.0 25.7 Upland Game Birds 0.31 0 0 0.01 9.1 0 0 0.2 25.7 0 0 1.4 Doves/Pigeons 1.51 0.85 0.09 0.11 44.7 22.0 0.2 1.8 63.6 16.2 1.0 1.4 Large Corvids 0.04 0.10 0 0 1.3 2.7 0 0 1.4 3.8 0 0 Goatsuckers 0.02 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 Large Bird Overallc 3.39 3.85 36.09 6.37 100 100 100 100 Passerines 9.29 7.61 6.33 4.77 99.8 99.9 100 100 96.4 62.9 38.1 78.6 Swifts/Hummingbirds 0.02 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 Woodpeckers 0 <0.01 0 0 0 0.10 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 Small Bird Overallc 9.31 7.62 6.33 4.77 100 100 100 100 a 800-meter (m; 2,625-foot [ft]) radius plot for large birds; 100-m (328-ft) radius plot for small birds. b 60-minute (min) survey duration for large birds; 10-min survey duration for small birds. c Sums may not total values shown due to rounding.

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Table 3b. Mean use (number of birds/800-meter plot/60-minute survey), percent of total use (%), and frequency of occurrence (%) for each bird type and species by season during the Year 2 fixed-point bird use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Mean Use % of Use % Frequency Type/Species Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Waterbirds 0 0.02 0 0.05 0 0.5 0 1.9 0 1.8 0 3.5 Waterfowl 0.02 0 1.77 0.30 1.3 0 57.7 10.6 1.8 0 7.0 8.8 Shorebirds 0.07 0.58 0 0.88 5.1 16.3 0 31.1 5.3 14.0 0 50.9 Diurnal Raptors 0.16 0.44 0.35 0.26 11.4 12.4 11.4 9.3 15.8 29.8 24.6 21.1 Buteos 0.16 0.32 0.11 0.12 11.4 8.9 3.4 4.3 15.8 26.3 10.5 12.3 Northern Harrier 0 0.05 0.09 0.11 0 1.5 2.9 3.7 0 5.3 5.3 10.5 Eagles 0 0.02 0.04 0 0 0.5 1.1 0 0 1.8 3.5 0 Falcons 0 0.04 0.11 0.04 0 1.0 3.4 1.2 0 3.5 8.8 3.5 Other Raptors 0 0.02 0.02 0 0 0.5 0.6 0 0 1.8 1.8 0 Vultures 0.37 0.37 0 0.49 26.6 10.4 0 17.4 17.5 22.8 0 14.0 Upland Game Birds 0.33 0 0 0.09 24.1 0 0 3.1 28.1 0 0 7.0 Doves/Pigeons 0.44 2.14 0.95 0.75 31.6 60.4 30.9 26.7 10.5 26.3 12.3 36.8

Large Birds Overalla 1.39 3.54 3.07 2.82 100 100 100 100 a Sums may not total values shown due to rounding.

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Year 2 Large bird mean use was highest Point 14 (9.83 birds/60-min survey; Appendices B2 and C9), primarily due to use by waterfowl (5.42) and doves/pigeons (2.75; Appendix B2). Mean large bird use ranged from 0.75 – 4.83 birds/60-min survey at the remaining points. Diurnal raptors were recorded at all fixed-points (Appendices B2 and C9). Diurnal raptor use throughout the Project was relatively low, ranging from 0.08 – 1.08 bird/60-min survey (Appendices B2 and C10). Point 12 had the highest diurnal raptor use (1.08 bird/60-min survey) of all points, 50% greater than all other points. At Point 12, use by buteos (0.67) and northern harriers (0.33) was higher than use by other diurnal raptors at all remaining points (Appendices B2, C11, and C14). Use by buteos was highest at Point 12 (0.67 bird/60-min survey), followed by points 3, 9, 14, and 19 (0.25; Appendices B2 and C11). Use by northern harriers was highest at Point 12 (0.33 birds/60-min survey), followed by points 4 and 16 (0.17; Appendices B2 and C14). Use by falcons was highest at points 3, 8, and 16 (0.17 bird/60-min survey; Appendices B2 and C13). Eagles use was recoeded at points 1, 11, and 13 (0.08 bird/60-min survey; Appendices B2 and C12).

Eagle Observations

Year 1 The total eagle use survey effort in Year 1 was 420 hours, during which three bald eagle observations, zero golden eagle observations, and one unidentified eagle observation were recorded in four separate groups (Appendix A1, Tables 4a and 4b). Eagles use was only recorded at points 1, 3, 6, and 13; these four points are located in the northeast and north-central portion of the Project (Figures 2 and 5a, Appendices B1 and C6). No point had more than one eagle observation. The bald eagle observations occurred during the winter (December 6, 2017, and January 4, 2018) and spring (April 4, 2018; Table 5, Figure 4a). The unidentified eagle was observed during the fall (November 16, 2017; Table 5, Figure 4a). Two bald eagles were recorded incidentally (see Sensitive Species below). The incidental observations were recorded in the winter, one observation on December 6, 2017, and two observations in two groups on February 26, 2018.

The three bald eagle observations resulted in 14 eagle risk minutes (Table 4a and Figure 6a). The unidentified eagle was observed flying above 200-m AGL, so no eagle risk minutes were associated with the observation (Tables 4b and 5). Observations of perched eagles and those outside of survey plots, or if the eagle was flying above 200-m AGL were not considered eagle risk minutes.

Year 2 The total eagle use survey effort in Year 2 was 228 hours, during which three bald eagle observations were recorded in three separate groups (Appendix A2, Table 4c); there were no golden eagle observations. Eagles use was recorded at points 1, 11, and 13; two observations were recorded in the northeast portion of the Project area and one observation was located in the southwest portion of the Project area (Figures 2 and 5b, Appendices B2 and C12). No point had more than one eagle observation. The bald eagle observations occurred during the fall (November 16, 2018) and winter (December 5, 2018, and January 8, 2019; Table 5, Figure 4b). The three

WEST, Inc. 13 July 26, 2019 Glacier Sands Wind Project Avian and Eagle Use Report bald eagle observations recorded during fixed-point surveys for large birds resulted in 11 eagle risk minutes (Tables 4c and 5, Figure 6b). Three bald eagles observations in two groups were recorded incidentally (see Sensitive Species below). The incidental observations were recorded in the fall (October 18, 2018).

Table 4a. Bald eagle minutes and observations recorded during Year 1 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project area in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2019. Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Survey Minutes Within Minutes Outside Bald Eagle Effort Bald Eagle Risk Season Risk Cylindera Risk Cylindera Observations (Hours) Minutes/Survey Hour Summer 0 0 0 140 0 Fall 0 0 0 105 0 Winter 8 3 2 105 0.0762 Spring 6 1 1 70 0.8571 Total 14 4 3 420 0.0333 a Risk Cylinder is defined as within the 800-meter (m; 2,625-foot [ft] radius plot, and at or below 200 m (656 ft) above ground level.

Table 4b. Unidentified eagle minutes and observations recorded during Year 1 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project area in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2019. Unidentified Eagle Unidentified Eagle Unidentified Survey Unidentified Eagle Minutes Within Minutes Outside Eagle Effort Risk Minutes/Survey Season Risk Cylindera Risk Cylindera Observations (Hours) Hour Summer 0 0 0 140 0 Fall 0 5 1 105 0 Winter 0 0 0 105 0 Spring 0 0 0 70 0 Total 0 5 1 420 0 a Risk Cylinder is defined as within the 800-meter (m; 2,625-foot [ft] radius plot, and at or below 200 m (656 ft) above ground level.

Table 4c. Bald eagle minutes and observations recorded during Year 2 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project in Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Survey Minutes Within Minutes Outside Bald Eagle Effort Bald Eagle Risk Season Risk Cylindera Risk Cylindera Observations (Hours) Minutes/Survey Hour Summer 0 0 0 57 0 Fall 3 1 1 57 0.0526 Winter 8 2 2 57 0.1404 Spring 0 0 0 57 0 Total 11 3 3 228 0.0482 a Risk Cylinder is defined as within the 800-meter (m; 2,625-foot [ft] radius plot, and at or below 200 m (656 ft) above ground level.

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Table 5. Number of bald eagle and unidentified eagle observations with survey hours, number of eagle minutes within the risk cylindera, and number of eagle minutes outside of the risk cylindera by month during Year 1 and Year 2 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project in Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 to May 30, 2019. Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Minutes within the Minutes Outside Bald Eagle Survey Effort Month/Year Risk Cylindera,b Risk Cylindera,b Observationsb (Hours) May 2017 0 0 0 35 June 2017 0 0 0 35 July 2017 0 0 0 35 August 2017 0 0 0 35 September 2017 0 0 0 35 October 2017 0 0 0 35 November 2017 0 (0) 0 (5) 0 (1) 35 December 2017 3 1 1 35 January 2018 5 2 1 35 February 2018 0 0 0 35 March 2018 0 0 0 35 April 2018 6 1 1 35 June 2018 0 0 0 19 July 2018 0 0 0 19 August 2018 0 0 0 19 September 2018 0 0 0 19 October 2018 0 0 0 19 November 2018 3 1 1 19 December 2018 4 1 1 19 January 2019 4 1 1 19 February 2019 0 0 0 19 March 2019 0 0 0 19 April 2019 0 0 0 19 May 2019 0 0 0 19 Total 25 (0) 7 (5) 6 (1) 648 a Risk Cylinder is defined as within the 800-meter (m; 2,625-foot [ft] radius plot, and at or below 200 m (656 ft) above ground level. b unidentified eagle values are in parentheses. Note: no golden eagles were observed

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7 2 Eagle Risk Minutes

6 Bald Eagle Observations

Unidentified Eagle Observations 5

4 1 3

2

NumberEagle of MinutesRisk NumberEagle of Observations

1

0 0

Figure 4a. Number of bald eagle and unidentified eagle observations and number of eagle minutes within the risk cylinder (800-m; 2,625-ft radius plot, and at or below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 1 surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. No golden eagles were observed during the Year 1 surveys.

5 2 Eagle Risk Minutes

Bald Eagle Observations 4

3

1

2 NumberEagle of MinutesRisk 1 NumberEagle of Observations

0 0 Jun-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Dec-18 Jan-19 Feb-19 Mar-19 Apr-19 May-19

Figure 4b. Number of bald eagle observations and number of eagle minutes within the risk cylinder (800-m; 2,625-ft radius plot, and at or below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 2 surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019 No golden eagles were observed during the Year 2 surveys.

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Figure 5a. Flight paths of bald eagles and unidentified eagles observed during Year 1 fixed-point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. No golden eagles were observed during Year 1 surveys.

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Figure 5b. Flight paths of bald eagles observed during Year 2 fixed-point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. No golden eagles were observed during the Year 2 surveys.

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Figure 6a. Spatial distribution of bald eagle and unidentified eagle risk minutes (observed within 800 meters [m; 2,625 feet (ft)] of the point and below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 1 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. No golden eagles were observed during Year 1 surveys.

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Figure 6b. Spatial distribution of bald eagle and unidentified eagle risk minutes (observed within 800 meters [m; 2,625 feet (ft)] of the point and below 200 m [656 ft] above ground level) during Year 2 avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. No golden eagles were observed during Year 2 surveys.

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Overall During the two years of surveys, 648 hours of observation were completed, six bald eagle observations, zero golden eagle, and one unidentified eagle observation were recorded, resulting in 25 bald eagle risk minutes. The majority of eagle risk minutes were recorded during the winter (16 eagle risk minutes) and spring (six eagle risk minutes; Tables 4a, 4b, and 5; Figures 6a and 6b). Seven fixed-point locations had eagle observations across the two years (Figures 5a and 5b); however, point numbers were changed between Year 1 and Year 2. Three of the points are in within 2.1 km (1.3 mi) of each other (Point 6 [Year 1], Point 11 [Year 2], and Point 13 [Year 2]). These points are located in the northeast portion of the current Project boundary (Figures 6a and 6b). There are no landscape features present in that area that would be expected to concentrate eagle use (e.g., attractants such as feedlots, fish bearing waterways, or nesting habitat).

Sensitive Species Observations

Year 1 No federally threatened or endangered species were observed during Year 1. Seven sensitive species, totalling 184 observations in 173 groups, were recorded during fixed-point avian use surveys and incidentally at the Project (Table 6a). One Illinois state-listed species was observed, the state-endangered northern harrier. Six species recorded during surveys and incidentally are Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) in Region 22: American golden-plover (Pluvialis dominica), bald eagle, red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), dickcissel (Spiza americana), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla; Table 6a). Bald eagles are also protected under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940 (BGEPA).

Year 2 No federally threatened or endangered species were observed during Year 2. Two sensitive species, totalling 21 observations in 20 groups, were recorded during large bird surveys and incidentally at the Project (Table 6b). One Illinois state-listed species was observed, the state- endangered northern harrier. Bald eagles were also recorded during surveys and incidentally. Bald eagles are listed as a BCC in Region 22 and are protected under the BGEPA.

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Table 6a. Summary of sensitive species observed during the Year 1 fixed-point avian use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. FPLB FPSB Inc. Total Species Scientific Name Statusa #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs American golden-plover Pluvialis dominica BCC 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 bald eagle Haliaeetus leucoceaeetus l0

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Figure 7a. Flight paths of sensitive species observed during Year 1 fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sand Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

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Figure 7b. Flight paths of sensitive species observed during Year 2 fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

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Northern Harrier In Year 1, 56 northern harriers were observed in 52 groups during large bird surveys. An additional 21 northern harriers in 20 groups were observed incidentally. The majority of observations made during surveys occurred during the fall (29 observations; 51.8%), followed by winter (19; 33.9%), spring (five; 8.9%), and summer (three; 5.4%; Appendix A1). Northern harrier use was not concentrated in one portion of the Project, but rather distributed relatively evenly throughout the Project (Figure 7a, Appendix B1 and C8).

In Year 2, 14 northern harriers were observed in 14 groups during large bird surveys. One additional northern harrier in one group was observed incidentally. The majority of observations made during surveys occurred during the spring (six observations; 42.9%), followed by winter (five; 31.3%), and fall (three; 18.8%). No northern harriers were observed during summer (Appendix A2). Northern harrier use was not concentrated in one portion of the Project, but rather distributed relatively evenly throughout the Project (Figure 7b, Appendix B2 and C14). Although northern harriers were observed throughout the Project, mapped flight paths show some concentration of use around Point 12 (Figure 7b). Land cover data indicate hayfield/pasture in the vicinity of Point 12 (Figure 1).

DISCUSSION

The most commonly observed species in the Project across both years of surveys were snow goose (3,689 observations) and red-winged blackbird (1,071; Appendices A1 and A2). These two species accounted for 53.8% of all observations over two years of avian use surveys. Neither species are BCC in Illinois. Red-winged blackbird is a common resident species in Illinois and uses a variety of habitats including crop fields, which occur within the Project (Yasukawa and Searcy 2019). Snow goose is a common migrating bird species throughout Illinois and occasionally winters in agricultural landscapes in southern Illinois (Mowbray 2000). A large number of snow geese (3,624 observations in 20 groups) were observed over five days of surveys (mid-February to mid-March) during Year 1 surveys. This time period is consistent with spring migration (Mowbray 2000). However, in Year 2 only 65 snow geese were observed in two groups on one day of surveys in late December. This time period is more consistent with late fall migration (Mowbray 2000). Flight heights during migration are typically greater than 600 m (1,969 ft) AGL (Mowbray 2000). Snow geese have not been documented as fatalities at wind energy facilities in the Midwest Region of the US (see Appendix D for a summary of the facilities examined). Waterfowl and waterbird fatalities at wind energy facilities in the Midwest Region of the US have been primarily documented in North Dakota and South Dakota. Only one waterfowl fatality has been documented in Illinois (see Appendix D for a summary of the facilities examined).

The most commonly observed small bird species were passerines; passerines composed 99.9% of small bird observations in Year 1. Passerine species observed at the Project were typical of species found in tilled agricultural fields and grasslands in the Midwest (National Audubon Society 2018).

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A variety of birds, including passerines, migrate at night. While nocturnally migrating small birds represent the majority of wind farm bird mortalities in the US, current research indicates that mortality rates of nocturnally migrating birds at wind farms are orders of magnitude lower than several other anthropogenic mortality sources, and that wind facilities are not likely to adversely impact the populations of any of these species (Loss et al. 2013, Erickson et al. 2014).

Eagles

Bald eagles are protected by the BGEPA and are listed as a BCC (USFWS 2008). However, they are not state-listed in Illinois (Illinois Department of Natural Resources [IDNR] 2015). During 648 hours of surveys, six bald eagles and one unidentified eagle were observed at the Project. No golden eagles were observed in two years of point counts. There were 25 bald eagle risk minutes associated with the eagle observations over the 2-year survey. Overall eagle use in the Project was low, ranging from zero - 0.08 eagles/800-m plot/60-min survey. In both years, observations of bald eagles and the unidentified eagle primarily occurred during fall and winter, with one bald eagle observation in spring. Incidental observations of bald eagles occurred during fall and winter. There are relatively few publicly available records of bald eagles colliding with wind turbines over the species’ entire range (best publicly available estimate is 49 total; Kritz et al. 2018) and over the entire history of the wind energy industry, despite this species’ large and increasing population, and widespread distribution across North America (Buehler 2000, Erickson et al. 2002b, Smallwood and Karas 2009, US Department of Agriculture Rural Utilities Service and US Department of Energy Western Area Power Administration 2010, Allison 2012, Pagel et al. 2013).

Northern Harrier

Northern harriers were the sensitive species most observed observed within the Project in both years of surveys. Northern harriers are state-listed as endangered in Illinois (IDNR 2015); they are rare breeders in the state and are commonly observed during spring and fall migration and winter (Smith et al. 2011). Northern harriers were observed year-round within the Project; summer observations could indicate breeding in the area. However, the majority (95.7%) of observations occurred from September through April, which is consistent with migrants and wintering (Smith et al. 2011). While hunting, northern harriers fly close to the ground (MacWhirter and Bildstein 1996), with some studies reporting up to 97% of all flights below 20-m (66-ft; Whitfield and Madders 2006); therefore, risk of collision with turbine blades is expected to be low for this species in general (Whitfield and Madders 2005, 2006). No northern harriers have been documented as fatalities at Midwest wind energy facilities despite the fact that northern harriers are commonly observed during fixed-point bird counts at these facilities (Erickson et al. 2001b, Whitfield and Madders 2006, Smallwood and Karas 2009).

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Diurnal Raptors

The annual mean use by diurnal raptors (within the first 20 min of the 60-min surveys) recorded in the Project (Year 1: 0.13 raptor/800-m plot/20-min survey; Year 2: 0.16) was low compared with publicly available data from 48 other wind energy facilities that implemented similar protocols and had similarly collected data for three or four seasons (Figures 8a and 8b). The annual mean raptor use at these wind energy facilities ranged from 0.06 – 2.34 raptors/800-m plot/20-min survey. A relative ranking of annual mean raptor use was developed based on the results from these wind energy facilities and classified as low (0 – 0.5), low to moderate (0.5 – 1.0), moderate (1.0 – 2.0), high (2.0 – 3.0), and very high (more than 3.0 raptors/800-m plot/20-min survey). Under this ranking, annual mean diurnal raptor use in the Project during Year 1 and Year 2 surveys is considered to be low.

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Figure 8a. Comparison of diurnal raptor use (number of raptors/800-meter plot/20-minute survey) observed during Year 1 of fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018, and annual diurnal raptor use recorded during comparable surveys at other North American wind energy projects.

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Figure 8b. Comparison of diurnal raptor use (number of raptors/800-meter plot/20-minute survey) observed during Year 2 of fixed-point count avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019, and annual diurnal raptor use recorded during comparable surveys at other North American wind energy projects.

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Figure 8a and 8b (continued). Annual diurnal raptor use (number of raptors/800-meter plot/20- minute survey) recorded during comparable surveys at other North American wind energy projects. Data from the following sources: Project, Location Reference Project, Location Reference High Winds, CA Kerlinger et al. 2005 High Plains, WY Johnson et al. 2009b Diablo Winds, CA WEST 2006 Zintel Canyon, WA Erickson et al. 2002a, 2003a Altamont Pass, CA Orloff and Flannery 1992 Sunflower, ND Derby and Thorn 2014 Elkhorn, OR WEST 2005a Nine Canyon, WA Erickson et al. 2001a Big Smile (Dempsey), OK Derby et al. 2010 Maiden, WA Young et al. 2002 Cotterel Mtn., ID BLM 2006 Hatchet Ridge, CA Young et al. 2007b Swauk Ridge, WA Erickson et al. 2003c Bitter Root. MN Derby and Dahl 2009 Golden Hills, OR Jeffrey et al. 2008 Timber Road (Phase II), OH Good et al. 2010 Windy Flats, WA Johnson et al. 2007 Biglow Canyon, OR WEST 2005c Combine Hills, OR Young et al. 2003a Wild Horse, WA Erickson et al. 2003d Desert Claim, WA Young et al. 2003b North Sky River, CA Erickson et al. 2011 Hopkins Ridge, WA Young et al. 2003c AOCM (CPC Proper), CA Chatfield et al. 2010 Reardon, WA WEST 2005b Biglow Reference, OR WEST 2005c Stateline Reference, OR URS et al. 2001 Simpson Ridge, WY Johnson et al. 2000b Buffalo Ridge, MN Johnson et al. 2000a PrairieWinds, SD1, SD Derby and Thorn 2014 White Creek, WA NWC and WEST 2005 Vantage, WA Jeffrey et al. 2007 Foote Creek Rim, WY Johnson et al. 2000b Grand Ridge, IL Derby et al. 2009 Anderson et al. 2000, Roosevelt, WA NWC and WEST 2004 Tehachapi Pass, CA Erickson et al. 2002b Leaning Juniper, OR Kronner et al. 2005 Sunshine, AZ WEST and the CPRS 2006 Dunlap, WY Johnson et al. 2009a Dry Lake, AZ Young et al. 2007a Klondike, OR Johnson 2002 Alta East (2011), CA Chatfield et al. 2011 Stateline, WA/OR Erickson et al. 2003b Alta East (2010), CA Chatfield et al. 2011 Anderson et al. 2000, Antelope Ridge, OR WEST 2009 San Gorgonio, CA Erickson et al. 2002b Condon, OR Erickson et al. 2002b AOCM (CPC East), CA Chatfield et al. 2010

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REFERENCES

Allison, T. D. 2012. Eagles and Wind Energy: Identifying Research Priorities. American Wind Wildlife Institute, Washington, D.C. May 2012. Anderson, R., D. Strickland, J. Tom, N. Neumann, W. Erickson, J. Cleckler, G. Mayorga, G. Nuhn, A. Leuders, J. Schneider, L. Backus, P. Becker, and N. Flagg. 2000. Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at Tehachapi Pass and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Resource Areas, California: Phase 1 Preliminary Results. In: Proceedings of the National Avian Wind Power Planning Meeting III (PNAWPPM-III), May 1998, San Diego, California. National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC)/RESOLVE, Washington, D.C. Pp 31-46. ArcGIS. Geographic Information System (GIS) Software. ESRI, Redlands, California. Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (BGEPA). 1940. 16 United States Code (USC) Section (§) 668-668d. Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940, June 8, 1940, Chapter 278, § 2, 54 Statute (Stat.) 251; Expanded to include the related species of the golden eagle October 24, 1962, Public Law (PL) 87-884, 76 Stat. 1246. [as amended: October 23, 1972, PL 92-535, § 2, 86 Stat. 1065; November 8, 1978, PL 95-616, § 9, 92 Stat. 3114.]. Brown, J. A., B. L. Robertson, and T. McDonald. 2015. Spatially Balanced Sampling: Application to Environmental Surveys. Procedia Environmental Sciences 27: 6-9. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.108. Buehler, D. A. 2000. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Version 2.0. P. G. Rodewald, ed. In: The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. doi: 10.2173/bna.506. Retrieved from The Birds of North America Online: http://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/baleag Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 2006. Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Cotterel Wind Power Project and Proposed Resource Management Plan Amendment. FES 06-07. Serial No. IDI-33676. Prepared for the US Department of the Interior (USDOI), BLM, Twin Falls District, Burley Field Office, Cassia County, Idaho, on behalf of Windland, Inc., Boise, Idaho, and Shell WindEnergy Inc., Houston, Texas. March 2006. Chatfield, A., W. P. Erickson, and K. Bay. 2010. Avian Baseline Studies at the Sun Creek Wind Resource Area, Kern County, California. Final Report: May 2009 - May 2010. Prepared for CH2M HILL, Oakland, California. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming. September 30, 2010. Available online: https://www.kerncounty.com/planning/pdfs/eirs/AltaEast/ Appendices/ApD/D3%20Avian%20Baseline%20Studies%202010.pdf Chatfield, A., W. P. Erickson, and K. Bay. 2011. Avian Baseline Studies at the Alta East Wind Resource Area, Kern County, California. Final Report: July 10, 2010 - June 1, 2011. Prepared for CH2M HILL, Oakland, California. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming. July 13, 2011. Appendix D-8. In: Bureau of Land Management (BLM). 2013. Alta East Wind Project: Proposed Plan Amendment and Final Environmental Impact Statement. CACA #0052537. US Department of the Interior BLM. July 13, 2011.

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Derby, C. and A. Dahl. 2009. Wildlife Studies for the Bitter Root Wind Resource Area, Yellow, Medicine, and Lincoln Counties, Minnesota. Annual Report: March 25, 2008 - October 8, 2008. Prepared for Buffalo Ridge Power Partners, Argyle, New York. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismark, North Dakota. April 16, 2009. In: Minnesota Department of Commerce, Office of Energy Security. 2010. Bitter Root Wind Farm Project, Environmental Report. Site Permit Application, Appendix F. Minnesota Public Utilities Commission, Docket 25538. March 2010. April 16, 2009. Available online: http://www.calco.state.mn.us/commerce/energyfacilities/ documents/25538/Appendix_%20F_Wildlife_Studies.pdf Derby, C., K. Bay, and J. Ritzert. 2009. Bird Use Monitoring, Grand Ridge Wind Resource Area, La Salle County, Illinois. Year One Final Report, March 2008 - February 2009. Prepared for Grand Ridge Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. July 29, 2009. Derby, C., K. Bay, and A. Dahl. 2010. Wildlife Baseline Studies for the Dempsey Wind Resource Area, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma. Final Report: March 2008 – February 2009. Prepared for HDR Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Dempsey Ridge Wind Farm, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Acciona Wind Energy USA LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. February 10, 2010. Derby, C. and T. Thorn. 2014. Avian Use Surveys for the Sunflower Wind Project, Morton and Stark Counties, North Dakota. Final Report: March 2013 through February 2014. Prepared for Sunflower Wind Project, LLC, Santa Barbara, California. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. May 22, 2014. Erickson, W. P., E. Lack, M. Bourassa, K. Sernka, and K. Kronner. 2001a. Wildlife Baseline Study for the Nine Canyon Wind Project, Final Report May 2000-October 2001. Technical report prepared for Energy Northwest, Richland, Washington. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon. Erickson, W. P., G. D. Johnson, M. D. Strickland, D. P. Young, Jr., K. J. Sernka, and R. E. Good. 2001b. Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: A Summary of Existing Studies and Comparisons to Other Sources of Bird Collision Mortality in the United States. National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC) Publication and Resource Document. Prepared for the NWCC by Western EcoSytems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. August 2001. Erickson, W. P., G. D. Johnson, K. Bay, and K. Kronner. 2002a. Ecological Baseline Study for the Zintel Canyon Wind Project. Final Report April 2001 – June 2002. Technical report prepared for Energy Northwest. Prepared for Energy Northwest by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon. June 2002. Erickson, W. P., G. D. Johnson, D. P. Young, D. Strickland, R. Good, M. Bourassa, K. Bay, and K. Sernka. 2002b. Synthesis and Comparison of Baseline Avian and Bat Use, Raptor Nesting and Mortality Information from Proposed and Existing Wind Developments. Technical report prepared for Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon by WEST, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming. December 2002. Available online: https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/ documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_1029-1042_erickson.pdf

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Erickson, W. P., K. Kronner, and R. Gritski. 2003a. Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report: September 2002 - August 2003. Prepared for the Nine Canyon Technical Advisory Committee and Energy Northwest by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon. October 2003. Available online: http://www.west-inc.com/reports/nine_canyon_monitoring_final.pdf Erickson, W. P., J. Jeffrey, K. Kronner, and K. Bay. 2003b. Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Annual Report, Results for the Period July 2001 - December 2002. Technical report submitted to FPL Energy, the Oregon Office of Energy, and the Stateline Technical Advisory Committee. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming. May 2003. Erickson, W. P., J. Jeffrey, D. P. Young, K. Bay, R. Good, K. Sernka, and K. Kronner. 2003c. Wildlife Baseline Study for the Kittitas Valley Wind Project: Summary of Results from 2002 Wildlife Surveys. Final Report: February 2002– November 2002. Prepared for Zilkha Renewable Energy, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon. January 2003. Erickson, W. P., D. P. Young, G. D. Johnson, J. Jeffrey, K. Bay, R. Good, and H. Sawyer. 2003d. Wildlife Baseline Study for the Wild Horse Wind Project. Summary of Results from 2002-2003 Wildlife Surveys May 10, 2002- May 22, 2003. Prepared for Zilkha Renewable Energy, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. November 2003. Available online: http://www.efsec.wa.gov/wildhorse/apl/Exhibits%20PDF/E14- Ecological%20Baseline%20Study-%2011_20_03.pdf Erickson, W. P., A. Chatfield, and K. Bay. 2011. Avian Baseline Studies for the North Sky River Wind Energy Project, Kern County, California. Final Report: May 18, 2010 – May 26, 2011. Final Report. Prepared for CH2M HILL, Portland Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. July 7, 2011. Erickson, W. P., M. M. Wolfe, K. J. Bay, D. H. Johnson, and J. L. Gehring. 2014. A Comprehensive Analysis of Small Passerine Fatalities from Collisions with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107491. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107491. ESRI. 2018, 2019. World Imagery and Aerial Photos. ArcGIS Resource Center. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), producers of ArcGIS software. Redlands, California. Information online: http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?useExisting=1 Good, R. E., M. Ritzert, and K. Bay. 2010. Wildlife Baseline Studies for the Timber Road Phase II Wind Resource Area, Paulding County, Ohio. Final Report: September 2, 2008 - August 19, 2009. Prepared for Horizon Wind Energy, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. April 28, 2010. Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). 2015. Checklist of Illinois Endangered and Threatened Animals and Plants. Effective May 19, 2015. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board. May 19, 2015. Available online: https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/ESPB/Documents/ 2015_ChecklistFINAL_for_webpage_051915.pdf Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR). 2018. Illinois Threated and Endangered Species by County. Illinois Natural Heritage Database. Last updated July 23, 2018. Available online: https://www.dnr.illinois.gov/conservation/NaturalHeritage/Documents/Database/ETCountyList.pdf

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Jeffrey, J. D., V. K. Poulton, K. J. Bay, K. F. Flaig, C. C. Roderick, W. P. Erickson, and J. E. Baker. 2007. Wildlife and Habitat Baseline Study for the Proposed Vantage Wind Power Project, Kittitas County, Washington. Final Report. Prepared for Invenergy. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Walla Walla, Washington. August 2007. Available online: https://www.co.kittitas.wa.us/uploads/cds/land-use/Wind%20Farm/WSA-07-01%20Vantage %20Wind%20%20Power%20Project%20Application/VANTAGE_WILDLIFE_BASELINE%20REP ORT_8.27.07.pdf Jeffrey, J. D., W. P. Erickson, K. J. Bay, V. K. Poulton, W. L. Tidhar, and J. E. Baker. 2008. Wildlife Baseline Studies for the Golden Hills Wind Resource Area, Sherman County, Oregon. Final Report May 2006 – October 2007. Prepared for BP Alternative Energy North America Inc., Houston, Texas, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, M. F. Shepherd, and D. A. Shepherd. 2000a. Final Report: Avian Monitoring Studies at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota: Results of a 4- Year Study. Final report prepared for Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. September 22, 2000. 212 pp. Johnson, G. D., D. P. Young, W. P. Erickson, C. E. Derby, M. D. Strickland, R. E. Good, and J. W. Kern. 2000b. Final Report: Wildlife Monitoring Studies, Seawest Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming, 1995-1999. Final report prepared for SeaWest Energy Corporation, San Diego, California, and the Bureau of Land Management, Rawlins, Wyoming, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. August 9, 2000. Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, K. Bay, and K. Kronner. 2002. Baseline Ecological Studies for the Klondike Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon. Final report prepared for Northwestern Wind Power, Goldendale, Washington. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST) Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon. May 29, 2002. Available online: http://wind.nrel.gov/public/library/johnson5.pdf Johnson, G. D., J. Jeffrey, J. Baker, and K. Bay. 2007. Baseline Avian Studies for the Windy Flats Wind Energy Project, Klickitat County, Washington. Prepared for Windy Point Partners, LLC. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. May 29, 2007. Johnson, G. D., K. Bay, and J. Eddy. 2009a. Wildlife Baseline Studies for the Dunlap Ranch Wind Resource Area, Carbon and Albany Counties, Wyoming. Prepared for CH2M HILL, Englewood, Colorado. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. Johnson, G. D., K. Bay, and J. Eddy. 2009b. Wildlife Baseline Studies for the High Plains Wind Resource Area, Carbon and Albany Counties, Wyoming. Prepared for CH2M HILL. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. Kerlinger, P., L. Culp, and R. Curry. 2005. Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the High Winds Wind Power Project, Solano County, California. Year One Report. Prepared for High Winds, LLC and FPL Energy. Kritz, K., M. Rheude, B. Millsap, M. Sadlowski, M. Stuber, C. Borgman, T. Witting, U. Kirkpatrick, J. Muir, and H. Beeler. 2018. Bald Eagle Mortalities and Injuries at Wind Energy Facilities in the United States. Poster. National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC) Wind Wildlife Research Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota. November 2018.

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Kronner, K., R. Gritski, J. Baker, V. Marr, G. Johnson, and K. Bay. 2005. Wildlife Baseline Study for the Leaning Juniper Wind Power Project, Gilliam County, Oregon. Prepared by Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC) and Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). Prepared for PPM Energy, Portland, Oregon and CH2M HILL, Portland, Oregon by NWC, Pendleton, Oregon, and WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming. November 3, 2005. Loss, S. R., T. Will, and P. P. Marra. 2013. Estimates of Bird Collision Mortality at Wind Facilities in the Contiguous United States. Biological Conservation 168: 201-209. MacWhirter, R. B. and K. L. Bildstein. 1996. Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus). A. Poole and F. Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, No. 210. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D. C., 32 pp. Mowbray, T. B., F. Cooke, and B. Ganter. 2000. Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens), Version 2.0. A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, eds. In: The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. doi: 10.2173/bna.514. Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/snogoo Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC). 2019. National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2011. Multi- Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. US Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, MRLC Project, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. May 10, 2019. Information online: https://www.mrlc.gov/data National Audubon Society (Audubon). 2018. Audubon Guide to North American Birds. Accessed May 2019. Available online: http://www.audubon.org/bird-guide North American Datum (NAD). 1983. NAD83 Geodetic Datum. Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC) and Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2004. Ecological Baseline Studies for the Roosevelt Wind Project, Klickitat County, Washington. Final Report. Prepared by NWC, Pendleton, Oregon, and WEST, Inc., Cheyenne, Wyoming. September 2004. Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), and Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2005. Ecological Baseline Studies and Wildlife Impact Assessment for the White Creek Wind Power Project, Klickitat County, Washington. Prepared for Last Mile Electric Cooperative, Goldendale, Washington. Prepared by K. Kronner, R. Gritski, and J. Baker, NWC, Goldendale, Washington, and G.D. Johnson, K. Bay, R.Good, and E. Lack, WEST, Cheyenne Wyoming. January 12, 2005. Orloff, S. and A. Flannery. 1992. Wind Turbine Effects on Avian Activity, Habitat Use, and Mortality in Altamont Pass and Solano County Wind Resource Areas, 1989-1991. Final Report P700-92-001 to Alameda, Contra Costa, and Solano Counties, and the California Energy Commission, Sacramento, California, by Biosystems Analysis, Inc., Tiburon, California. March 1992. Pagel, J. E., K. J. Kritz, B. A. Millsap, R. K. Murphy, E. L. Kershner, and S. Covington. 2013. Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Mortalities at Wind Energy Facilities in the Contiguous United States. Journal of Raptor Research 47(3): 311-315. Reynolds, R. T., J. M. Scott, and R. A. Nussbaum. 1980. A Variable Circular-Plot Method for Estimating Bird Numbers. Condor 82(3): 309-313. Smallwood, K. S. and B. Karas. 2009. Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California. Journal of Wildlife Management 73(7): 1062-1071.

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Smith, K. G., S. R. Wittenberg, R. B. Macwhirter, and K. L. Bildstein. 2011. Hen/Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus/hudsonius), Version 2.0. A. F. Poole, ed. In: The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. doi: 10.2173/bna.210. Retrieved from The Birds of North America Online: http://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/norhar URS Corporation, Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC). 2001. Avian Baseline Study for the Stateline Project. Prepared for FPL Energy Vansycle, LLC, Juno Beach, Florida. US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Rural Utilities Service (RUS) and US Department of Energy (USDOE) Western Area Power Administration (WAPA). 2010. Final Environmental Impact Statement for the South Dakota PrairieWinds Project. DOE/EIS-0418. Available online: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/EIS-0418-FEIS-01-2010.pdf US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2008. Birds of Conservation Concern 2008. December 2008. Division of Migratory Bird Management, Arlington, Virginia. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/grants/BirdsofConservationConcern2008.pdf US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines. March 23, 2012. 82 pp. Available online: http://www.fws.gov/cno/pdf/Energy/2012_Wind_Energy_Guidelines_final.pdf US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2013. Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance: Module 1 - Land-Based Wind Energy, Version 2. US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management. April 2013. 103 pp. + frontmatter. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/management/eagleconservationplanguidance.pdf US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2016. Eagle Permits; Revisions to Regulations for Eagle Incidental Take and Take of Eagle Nests; Final Rule. 50 CFR 13 and 22. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. 81 Federal Register (FR) 242: 91494-91554. December 16, 2016. US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2017. Initial Project Scoping: IPaC - Information, Planning and Consultation System. IPaC Initial Project Scoping. IPaC, Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS), USFWS. Accessed November 4, 2017. Information online: http://ecos.fws.gov/ipac/wizard/chooseLocation!prepare.action Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2005a. Ecological Baseline Study at the Elkhorn Wind Power Project. Exhibit A. Final report prepared for Zilkha Renewable Energy, LLC, Portland, Oregon, by WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming. June 2005. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2005b. Ecological Baseline Study for the Proposed Reardan Wind Project, Lincoln County, Washington. Draft Final Report. Prepared for Energy Northwest, Richland, Washington, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. June 2005. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2005c. Wildlife and Habitat Baseline Study for the Proposed Biglow Canyon Wind Power Project, Sherman County, Oregon. March 2004 - August 2005. Prepared for Orion Energy LLC., Oakland, California. WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming. October, 2005. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2006. Diablo Winds Wildlife Monitoring Progress Report, March 2005 - February 2006. Technical report submitted to FPL Energy and Alameda County California. WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming.

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Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST) and the Colorado Plateau Research Station (CPRS). 2006. Avian Studies for the Proposed Sunshine Wind Park, Coconino County, Arizona. Prepared for Sunshine Arizona Wind Energy, LLC., Flagstaff, Arizona. Prepared by WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming, and the CPRS, Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Program, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona. May 2006. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2009. Wildlife Baseline Studies for the Antelope Ridge Wind Resource Area, Union County, Oregon. August 28, 2008 - August 12, 2009. Draft final report prepared for Horizon Wind Energy, Houston, Texas. Prepared by WEST, Cheyenne, Wyoming. Whitfield, D. P. and M. Madders. 2005. Flight Height in the Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus and Its Incorporation in Wind Turbine Collision Risk Modelling. October 2005. Natural Research Information Note 2, Natural Research Ltd., Banchory, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom. Whitfield, D. P. and M. Madders. 2006. A Review of the Impacts of Wind Farms on Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus and an Estimation of Collision Avoidance Rates. Natural Research Information Note 1 (revised). Natural Research Ltd., Banchory, Banchory, Aberdeenshire, United Kingdom. Yang, L., S. Jin, P. Danielson, C. Homer, L. Gass, S. M. Bender, A. Case, C. Costello, J. Dewitz, J. Fry, M. Funk, B. Granneman, G. C. Liknes, M. Rigge, and G. Xian. 2018. A New Generation of the United States National Land Cover Database: Requirements, Research Priorities, Design, and Implementation Strategies. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 146: 108-123. doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.09.006. Yasukawa, K. and W. A. Searcy. 2019. Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), Version 2.0. P. G. Rodewald, ed. In: The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York. doi: 10.2173/bna.184. Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: https://birdsna.org/Species- Account/bna/species/rewbla Young, D. P., Jr., W. P. Erickson, K. Bay, and R. Good. 2002. Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Maiden Wind Farm, Yakima and Benton Counties, Washington. Final Report, April 2001 - April 2002. Prepared for Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Northwest Wildlife Consultants, Inc. (NWC), Pendleton, Oregon. November 20, 2002. Available online: http://west- inc.com/reports/maiden_final_technical.pdf Young, D. P., Jr., W. P. Erickson, J. Jeffrey, K. Bay, R. E. Good, and E. G. Lack. 2003a. Avian and Sensitive Species Baseline Study Plan and Final Report. Eurus Combine Hills Turbine Ranch, Umatilla County, Oregon. Technical report prepared for Eurus Energy America Corporation, San Diego, California and Aeropower Services, Inc., Portland, Oregon, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. March 10, 2003. Young, D. P., Jr., W. P. Erickson, K. Bay, J. Jeffrey, E. G. Lack, and H. H. Sawyer. 2003b. Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Desert Claim Wind Power Project, Kittitas County, Washington. Final Report. Prepared for Desert Claim Wind Power, LLC, Ellensburg, Washington, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. July 2003. Young, D. P., Jr., W. P. Erickson, K. Bay, J. Jeffrey, E. G. Lack, R. E. Good, and H. H. Sawyer. 2003c. Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Hopkins Ridge Wind Project, Columbia County, Washington. Final Report: March 2002 - March 2003. Prepared for RES North America, LLC, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. April 30, 2003. Available online: http://wind.nrel.gov/public/library/young5.pdf

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Young, D. P., Jr., V. K. Poulton, and K. Bay. 2007a. Ecological Baseline Studies Report. Proposed Dry Lake Wind Project, Navajo County, Arizona. Prepared for PPM Energy, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. July 1, 2007. Available online: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/YoungWEST-2007.pdf Young, D. P., Jr., G. D. Johnson, V. K. Poulton, and K. Bay. 2007b. Ecological Baseline Studies for the Hatchet Ridge Wind Energy Project, Shasta County, California. Prepared for Hatchet Ridge Wind, LLC, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. August 31, 2007. Available online: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/ default/files/publications/Young-et-al-2007.pdf

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Appendix A. Summary of Group and Individual Observations by Bird Type and Species during Fixed-Point Avian Use Surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019

Appendix A1. Summary of the number of observations and groups recorded by bird type and species for large bird use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. Summer Fall Winter Spring Total Type/Species Scientific Name #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs Waterbirds 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 6 6 great blue heron Ardea herodias 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 6 6 Waterfowl 10 19 2 34 26 3,738 11 276 49 4,067 blue-winged teal Anas discors 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 5 Canada goose Branta canadensis 2 5 1 32 7 314 2 5 12 356 mallard Anas platyrhynchos 6 12 0 0 0 0 3 55 9 67 northern pintail Anas acuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 6 snow goose Chen caerulescens 0 0 0 0 19 3,424 1 200 20 3,624 unidentified duck NA 2 2 1 2 0 0 3 5 6 9 Shorebirds 109 140 40 178 4 5 4 9 157 332 American golden-plover Pluvialis dominica 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 killdeer Charadrius vociferus 108 139 40 178 4 5 4 9 156 331 Gulls/Terns 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 4 100 unidentified gull NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 100 4 100 Diurnal Raptors 13 14 60 63 33 36 12 16 118 129 Accipiters 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 Buteos 7 7 21 23 7 7 5 9 40 46 red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis 7 7 20 22 7 7 5 9 39 45 rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Northern Harrier 3 3 28 29 16 19 5 5 52 56 northern harrier Circus hudsonius 3 3 28 29 16 19 5 5 52 56 Eagles 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 4 bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 3 3 unidentified eagle NA 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Falcons 1 2 9 9 7 7 1 1 18 19 American kestrel Falco sparverius 1 2 9 9 7 7 1 1 18 19 Other Raptors 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 unidentified raptor NA 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 Vultures 20 37 13 27 1 1 20 36 54 101 turkey vulture Cathartes aura 20 37 13 27 1 1 20 36 54 101

Appendix A1. Summary of the number of observations and groups recorded by bird type and species for large bird use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. Summer Fall Winter Spring Total Type/Species Scientific Name #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs Upland Game Birds 38 43 0 0 0 0 1 1 39 44 northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus 34 39 0 0 0 0 1 1 35 40 ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 Doves/Pigeons 136 212 24 89 1 9 1 8 162 318 mourning dove Zenaida macroura 135 207 20 54 1 9 1 8 157 278 rock pigeon Columba livia 1 5 4 35 0 0 0 0 5 40 Large Corvids 2 6 4 11 0 0 0 0 6 17 American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos 2 6 4 11 0 0 0 0 6 17 Goatsuckers 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 common nighthawk Chordeiles minor 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 Unidentified Birds 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 unidentified large bird NA 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Overall Large Birds 333 478 146 405 65 3,789 53 446 597 5,118 grps = groups, obs = observations

Appendix A2. Summary of the number of observations and groups recorded by bird type and species for small bird use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. Summer Fall Winter Spring Total Type/Species Scientific Name #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs Passerines 590 1,301 117 800 46 665 120 334 873 3,100 American goldfinch Spinus tristis 4 6 7 11 0 0 0 0 11 17 American robin Turdus migratorius 36 42 17 32 0 0 16 32 69 106 American tree sparrow Spizelloides arborea 0 0 1 2 2 11 0 0 3 13 Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 barn swallow Hirundo rustica 35 56 1 1 0 0 0 0 36 57 blue jay Cyanocitta cristata 1 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 3 5 brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater 18 29 0 0 0 0 6 32 24 61 brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 chipping sparrow Spizella passerina 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 cliff swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 26 227 1 3 0 0 0 0 27 230 common grackle Quiscalus quiscula 35 67 0 0 0 0 3 28 38 95 common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 dickcissel Spiza americana 90 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 95 eastern bluebird Sialia sialis 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus 4 4 3 3 0 0 0 0 7 7 eastern meadowlark Sturnella magna 34 34 4 4 0 0 19 22 57 60 Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanus 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 6 European starling Sturnus vulgaris 0 0 6 154 5 280 2 7 13 441 field sparrow Spizella pusilla 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 horned lark Eremophila alpestris 22 31 22 225 27 158 21 37 92 451 house finch Haemorhous mexicanus 1 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 5 house sparrow Passer domesticus 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 indigo bunting Passerina cyanea 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3 northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 169 498 21 232 5 196 26 145 221 1,071 Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 song sparrow Melospiza melodia 41 44 3 5 0 0 10 12 54 61 tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor 2 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 31 unidentified blackbird NA 0 0 2 36 0 0 0 0 2 36 unidentified bluebird Sialia spp. 3 41 1 18 0 0 0 0 4 59 unidentified passerine NA 3 3 15 52 5 18 0 0 23 73

Appendix A2. Summary of the number of observations and groups recorded by bird type and species for small bird use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018. Summer Fall Winter Spring Total Type/Species Scientific Name #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs #grps #obs unidentified sparrow NA 0 0 4 7 2 2 6 7 12 16 unidentified swallow NA 2 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus 19 20 0 0 0 0 1 1 20 21 western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta 8 8 4 5 0 0 4 4 16 17 yellow-rumped warbler Setophaga coronata 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Swifts/Hummingbirds 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 chimney swift Chaetura pelagica 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 Woodpeckers 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 northern flicker Colaptes auratus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Overall Small Birds 591 1,304 118 801 46 665 120 334 875 3,104 grps = groups, obs = observations

Appendix A3. Summary of groups and individual observations by bird type and species for large bird surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. Summer Fall Winter Spring Total Type / Species Scientific Name # grps # obs # grps # obs # grps # obs # grps # obs # grps # obs Waterbirds 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 3 4 great blue heron Ardea herodias 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 3 3 4 Waterfowl 1 1 0 0 5 101 7 17 13 119 mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 4 Canada goose Branta canadensis 0 0 0 0 2 7 3 6 5 13 snow goose Chen caerulescens 0 0 0 0 2 65 0 0 2 65 blue-winged teal Spatula discors 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 unidentified duck 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 1 6 unidentified goose 0 0 0 0 1 29 0 0 1 29 Shorebirds 3 4 8 33 0 0 33 50 44 87 unidentified sandpiper Calidris spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 7 killdeer Charadrius vociferus 3 4 8 33 0 0 32 43 43 80 Diurnal Raptors 12 12 25 25 20 20 15 15 72 72 Buteos 11 11 18 18 6 6 7 7 42 42 red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis 11 11 18 18 6 6 7 7 42 42 Northern Harrier 0 0 3 3 5 5 6 6 14 14 northern harrier Circus hudsonius 0 0 3 3 5 5 6 6 14 14 Eagles 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 3 bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 3 3 Falcons 1 1 2 2 6 6 2 2 11 11 American kestrel Falco sparverius 1 1 2 2 6 6 2 2 11 11 Other Raptors 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 unidentified raptor 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 Vultures 17 23 13 21 0 0 9 28 39 72 turkey vulture Cathartes aura 17 23 13 21 0 0 9 28 39 72 Upland Game Birds 19 19 0 0 0 0 5 5 24 24 northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus 18 18 0 0 0 0 3 3 21 21 ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 3 Doves/Pigeons 6 25 16 122 8 54 26 43 56 244 rock pigeon Columba livia 0 0 0 0 2 11 0 0 2 11 mourning dove Zenaida macroura 6 25 16 122 6 43 26 43 54 233 Overall 58 84 63 202 33 175 97 161 251 622 grps = groups, obs = observations

Appendix B. Mean Use by Point for All Birds, Major Bird Types, and Diurnal Raptor Subtypes during Fixed-Point Surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019

Appendix B1. Mean use (number of observations/survey)a by point for all birds, major bird types, and diurnal raptor subtypes observed during fixed-point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Energy Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2018.

Survey Point Bird Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Waterbirds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 Waterfowl 0.17 2.83 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.42 0 0 0 0 0 Shorebirds 1.33 2.50 0.50 0.92 1.92 0.75 1.00 0.58 0.33 1.42 0.42 0.33 0.25 Gulls/Terns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diurnal Raptors 0.17 0.17 0.42 0.42 0.25 0.33 0 0.50 0.25 0.08 0.50 0.08 0.42 Accipiters 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buteos 0.08 0 0.17 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.08 0 0.08 Northern Harrier 0 0.17 0.08 0.25 0.25 0.08 0 0.50 0.08 0.08 0.33 0.08 0.25 Eagles 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 Falcons 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 Other Raptors 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vultures 0 0.08 0.25 0 0.25 0.25 0.58 0.17 0 0 0.08 0.25 0.25 Upland Game Birds 0 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08 0 0 0.25 0.08 0.17 0 0 0.08 Doves/Pigeons 0.33 1.08 2.50 0.42 1.33 1.58 0.58 0.33 0.92 1.08 0.08 0.58 0.58 Large Corvids 0 0 0.50 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goatsuckers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 All Large Birdsb 2.00 6.75 4.25 2.00 3.83 3.17 2.25 2.33 1.58 2.75 1.08 1.25 1.58 Passerines 7.67 23.08 4.92 14.17 4.58 8.33 4.33 6.42 2.42 3.42 15.17 4.67 4.58 Swifts/Hummingbirds 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woodpeckers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 All Small Birdsb 7.67 23.08 5.17 14.17 4.58 8.33 4.33 6.50 2.42 3.42 15.17 4.67 4.58 a800-meter (m) radius plots and 60-minute (min) surveys for large birds, and 100-m radius plots and 10-min surveys for small birds. bSums may not total values shown due to rounding.

Appendix B1 (continued). Mean use (number of observations/survey)a by point for all birds, major bird types, and diurnal raptor subtypes observed during fixed-point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Energy Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2018.

Survey Point Bird Type 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Waterbirds 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.08 Waterfowl 0 10.17 89.08 0 16.75 0 6.75 38.92 4.58 0.08 25.00 25.00 0.33 Shorebirds 0.25 0.33 1.00 1.42 1.08 3.58 0.42 0.17 1.00 0.58 0.08 0.58 0.25 Gulls/Terns 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.92 0 0.42 0 0 0 0 Diurnal Raptors 0.33 0.08 0.33 0.58 0.25 0 0.33 0.25 0.50 0.67 0.17 0 0.42 Accipiters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 Buteos 0.08 0 0.17 0.08 0.08 0 0.17 0.08 0.50 0.58 0 0 0.17 Northern Harrier 0.17 0 0.17 0.42 0.08 0 0.08 0.08 0 0.08 0.08 0 0.17 Eagles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Falcons 0.08 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.08 Other Raptors 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vultures 0.08 0.08 0.33 0 0 0 0.42 0 0 0.42 0.33 0.42 0.25 Upland Game Birds 0 0 0 0 0.17 0.08 0.17 0 0.17 0 0.08 0.17 0.08 Doves/Pigeons 0.08 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.67 0.25 0.67 0.58 0.92 0.83 1.00 0.83 0.92 Large Corvids 0 0 0 0 0.42 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Goatsuckers 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 All Large Birdsb 0.83 11.17 91.08 2.33 19.67 4.17 16.67 39.92 7.58 2.58 26.67 27.08 2.33 Passerines 3.25 3.00 8.33 6.17 2.67 3.75 7.50 5.92 24.58 5.08 2.25 7.42 11.83 Swifts/Hummingbirds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woodpeckers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 All Small Birdsb 3.25 3.00 8.33 6.17 2.67 3.75 7.50 5.92 24.58 5.08 2.25 7.42 11.83 a800-meter (m) radius plots and 60-minute (min) surveys for large birds, and 100-m radius plots and 10-min surveys for small birds. bSums may not total values shown due to rounding.

Appendix B1 (continued). Mean use (number of observations/survey)a by point for all birds, major bird types, and diurnal raptor subtypes observed during fixed-point avian use surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Energy Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2018. Survey Point Bird Type 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Waterbirds 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 Waterfowl 0.17 17.75 29.17 14.00 18.75 13.33 25.33 0 0.08 Shorebirds 0.75 0.25 0.50 0.92 0 0.33 0.25 0.08 1.58 Gulls/Terns 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Diurnal Raptors 0.42 0.42 0.75 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.67 0.25 0.42 Accipiters 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Buteos 0.17 0.33 0.58 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0.08 Northern Harrier 0.25 0 0.08 0.17 0 0.08 0.33 0.08 0.17 Eagles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Falcons 0 0.08 0.08 0 0 0 0.33 0.08 0.17 Other Raptors 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vultures 0.17 0.17 0.83 0 1.42 0.33 0.08 0.25 0.33 Upland Game Birds 0.17 0.25 0.17 0.08 0.33 0.50 0 0.08 0.08 Doves/Pigeons 0.83 0.17 3.67 0.67 0.50 0.17 0.42 0.42 0.33 Large Corvids 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.08 0 Goatsuckers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 All Large Birdsb 2.50 19.00 35.08 15.92 21.17 14.75 26.75 1.17 2.83 Passerines 3.42 7.75 3.42 9.58 8.75 3.08 2.25 9.25 15.25 Swifts/Hummingbirds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Woodpeckers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 All Small Birdsb 3.42 7.75 3.42 9.58 8.75 3.08 2.25 9.25 15.25 a800-meter (m) radius plots and 60-minute (min) surveys for large birds, and 100-m radius plots and 10-min surveys for small birds. bSums may not total values shown due to rounding.

Appendix B2. Mean use (number of observations/survey)a by point for all large birds, major large bird types, and diurnal raptor subtypes observed during fixed-point avian use surveys at the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019. Survey Point Bird Type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Waterbirds 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 Waterfowl 0.42 0 0 0 2.42 0 0.17 0 0.08 0.92 0 0.17 0 5.42 0 0 0.17 0 0.17 Shorebirds 0.08 0.17 0.08 0.42 0.25 0.33 0.17 0.25 0.08 1.50 0.25 0.92 0.33 0.17 0.50 0.33 0 0.17 1.25 Diurnal Raptors 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.17 0.25 0.08 0.33 0.25 0.25 0.17 1.08 0.17 0.33 0.33 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.25 Buteos 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.67 0.08 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.25 Northern Harrier 0 0.08 0.08 0.17 0 0.08 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.33 0 0.08 0.08 0.17 0 0 0 Eagles 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 Falcons 0 0.08 0.17 0 0 0 0 0.17 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.08 0.17 0 0.08 0 Other Raptors 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vultures 0.67 0.17 0.08 0 0.17 0 0 0.17 0.33 0.42 0.42 0.25 0.17 1.00 0.33 0.08 1.25 0.08 0.25 Upland Game Birds 0.17 0.33 0 0 0.08 0.08 0 0.33 0 0 0 0.17 0 0.17 0.33 0.17 0 0.17 0 Doves/Pigeons 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.42 1.25 0.33 0.83 0.42 0.67 1.58 3.83 2.25 1.42 2.75 0.08 0.33 0 0.83 2.08 All Large Birdsb 1.67 1.00 0.75 2.08 4.33 1.00 1.25 1.67 1.42 4.67 4.75 4.83 2.08 9.83 1.67 1.42 1.58 1.42 4.00 a800-meter (m) radius plots and 60-minute (min) surveys for large birds, and 100-m radius plots and 10-min surveys for small birds. bSums may not total values shown due to rounding.

Appendix C. Mean Use by Point Figures for All Large Birds, Diurnal Raptors, and Diurnal Raptor Subtypes and All Small Birds during Fixed-Point Surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project from May 19, 2017 – May 30, 2019

Appendix C1. Mean use by point for all small birds during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C2. Mean use by point for all large birds during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C3. Mean use by point for all diurnal raptors during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C4. Mean use by point for accipiters during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C5. Mean use by point for buteos during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C6. Mean use by point for eagles during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C7. Mean use by point for falcons during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C8. Mean use by point for northern harriers during Year 1 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason and Logan counties, Illinois, from May 19, 2017 – April 30, 2018.

Appendix C9. Mean use by point for all large birds during Year 2 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Appendix C10. Mean use by point for all diurnal raptors during Year 2 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Appendix C11. Mean use by point for buteos during Year 2 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Appendix C12. Mean use by point for eagles during Year 2 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Appendix C13. Mean use by point for falcons during Year 2 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Appendix C14. Mean use by point for northern harriers during Year 2 fixed-point surveys in the Glacier Sands Wind Project, Mason County, Illinois, from June 25, 2018 – May 30, 2019.

Appendix D. Summary of Wind Energy Facilities in the Midwest Reporting Data on Bird Species found as Fatalities

Appendix D. Summary of wind energy facilities in the Midwest reporting data on bird species found as fatalities. Project Name, Location Reference Project Name, Location Reference Barton I & II, IA Derby et al. 2011b Grand Ridge I, IL Derby et al. 2010a Big Blue, MN (2013) Fagen Engineering 2014 Harrow, ON (2010) Natural Resources Solutions Inc. (NRSI) 2011 Big Blue, MN (2014) Fagen Engineering 2015 Heritage Garden, MI (2012- Kerlinger et al. 2014 2014) Bishop Hill, IL (2012) Simon et al. 2014a Kewaunee County, WI Howe et al. 2002 Bishop Hill, IL (Fall 2013) Simon et al. 2014b Lakefield Wind, MN Minnesota Public Utilities Commission 2012 Bishop Hill, IL (Spring 2014) Ritzert et al. 2014 Melancthon, ON (Phase I; Stantec Consulting Ltd. 2007) (Stantec Ltd.) 2008 Bishop Hill, IL (Fall 2014) Shoener Environmental Moraine II, MN (2009) Derby et al. 2010f 2015a Bishop Hill (2015) Shoener Environmental NPPD Ainsworth, NE (2006) Derby et al. 2007 2015b Blue Sky Green Field, WI Gruver et al. 2009 Odell, MN (2016-2017) Chodachek and Gustafson 2018 Buffalo Ridge, MN (1994- Osborn et al. 1996, 2000 Pioneer Prairie I, IA (Phase Chodachek et al. 2012 1995) II; 2011-2012) Buffalo Ridge, MN (2000) Krenz and McMillan 2000 Pioneer Prairie II, IA (2013) Chodachek et al. 2014 Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase I; Johnson et al. 2000 Pioneer Trail, IL (2012- ARCADIS U.S., Inc. 2013 1996) 2013) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase I; Johnson et al. 2000 Pleasant Valley, MN (2016- Tetra Tech 2017b 1997) 2017) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase I; Johnson et al. 2000 Prairie Rose, MN (2014) Chodachek et al. 2015 1998) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase I; Johnson et al. 2000 PrairieWinds ND1 (Minot), Derby et al. 2011e 1999) ND (2010) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase II; Johnson et al. 2000 PrairieWinds ND1 (Minot), Derby et al. 2012d 1998) ND (2011) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase II; Johnson et al. 2000 PrairieWinds SD1, SD Derby et al. 2012c 1999) (2011-2012) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase II; Johnson et al. 2004 PrairieWinds SD1, SD Derby et al. 2013 2001/Lake Benton I) (2012-2013) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase Johnson et al. 2000 PrairieWinds SD1, SD Derby et al. 2014 III; 1999) (2013-2014) Buffalo Ridge, MN (Phase Johnson et al. 2004 Prince Wind Farm, ON NRSI 2008 III; 2001/Lake Benton II) (2006) Buffalo Ridge I, SD (2010) Derby et al. 2010d Prince Wind Farm, ON NRSI 2008 (2007) Buffalo Ridge II, SD (2011) Derby et al. 2012a Prince Wind Farm, ON NRSI 2009 (2008) Cedar Ridge, WI (2009) BHE Environmental 2010 Rail Splitter, IL (2012-2013) Good et al. 2013b Cedar Ridge, WI (2010) BHE Environmental 2011 Ripley, ON (2008) Jacques Whitford 2009 Crescent Ridge, IL Kerlinger et al. 2007 Ripley, ON (Fall 2009) Golder Associates 2010 Crystal Lake II, IA Derby et al. 2010b Rugby, ND (2010-2011) Derby et al. 2011c Elm Creek, MN Derby et al. 2010e Thunder Spirit, ND (2016- Derby et al. 2018 2017) Elm Creek II, MN Derby et al. 2012b Top Crop I & II, IL(2012- Good et al. 2013c 2013) Forward Energy Center, WI Grodsky and Drake 2011 Top of Iowa, IA (2003) Jain 2005 Fowler I, IN (2009) Johnson et al. 2010a Top of Iowa, IA (2004) Jain 2005 Fowler I, II, III, IN (2010) Good et al. 2011 Waverly Wind, KS (2016- Tetra Tech 2017a 2017) Fowler I, II, III, IN (2011) Good et al. 2012 Wessington Springs, SD Derby et al. 2010c (2009) Fowler I, II, III, IN (2012) Good et al. 2013a Wessington Springs, SD Derby et al. 2011a (2010)

Appendix D. Summary of wind energy facilities in the Midwest reporting data on bird species found as fatalities. Project Name, Location Reference Project Name, Location Reference Fowler III, IN (2009) Johnson et al. 2010b Wildcat, IN (2016) Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. (Stantec Consulting) 2017 Fowler Ridge, IN (2015) Good et al. 2016 Wildcat, IN (2017) Stantec Consulting 2018 Fowler Ridge, IN (2016) Good et al. 2017 Winnebago, IA Derby et al. 2011d Fowler Ridge, IN (2017) Good et al. 2018

Literature Cited for Appendix D Studies

ARCADIS U.S., Inc. 2013. Fall 2012 and Spring 2013 Avian and Bat Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Report: Pioneer Trail Wind Farm. Prepared for E.On Climate & Renewables, North America. Prepared by ARCADIS U.S., Inc., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. August 2013. BHE Environmental, Inc. (BHE). 2010. Post-Construction Bird and Bat Mortality Study: Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond Du Lac County, Wisconsin. Interim Report prepared for Wisconsin Power and Light, Madison, Wisconsin. Prepared by BHE Environmental, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 2010. BHE Environmental, Inc. (BHE). 2011. Post-Construction Bird and Bat Mortality Study: Cedar Ridge Wind Farm, Fond Du Lac County, Wisconsin. Final Report. Prepared for Wisconsin Power and Light, Madison, Wisconsin. Prepared by BHE Environmental, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 2011. Chodachek, K., C. Derby, M. Sonnenberg, and T. Thorn. 2012. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Pioneer Prairie Wind Farm I LLC Phase II, Mitchell County, Iowa: April 4, 2011 – March 31, 2012. Prepared for EDP Renewables, North America LLC, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. August 27, 2012. Chodachek, K., C. Derby, K. Adachi, and T. Thorn. 2014. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Pioneer Prairie II Wind Energy Facility, Mitchell County, Iowa. Final Report: July 1 - October 18, 2013. Prepared for EDP Renewables, North America LLC, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. April 2014. Chodachek, K., K. Adachi, and G. DiDonato. 2015. Post Construction Fatality Surveys for the Prairie Rose Wind Energy Facility, Rock County, Minnesota. Final Report: April 15 to June 13, 2014, and August 15 to October 29, 2014. Prepared for Enel Green Power, North America, San Diego, California. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. January 23, 2015. Available online: https://www.edockets.state.mn.us/EFiling/edockets/searchDocuments.do? method=showPoup&documentId=%7BF38C2FEC-ED84-4813-AF3E- 5A397A954A34%7D&documentTitle=20152-107006-01 Chodachek, K. and Z. Gustafson. 2018. Tier 4 Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Study for the Odell Wind Energy Project, Cottonwood and Jackson Counties, Minnesota. Final Fatality Report: December 2016 – December 2017. Prepared for Odell Wind Farm, LLC, Oakville, Ontario, Canada. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. March 15, 2018. Available online: https://www.edockets.state.mn.us/EFiling/edockets/searchDocuments.do? method=showPoup&documentId={E0912A62-0000-C93E-88EA-844E240F695B}&document Title=20183-141067-02

Derby, C., A. Dahl, W. Erickson, K. Bay, and J. Hoban. 2007. Post-Construction Monitoring Report for Avian and Bat Mortality at the NPPD Ainsworth Wind Farm. Prepared for the for the Nebraska Public Power District, Columbus, Nebraska. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. February 27, 2007. Available online: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/ sites/default/files/publications/Avian%20&%20Bat%20Mortiality%20at%20the%20NPPD%20Ains worth%20Wind%20Farm.pdf Derby, C., J. Ritzert, and K. Bay. 2010a. Bird and Bat Fatality Study, Grand Ridge Wind Resource Area, Lasalle County, Illinois. January 2009 - January 2010. Prepared for Grand Ridge Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. July 13, 2010. Revised January 2011. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, and K. Bay. 2010b. Post-Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study Crystal Lake II Wind Energy Center, Hancock and Winnebago Counties, Iowa. Final Report: April 2009- October 2009. Prepared for NextEra Energy Resources, Juno Beach, Florida. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. June 2, 2010. Derby, C., A. Dahl, A. Merrill, and K. Bay. 2010c. 2009 Post-Construction Monitoring Results for the Wessington Springs Wind-Energy Facility, South Dakota. Final Report. Prepared for Wessington Wind Energy Center, LLC, Juno Beach, Florida. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. August 19, 2010. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, K. Bay, and A. Merrill. 2010d. Post-Construction Fatality Survey for the Buffalo Ridge I Wind Project. May 2009 - May 2010. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, K. Bay, and A. Merrill. 2010e. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Elm Creek Wind Project: March 2009- February 2010. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc. (IRI), Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, K. Bay, and A. Merrill. 2010f. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Moraine II Wind Project: March - December 2009. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc. (IRI), Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. Derby, C., A. Dahl, K. Bay, and L. McManus. 2011a. 2010 Post-Construction Monitoring Results for the Wessington Springs Wind Energy Facility, South Dakota. Final Report: March 9 – November 16, 2010. Prepared for Wessington Wind Energy Center, LLC, Juno Beach, Florida. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. November 22, 2011. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, K. Bay, and S. Nomani. 2011b. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Barton I and II Wind Project: IRI. March 2010 - February 2011. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc. (IRI), Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. Version: September 28, 2011. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, K. Bay, and S. Nomani. 2011c. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Rugby Wind Project: Iberdrola Renewables, Inc. March 2010 - March 2011. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc. (IRI), Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. Version: October 14, 2011. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, K. Bay, and A. Merrill. 2011d. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Winnebago Wind Project: March 2009- February 2010. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc. (IRI), Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. January 14, 2011.

Derby, C., K. Chodachek, T. Thorn, K. Bay, and S. Nomani. 2011e. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the PrairieWinds ND1 Wind Facility, Basin Electric Power Cooperative, March - November 2010. Prepared for Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. August 2, 2011. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, and M. Sonnenberg. 2012a. Post-Construction Casualty Surveys for the Buffalo Ridge II Wind Project. Iberdrola Renewables: March 2011- February 2012. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, LLC, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. August 31, 2012. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, and M. Sonnenberg. 2012b. Post-Construction Fatality Surveys for the Elm Creek II Wind Project. Iberdrola Renewables: March 2011-February 2012. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, LLC, Portland, Oregon. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. October 8, 2012. Derby, C., A. Dahl, and A. Merrill. 2012c. Post-Construction Monitoring Results for the PrairieWinds SD1 Wind Energy Facility, South Dakota. Final Report: March 2011 - February 2012. Prepared for Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. September 27, 2012. Derby, C., K. Chodachek, T. Thorn, and A. Merrill. 2012d. Post-Construction Surveys for the PrairieWinds ND1 (2011) Wind Facility Basin Electric Power Cooperative: March - October 2011. Prepared for Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared by Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. August 31, 2012. Derby, C., A. Dahl, and D. Fox. 2013. Post-Construction Fatality Monitoring Studies for the PrairieWinds SD1 Wind Energy Facility, South Dakota. Final Report: March 2012 - February 2013. Prepared for Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. November 13, 2013. Derby, C., A. Dahl, and G. DiDonato. 2014. Post-Construction Fatality Monitoring Studies for the PrairieWinds SD1 Wind Energy Facility, South Dakota. Final Report: March 2013 - February 2014. Prepared for Basin Electric Power Cooperative, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. Derby, C., D. Klostermeier, R. Tupling, and K. Moratz. 2018. Post-Construction Bird and Bat Fatality Monitoring for the Thunder Spirit Wind Energy Facility, Adams County, North Dakota. Final Fatality Report. Prepared for Thunder Spirit Wind, LLC, Bismarck, North Dakota. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bismarck, North Dakota. March 1, 2018. Fagen Engineering, LLC. 2014. 2013 Avian and Bat Monitoring Annual Report: Big Blue Wind Farm, Blue Earth, Minnesota. Prepared for Big Blue Wind Farm. Prepared by Fagen Engineering, LLC. May 2014. Fagen Engineering, LLC. 2015. 2014 Avian and Bat Monitoring Annual Report: Big Blue Wind Farm, Blue Earth, Minnesota. Prepared for Big Blue Wind Farm. Prepared by Fagen Engineering, LLC. Golder Associates. 2010. Report on Fall Post-Construction Monitoring, Ripley Wind Power Project, Acciona Wind. Report Number 09-1126-0029. Submitted to Suncor Energy Products Inc., Calgary, Alberta, and Acciona Wind Energy Canada, Toronto, Ontario. February 2010.

Good, R. E., W. P. Erickson, A. Merrill, S. Simon, K. Murray, K. Bay, and C. Fritchman. 2011. Bat Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Energy Facility, Benton County, Indiana: April 13 - October 15, 2010. Prepared for Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. January 28, 2011. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/FowlerRidge/pdf/AppendixA_FowlerRidge WindFarmFinalHCP062713.pdf Good, R. E., A. Merrill, S. Simon, K. Murray, and K. Bay. 2012. Bat Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana: April 1 - October 31, 2011. Prepared for the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. January 31, 2012. Available online: http://batsandwind.org/pdf/Good%20et%20al.%20 2012_Fowler%20Report.pdf Good, R. E., M. Sonnenburg, and S. Simon. 2013a. Bat Evaluation Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana: August 1 - October 15, 2012. Prepared for the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. January 31, 2013. Good, R. E., M. L. Ritzert, and K. Adachi. 2013b. Post-Construction Monitoring at the Rail Splitter Wind Farm, Tazwell and Logan Counties, Illinois. Final Report: May 2012 - May 2013. Prepared for EDP Renewables, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. December 16, 2013. Good, R. E., J. P. Ritzert, and K. Adachi. 2013c. Post-Construction Monitoring at the Top Crop Wind Farm, Gundy and Lasalle Counties, Illinois. Final Report: May 2012 - May 2013. Prepared for EDP Renewables, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. December 13, 2013. Good, R. E., G. Iskali, and K. Nasman. 2016. Bat Evaluation Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana: August 3 - October 14, 2015. Prepared for Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. January 28, 2016. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/Fowler Ridge/pdf/MonitoringReport2015FowlerHCP28Jan2015.pdf Good, R. E., A. Ciecka, G. Iskali, and K. Nasman. 2017. Bat Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana: August 3 - October 12, 2016. Prepared for Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. January 31, 2017. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/Fowler Ridge/pdf/MonitoringReportFowler2016Dated013117.pdf Good, R. E., G. Iskali, K. Nasman, and A. Ciecka. 2018. Bat Evaluation Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Farm, Benton County, Indiana: August 1 - October 15, 2017. Prepared for Fowler Ridge Wind Farm. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. January 29, 2018. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/Fowler Ridge/pdf/Fowler2017ReportDraft012918v2.pdf Grodsky, S. M. and D. Drake. 2011. Assessing Bird and Bat Mortality at the Forward Energy Center. Final Report. Public Service Commission (PSC) of Wisconsin. PSC REF#:152052. Prepared for Forward Energy LLC. Prepared by Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. August 2011.

Gruver, J., M. Sonnenberg, K. Bay, and W. Erickson. 2009. Post-Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study at the Blue Sky Green Field Wind Energy Center, Fond Du Lac County, Wisconsin July 21 - October 31, 2008 and March 15 - June 4, 2009. Unpublished report prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. December 17, 2009. Howe, R. W., W. Evans, and A. T. Wolf. 2002. Effects of Wind Turbines on Birds and Bats in Northeastern Wisconsin. Prepared by University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, for Wisconsin Public Service Corporation and Madison Gas and Electric Company, Madison, Wisconsin. November 21, 2002. 104 pp. Jacques Whitford Stantec Limited (Jacques Whitford). 2009. Ripley Wind Power Project Postconstruction Monitoring Report. Project No. 1037529.01. Report to Suncor Energy Products Inc., Calgary, Alberta, and Acciona Energy Products Inc., Calgary, Alberta. Prepared for the Ripley Wind Power Project Post-Construction Monitoring Program. Prepared by Jacques Whitford, Markham, Ontario. April 30, 2009. Jain, A. 2005. Bird and Bat Behavior and Mortality at a Northern Iowa Windfarm. Thesis. Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online: http://batsandwind.org/pdf/Jain_2005.pdf Johnson, G. D., W. P. Erickson, M. D. Strickland, M. F. Shepherd, and D. A. Shepherd. 2000. Final Report: Avian Monitoring Studies at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota: Results of a 4- Year Study. Final report prepared for Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. September 22, 2000. 212 pp. Johnson, G. D., M. K. Perlik, W. P. Erickson, and M. D. Strickland. 2004. Bat Activity, Composition and Collision Mortality at a Large Wind Plant in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1278-1288. Johnson, G. D., M. Ritzert, S. Nomani, and K. Bay. 2010a. Bird and Bat Fatality Studies, Fowler Ridge I Wind-Energy Facility Benton County, Indiana. Unpublished report prepared for British Petroleum Wind Energy North America Inc. (BPWENA) by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). Johnson, G. D., M. Ritzert, S. Nomani, and K. Bay. 2010b. Bird and Bat Fatality Studies, Fowler Ridge III Wind-Energy Facility, Benton County, Indiana. April 2 - June 10, 2009. Prepared for BP Wind Energy North America. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Cheyenne, Wyoming. Kerlinger, P., R. Curry, A. Hasch, and J. Guarnaccia. 2007. Migratory Bird and Bat Monitoring Study at the Crescent Ridge Wind Power Project, Bureau County, Illinois: September 2005 - August 2006. Final draft prepared for Orrick Herrington and Sutcliffe, LLP. May 2007. Kerlinger, P., J. Guarnaccia, R. Curry, and C. J. Vogel. 2014. Bird and Bat Fatality Study, Heritage Garden I Wind Farm, Delta County, Michigan: 2012-2014. Prepared for Heritage Sustainable Energy, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, McLean, Virginia. November 2014. Krenz, J. D. and B. R. McMillan. 2000. Final Report: Wind-Turbine Related Bat Mortality in Southwestern Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, Minnesota. Available online: http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/nongame/projects/consgrant_reports/2000/2000_krenz_mcmillan. pdf Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (MPUC). 2012. Lakefield Wind Project Avian and Bat Fatality Monitoring. MPUC Site Permit Quarterly Report and USFWS Special Purpose – Utility (Avian Take Monitoring) 30-Day Report: April 1 – September 30, 2012. USFWS Permit No: MB70161A-0; MDNR Permit No: 17930; MPUC Permit No: IP-6829/WS-09-1239, Permit Special Condition VII.B. October 15, 2012.

Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2008. 2007 Bird and Bat Mortality Monitoring, Prince Wind Power Project. Project No. 723. Prepared for Brookfield Renewable Power, Gatineau, Quebec. Prepared by NSRI, Waterloo, Ontario. February 2008. Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2009. 2006, 2007 and 2008 Bird and Bat Mortality Monitoring, Prince Wind Power Project. Project No. 821, D. Stephenson, Senior Biologist. Prepared for Brookfield Renewable Power, Gatineau, Quebec. Prepared by NSRI, Waterloo, Ontario. May 5, 2009. Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2011. Harrow Wind Farm 2010 Post-Construction Monitoring Report. Project No. 0953. Prepared for International Power Canada, Inc., Markham, Ontario. Prepared by NRSI, Waterloo, Ontario. August 2011. Osborn, R. G., K. F. Higgins, C. D. Dieter, and R. E. Usgaard. 1996. Bat Collisions with Wind Turbines in Southwestern Minnesota. Bat Research News 37: 105-108. Osborn, R. G., K. F. Higgins, R. E. Usgaard, C. D. Dieter, and R. G. Neiger. 2000. Bird Mortality Associated with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist 143: 41-52. Ritzert, J. P., M. Ritzert, R. Good, and K. Adachi. 2014. Carcass Monitoring Report for the Bishop Hill Wind Energy Facility, Henry County, Illinois: April 15, 2014 - May 15, 2014. Prepared for Invenergy LLC., Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. July 21, 2014. Shoener Environmental. 2015a. 2014 Avian Fatality Monitoring Report: Bishop Hill Wind Energy Facility, Henry County, Illinois. Prepared for Invenergy, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Shoener Environmental, Dickson City, Pennsylvania. January 22, 2014. Shoener Environmental. 2015b. Post-Construction Bird and Bat Carcass Monitoring Fall 2015 Final Report: Bishop Hill Wind Energy Facility, Henry County, Illinois. Prepared for Bishop Hill Energy LLC, Cambridge, Illinois. Prepared by Shoener Environmental, Dickson City, Pennsylvania. December 3, 2015. Simon, S., R. Good, S. Howlin, and J. Ritzert. 2014a. Bird Carcass Monitoring Report for the Bishop Hill Wind Energy Facility: Fall 2012. Prepared for Invenergy LLC. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. February 12, 2014. Simon, S., R. Good, S. Howlin, and M. Ritzert. 2014b. Bird Carcass Monitoring Report for the Bishop Hill Wind Energy Facility: Fall 2013. Prepared for Invenergy LLC. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Bloomington, Indiana. April 1, 2014. Stantec Consulting Ltd. (Stantec Ltd.). 2008. Melancthon I Wind Plant Post-Construction Bird and Bat Monitoring Report: 2007. File No. 160960220. Prepared by Stantec Ltd., Guelph, Ontario. June 2008. Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. (Stantec Consulting). 2017. 2016 Post-Construction Bat Mortality Monitoring Report, Wildcat Wind Farm, Madison and Tipton Counties, Indiana. Project #193704633. Prepared for Wildcat Wind Farm, LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Independence, Iowa. January 31, 2017. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/wildcat/pdf/MonitoringReport2016Wildcat WindFarm.pdf

Stantec Consulting Services, Inc. (Stantec Consulting). 2018. 2017 Post-Construction Bat Mortality Monitoring Report. Wildcat Wind Farm, Madison and Tipton Counties, Indiana. Prepared for Wildcat Wind Farm, LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Independence, Iowa. January 26, 2018. Available online: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/permits/hcp/wildcat/pdf/ 2017PCMMReport_WildcatWindFarm.pdf Tetra Tech. 2017a. 2016-2017 Post-Construction Fatality Monitoring Annual Report: Waverly Wind Farm, Coffey County, Kansas. Prepared for Waverly Wind Farm, LLC. Prepared by Portland, Oregon. October 2017. Tetra Tech. 2017b. 2016 - 2017 Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Annual Report, Pleasant Valley Wind Farm, Mower and Dodge Counties, Minnesota. Prepared for Northern States Power Company-Minnesota, Xcel Energy. Prepared by Tetra Tech, Bloomington, Minnesota. June 2017. Available online: https://mn.gov/commerce/energyfacilities/Docket.html?Id=25724