State of African Youth Report Foreword
In 2016, African Member States agreed to dedicate the year 2017 to the youth of Africa under the theme “Harnessing the Demographic Dividend through investments in Youth”. This decision reinforced the commitment of Member States to Aspiration 6 “An Africa where development is people-driven, unleashing the potential of its women and youth” of the African Union Agenda 2063 with emphasis on the aspiration that young Africans are engaged and empowered.
With the mandate from the heads of State and Governments, the African Union Commission (AUC) and other partners developed a roadmap that will guide the implementation of the continental initiative through programmes, activities, establish key milestones and concrete actions.
Bearing in mind that Africa has the youngest population, and the youth population is estimated to grow exponentially, the youth demography presents to the continent a huge dividend to be harnessed for socio-economic transformation.
As a result, the roadmap was built on 4 thematic pillars: Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship, Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development, Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing, and Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment). These pillars were developed with accompanying actions and deliverables to assess implementation and progress.
Under the leadership of the African Union Commission (AUC), this State of African Youth Report was developed as a synopsis the progress and achievements Member States have made on the 4 pillars agreed on in the roadmap. This report also critically analyses achievements in the 4 pillars using indicators developed in consultation with National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and data provided by Member States, National Statistical Offices (NSOs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), development partners such as UNstats, International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and Inter-Parliamentary Union for each of the pillars.
Looking forward, it has been 3 years since the development of the framework, this report serves as an evaluation and stocktaking of government efforts aimed at achieving to harness the demographic dividend of young people in Africa. It also provides evidence and recommendations that will inform targeted policies and practices on issues that affect youth. Introduction
The African Union’s vision of an framework for accountability on youth integrated, prosperous and peaceful development efforts in AU Member Africa driven by its own citizens and States. Over the last decade the AUC representing a dynamic force in has been strengthening systems for international arena is enshrined in the monitoring and reporting on youth Agenda 2063, which is a strategic empowerment programmes on the framework for the socio-economic continent with the establishment of the transformation of the continent over the Status of Africa Youth Report (SoAYR). next 50 years 1. This report includes clear metrics for assessing progress, and systems and The African Union adopted the African processes for data collection, quality Youth Charter in 2006 as a political and assurance, cleaning and analysis. It legal document which serves as the responds to the APAYE, the AU strategic framework that gives direction Demographic Dividend Roadmap and 453m to youth empowerment and the Africa Youth Charter. development at the continental, regional Africa is home to 453 and national levels. The AU theme for the year 2017 outlines Million young people four Pillars of the demographic dividend, aged between 15 Africa being home to a large number of as outlined by the AU Demographic and 35 young people (In the population of Dividend Roadmap; Employment and young people aged 15 to 35 in 2018 was Entrepreneurship, Education and Skills estimated to be 453 million), whose Development; Health and Wellbeing; population is expected to continue to and Rights, Governance and Youth increase in future (over 1 billion Empowerment 2. 15-35-year olds in 2063), joins the world in its efforts towards investing in the Indicators considered for report under youth population. Similarly, Africa’s Employment and Entrepreneurship are; urban population is expected to increase by an additional 867 million over the Rate of Employment among next 35 years. Agenda 2063 and the Educated Youths: the proportion Africa Youth Charter thereby provide the of young people with a minimum of blueprint for harnessing the potential of secondary level diploma who are young people towards the continent’s employed. The purpose of this is to sustained development. assess the abilities of countries to absorb young people who graduate The African Plan of Action for Youth from school. Empowerment (APAYE 2019-2023) mandates the AU to put in place a Rate of Youth Working Poor: percentage of employed youth
1African Union, Agenda 2063: The Africa we want, 2013, https://au.int/agenda2063/about 2Africa Union, 2017, The AU Roadmap to harnessing demographic dividend through investment in youth
State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01 living below US$1.90 PPP per day, through a mobile money provider. by age 15-24 and sex. The purpose of this is to examine the rate of Rate of Informal Youth youths who are employed but live Employment: rate of young below the poverty line despite people who are employed in being employed. non-agricultural jobs that are unregistered and unregulated by Rate of Youth Unemployment: the state. the percentage of young people who are available to work but are Rate of Child Labour: this assess unemployed which is aimed at the rate of children below age 12 assessing the proportion of labour who engage in any economic force available to work but not activities, children who are currently employed. enslaved, forcibly recruited, prostituted, trafficked, forced into Rate of Youth not in Education, illegal activities or exposed to Employment or Training: this hazards. explains the proportion of young people who are economically inactive for reasons other than Second Pillar education and training. Education and Skills Development
Youth Self-Employment Rate: The second pillar, Education and Skills this assess the proportion of young Development has seven indicators. They people who are employed in jobs include: where remunerations directly dependent upon the profit from the 1 Rate of Researchers: this goods and/or services they measures the investment in produce. human capital in research and development by calculating the Rate of Vulnerable Youth rate researchers per 100,000 popu- Employment: young people who lation. This measurement would aid work on their own or who are economic growth and serve as unpaid family workers. pathways through higher educa- tion. Rate of Long-Term Youth Unemployment: the rate of 2 Effective Transition Rate from people who are unemployed for 12 Primary to Secondary: months or more. This is assessed percentage of young people who to look into how long-term successfully transit from primary to unemployment could result into secondary education. mental and material stress for those affected and their families. 3 Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education: this exam- ines the number of young people Rate of Youth with Formal who complete lower secondary Financial Account: this refers to education. The purpose of this is to the rate of young people who have measure the ability of young individual or jointly owned account people to complete a given level of either at a financial institution or education.
1African Union, Agenda 2063: The Africa we want, 2013, https://au.int/agenda2063/about 2Africa Union, 2017, The AU Roadmap to harnessing demographic dividend through investment in youth
State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01 4 Completion Rate for Upper 4 Prevalence Rate of Modern Secondary Education: the Contraception among Youth: this number of young people who deals with the percentage of complete upper secondary women, married or in a union, aged education. This is to determine the 15-35 who are currently using existence of quality and retention. modern method of contraception. Percentage of young women 5 Youth Literacy Rate: the 5 percentage of young people aged Married or in Union before Age 15-35 who can read and write with Fifteen: the rate of women who understanding of their everyday are married or in a union before the life. age of 15. 6 Enrolment in Secondary 6 Female Youth who have Technical and Vocational Undergone Female Genital Education and Training: the Mutilation/Cutting: this meant to percentage of enrolment in examine the rate of girls and other secondary and technical education. female categories aged 15-35 who have suffered Female Genital 7 Public Expenditure on Education mutilation/cutting. as Percent of Gross Domestic Product: the calculated public 7 Government expenditure on expenditure expressed on Health as Percentage of GDP, education to determine how much Youth Fertility Rate: this examines government spends on education the total level of expenditure on in a particular year. This would health indicate how much education is 8 prioritized compared to other Rate of Mortality from investments. Non-Communicable Diseases: an assessment of mortality rate among young people aged 15-35 Third Pillar owing to cardiovascular diseases in Healthcare and Wellbeing order to measure the extent and risk of dying of these diseases. There are sixteen indicators under the third indicator, Health and Wellbeing. 9 Youth Diarrhea Mortality Rate: These indicators are: the rate at which young people aged 15-35 die of diarrhea. 1 Density Skilled Health Professionals: the number of 10 Youth Lower Respiratory physicians, including generalist Infections Mortality Rate: how and specialist medical lower respiratory infections practitioners, per 1000 population. contribute to mortality rate among young people aged 15-35. 2 Youth Maternal Mortality Rate: rate of maternal death among 11 Youth Malaria Mortality Rate: the young women aged 15-35 during a extent of the prevalence of malaria given period in time. Death from mortality among young people any cause related to or aggravated aged 15-35. by pregnancy and its management. 12 Youth Tuberculosis Mortality Rate: the rate of death that can be 3 Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among Youth: estimated rate of young attributed to Tuberculosis. This is people aged 15-35 living with aimed at assessing the prevalence HIV/AIDS. of Tuberculosis and the effect it had on young people aged 15-35.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01 13 Youth High Risk Sex: an aged 15-35 living below the assessment of sexual activities national poverty line. This is to with a non-marital, non-cohabiting indicate the social and economic partner in the last 12 months state and wellbeing of young among young people aged 15-35. people in the country. This is aimed at investing the spread of HIV/AIDS upon 5 Voter Turnout: the percentage of unprotected sex. young people aged 15-35 who are registered to vote by the National Electoral Commission. This is 14 Prevalence of Suicide among Youth: an assessment of death aimed at unveiling the level of rate from suicide and self-harm political participation by the young among youths aged 15-35 in order people of the country. to determine the prevalence of mental health in the country. For every country discussed, there is an 15 Youth Sexual and Gender Based indication on whether or not they have Violence: the percentage of young ratified the African Youth Charter. people aged 15-35 who have experienced sexual and gender This report draws upon available data, based violence. collected from National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and data from other trusted international development Fourth Pillar Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Rights, Governance and Youth including: UNstats, International Labour Empowerment Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural The last pillar, Rights, Governance and Organization (UNESCO), and the Youth Empowerment has five Inter-Parliamentary Union. Quantitative indicators, namely: and qualitative data has been used in the development of this report. 1 Youth Members of Parliament’s Upper House: an assessment of It is the aim of this report to provide a Youths’ participation in political credible source of information for youth process by reflecting the development stakeholders, and a percentage of young people who platform for evidence-based occupy seats in the Parliament’s policymaking, and the monitoring of Upper House. youth development across Africa. It is further hoped that the data obtained 2 Urban/Rural Migration: the net and analysed will help make a better rate of youth urban/rural migration. case for investing the young people. This is aimed at determining the Finally, it is hoped that the report will mobility of young people between guide and help countries in Africa, as urban and rural settlement as an well as the AU, to set priorities for indication for the need for social resource allocation. infrastructures. This report provides insight to policies 3 Internet Penetration Rate: this and programmes doing well as well as defines the rate at which youths those areas which would benefit from aged 15-35 uniquely access the further prioritization at the regional and internet regardless of the device country levels. The intended audience they use within the country within of this report includes policy makers in a 3 month period. government, regional bodies, international agencies, NGOs, and 4 Youth Poverty Rate: this refers to young people. the proportion of the population
State of African Youth Report | Introduction 01 African Countries Pillars Indicators
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
Rate of Rate of Rate of Youth Rate of Employment Among Youth Working Poor Rate of Youth Not in Education, Vulnerable Rate of Informal 10 Educated Youth Unemployment Employment or Training Youth Employment Youth Employment indicators
Youth Rate of Rate of Youth Rate of Self-Employment Long-Term Youth with a Formal Child Labour Rate Unemployment Financial Account
Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Rate of Effective Transition Rate from Completion Rate for Completion Rate for Youth Literacy Enrolment in Secondary Researchers Primary to Secondary Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Rate Technical and Vocational 7 Education Education Education and Training indicators
Public Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of GDP
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Density Skilled Youth Maternal Prevalence Rate of Female Youth Female Youth Who Health Professionals Mortality Rate Prevalence of Modern Contraception Married or in Health Professionals Mortality Rate HIV / AIDS Among Youth Modern Contraception Married or in Have Undergone Female 16 Among Youth Union Before Age 15 Genital Mutilation /Cutting Government Youth Fertility Rate of Mortality indicators Expenditure on Health Rate from Non-Communicable Youth Diarrhoeal Youth Lower Youth Malaria as a Percent of GDP Diseases Mortality Rate Respiratory Infections Mortality Rate Mortality Rate
Youth Tuberculosis Youth High Youth Tuberculosis Youth High Prevalence of Youth Sexual and Mortality Rate Risk Sex Suicide among Youth Gender Based Violence
Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
6 Youth Poverty Voter Turnout Ratification of Youth Members Net Youth Internet Rate indicators of Parliament’s Migration Rate Penetration Rate African Youth Charter Upper House Algeria Capital: Algiers
Algeria Algeria is located in Northern Africa. Algeria gained independence on July 5, 1962 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 3. The current population of Algeria is estimated to be 39.9million with 34% (14.2million) aged 15-35 4.
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Algeria has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 4 3 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Algeria has nine out of ten indicators in this pillar; two improved, four worsened, and 3 remained relatively unchanged and had no trend data.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Unemployment distribution by duration (12 months Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial or more-aggregate duration) (by age 15-24 and sex) institution or with a mobile-money service provider (by age 15-24, no sex breakdown) Both Female Male 61.10 57.60 48.10 2014 38.45 38.60 41.30 31.50 2017 28.58
2014 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. 38.45% The chart indicates the declining From the given chart (figure1), the rate of unemployment rate of Youth with Formal financial worsened between 2014 and 2017; from 38.60% to 57.60% for Account between 2014 and 2017. 28.58% both male and female. This is a drastic change which is worthy This fell from 38.45% in 2014 to 2014 of urgent attention. 28.58% in 2017. 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 01 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 4 Government expenditure on education, total as a percentage 6/7 of GDP (2008). indicators
Algeria has data for six out of the seven indicators in this pillar. Here, indicators either had single year data or remained unchanged over time. 4.34% Education Figure 3 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary School Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
99.39 99 98.91 The given chart explains the government 98.51 expenditure on education, total as percentage of GDP. As at 2008, the rate was 4.34%. There is no data trend for this indicator.
2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
The chart above indicates that the Effective Transmission Rate from Primary to Secondary fluctuated between 2012 and 2015. It started with 98.51% in 2012, rose to 99.39 in 2013, fell to 99% in 2014, then declined to 98.91% in 2015.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 5 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as percentage of Gross Domestic Product. 7.06 6.54 14/16 6.00 6.03 5.27 indicators 5.36 5.12 4.20 3.84 3.73 3.82 3.49 3.60 3.54 3.36 6 8 3.24 Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. Algeria has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar. Six 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 indicators improved while others stayed consistent over The graph indicates the growth of Current Health Expenditure, total time and had single year data point, hence no trend. as percent of GDP from 2000 to 2015. The expenditure experienced an increase from 3.49% in 2000 to 7.06% in 2015.
3African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 4United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 02 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 6 Percentage of young people Population Living in Poverty (no 6/6 age or sex breakdown) 2011. indicators
1 4 0.57% 1 Young People in Poverty Improved UnchangedWorsened Source: Generated using data from World Development indicators database.
Algeria has all six indicators in this pillar. Only one indicator improved, one worsened, while 4 others The given diagram indicates the percentage remained relatively unchanged. of Young People Living in Poverty in 2011 which was 0.57% of the total population. There is no data trend for this indicator.
Recommendations
Policy review for Long-term Unemployment and Formal Financial Accounts may 1 benefit Algerian youths economically.
2 Mental health policy and programmes for males may be beneficial to Algeria.
Female literacy may be an area for future focus as the data suggest a downward turn 3 although it still remains relatively high.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Algeria 03 Angola Capital: Luanda
Angola Angola is located in Southern Africa with a population estimated to 27.9 million. Angola joined the African Union in February 11, 1975 and gained independence on November 11, 1975 5. 34% of the population (10.4 million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 36 percent in 20636. Ratification of African Youth Charter
Angola ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 1 3 7/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Angola has data for seven of ten indicators in this pillar; 3 remained relatively unchanged, 1 worsened, while the remaining three indicators had single year data points.
Figure 7 Figure 8 Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17 Training (by age 15-24 and sex) 2014. and sex). Both Female Male Both Female Male 25.3 3.11 2.56 23.4 21.6 1.97
2010-2016 2014 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats (2014) Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2014)
2011 The proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or There is no data trend for the Training, according to the given chart, has no data trend as percentage of children in Child the graph only provides information for the year 2014 alone. Labour. Therefore, the chart only 47.5% The proportion of young people in this category for both presents data for 2011 which was at Child Labour Percentage male and female is 2.56%. 47.5%.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 04 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 9 The given graph indicates an improvement 5/7 in the Government Expenditure on indicators Education between 2000 and 2010. It increased from 2.61% in 2000 to 3.47% in Angola has data for 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 2010. indicators improved, while 3 others had only single year data points;
Figure 9 Government Expenditure on Education, total as percentage of GDP. 3.47
2.86 2.78 2.61
2000 2005 2006 2010
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 10 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as percentage of Gross Domestic Product. 14/16 5.19 5.01 indicators 4.70 3.98 4.24 3.60 3.50 3.58 2.99 2.95 6 1 7 2.84 2.80 Improved UnchangedWorsened 3.22 2.50 2.74 2.66 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. Angola has 14 out of the 16 Indicators in this Pillar. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Of these 14 indicators 6 improved, 1 worsened and 7 The graph reveals the fall of the percentage of Current Health remain unchanged. Expenditure which remained relatively unstable between 2000 and 2015 from 2.50% to 2.95%.
Figure 11 There is no data trend for the rate of Skilled Health Professional’s density per 2009 15.86 Skilled Health Professional prior to 10,000 (per population) (no youth age or 2009 sex breakdown).
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
5African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 6United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 05 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
3/6 87.3% indicators 76.1% 2008 2017 There was a decline in voter turnout from 87.36% in 2 1 2008 to 76.13% in 2017. Worsened Improved Figure 12 International Migrant Stock as Percentage of Total Population (by age 15-34 and sex)
10.79 10.34 Both Female Male 13% 9.87 0.4% 5.615.67 5.55
1.93 1.82 2003 2016 1.71
Internet penetration rate witnessed the highest growth 2010 2015 2017 by increasing from 0.4% in 2003 to 13% in 2016. Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
According to the graph above, the rate of International Migrant Stock fluctuated. It was initially 1.82% for both male and female in 2010 and it rose significantly to 10.34% in 2015, then declined to 5.61% in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies that positively impact Completion Rate for Upper Secondary School, and Completion 1 Rate for Lower Secondary School could improve education for young people in Angola.
2 Angola could benefit from policies targeting youth unemployment.
Policies targeted at intensifying the fight against malaria, as well as address the need for 3 modern contraceptives could benefit Angola.
Policies targeting the declining rates of Voter Turnout and Youth Participation in 4 Parliament could improve youth engagement in Angola.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 06 Benin Capital: Porto-Novo
Benin Benin is located in Western Africa. The country gained independence on August 1, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1983 7. The current population of Benin is estimated to be 10.6 million and 35% of the population is aged 15-358.
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Benin ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 1 2 6/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Benin has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar- 3 improved, 2 remained relatively unchanged while 1 had single year data hence, no trend.
Figure 13 Figure 14 Percentage of Employed Youth Living Below US $1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24) per day (by age 15-24 and sex). Both Female Male Both Female Male 5.76 5.75 5.73 5.68 5.63 5.41 5.41 5.40 5.28 5.02 5.19 5.02 5.02 4.84 58.90 4.68 58.10 57.10 57.40 56.50 50.60 49.70 49.00 48.60 48.00 43.20 42.30 41.50 40.60 41.20
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Rate of unemployment in 2017 The rate of Youth Unemployment slightly improved, by declining from The percentage of youth living below US$1.90 PPP per day 5.41% in 2013 to 5.19% in 2017 for in Republic of Benin improved by declining from 50.60% in both male and female. 2013 to 48.00% in 2017 for both male and female. 5.19%
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Benin 07 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 15 The graph indicates a decline in the rate of transition from primary to secondary from 6/8 2012 to 2015; it declined from 88.69% in indicators 2012 to 83.75% in 2015.
Benin has 6 out of 8 indicators in this pillar. two indicators are unaccounted for Figure 16 Government Expenditure on Education, total as percentage of GDP. 5.03 Figure 15 4.87 4.55 4.22 4.32 4.36 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 3.99 3.80 (relevant ages, no sex breakdown). 3.15 3.50 3.23 3.23 2.89 2.95 3.63 88.69 3.12 85.46 87.56 83.75 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
The trend of Government Expenditure on 2000 2005 2006 2010 Education fluctuated but eventually declined 3.99% in 2016 by landing in 3.99% Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 18 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 4.67 15/16 4.49 4.24 indicators 4.21 4.11 4.27 4.03 4.08 4.18 4.17 3.91 3.99 3.96 3.86 7 8 3.70 3.65 Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. Benin has 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 out of 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 the 15 indicators have improved while others have The diagram indicates a fluctuation in the Current Health single year data. Expenditure between 2000 and 2015. It was at the rate of 4.27% in 2000 while it declined to 3.99% in 2015.
Figure 17 This indicator has no data trend as the diagram only features 2013 data Skilled Health Professional’s density per 2013 7.50 10,000 (per population) (no youth age or which reveals 7.50% as the data for sex breakdown). 2013.
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
7African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 8United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Benin 08 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 19 Percentage of young people population living in poverty 6/6 (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown). indicators 53.1 48.8 49.6 1 5 Improved Worsened Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
2003 2011 2015
The percentage of Young People population living in Poverty 12% increased from 48.8% in 2003 to 49.6% in 2015. 1.0% Figure 20 International migrant stock as percentage of total population (by age 15-34, and sex). 2003 2016 Both Female Male Internet penetration rate improved from 1.0% in 2003 to 11.56 10.79 12.0% in 2016 10.53 11.28 9.82 9.50 10.26 8.87 9.30
55.9% 65.9% 2010 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. 2013 2015 The graph below indicates a rise in the international migrant Voter turnout improved from 55.9% to 65.91% stock as it rose from 9.82% in 2010 and rose to 10.26% in 2017 between 2013 and 2015. for both males and female
Recommendations
Policy addressing youth unemployment and working poor could be beneficial to Benin’s 1 economy. Along with a focus on encouraging growth in the formal employment sector.
Benin would benefit from focusing on policies related to youth literacy rate and government 2 expenditure on education.
Benin would benefit from focusing on non-communicable diseases youth mortality rate, 3 youth malaria mortality rate, and increased number of skilled health professionals.
Policies that influenced the reduction of youth poverty rate and the increase of internet 4 penetration rate could boost opportunities for youth in Benin.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Angola 09 Botswana Capital: Gaborone
Botswana Botswana is location in southern Africa. Botswana gained independence on September 30, 1966 and joined AU on October 31, 1966 9. The population of the country is estimated to be 2.2million with 38% aged between 15 and 35 10 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Botswana has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 3 7/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Botswana has 7 of the 10 indicators ; 2 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and 2 had single year data point.
Figure 21 Figure 22 Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Proportion of Youth with Account Ownership at a Financial Training (by age 15-24 and sex). Institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age 15-24, no sex breakdown). Both Female Male
3.11 2.56 2014 47.73 1.97
2017 46.97
2014 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
Rate of youth with account The rate of youth with account The chart only provided data for trends in 2014 ownership at financial ownership at a financial institution which reveals the proportion of Youth not in institution declined by or with a mobile-money-provider Education, Employment or Training at 2.56% for declined from 47.73% in 2014 to both male and female. 46.9% in 2017 46.97% in 2017.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Botswana 10 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 23 The rate of researchers improved by 4/7 increasing from 168.33% in 2012 to indicators 179.47% per 1,000,000 population in 2013.
Botswana has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar. 2 indicators improved, 2 decreased and 1 had a single year Figure 24 data. Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percentage of GDP.
10.68 9.63 Figure 23 8.85 Rate of researchers per 1,000,000 population (all ages, no youth age and no sex breakdown).
2012 168.3 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2005 2007 2009 2013 179.4
Government expenditure on education declined from 10.68% in 2005 to 9.63% in 9.63% 2009.
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 25 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 6.75 11/16 6.59 6.37 6.32 6.23 indicators 5.72 5.58 5.97 5.78 5.44 5.82 5.26 5.31 5.00 5.25 7 4 4.74 Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. Botswana has 11 out of 16 indicators in this pillar. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Seven improved, one remained relatively unchanged, The rate of Current Health Expenditure remained unstable from while 3 had single year data. 2000 to 2015 starting with 5.82% in 2000 and landing in 5.97%. Here, there was no significant change.
28.01 28.01 Figure 26 27.54 26.60 Non-communicable Non-communicable Diseases Youth 25.96 diseases youth mortality Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex rate improved as it declined breakdown). from 28.01% in 2013 to 25.96% in 2017. Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
9African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 10 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1 State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Botswana 11 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 28 Percentage of Young People Population Living in 6/6 Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown). Both Female Male indicators 29.81
3 3 18.20 Improved Unchanged
2002 2009 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database. Figure 27 International Migrant Stock as percentage of total Figure 28 population (by age 15-34 and sex). The percentage of young people population living in poverty Both Female Male improved; it reduced from 29.8% in 2002 to 18.2% in 2009.
24.81 25.10 25.52 25.79 24.50 25.24 21.43 20.81 20.14
2010 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Figure 27 The International Migrant Stock witnessed an increase from 21.43% in 2010 to 25.79% in 2017.
Recommendations
1 Policy to encourage entrepreneurship could be worthwhile for Botswana.
2 The improved rate of researchers could benefit the country.
Interventions on mental health and other social determinants could yield improved health 3 outcomes for Botswana.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Botswana 12 Burkina Faso Capital: Ouagadougou
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is located in western Africa. The country gained independence on August 5, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 11 . Burkina Faso has an estimated population of 18.1 million with 35% (6.9million) aged 15-3512 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Burkina Faso ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 3 7/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Botswana has 7; 2 improved, 2 worsened, one remained relatively unchanged, and 2 had single year data point.
Figure 29 Figure 30 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age Both Female Male 15-24, no sex breakdown) 12.86 12.86 12.80 12.77 2014 11.76 8.32 8.56 8.56 8.56 8.55 8.00 5.47 5.24 5.39 5.39 5.42 2017 38.72
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
The rate of youth with 38.72% formal financial account According to the graph, females are more disadvantaged as 8.32% they are more likely to be unemployed at 12.77% than improved considerably from males at 5.47% in 2017. The data presents a relatively 8.32% in 2014 to 38.72% stable trend in unemployment. in 2017. 2014 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burkina Faso 13 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 31 The transition rate from primary to 6/10 secondary school improved from 68.19% in indicators 2012 to 76.05% in 2016.
Burkina Faso has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar. 2 indicators improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively Figure 32 unchanged, and the other 2 had no trend data. Enrolment in Secondary, Technical and Vocational Education and Training (by age 15-24 and sex). Both Female Male Figure 31 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.79 0.79 0.81 Effective transition rate from primary to secondary (relevant 0.79 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.73 ages, no sex breakdown). 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.65 76.55 77.55
76.05 68.74 68.19 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute of Statistics. This indicator worsened between 2012 and 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 despite a little improvement for males. 0.65% Males maintained a higher percentage at 0.85 Female enrolment while females had 0.65%. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 33 Non-communicable diseases youth mortality rate (by age 15-35, no sex breakdown). 14/16 76.51 75.74 indicators 75.45 74.97 73.92 6 8 Improved Unchanged Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute of Statistics.
Burkina Faso has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar. 6 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 of these indicators improved and 8 others had single Youth mortality rate due to non-communicable diseases fell from year data points, 76.51% in 2013 to 73.92% in 2017.
45.15 42.38 Figure 34 40.81 Youth mortality due to 38.67 Youth Malaria Mortality Rate (by age malaria fell from fell from 37.69 15-34, no sex breakdown). 45.15% per 100,000 population in 2013 to Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report 37.69%.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
11 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 12 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1 State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burkina Faso 14 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 36 The youth poverty rate improved between 2003 Burkina Faso has all three indicators in this and 2014 by falling from 57.3% to 43.7%. 3/3 pillar. 2 of the indicators improved and the indicators other worsened. 57.3 55.3
43.7 2 1 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database.
Figure 35 2003 2009 2014 Voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a percentage of registered voters (no age or sex breakdown) Figure 36 The youth poverty rate improved between 2003 and 2014 75.96 by falling from 57.3% to 43.7%. 64.14
56.43 60.13
2002 2007 2012 2015
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Figure 35 Voter turnout fluctuated between 2002 and 2015 falling from 64.14% to 60.13%.
Recommendations
Targeted policies to address working poverty among youths could be beneficial for 1 Burkina Faso.
Policies which address high rates of child labour and others could improve the state of 2 youths in Burkina Faso.
Policies to improve the Enrolment in Secondary Technical and Vocational and Training rate 3 would improve education and, in turn, employment opportunities in Burkina Faso.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burkina Faso 15 Burundi Capital: Gitega
Burundi Burundi is located in Central Africa. The country gained independence on July 1, 1962 and joined African Union on May 25, 1963 13 . The current population of Burundi is estimated to be 10.2million with approximately 35% (3.9million) aged 15-35. This population is projected to be stable at 35% while that of the youths is projected to have increased 11.8million 14 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Burundi has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 9 10/10 UnchangedWorsened indicators
Burundi has all 10 indicators in this pillar. One indicator worsened. Others remained relatively unchanged.
Figure 37 Figure 38 Unemployment distribution by duration (12 months or Proportion of Youths with Account Ownership at a Financial more- aggregate duration) (by age 15-24 and sex). Institution or with a Mobile-Money-Service Provider (by age Both Female Male 15-24, no sex breakdown). 98.8 98.2
97.3 2014 4.91
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. 2014 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Also, the rate of youth 38.72% with account ownership 8.32% at financial institution No trend data is available for the rate of unemployment improved considerably among educated youth. The only data available represents from 8.32% in 2014 to 2014 2014 at 33.1% for both male and female. 38.72% in 2017. 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burundi 16 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 39 The Effective Transition Rate from Primary 6/7 to Secondary School fluctuated between indicators 2012 and 2016. It eventually dropped from 75.66% in 2012 to 76.3% in 2016. Burundi has 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar. One of the indications improved while others fluctuated or had Figure 40 single year data. Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24, and sex). Both Female Male 3.04
Figure 39 2.81 2.59 2.24
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 2.12 2.10 2.14
(relevant ages, no sex breakdown.) 2.01 1.88 1.82 1.60 1.31 1.00 1.10 1.39
86.76 0.90 0.80 79.60 0.52
76.30 77.23 75.66 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
Enrolment in secondary, technical and vocational education and training improved between 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2.81% 2012 Enrolment in secondary, and 2017. It increased from 0.80% to 2.81% in technical and vocational education 2017. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 41 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). 10.54 11.28 13/16 10.33 10.18 indicators 10.43 9.39 9.45 6.76 8.64 7.23 8.23 8.24 6.47 6.43 6 7 6.20
Improved Unchanged 6.81
Burundi has 13 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar. 6 Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. indicators improved, 1 worsened, while others 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 fluctuated, remained relatively unchanged or had single Current Health Expenditure as percent of GDP fluctuated year data point. between 2000 and 2015, it’s 2015 value stood at 8.24
62.11 60.98 Figure 42 59.91 Non communicable disease 58.54 Non-Communicable Diseases youth with mortality rate from fell 58.14 Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex from 62.11% per 100,000 breakdown) population in 2013 to Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report 58.14%. in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
13 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 14 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burundi 17 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 44 Percentage of young people population living in poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown). 6/6 Burundi has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 indicators improved while others worsened. 77.7 71.7 2 4 Improved Worsened
2006 2013 Figure 43 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database. International Migrant Stock as Percentage of Total Population (by age 15-34 and sex). Figure 44 Both Female Male The percentage of young people population living in 12.38 13.23 poverty declined from 77.7% in 2006 to 71.7% in 2013. 11.87 12.69 11.38 11.35 10.64 10.39 10.14
2010 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Figure 43 International migrant stock data fluctuated between 2010 and 2017. It rose from 12.38% in 2010 to 13.23% in 2015, then 12.69% in 2017.
Recommendations
The youth literacy rate suggested that targeted programmes on literacy may benefit 1 Burundi.
Mental health programmes and policy, particularly for males, may help in curbing the 2 increase in suicide.
3 Focus on access and infrastructure can be beneficial to Burundi.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Burundi 18 Cabo Verde Capital: Praia
Cabo Verde The Republic of Cabo Verde is located in West Africa. Cabo Verde gained independence on July 5, 1975 and joined the African Union on July 19, 1975 15 . The current population of the country is estimated to be 533,000. Approximately 40% (223,000) of Cabo Verde’s population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 26% (198,000) in 2063 16 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Cabo Verde ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 2 4 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Cabo Verde has 9 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 2 worsened, and 4 remained relatively unchanged or had no trend data.
Figure 45 Figure 46 Employment Distribution by Intermediate Education (by Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex). age15-25 and sex). Both Female Male Both Female Male 42.80 20.83 20.61
36.20 20.28 20.27 20.52 17.95 17.83 17.78 17.80 17.80 16.34 16.32 16.33 28.70 16.33 16.14
5.50 3.80 4.70 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Unemployment of females was 20.52 in 2017 The Rate of Employment among Educated Youth improved 20.52% substantially between 2015 and 2017 for both males and The Rate of Youth Unemployment remained relatively stable females, with males increasing from 4.70% to 42.80%, and between 2013 and 2017 with females being more likely to be females increasing from 5.50% to 28.70% in 2017. unemployed at 20.52 percent in 2017 compared to males at 16.14 percent.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cabo Verde 19 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 47 The percentage of enrolment in secondary, 5/7 technical and vocational education and indicators training remained relatively unchanged. The rate slightly improved from 1.30% in 2012 to 1.54% in 2017 for both male and female. Cabo Verde has 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, while 2 remained relatively unchanged or had no trend data. Figure 48 Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percentage of GDP. Figure 47 Enrolment in Secondary, Technical and Vocational Education 7.88 7.48 and Training (by age 15-24 and sex). 6.53 5.52 5.57 Both Female Male 5.37 5.27 5.22 5.41 1.54 1.53 5.31 1.51 1.48 1.45 5.04 1.36 5.00 4.96 1.30 1.32 1.26 1.29 1.30 1.21 1.20 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.06
2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Public Expenditure on Education as a 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Percentage of GDP has relatively unchanged 5.22% between 2002 and 2017 being at 5.22 percent. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 49 Suicide Mortality Rate (death per 100,000 population) (by sex, no youth age breakdown).
13/16 16.5 16.1 15.7 14.2
indicators 11.3 13.3 11 10.1 11.1 9.4 6.6 6.1 6.1 6.1 5.7 6 1 6 Improved UnchangedWorsened 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Cabo Verde has 13 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 The rate of suicide worsened between 2000 and 2016 improved, 1 worsened, while others stayed consistent rising to 11.3 per 100,000 with males more likely to commit over time or had single year data point. suicide than females at rates of 16.5 and 6.1 respectively.
11.28 5.20 5.20 10.54 4.85 4.93 5.01 4.84 Figure 50 10.43 The graph indicates that the Current Health Expenditure Current Health Expenditure (CHE) 4.79 8.64 remained relatively unstable as percentage of gross domestic 9.39 8.23 8.24 between 2000 and 2015 by product. (GDP) 6.81 moving from 4.85% in 2000 to 8.24 in 2015. Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repositon
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
15 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 16 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cabo Verde 20 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 52 Voter Turnout in parliamentary elections as a percentage 6/6 Cabo Verde has all 6 indicators in this of registered voters (no age or sex breakdown). pillar; two improved and others fluctuated. indicators 76.01 54.14 54.18 65.93 2 4 Improved Worsened
2001 2006 2011 2016
Figure 51 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 30 and sex). Figure 52 The percentage of voter turnout fluctuated between 2001 Both Female Male and 2016. In 2001, it started at 54.14%, reached a peak of 76.01% in 2011 and ending at 65.93% in 2016.
0 00
2014 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Figure 51 There is no data trend for the proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats. The year represented is 2014 and it portrays 0.0% for both male and female.
Recommendations
Cabo Verde’s enrolment in secondary technical and vocational education and training 1 remains quite low and could benefit from policy review.
The suicide rate of males worsened faster than that of females suggesting mental health 2 policy review may be beneficial.
Youth political participation could benefit Cabo Verde with no youth members of parliament, 3 and fluctuating voter turnout.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cabo Verde 21 Cameroon Capital: Yaounde
CAMEROON The Republic of Cameroon is located in Central Africa. Cameroon gained independence on January 1, 1960 and joined African Union on May 25, 1963 17 . The current population of Cameroon is estimated to be 22.8 million and approximately 36% (8.8 million) of this population is aged 15-34. This proportion is projected to decrease to 34% (21.1 million) in the year 206318 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Cameroon ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 8 10/10 Improved Unchanged indicators
Cameroon has data for all 10 indicators in this pillar; of these indicators, 2 improved, and others remained relatively unchanged or had no trend data.
Figure 53 Figure 54 Employment distribution by intermediate education (by age 15-24 and sex). Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of Harmonized series (Non-Agriculture) (by age 15+ and sex, no Both Female Male youth age breakdown) 23.40 88.02
20.40 82.39 17.70 78.07
2014 2014 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
Unemployment rate for both Employment distribution projection for 78.07% males and females in 2014 20.40% female in 2014. There is a single year data for the rate of informal youth Employment distribution by intermediate has a single year employment. The available data is for 2014 and the data. It projects 23.40% for males, 20.40% for females, and percentages are considered to be high; 82.39% for male, 17.70% for both males and females in 2014. 88.02% for female, and 78.07% for both male and female.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cameroon 21 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 55 There was a slight decline in the rate of 6/7 effective transition rate from primary to indicators secondary; it fell from 67.89% in 2014 to 66.49% in 2015. Cameroon has 6 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 2 worsened, while 1 had no trend data. Figure 56 Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percentage of GDP. Figure 55 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
67.89 2014 43.24
66.49
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
This indicator had a single trend which was 2014 2015 for 2014. The completion rate was at 43.24% 43.24% in 2014. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 57 Current Health Expenditure as percentage of Gross Domestic Product. 5.11 16/16 4.99 4.94 4.98 4.98 4.93 4.72 4.82 indicators 4.50 4.63 4.32 4.48 4.48 4.55 4.42 3.75 8 8 Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division.
Cameroon has data for all 16 indicators in this pillar; 8 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 improved and others stayed consistent over time or The Current Health Expenditure improved slightly from had single year data point, hence no trend. 4.32% in 2000 to 5.11% in 2015. 17.3 17.1 16.4 16.4
16.32 Both 13.3 12.3 Figure 58 12.2 Suicide mortality rate 11.9 Female 11.7 Male fluctuated between 2000 8.8 7.4 Suicide mortality rate (deaths per 7.3
7.3 and 2016. In 2000, it was at 100,000 population) (by sex, no 6.9 13.3% then reduced to youth age breakdown) 12.2% in 2016
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Divisions
17 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 18 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cameroon 22 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 60 Percentage of young people living in poverty (no age or Cameroon has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 sex breakdown) 6/6 improved while 4 fluctuated over time or had indicators no trend data. 29.3 23.1 23.8 2 4 Improved Unchanged Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs.
2001 2007 2014
Figure 59 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. International Migrant Stock as percentage of total population (by age 15-34 and sex). The rate of young people living in poverty fluctuated between 2001 and 2014. It started with 23.10% in 2001, Both Female Male rose to 29.30% in 2007, and then declined to 23.80% in 9.67 2014. 9.23 9.31 8.80 8.89 8.48 5.94 5.52
5.09
2010 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Figure 59 The rate of International Migrant Stock improved from 5.52% in 2010 to 8.89% in 2017 for both male and female.
Recommendations
Employment in informal sector remains high in Cameroon, thus the country could benefit 1 from policy and programmes facilitating formal employment of youth.
Cameroon may benefit from policies facilitating both lower and upper secondary, which 2 remain below continental averages.
It was discovered that males were more likely to commit suicide than females. This 3 suggested that policies targeting mental health may be beneficial to Cameroon.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cameroon 23 Central African Republic Capital: Bangui
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC The Central African Republic is located in Central Africa. The country gained independence on August 13, 1960 and joined African Union on May 25, 1963 19 . The current population of Central African Republic is estimated to be 4.5 million. Approximately 36% (1.6 million) of the current population is aged 15-35 and this population is projected to decrease by 35% in 206320 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Central AfricaAfrican Republic Republic has has not not ratified ratified the the African African Youth Youth Charter. Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 2 3 6/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Central African Republic has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, one remained relatively the same, and two others had no trend data.
Figure 61 Figure 62 Vulnerable employment as percentage of total Rate of youth unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) employment (by age 15+, no youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male Both Female Male
67.84 12.09
67.49 12.00 11.70 11.29 11.46
67.47 11.41
67.35 67.35 11.32 11.27 10.61 11.03 10.87 10.88 10.87 10.40 9.96
2013 2014 2010 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
Youth unemployment in Rate of vulnerable employment 2017 for both male and females 67.47% in 2017 10.61% The rate of vulnerable youth employment remained relatively The proportion of youth unemployment slightly improved. It stable at 67.84% in 2013 and 67.47% in 2017. declined from 11.27% in 2013 to 10.61% in 2017 for both males and females.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Central African Republic 24 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 63 The proportion of youth literacy declined 3/7 from 60.81% in 2000 to 36.36% in 2010 for indicators both male and female.
Central African Republic has 3 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, Figure 64 and 1 has a single year data point, hence no trend. Government expenditure on education, as a percent of GDP
1.62 1.65 1.61 1.52 1.54 Figure 63 1.42 Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.23 Both Female Male 1.20
72.39 60.81
49.02 48.86 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 36.36 26.97 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2014 2017 Government expenditure on education fell 1.23% from 1.61% in 2000 to 1.23% in 2011. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 65 Maternity Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
1200 13/16 1190 indicators 1170 1150 1110 1060 1020
992 963 7 6 941 909 882 Improved Unchanged 888 876 873 872
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. Central African Republic has data for 13 out of 16 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 indicators in this pillar; 7 improved, one worsened, and There was an improvement on the rate of maternity mortality rate. It 6 reported single year data points hence no trend. declined from 1200 in 2000 to 882 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Figure 66 Proportion of women of 28.70% reproductive age (aged 15-49) who 2011 28.70 There was a single data point for the have their need for family planning proportion of women of reproductive satisfied with modern methods (by age who have their need for family age 15-49 and females) planning satisfied with modern methods. It was at 28.70% in 2011. Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Divisions
19 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 20 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Central African Republic 25 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 68 Internet penetration rate (no age or sex breakdown) The Central African Republic has all 6 4.0 6/6 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved and 2 3.8 3.4 3.6 indicators worsened. 2.2 3.0
2.0 1.8 1 2 1.0 Improved Worsened 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Figure 67 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate Percentage of young people population living in poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown). While there has been an increase in Internet Penetration 66.30 Rate between 2000 and 2016 it remains very low at 4 percent. 64.80
2003 2006 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database.
Figure 67 The percentage of young people living in poverty worsened between 2003 and 2008. It increased significantly from 64.80% in 2003 to 66.30% in 2008.
Recommendations
Policies to curbing the rising rate of youth working poor could be beneficial for Central 1 African Republic.
Policies with the potential to further reduce the rate of vulnerable youth employment could 2 yield positive effect on the economy of Central African Republic.
Central African Republic could benefit from focusing on policies which improve the youth 3 literacy rate.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Central African Republic 26 Republic of Chad Capital: N'Djamena
REPUBLIC OF CHAD The Republic of Chad is located in Central Africa. Chad gained independenceindependence onon FebruaryAugust 11, 28, 1960 1922 and and joined joined the the African African Union Union on on May May 25, 19632121 .. TheThe currentcurrent estimatedestimated populationpopulation ofof ChadChad isis 1414 millionmillion withwith approximately 35% (5.3 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to increaseincrease toto 36%36% byby thethe yearyear 206320632222
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Chad ratified African Youth Charter in 2012.
Pillar 1: Education and Entrepreneurship
1 5 6/10 Improved Unchanged indicators
Chad has 6 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 out of the 6 improved while others remained relatively unchanged or had no single year data point, hence no trend.
Figure 69 Figure 70 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5-17 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male
52.2 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 51.5 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
50.8 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72
2013 2015 2016 2017 20182014 2010-2016
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical office of Chad. Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad.
Rate of unemployment for both 1.14% male and female in 2013 and 2016 Rate of child labour between 2010-2016 The rate of youth unemployment remained relatively stable 51.5% between 2013 and 2016 at 1.14% for both male and female Trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour with the in 2013 and 2016. rate for 2010-2016 being 51.5.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Chad 27 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 71 The proportion of literate youths remained 7/7 constantly stable between 2013 and 2018 indicators at 17.58% for both male and female.
There is no trend analysis as data either remained relatively unchanged, or indicator had only single year of Figure 72 data. Government Expenditure on Education, total as percent of GDP Figure 71 3.47 2.35 Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 2.31 Both Female Male 2.12 36.50 36.50 36.50 36.50 36.50 36.50 17.58 17.56 17.55 17.53 17.51 17.50 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad. 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.84
2013 2016 2017 201820142015 Government expenditure on education experienced an increase from 2.35% in 3.47% 2013 to 3.47% in 2016. Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 73 15/16 Maternity Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 53.1 indicators 48.8 49.6
6 1 8 Improved Worsened Unchanged Source: Generated using data from United Nation’s Department of Social Affairs. 2003 2011 2015 Chad has 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 The proportion of women of reproductive age who have their improved, 1 worsened, while others remained need for family planning satisfied by modern methods remained unchanged or had single year data points, hence constantly unstable from 2003 to 2015. no trend.
Figure 74 Adolescent birth rate per 1,000 females in that age group (by age 2013 79.0% 79.0% 15-19 and female) There is a single data point for adolescent birth rate at 79.0% in 2013.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Divisions
21 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 22 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Chad 28 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 76 Percentage of young people population living in Chad has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 3 6/6 improved and others fluctuated. poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown) indicators 62.9
3 3 38.4 Improved Worsened
2003 2011 Figure 75 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database. Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex breakdown) 5.0 3.5 This indicator improved as it shows a decline in the 2.9 2.5 percentage of young people population living in poverty. 2.1 It fell from 62.9% in 2003 to 38.4% in 2011. 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate
Figure 75 Internet penetration rate improved significantly from 0% in 2000 to 5% in 2016.
Recommendations
Policy and programmes targeting youth literacy may help to improve Chad’s low literacy 1 rates, particularly for females.
2 Policies or investment to increase infrastructure and access could benefit the country.
Policies aimed at educating youth on sexual and reproductive health may be beneficial as 3 well as increased access to services.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Chad 29 Union of Comoros Capital: Moroni
UNION OF THE COMOROS The Union of the Comoros is located in Eastern Africa. Comoros gained independence on July 6, 1975 and joined the African Union on July 18, 1975 23 . The current population of Comoros is 777,000 with approximately 36% (303,000) aged 15-35. This proportion of youth is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206324 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Comoros has not ratified African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 1 5/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Comoros has 5 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved and 2 worsened and 1 remain relatively unchanged.
Figure 77 Figure 78 Percentage of employed youth living below US $1.90 PPP Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment per day (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15+, no youth age or sex breakdown)
Both Female Male 64.64 64.23 64.03 63.87 63.82 19.50 19.40 19.40 19.30 19.30 19.30 19.10 19.10 19.10 19.00 19.10 19.00 18.30 18.30 18.30
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad.
Vulnerable employment as Percentage of employed youth in 2017 percentage of total employment was 18.30% 18.30% 63.8% between 2013-2017 The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP per day improved in 2017 by dropping from 19.10% in 2013 The proportion of vulnerable unemployment slightly to 18.30%. improved. It declined from 64.64% in 2013 to 63.82% in 2017.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Union of the Comoros 30 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 79 The percentage of literate youth declined 4/10 Declined from 80.19% in 2000 to 71.58 for indicators both male and female
Comoros has 4 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, and 2 others had single year data Figure 80 points hence no trend. Government Expenditure on Education, total as percent of GDP Figure 79 7.71 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-25 and sex) Both Female Male 4.93 4.89 4.86 4.30 4.34 83.95 3.88 80.19
77.56 73.81 71.58 69.60 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The percentage of Government Expenditure 2000 2017 on Education fluctuated as it rose and fell 4.34% but eventually landed at 4.34% in 2015. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 81 Proportion of women of reproductive age (age 15-49 years) 12/16 who have their need of family planning satisfied with modern methods (age 15-49 and female) indicators
5 2 5 2012 27.80 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Comoros has 12 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 2 worsened, and other 5 are provided for Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey single years which do not show trend.
Both Female Male 9.7 9.4 9.9 9.9 Figure 82 7.2 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.5 5.1 Suicide mortality rate (death per 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 100, 000 population) (by sex, no 2.9 youth age breakdown) 6.8% Suicide mortality rate per 100,000 population worsened. It increased 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 from 5.1% in 2000 to 6.8% in 2016. Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division
23 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 24 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Union of the Comoros 31 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 84 Comoros has 4 out of the 6 indicators in this Percentage of Young People Population living in 4/6 pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown) fluctuated. indicators 18.1 13.5
1 1 2 Improved UnchangedWorsened
2004 2013 Figure 83 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database. Internet penetration rate (no age or sex breakdown) 7.5 7.9 6.5 7.0 The proportion of Young People Population Living in 6.0 5.5 Poverty worsened in 2013 as it increased from 13.50% in 5.1 2004 to 18.10%. 3.5 3 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate
Figure 83 Although the rate of internet penetration improved from 0.3% in 2000 to 7.9% in 2016, it is still considered low.
Recommendations
Comoros could benefit from mental health interventions and policies aimed at averting the 1 worsened suicide rate.
Policies aimed at access and information modern contraception could yield better health 2 outcomes.
The country would benefit from focusing on policies and interventions to boost youth 3 literacy rate.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Union of the Comoros 32 The Republic of Congo Capital: Brazzaville
THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO The Republic of Congo is located in Central Africa. Congo gained independence on August 15, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 5, 1963 25 . The current estimated population of Congo is 81.3 million with 33% (1.7 million) aged 15-35 and the proportion of this age is projected to increase to 35% by the year 206326
Ratification of African Youth Charter
The Republic of Congo ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 3 1 6/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Congo has 6 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 3 worsened and 1 had a single year data point hence no trend.
Figure 85 Figure 86 Percentage of employed youth living below US $1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male 22.96 22.46 21.96 22.05 21.52 21.21 20.98 21.20 21.20 20.83 20.73 20.72 34.80 34.60 34.70 33.90 33.80 20.45 33.60 20.26 20.23 32.80 33.20 33.20 33.00 32.70 32.20 32.20 31.30 31.30
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Chad. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Rate of youth unemployment in 2017 Proportion of youth living below $1.90 22.46% in 2017 was 33.90% 33.90% The rate of youth unemployment worsened in 2017. It rose The proportion of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP from 20.73% in 2013 to 22.46% in 2017 for both male and improved in 2014 and 2015 but experienced a decline in female. 2016.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | The Republic of Congo 33 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 87 There was a single year data point for the completion of 4/7 for upper secondary education. The graph covers 2012 indicators where the rate for female was at 14.91%, while the rate for male was at 15.49%. Congo has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved while 3 others had a single year data point, Figure 88 hence no trend. Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-34, and sex) Both Female Figure 87 80.91 Completion rate for upper secondary education (relevant 77.62 76.95 ages, by sex) 15.49 14.91 Female
Male
2000 2017
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2012
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 89 Maternity Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
14/16 874 853 indicators 830 808 793 794 787 789 803 792 793 777 771 9 5 746 Improved Unchanged 717 693
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
Congo has 14 out of 16 indicators out of this pillar; 9 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 improved, while other 5 had single year data points hence no trend. Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
2.44 3.43 2.38 2.40 2.19 Figure 90 2.12 2.11 2.16 2.03 2.00 1.88 1.88 1.99 1.78 1.90 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) 1.69 as percentage of Gross Domestic 3.43% Product (GDP) The proportion of CHE improved from 1.69 in 2000 to Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. 3.43% in 2015.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
25 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 26 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | The Republic of Congo 34 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 92 Internet penetration Rate (no age or sex Congo has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 breakdown) improved, 1 worsened, while others 8.1 6/6 7.6 fluctuated. 6.6 7.1 indicators 6.1 5.6 5.0
4.5 4.3 2 1 3 2.8 2.0 Improved UnchangedWorsened 1.5 1.1 0.5 0.2 0 0 Figure 91
Voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 percentage of registered voters (no age or sex breakdown) Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union Estimate.
69.36
The Internet Penetration Rate improved between 2000 and 2016 to reach a relatively low 8.1 percent. 42.23
2002 2007 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Figure 91 The rate of voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a percentage of registered voters declined from 69.36% that it was in 2002 to 42.23% in 2017.
Recommendations
The country could benefit from policies which target working poverty, youth 1 unemployment, and vulnerable employment.
The country could benefit from policies which target working poverty, youth 2 unemployment, and vulnerable employment.
3 Policies aimed at further improving maternal mortality rate could be worthwhile.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | The Republic of Congo 35 Republic of Cote D’Ivoire Capital: Yamoussoukro
COTE D’IVIORE The Republic of Cote D’Ivoire is located in Western Africa. Cote D’Ivoire gained independence on August 7, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 27 . The current estimated population of Cote D’Ivoire is 23.1 million with approximately 35% (8.8 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to remain stable at 35% by the year 2063 with the number of youth growing to 22.9 million 28 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
TheCote Republic d’Ivoire ofratified Congo the ratified African the Youth African Charter Youth in Charter 2009. in 2011.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
5 2 3 10/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Cote D’Ivoire has all 10 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 2 worsened and others stayed relatively unchanged or had no trend data.
Figure 93 Figure 94 Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment Informal employment and informal sector as a pencentage of (by age 15+, no youth age and sex breakdown) Employment Harmonized series (non-Agriculture) (by age 15+ and sex, no youth age breakdown) 74.84 74.60 Both Female Male 74.02 98.15 73.36 96.21 73.34 94.37 93.80 87.70 82.36
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2000 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
Proportion of vulnerable youth in 2017 Rate of informal employment 73.34% was 73.34% 93.80% in 2016 The percentage of vulnerable youth employment slightly The rate of informal employment improved between 2013 improved between 2013 and 2017. It eventually landed in and 2016, falling to 93.80 percent. The rate for females 73.34% in 2017. remain particularly high at 93.80 percent in 2016.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cote D’Ivoire 35 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 95 The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 7/7 improved between 2013 and 2014 then remained indicators relatively unchanged through to 2016 to a rate of 91.94 percent.
Cote D’Ivoire has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 2 worsened, and others had no trend data. Figure 96 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
70.84 Figure 95 Both Female Male 60.72 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (relevant ages and no sex breakdown) 59.12 52.13 58.33 53.02 Both Female Male 48.31 47.04 38.75 92.67 91.97 91.94 87.89
2010 2015 2017
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2002 2007 2012 2015 The Youth Literacy Rate worsened between 2000 and 2014 but did see improvement from 2012, being 53.02 percent in Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2014.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 97 Skilled Health Professional’s density (per 1,000 population) (no 14/16 youth age or sex breakdown) indicators
5 1 8 2008 6.22 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Cote D’Ivoire has data for 14 out of 16 indications in Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository this pillar; 5 improved, 1 worsened, while others There is no trend data for Skilled Health Professionals with the stayed consistent over time and has single year data 2009 rate being 6.22 per 1,000 population. hence no trend.
Figure 98 Adolescent Birth Rate per 1,000 females in that age group (by age 2010 129.0 129.0 15-19 and female) Fertility Rate was 129.00 per 1,000 population in 2014.
26 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 27 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cote D’Ivoire 36 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 99 Proportion of young people who occupy Cote D’Ivoire has all 6 indicators in this pillar; parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 30 6/6 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others either and sex) indicators remained relatively unchanged or had single year data. Both Female Male
1 1 4 Improved UnchangedWorsened
0 00 Figure 100 2014 Voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. percentage of registered voters (no age or sex breakdown)
36.56 There is no trend data for Youth Members of Parliament Lower House. There were no members of parliament 31.54 under 30 in 2014. 34.10
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database.
2003 2009 2014
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Figure 100 Voter Turnout fluctuated between 2000 and 2016 but remains relatively low at 34.1 percent in 2015.
Recommendations
While the rate of vulnerable and informal sector employment improved, they are still relatively high in Cote D’Ivoire so the country would benefit from policy encouraging formal 1 sectors for employment.
Cote D’Ivoire’s literacy rate remains well below the continental average of 73.83% for 2014. 2 The country could benefit from policy addressing this.
Youth political participation could benefit Cote D’Ivoire as the country has no youth 3 members of parliament and low voter turnout.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Cote D’Ivoire 37 TheDemocratic Republic TheRepublic Republic of Congo Capital:Capital: Yamoussoukro Kinshasa
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
The Democratic Republic of Congo is located in Central Africa. DR Congo gained independence on June 30, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196329 . The current estimated population of DR Congo is 76.2 million with approximately 33% (27.8 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to increase to 36% by the year 206330 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
CongoDRC has has not not ratified ratified the the African African Youth Youth Charter.Charter Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
5 2 3 10/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Cote D’Ivoire has all 10 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 2 worsened and others stayed relatively unchanged or had no trend data.
Figure 101 Figure 102 Percentage of employed youth living below US $1.90 PPP Percentage of children involved in Child Labour (by age 5-7 per day (by age 15-24 and sex) and sex). Both Female Male Both Female Male 40.7 38.4 77.20 77.20 77.20
75.60 75.60 75.60 36.1 75.10 75.10 75.10 75.10 75.10 75.10 74.80 74.70 74.70
2014 2013 2015 2016 20172014 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
Rate of child labour in Rate of youth working poor witnessed female between 2010-2016 75.1% a downward trend in 2017 at 75.1% 40.70% There is no trend data for Rate of Child Labour with the rate The rate of Youth Working Poor witnessed a downward trend for 2010-2016 being 38.4. Females had a higher rate at 40.7 between 2013 and 2017 for males and females, landing at compared to 36.1 percent for males. 75.1 percent for both in 2017.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Democratic Republic of Congo 37 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 103 The Youth Literacy Rate improved between 2001 and 6/10 2016, with that for males reaching 90.96 percent. While indicators that of Females lagged behind, despite a 28 percentage point improvement, at 79.71 percent. DR Congo has 6 out of the ten indicators in this pillar. Youth literacy rate improved considerably while Public Expenditure on Education as percentage of GDP remained Figure 104 relatively unchanged. Government Expenditure on Education, total as percent of GDP 2.17 Figure 103 2.06 2.12 1.95 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male 1.52 1.47 91.05 83.60 84.99 90.96 77.98 78.94 76.66 79.71 70.42
63.09 65.78 53.25
2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2010 2015 2017 2017 The percentage of Government Expenditure on Education fluctuated between 2010 and 2017. It eventually declined to Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 1.47%.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 105 13/16 Maternal mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 874 853 indicators 830 808 793 794 787 789 803 792 793 777 771
7 6 746 Improved Unchanged 717 693 Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 DR Congo has 13 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 improved, 6 others had single year data points hence Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository no trend. Maternity mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015. It declined from 874 to 693 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Figure 106 Proportion of women aged 20-24 10.0% years who were married or in a 2014 10.00 union before age 15 (by age 20-24 There was no trend data for the proportion and female) of women who were married or in a union before age 15. The available data is for 2014 and it was at the rate of 10.00% Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
26 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 27 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Democratic Republic of Congo 38 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 108 International Migrant Stock as percentage of total DR Congo has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 population (by age 15-34 and sex) 6/6 improved while others did not have sufficient Both Female Male data for trend analysis. indicators 5.96 5.97 5.63 5.64 4.93 5.30 5.31 4.64 2 4 4.34 Improved Worsened
Figure 107 2010 2015 2017 Percentage of Young People Population living in Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown).
94.10
Net Youth Migration increased slightly between 2010 and 77.10 2017 with the 2017 rate being 5.64 percent.
2004 2012
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
Figure 107 The rate of young people living in poverty improved as it declined from 94.10% in 2004 to 77.10% in 2012.
Recommendations
Child labour rate, particularly for females at 40.7% were well above the continental average 1 of 26.14%. this suggests that policies may be needed to address child labour rate.
Policies which further reduce the working poverty rate from the 2012 rate of 77.10 could be 2 beneficial. This rate is higher than the continental average 32.37 percent for 2012.
3 Policies aimed at internet infrastructure and access could be of benefit to DR Congo.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Democratic Republic of Congo 39 Republic of Djibouti Capital: Djibouti
REPUBLIC OF DJIBOUTI The Republic of Djibouti is located in Eastern Africa. Djibouti gained independence on June 27, 1977 and joined the African Union on the same day31 . The current estimated population of Djibouti is 927,000 with 39% (383,000) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 29% in the year 2063 32 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Djibouti ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 2 2 5/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Djibouti has 5 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 of the indicators improved while others remained relatively unchanged or had single year data hence no trend.
Figure 109 Figure 110 Self-employed as a percent of total employment (modeled Informal Employment and Informal Sector as a Percent of ILO estimate) (by age 15+ and sex, no youth age breakdown) Harmonized Series (non-agriculture) (by age 15+ and sex, no youth age breakdown) 42.76 42.90 42.24 41.61 41.49
2016 73.50
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Djibouti. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
Rate of youth working in informal 73.5% employment in 2017 is 73.50% Rate of self employment 41.49% in 2017 Trend data is not available for the rate of informal employment, being 73.50 percent on 2016. The rate of self-employment decreased between 2013 and 2017 falling to 41.49 percent.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Djibouti 40 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 111 3/7 The effective transition rate from primary to secondary indicators school declined to 83.90% in 2016.
Djibouti has 3 out of 7 indicators in this pillar. Figure 112 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (relevant Figure 111 ages and sex) Both Female Male Effective transition rate from primary to secondary (relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 91 91 91 92.67 91.97 91.94 90 87.89 89
2010 2015 2017 2017 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2002 2007 2012 2015 The completion rate for upper secondary education Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. remained relatively stable between 2013 and 2017 by maintaining 92% for both male and female.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 113 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex, no 14/16 youth age breakdown) Both Female Male indicators 9 8.6 7.5 7.3 6.8 6.7 6.4 5.9 5.8
4 1 9 5.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.1
Improved UnchangedWorsened 3.5
Djibouti has 14 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 4 improved, 1 worsened, while others remained 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 relatively unchanged or had single year data hence no trend. Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
50.22 49.17 48.41 Figure 114 47.72 46.94 Non-Communicable 46.94% Diseases Youth Mortality rate (by age 15-34, no sex The occurrence of breakdown) non-communicable diseases youth mortality improved by dropping from 50.22% in 2013 to 46.94% in 2019.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
25 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 26 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Djibouti 41 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 116 Percentage of young people population living in Djibouti has 5 of the 6 indicators in this pillar; poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown) 5/6 1 improved and two worsened. indicators 22.5 20.6 1 2 2 18.6 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Figure 115 Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex breakdowns) 2002 2012 2013 13.1 11.9 9.5 10.7 8.3 7.0 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union Estimate. 6.5
4.0 2.3 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Figure 116 The rate of voter turnout in parliamentary elections as a percentage of registered voters increased from 20.6% in 2002 to 22.5% in 2013
Recommendations
1 Policies aimed at strengthening the formal sectors may be beneficial to Djibouti.
Both the effective transition rate from primary to secondary education and the completion 2 rate for upper secondary were relatively high compared to continental averages.
The increase in the rate of men was the driver for the increase of men’s likeliness of 3 committing suicide than women.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Republic of Djibouti 42 Egypt Capital: Cairo
Egypt The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in Northern Africa. Egypt gain independence on February 28, 1922 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196333 . The current estimated population of Egypt is 93.8 million with 34% (34.2 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 30% by 206334 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Egypt ratified the African Youth Charter in 2015.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
7 1 8/10 Improved Unchanged indicators
Egypt has data for 8 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 7 improved and the other one remained relatively unchanged or had no data trend.
Figure 117 Figure 118 Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Unemployment Distribution by Age (12 months or more- Training (by age 15-24 and sex.) Aggregate duration) (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male Both Female Male 88.00 41.10 35.80 85.70 35.70 85.50 84.20 83.00 82.00 81.90 28.40 81.00 27.60 27.60 77.80 73.10 72.30 19.80 19.80 17.90 71.80
2013 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2014 2015 2016 2017
This remained relatively unchanged overall between 2013 and Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2016 but the rate for females improved to 35.70 percent and The rate of unemployment improved majorly. It declined the male rate increased to 19.80 percent in 2016. from 84.20% in 2014 to 72.30% in 2017 for both male and female.
33 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 34 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Egypt 43 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 119 The rate of literate youth worsened between 2005 and 2017. It increased from 6/7 84.93% in 2005 to 93.92% in 2017. indicators Figure 120 Government expenditure on Education, total as percent of Egypt has 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, GDP 1 worsened, while the other had no trend data. 4.95 4.79 4.67 Figure 119 4.00 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 3.68 3.76 Both Female Male 94.96 93.92 93.65 92.84 92.36
92.20 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 90.56 90.08 89.28 87.86 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 88.05 87.51 84.88 84.93 84.88 81.75 78.95
Government expenditure on education worsened according to findings relayed in 2005 2006 2010 2012 2013 2017 the graph above. It declined to 3.76% in Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2008.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 121 Percentage of Girls and Women aged 15-49 who have 13/16 Undergone Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (by age 15-49 and female) indicators
87.20 11 2 2015 Improved Worsened
Egypt has 13 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 11 Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey. improved, 2 worsened, while others remained The Prevalent Rate of Female Genital Mutilation in 2015 was consistent over time and had single year data points 87.20 hence no trend.
80.10 80.00 78.80 79.00 Figure 122 77.20 Proportion of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with
modern methods (by age 15-49 and female) Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey.
2000 2003 2005 2008 2014
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Egypt 44 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 123 Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex 6/6 breakdown) 62.04 indicators
2 4 Improved Unchanged 28.27 28.13 27.47
Figure 123 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Proportion of Young People who Occupy Parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lowers (by age under 2005 2010 2012 2015 30 and sex)
Both Female Male 1.00 Figure 124 0.70 The proportion of internet penetration barely improved between 2005 and 2015. It rose from 28.13% in 2005 to 28.27% in 2015. 0.30
2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
Recommendations
Despite the improvement on the rate of long-term unemployment, the rate is still higher 1 than continental average of 44.24%. Therefore, it would benefit Egypt if focus could be on the rate of long-term unemployed.
2 Egypt’s results are relatively high compared to continental averages in education
The rate of female youths who have undergone Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting at 87.20% was well above the continental average of 68.73% in 2015. This could be an area 3 where focused policy and programmes could help.
Youth political participation could benefit Egypt with voter turnout being less than half the 4 continental average at a low 28.27%.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Egypt 45 Equatorial Guinea Capital: Malabo
Equatorial Guinea The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is located in Central Africa. Equatorial Guinea gained independence on October 12, 1968 and joined African Union on the same day35 . The current estimated population of Equatorial Guinea is 1.2 million with 40% aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206336 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Equatorial Guinea has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 4 3 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Equatorial Guinea has nine out of ten indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 4 worsened, and 3 remained relatively unchanged and had no trend data.
Figure 125 Figure 126 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Vulnerable employment as percentage of total Both Female Male employment (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) 14.42
14.16 35.94 13.98 35.62 13.11 35.60 12.73 35.39 35.37 12.46 11.95 11.73 11.86 11.32 11.28 11.23 10.87 10.87 10.83
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
The rate of vulnerable employment worsened between 2013 The rate of unemployment worsened in 2017 at 14. 16% for and 2017 reaching 38.53 percent. The 2017 female rate was both male and female, compared to 11.28% in 2013. worse than males at 44.13 and 34.51 percent respectively.
35 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 36 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Equatoria Guinea 46 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 127 Youth Tuberculosis Mortality Rate (by age 15-35, no sex 10/16 breakdown) 18.92 indicators 18.38 17.19 16.45 5 1 4 16.02 Improved Worsened Worsened
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats.
Equatorial Guinea has 10 out of 15 indicators in this 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 pillar; 5 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and others have single year data points Youth tuberculosis mortality rate improved as it declined from hence no trend. 18.92% in 2013 to 16.02% in 2017.
Both Female Male 24.90 23.80 24.40 Figure 128 23.50
20.40 Suicide mortality rate 16.70 16.40 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 16.50 fluctuated between 2000 at 15.50
100,000 population) (by sex, no 13.70 15.5% and 2016 at 16.4% 7.70 7.60 youth age breakdown) 7.00 for both male and female. 6.10 6.00
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Equatoria Guinea 47 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 129 There is a single data trend for this indicator reflecting data 6/6 for 2014 at 1.0% for male alone. indicators
Figure 130 3 3 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as Worsened Improved Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
Figure 129 Both Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 30 and sex) 2004 98.45 Both Male
2017 84.01
1.00
2014 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. 1.00 Voter Turnout worsened between 2004 and 2017, falling to 84.01 percent. Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Recommendations
Policy with the potential of averting the increase of youth unemployment, vulnerable employment, and rising youth poverty could yield substantial benefit for the economy of 1 Equatorial Guinea.
Targeted mental health policies could be beneficial in averting the suicide rates, most 2 especially among females.
Policies to improve the prevalence of modern contraception among youth could be 3 beneficial.
4 Policies to curb tuberculosis mortality rate could also be beneficial to Equatorial Guinea.
5 Policies to improve voter turnout could beneficial to Equatorial Guinea.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Equatoria Guinea 48 Eritrea Capital: Asmara
Eritrea The State of Eritrea is located in Eastern Africa. Eritrea gained independence on May 24, 1993 and joined the African Union on the same day 37 . The current estimated population of Eritrea is 4.8 million and approximately 37% (1.8million) is aged 15-35. The proportion of youth is projected to decrease to 33% by the year 206338 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Eritrea has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 1 1 4/10 Improved Worsened Unchanged indicators
Eritrea has 4 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 decreased, and 1 remained relatively unchanged. Policies to curb the rate of working poverty among youths could be beneficial to Eritrea.
Figure 131 Figure 132 Percentage of Employed Youth Living below US $1.9 PPP per day (by age 15-24 and age) Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment (by age 15+, no youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male
44.00 47.45 43.70 43.90 43.80 43.60 46.95 41.10 40.90 40.90 46.62 40.70 40.70 46.37 46.31 37.60 37.30 37.60 37.70 37.40
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The rate of vulnerable employment slightly improved as it declined from 47.45% in 2013 to 46.31% in 2017 The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.9 PPP per day remained stable between 2013 and 2017 at 40.70% for both male and female.
37 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 38 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eritrea 48 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 133 Effective transition rate worsened from 4/7 97.81 percent in 2012 to 92.27 percent in indicators 2014.
Eritrea has 4 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, and 1 remained relatively Figure 134 unchanged. Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent of GDP
4.05 Figure 133 3.52 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 3.15 (relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
2.13 Both
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 97.81 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2014 92.27 Public Expenditure on Education as a 2.13% Percentage of GDP decreased from 4.05 percent to 2.13 percent from 2001 to 2006. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 135 Maternity Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
733 13/16 700 669 647 627 619 615 619 indicators 614 599 579 561 540 533 524 501 7 2 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
Eritrea has 13 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 improved, 2 worsened, and 3 had single year data There is an improvement for Youth Maternal Mortality Rate from points hence no trend. 733 in 2000 to 501 in 2015.
Figure 136 19.70 2002 The Prevalence Rate of Modern Proportion of Women of Reproductive Contraception among Youth worsened Age (aged 15-49 years) who have their slightly between 2002 and 2010 to 19.60 need for Family Planning Satisfied with 2010 19.60 percent from 19.70 respectively. Modern Methods (by age 15-49 and female) Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eritrea 49 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 137 The Internet Penetration Rate has improved slightly from 3/6 of 0.1 percent in 2000 to a still low rate of 1.2 percent in 2016. indicators
Figure 138 1 International Migrant Stock as Percentage of Total Improved Population (by age 15-35 and sex)
Eritrea has 3 of the 6 indicators in this pillar and out of Both Female Male the 3 indicators, only one improved- the internet penetration rate. 1.89 1.73 1.69 1.61 1.54 1.49
Figure 137 1.44 1.34 1.26 Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex 1.2 breakdown) 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 2010 2015 2017
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 This indicator remains low with 1.69 in 2010 and decreasing steadily to 1.44 percent of the population in Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate. 2017.
Recommendations
Policies to avert the worsened transition rate from primary to secondary schools could yield 1 better education outcomes
2 An increase in public expenditure on education could also be beneficial.
Policies to improve access and sensitization on the importance of contraception could have 3 far reaching positive effect.
Policies on further improving youth maternity mortality rate could yield better maternal 4 health outcomes.
5 Policies aimed at reducing the female genital mutilation could be worthwhile.
Investment in internet infrastructure and access could yield far reaching effects for the 6 Eritrean economy and empowerment of its people, especially the youth.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eritrea 50 Eswatini Capital: Mbabane
Eswatini The Kingdom of Eswatini (formerly the Kingdom of Swaziland) is located in Southern Africa. Eswatini gained independence on September 6, 1968 and joined African Union on September 24, 196839 . The current population of Eswatini is 1.3 million with 41% (576,000) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206340 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Eswatini ratified the African Youth Charter in 2012.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 7/10 Worsened indicators
Eswatini has data for 7 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 worsened while others stayed relatively unchanged or had no data trend.
Figure 140 Figure 139 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of Employed Youth Living below US $1.90 PPP per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 55.47 54.83 54.78 54.18 54.14 54.06 53.95 26.40 53.80 26.30 53.50 53.42 26.20 26.20 53.49 25.90 53.16 26.00 25.80 25.70 52.67 52.67 24.90 24.80 52.57 25.60 24.70 24.50 24.50 24.30
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats The rate of youth unemployment worsened in Eswatini This indicator worsened by increasing from 26.00% in 2013 to between 2013 at 53.42% and 2017 at 54.78% for both 26.30% in 2017 for both male and female. male and female.
39 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 40 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eswatini 50 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 141 The proportion of literate youth improved from 91.86% in 2000 to 93.50% in 2010 for 6/7 both male and female. indicators Figure 142 Enrolment in Secondary Vocation (by age 15-24) Eswatini has 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, while others remained relatively unchanged Both Female Male or had no data trend. 0.17 Figure 141 0.15 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 0.12
Both Female Male 0.07 93.50 91.86 91.29 86.25
82.58 2013 2014 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 69.48
Trend data is not available for Enrolment in Secondary Technical and Vocational Education with the 2014 rates for both 2000 2002 2008 2010 males and females being low at 0.15 and Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 0.7 percent respectively.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 143 HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24 and sex) 14/16 Both Female Male 21.16 indicators
11.20
6 1 2.87 Improved Worsened 2017 Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey. Eswatini has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 Trend data is not available for Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among improved, 1 worsened, while others remained Youth with the 2017 rate being 11.20 per 1,000 population. The consistent over time or had single year data points. female rate was considerably higher than males at 21.16 compared to 2.87.
Female Male Figure 144 56.00% Trend data is not available for Youth High risk sex (by age 15-34 55.00% Youth High Risk Sex which was and sex) worse for males, at 56 percent, than females, at 55 percent, for 2007-2013.
2007-2013
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eswatini 51 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 145 The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably 4/6 between 2000 and 2016 to reach 28.6 percent. indicators
Figure 146 Figure 145 Percentage of Young People Population Living in Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex 28.6 Poverty (PYPP) (no age or sex breakdown) 28.2 25.6 breakdown) 24.7 20.8 48.40% 18.1 42.00%
11.0 8.9 6.9 4.1 3.7 3.7 1.8 2.4 3.2 0.9 1.3 2000 2009
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from international Telecommunication Union estimate. The Youth Poverty Rate reduced between 2000 and 2009, falling to 42 percent
Recommendations
Youth employment remains an important issue for policy to focus on in Eswatini being 1 higher than the continent average.
While trend data is not available for enrolment in secondary technical and vocational 2 education, the 2014 rates for both males and females were low at 0.15% and 0.7% respectively 1.3 leaving room for improvement.
The female rate for the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among youth was considerably higher than 3 males at 21.16% compared to 2.87%, while the rate of youth high risk of sex remained high suggesting sexual and reproductive health education would be beneficial.
4 Only Youth Poverty Rate and The Internet Penetration Rate improved.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Eswatini 52 Ethiopia Capital: Addis Ababa
Ethiopia The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is located in Eastern Africa. Ethiopia joined the African Union on May 25, 196341 . The current population of Ethiopia is estimated to be 99.9 million. 38% (40.5 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206342 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Ethiopia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 1 9/10 Improved Worsened indicators
Ethiopia has 9 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, and others remained relatively unchanged or had single year data hence no trend
Figure 147 Figure 148 Percentage of Employed Youth living below US $1.90 PPP per Employment distribution by intermediate education (by day (by age 15-24 and sex) age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 27.40 23.60 4.40 23.30 20.40 20.00 4.10 19.90 17.80 16.70 17.20
3.70 16.50 15.20 14.10 11.30 13.90 12.20
2013 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
Employment distribution has a single data point at The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 4.10% in 2013. per day improved significantly. It dropped from 23.90% in 2013 to 14.10% in 2017.
41 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 42 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ethiopia 53 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 149 7/7 The proportion of literate youth improved indicators from 49.90% in 2004 to 54.98% in 2007 for both male and female. Ethiopia has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved while others either fluctuated, remained relatively unchanged or had single year data point. Figure 150 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (relevant ages and sex) Figure 149 Female Male
Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 14.33
Both Female Male 11.69 87.39 62.97 62.20 55.88 54.98 49.90 44.61 2016 38.50
33.30 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The completion rate for upper secondary education has a single data trend which features just 2016 at 14.33% and 11.69% 2004 2005 2007 for both female and male respectively. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 151 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as percentage of GDP 16/16 5.54 4.92 4.84 4.75 4.74 indicators 4.44 4.51 4.57 4.40 4.34 4.26 4.31 4.08 4.05 4.13 4.03 8 1 Improved Worsened Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
Ethiopia has all 16 indicators in this pillar; 8 improved, 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 worsened, others remained relatively unchanged or The current health expenditure fluctuated between 2000 and had single year data points. 2015. It eventually landed at 4.05% in 2015.
1.98 1.92
Figure 152 1.49
Youth Malaria Mortality Rate 1.28 1.31 The rate of Youth malaria mortality worsened in 20017 at 1.92% per 100,000 population. Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Disease.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ethiopia 54 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 153 The chart provides information for a single year data; 2015. 6/6 The rate of young people occupying parliamentary seats in 2015 was 6.1%. indicators Figure 154 Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex Figure 153 breakdown) Proportion of Young People who Occupy 15.4 Parliamentary Seats (PYPPS) lower (by age under 13.9 30 and sex)
Both Female Male
6.10 7.7
3.70 4.6 2.40 2.9 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2015 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably between 2000 and 2016 to reach 15.4 percent.
Recommendations
1 Policies looking to strengthen the formal sector with decent work may benefit Ethiopia.
Policies seeking to encourage successful transition from primary to secondary education could help close the gap between the continental average of 81.23% in 2016 with the 2 Ethiopian rate of 14.33% for females and 11.69% for males.
Political participation indicators are strong in Ethiopia, having both relatively large proportion 3 of lower house Members of Parliament under the age of 30 and a high Voter Turnout.
Investments in internet infrastructure and access could yield far reaching effects for the Ethiopian economy and empowerment of its people, especially youth. Notwithstanding the 4 improvement in internet penetration, the latest rate of 15.4 percent is lower than the continental average of 22.00 percent.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ethiopia 55 Gabon Capital: Libreville
Gabon Gabon is located in Central Africa. Gabon gained independence on August 16,17, 19601960 andand joinedjoined thethe AfricanAfrican UnionUnion onon MayMay 25,25, 19631963 4343 .. TheThe currentcurrent estimated population of Gabon is 1.9 million with 36% (740,000) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to reduce to 31% by the year 2063 4444 ..
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Gabon ratified the African charter in 2007.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 1 4/10 Improved Worsened indicators
Gabon has 4 of the 10 indicators in the pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others have single year data hence no trend data.
Figure 155 Figure 156 Self-employed as percent of total employment Proportion of youth not in education, employment or (by age 15-34 and sex). training. Both Female Male 14.28% 11.09 8.64
6.04
Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Gabon. 2013 Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Gabon. There is a single year data here. The graph depicts 14.28% for youth 14.28% The rate of self-employment covers a single year-2013.
43 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 44 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gabon 56 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 157 No trend data is available for the Youth 4/7 Literacy Rate which was 20.86 percent in indicators 2013.
Gabon has data for 4 of the 7 indicators in this pillar. Figure 158 Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent Figure 157 of GDP. Proportion of Literate Youths (by age 15-24 and sex) 3.83
Both Female Male 3.03 3.08 2.99 3.01 22.67 2.67 20.86
19.14 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats. 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute of Statistics.
Public Expenditure on Education as a 2013 Percentage of GDP has been on a 2.67% downward trend between 2000 and 2014, Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Gabon. falling to 2.67 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 159 HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24, no sex breakdown 15/16 4.51 Both Female Male indicators
2.60
7 1 0.79 Improved Worsened
2017 Gabon has 15 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV estimates. improved, 1 worsened, while others remained Trend data is not available for Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among relatively unchanged or had single year data point. Youth with the 2017 rate being 2.60 per 1,000 population. The female rate was higher than males at 4.51 compared to 0.79.
Figure 160 22.10 2000 The graph indicates data for 2000 and Proportion of women of reproductive age 2012. The proportion of women who had (aged 15-49 years) who have their need family planning satisfied through for family planning satisfied with modern 2012 33.70 modern methods increased from methods (by age 15-49 and female) 22.10% in 2000 to 33.70% in 2012.
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gabon 57 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 161 Trend data is not available for Youth Members of Parliament 6/6 Lower House. There were no members of parliament under 30 in 2015. indicators Figure 162 Internet Penetration rate (no age or sex Figure 161 breakdown) 48.1 45.8 Proportion of Young People who Occupy Parliamentary Seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 38.1 30 and sex) 30.5
24
18
13 9.5 5.8 7.5 4.9 5.5 2.7 3.0 1.9 1.2 1.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union Estimate.
Recommendations
Gabon may benefit from policies and programmes targeting female health as well as sexual 1 and reproductive health education.
Policies aimed at raising completion rates and literacy rates may benefit Gabon with the 2 youth literacy rate of 22.86% being considerably lower than the continental average for that year.
Improved youth political involvement could benefit Gabon with no current members of 3 parliament lower house being under 30 and a relatively low voter turnout.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gabon 58 Gambia Capital: Banjul
Gambia The Republic of Gambia is located in African Africa. Gambia gained independence on February 18, 1965 and joined African Union on March 9, 1965 45 . The current estimated population of Gambia is 2.0 million with more than 35% (761,000) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to increase to 36% by the year 206346 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Gambia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 2 1 5/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Gambia has 5 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and one had a single data points hence no trend.
Figure 163 Figure 164 Percentage of Employed Youth Living below US$1.90 PPP Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment per day (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male 73.47 47.40 72.46 46.90 46.10 46.10 72.25 45.70 45.40 45.40 45.30 45.30 71.24 44.80 71.23 44.70 44.70 44.60 43.90 43.80
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Vulnerable employment improved slightly between 2013 and 2017 falling to 71.24 percent in 2017. The proportion of Working Poor worsened between 2013 and 2017 reaching 46.90 percent. Males were more likely to be working poor at 47.40 percent compared to females at 46.10.
45 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 46 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gambia 58 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 165 6/7 The rate of skilled professionals declined from 97.57% in 2008 to 33.56% per 100,000 population indicators in 2011.
Gambia has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 Figure 166 improved, 1 worsened, and 3 had single year data Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24, and sex) points. Both Female Male
Figure 165 88.50 Rate of Researchers per 1,000,000 population (All ages, No youth age or sex breakdown) 2013 56.12 109.18 97.57 65..98
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 33.58 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. There is a single data trend for the 2008 2009 2011 88.50% proportion of literate youth at 88.50% in 2013 for both male and female.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 167 Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age 15/16 15-34, no sex breakdown) 88.23 indicators 87.85 87.11 9 1 86.09 Improved Worsened 84.99
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report.
Gambia has 15 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 9 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 improved, 1 worsened, and 5 had single The rate of non-communicable diseases mortality declined from 88.23% in 2013 to 84.99% in 2017.
887 869 854 841 822 Figure 168 807 798 774 774 767 753 753 741 730 Maternal mortality rate (no youth 719 age or sex breakdown)
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gambia 59 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 169 6/6 There was a single data trend for the indicators 10.30% proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seat at 10.3% for only male in 2017. 2 1 Improved Worsened Figure 170 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage Gambia has all 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) worsened, while others remained relatively unchanged. 58.80 Figure 169 41.70 42.00 Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex)
Both Male 19.44
10.30 2007 2012 20172002 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 2017 10.30 The proportion of voter turnout worsened 42.00% between 2002 and 2017. It declined and increase significantly from 58.38% to 42.00%. Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Recommendations
The Gambia could benefit from policies with potentials of stopping the growth in working 1 poverty.
Policies which address improvement in vulnerable employment could have far reaching 2 effects for the Gambia economy.
Policies and investments to increase professionals in The Gambia could benefit from 3 policies which increase sensitization and access to modern contraception.
Policies which could further improve the rate of maternity mortality could yield better 4 maternal health outcomes for the Gambia.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gambia 60 Recommendations
Targeted health policies to address the high rate of non-communicable disease mortality 5 could be worthwhile.
6 Research across disciplines could be beneficial to the Gambia.
Policies aimed at further improving the literacy rates especially among women could be 7 worthwhile.
Policies to further improve voter turnout could be worthwhile for the democratic gains in 8 the Gambia.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Gambia 61 Ghana Capital: Accra
Ghana Ghana is located in Western Africa. Ghana gained independence on March 6, 1957 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196347 . The current population of Ghana is estimated to be 27.6 million with approximately 36% (10.6 million) of the population aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 33% by the year 206348 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Ghana ratified the African Youth Charter in 2013. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
5 2 1 8/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Ghana has eight of the ten indicators in this pillar. Five of these indicators have improved, two worsened and one remained relatively unchanged.
Figure 171 Figure 172 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of employment - Harmonized series (Non-Agriculture) (by age Both Female Male 15+ and sex, No youth age breakdown)
14.40 Both Female Male 13.6 13.30 13.80 13.10 12.90
12.70 78.72 12.60 12.20 12.20 12.20 85.95 91.85 75.88 11.60 11.80 11.40
10.90 83.18
88.32
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 2015 The Youth Working Poverty Rate improved slightly for both males Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. and females in the period between 2013 and 2015. The Rate of Informal Employment improved slightly between the years 2013 and 2015, from an overall rate of 85.95 percent n 2013 to 83.18 percent in 2015.
47 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 48 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ghana 62 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 173 The Effective Transition Rate has worsened between 2012 and 2015, falling from 95.85 7/8 percent to 91.53 percent in 2015. indicators
Ghana has seven of the eight indicators in this pillar. Figure 174 Three of these indicators have improved, two worsened Government expenditure on education, total as a percent of and two had single year data points hence, no trend. GDP 8.14 7.92 7.54 7.42 Figure 173 6.10 6.16 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant 5.76 5.94 5.77 5.26 5.52 5.32 5.54 ages, by sex) 5.35 4.51
44.80 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
2015 41.2
Public expenditure on education as a 48.90 percentage of GDP has fluctuated between five and eight percent between 2001 and 2016. In 2017, it reached a low of 4.51
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 175 Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age 14/16 15-34, no sex breakdown) indicators 66.75 66.10 66.31 66.29
64.23 8 1 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report Ghana has 14 of the 16 indicators in this pillar. Eight of these indicators improved, one worsened and five had single year The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015 data points hence, no trend. falling from 544 to 311 per 100,000 live births.
Figure 176 Skilled health professionals’ density 2014 10.21 As of the year 2010, the Skilled (per 1,000 population) (No youth Health Professionals’ density was age or sex breakdown) 10.21 per 1,000 population.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ghana 63 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 177 The Youth Poverty Rate improved by over 50 6/6 percent, decreasing from 24.5 percent to 12 percent between 2005 and 2012. indicators
Figure 178 3 1 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Improved Worsened Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) 85.12 Figure 177 80.01 Percentage of young people population living in 69.52 67.55 poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 61.19
2012 24.50 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
2016 12.00 The Voter Turnout fluctuates around election cycles. From 61.19 percent in 2000, it improved to 67.55 percent Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database in 2016 after peaking at 80.01 percent in 2012.
Recommendations
Policies aimed to address the education gap in gender could be instrumental to the increase 1 in Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education.
Policies which address the declining transition rate from primary to secondary school could 2 yield better education outcomes.
Policies which address the gender disparity among Youth Members of the Parliament Lower 3 House. Empowering and creating space for more women to participate in governance is essential.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Ghana 64 Guinea Capital: Conakry
Guinea The Republic of Guinea is located in Western Africa. Guinea gained independence on October 2, 1958 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196349 . The current estimated population of Guinea is 12.1 million with 35% (4.6 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 34% in the year 206350 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Guinea ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
6 1 6/9 Improved Unchangedged indicators
The Republic of Guinea has data for 6 out of the 9 Indicators in this Pillar. One of these 6 indicatindicatorsors improved while the remaining five remained relatively unchanged. Figure 179 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Figure 180 per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17 Both Female Male and sex). 51.20 51.20 50.40 50.40 Both Female Male 50.20 50.20 50.20 50.20 49.80 49.80 46.00 46.00 44.90 44.90 44.90 44.90 45.20 45.20 28.30 44.40 44.40 42.00 42.00 41.00 41.00 40.90 40.90 40.80 40.80 40.20 40.20 2015 27.40
29.20
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats The proportion of Working Poor worsened very slightly between 2013 and 2017 from 44.4 reaching 44.90 percent. The male rate Trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour with the rate was consistently higher than the female rate, with the 2017 rates for 2010-2016 being 28.3 percent. Males had a slightly higher 50.20 and 40.90 percent respectively. rate at 29.2 compared to 27.4 percent for females.
97 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 98 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea 65 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 182 6/8 Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 56.97 indicators 56.97 59.46 59.46 The Republic of Guinea has data for 6 out of the 8 47.09 47.09 Indicators in this Pillar. One of these 8 indicators 46.30 46.30 37.21 improved, while two worsened. 37.21 37.57 37.57 31.41 31.41 34.07 34.07 Figure 181 21.80 21.80 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
2012 54.68 2003 2010 2014
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2013 68.78
Youth Literacy Rates overall worsened slightly between 2003 and 2014 falling from Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 47 to 46.30 percent. However, the female The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary literacy rate improved from 34 to 37.21 Education increased between 2012 and 2013 from 54.68 percent. to 68.78 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 183 Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex breakdown) 14/16 79.33 78.98 78.03 indicators 75.96 74.35 7 7 Improved Worsened
The Republic of Guinea has data for 14 out of the 16 Indicators in this Pillar. Seven of these 14 indicators have 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 improved while 7 have deteriorated, and 4 of the indicators Youth mortality due to non-communicable diseases improved, have data only for a single year, hence no trend. falling from 79.33 per 1000 population in 2013 to 74.35 per 1000 population in 2017.
Figure 184 32.00 Youth High Risk Sex (by age 15-34 Trend data is not available for Youth and sex) 2007-2013 High Risk Sex which was worse for females, at 32 percent, than males, 25.00 at 25 percent, for 2007-2013.
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea 66 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 185 In 2015 there were 2.0 percent Members of 5/6 Parliament under 30 years of age and the female rate were half that of males, at 0.7 indicators percent and 1.4 percent respectively.
1 Figure 186 2 Figure 755: Percentage of young people Improved Worsened population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown)
Figure 185 61.60 59.7061.60 59.70 International migrant stock as percentage of total population (by age 15-34 and sex) 8.20 8.20 8.00 8.00 7.80 7.80 35.30 5.37 5.37 5.00 5.00 4.87 4.87 4.52 4.52 4.36 4.36 4.02 4.02
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database
2002 20072012 20122002 2010 20152017 The Youth Poverty Rate improved dramatically between Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs 2002 and 2012 dropping from 61.6 to 35.30 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at curbing the growing rate of Youth Working Poor, Vulnerable Employment, 1 and Child Labour could benefit Guinea.
Policies which address the increasing rate of maternal mortality, curbing the 2 non-communicable disease youth mortality rate and malaria mortality rate could benefit
Investments in policies that further reduce youth poverty and increase voter turnout should 3 be worthwhile in Guinea.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea 67 Guinea-Bissau Capital: Bissau
Guinea-Bissau The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is located in Western Africa. Guinea-Bissau gained independence on September 24, 1973 and joined the African Union on November 19, 1973 51 . The current estimated population of Guinea-Bissau is 1.8 million. Approximately 36% (691,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by 206352 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Guinea-Bissau ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 1 5/10 Improved Worsened indicators
Guinea-Bissau has data for 5 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, while others remained relatively unchanged or had no data trend.
Figure 187 Figure 188 Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment Percentage of Children involved in Child Labour (by age (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) 5–17 and sex) Both Female Male 65.26 65.22 64.11 51.10 63.66 62.84
2010-2016 52,50
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 49.80 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats The rate of vulnerable employment worsened between Trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour with the 2013 and 2017 reaching 65.26 percent in 2017. rate for 2010-2016 being 51.1 percent. Females had a slightly higher rate at 52.5 compared to 49.8 percent for males.
51 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 52 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea Bissau 68 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 190 Government Expenditure on Education as Percentage of 3/7 GDP indicators 2.13 2.00 1.861.86 Guinea-Bissau has 4 of the 7 indications in this pillar; 2 improved while others either remained relatively unchanged or had single year data hence no trend data.
Figure 189 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 2010 2011 2012 2013 Both Female Male
71.25 60.40 Government expenditure on education 74.80 49.76 improved, changing from 1.86% in 2010 to 59.49 2.13% in 2013.
2000 2014
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The proportion of literate youth slightly improved from 59.49% in 2000 to 60.40% in 2014.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 191 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with 15/16 modern methods (by age 15-49 and female) indicators Female Male 2010 64.90
7 1 2014 37.60 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey. Guinea-Bissau has 13 of the 15 indicators in this pillar; The Prevalent Rate of Modern Contraception among Youth 7 improved, 1 worsened, others stayed consistent worsened between 2010 and 2014, falling to 37.60 percent of over time or had single year data points. females.
115.40 113.79 Figure 192 122.19 110.38 Non-communicable 108.15 Non-communicable Diseases Youth diseases mortality rate Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no declined from 115.40% in sex breakdown) 2013 to 108.15% in 2017. Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea Bissau 69 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
5/6 The Internet Penetration Rate improved between 2000 and 2016 to reach indicators 3.8 percent.
2 1 Improved Unchanged Figure 194 Percentage of young people population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) Figure 193 Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex 3.8 breakdown) 3.5 2002 53.90 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.3 2010 67.10 1.9 2.1 1.8 1.4
1.0 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database. 0.2 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Recommendations
While the literacy rate improved for female’s policy review regarding the fall in male literacy 1 may be beneficial to Guinea-Bissau.
While trend data is not available for Rate of Child Labour the rate for 2010-2016 of 51.11 percent was well above the continental average of 26.14; therefore, Guinea-Bissau so could 2 benefit from policy review. Vulnerable employment was also high at 65.26 percent.
Programmes and policies directed at reducing the rate of mortality due to 3 non-communicable diseases may be beneficial to Guinea-Bissau.
Women’s health which includes sexual and reproductive health education and interventions 4 may benefit the female youth of Guinea-Bissau.
Despite the improvement in Internet penetration, it still remains well below the continental average of 22 percent in 2016, at just 3.8 percent, suggesting access and infrastructure 5 policy review may benefit the country.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Guinea Bissau 70 Kenya Capital: Nairobi
Kenya Republic of Kenya is located in Eastern Africa. Kenya gained independence on December 12, 1963 and joined African Union on December 13, 196353 . The current population of Kenya is estimated to be 47.2 million. 37% (19 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected54 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Kenya ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 1 1 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Kenya has 6 out of `10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged while the remaining 1 had a single year data point hence no trend.
Figure 195 Figure 196 Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male Both Female Male 33.15 55.34 33.14 33.08 33.06 54.88 33.05 54.07 54.48 54.35 26.25 26.21 26.20 26.15 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 26.12 20.20 20.20 20.19 20.15 20.09
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
Vulnerable employment improved slightly between 2013 and 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 falling to 54.35 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. in 2017. The rate of youth unemployment remained relatively stable between 2013 and 2017, falling to 26.21% in 2017.
53 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf 54 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Kenya 71 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 183 6/7 The proportion of literate youth worsened in 2014 at 86.53% for both male and female. indicators
Kenya has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, and 2 had single data points hence no trend. Figure 198 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex, no youth age breakdown) Figure 197 7.34 6.80 7.05 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 6.49 Both Female Male 6.17 5.51 5.51 5.34 5.38 5.42 93.31 5.21
92.53 5.28 5.27 5.19 5.24 91.94 88.94 88.14 88.53 83.21 82.39 81.63 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The percentage of Government expenditure on education 2000 2007 2014 fluctuated between 2000 and 2017, eventually landing at Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 5.24%.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 199 Maternity Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 16/16 765 759 767 768 751 indicators 728 702 680 660 633 605 584 582 9 1 540 525 510 Worsened Worsened Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Kenya has all 16 indicators in this pillar; 9 improved, 1 The rate of maternity mortality improved, dropping from 759 in worsened and 6 has single year data hence no trend. 2000 to 510 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
11.81
Figure 200 11.25 Youth diarrhea mortality rate declined from Youth Diarrheal Mortality Rate 10.92 11.81% in 2015 to (by age 15-34, no sex 10.92% in 2017.100,000 breakdown) population. Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Kenya 72 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 201 4/6 Trend data is not available for the Youth Poverty Rate with the 2005 rate being indicators 42.80 percent.
1 1 2 Figure 202 Improved UnchangedWorsened Internet penetration rate (No age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male Figure 201 9.11
International migrant stock as percentage of total 9.05 8.92 population (by age 15-34 and sex) 8.98 8.97 8.84
Both Female Male 8.50 8.44 8.38 75.53 69.88 59.77 56.56 52.55 45.06 37.42 35.13 29.55 2000 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs Net Youth Migration fell slightly between 2010 and 2017 with the 2017 rate being 8.44 percent. 2000 2015 2017
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Recommendations
Policies aimed at encouraging youth self-employment could be beneficial to economy of 1 Kenya.
Declining percentage of government expenditure on education may harm gains made in 2 education. A reexamination may be worthwhile.
Policies which address youth diarrhea mortality rate, youth high risk sex, prevalence of 3 suicide among youth, and youth maternity mortality rate would benefit Kenya.
4 Policies to tackle youth poverty rate could be beneficial to Kenya.
5 Policies to tackle youth poverty rate could be beneficial to Kenya.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Kenya 73 Lesotho Capital: Maseru
Lesotho The Kingdom of Lesotho is located in Southern Africa. Lesotho gained independence on October 4, 1966 and joined the African Union on October 31, 196655 . The current estimated population of Lesotho is 2.2 million. Approximately 41% (926,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206356 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Lesotho ratified the African Youth Charter in 2010.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 4/6 Improved Worsened indicators
Lesotho has 4 of the 6 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved and 2 worsened.
Figure 203 Figure 204 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 44.24 48.40 44.13 49.20 43.10 46.30 40.32 40.02 45.10 45.90 45.00 44.00 38.96 43.40 38.53 42.30 37.97 35.16 40.80 40.40 34.53 34.88 39.80 34.51 34.30 37.80 37.20 31.01 35.70 30.65
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The rate of Youth Unemployment worsened between 2013 Youth Working Poor improved between 2013 and 2017, and 2017 reaching 38.53 percent. The 2017 female rate was dropping from 45.90 to 40.80 percent. worse than males at 44.13 and 34.51 percent respectively.
55 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 56 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Lesotho 74 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 205 The Youth Literacy Rate worsened between 7/7 2000 and 2009, dropping from 90.93% in 2000 to 83.19% in 2009 for both male and female. indicators
Lesotho has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 3 Figure 206 worsened and 2 had no data trend. Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant ages, by sex)
Both Female Male Figure 205 12.97 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male 10.81 8.81 97.50 93.97 92.09 90.93 86.63 84.83 83.19 74.19
79.61 2014 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The available data trend for this indicator covers just 2014 at the rate of 10.81% for both male and female. 2000 2009 2014 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 207 Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 748737 722 725 707 679 704 12/16 668 649 635 indicators 587 555 549 532 513 487 7 1 1 Improved UnchangedWorsened Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Lesotho has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively Maternity mortality rate improved, dropping from 649 in 2000 to unchanged, while the remaining had single year data 487 per 100,000 live births in 2015. hence no trend.
Both Female Male 24.40 24.10 23.20 21.20 Youth suicide mortality rate 21.50 21.20
Figure 208 21.00 20.10
18.60 worsened in 2016 with 21.20% for 17.80 17.60 18.00 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 16.80 both male and female. Females are 100,000 population) (by sex, no 15.40 indicated to be more likely to 14.60 youth age breakdown) commit suicide at 24.4% than males at 17.8%. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Lesotho 75 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment 6/6 Figure 210 indicators Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex breakdown) 27.4 25.0 Figure 209 22.0 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) 15.0 50.04 49.00 10.0
46.61 7.0 46.37 3.7 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.6 2.2 1.1 1.5 0.2 0.3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
2007 2012 2015 2017 The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. between 2000 and 2016 to reach 27.4 percent.
Voter turnout worsened in 2017, falling from 49% in 2007 to 46.37% in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies which address the increasing worsened employment rate could be beneficial to 1 Lesotho.
Policies to address the worsened youth literacy rate, the enrolment in secondary, technical 2 and vocational education and training, and the completion rates for lower secondary school could benefit Lesotho.
3 Lesotho could benefit from policies that avert the worsened voter turnout rates.
Policies to tackle the worsening rate of maternal mortality and suicide rate would 4 yield better health benefits for Lesotho.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Lesotho 76 Liberia Capital: Monrovia
Liberia The Republic of Liberia is located in Western Africa. Liberia gained independenceindependence onon JulyJuly 26,26, 18471827 andand joinedjoined thethe AfricanAfrican UnionUnion onon MayMay 25,25, 1963 57 . The current estimated population of Liberia is 4.5 million. 35% (1.7 million) of the population of Liberia is aged 15-35 and this proportion is estimated to decrease to 34% in the year 206358 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Liberia has not ratified the African Youth Charter in 2010. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 4 8/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Liberia has eight of the ten indicators of this pillar, two of the indicators improved, two worsened, two remained relatively unchanged and two had single year data points hence, no trend.
Figure 211 Figure 212 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 44.24 51.80 50.80 44.13 43.10 49.70 40.32 40.02 46.60 46.20 45.60 46.20 45.40 45.20 45.30 38.96 38.53 37.97 44.50 44.20 44.20 44.50 43.60 35.16 34.53 34.88 34.51 34.30 31.01 30.65
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The rate of Youth Unemployment worsened between 2013 Youth Working Poor improved between 2013 and 2017, and 2017 reaching 38.53 percent. The 2017 female rate was dropping from 45.90 to 40.80 percent. worse than males at 44.13 and 34.51 percent respectively.
57 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 58 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Liberia 77 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 198 The Youth Literacy Rate in 2017 for Female 5/7 stands at 37.17%, which is lower compared to the male gender of 63.45% indicators
Liberia has five of the seven indicators in this pillar. Figure 214 One of these indicators improved and four others had Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant single year data points hence, no trend. ages, by sex)
Both Female Male Figure 213 17.31 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 12.99 Both Female Male 9.17 63.45% 49.07% 37.17%
2013 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2007 The available data trend for this indicator covers just 2013 at the rate of 12.99% for both male and female. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 215 Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
14/16 1270 1260 1250 1200 indicators 1110 1020 935 890 851 829 811 798 787 762 741 7 1 6 725 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Lesotho has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 unchanged, while the remaining had single year data Maternity mortality rate decreased, dropping from 1270 in 2000 hence no trend. to 725 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Both Female Male 7.1 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.5
6.5 6.3 Youth suicide mortality rate Figure 216 6.1 5.7 worsened in 2016 with 6.8% for Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 4.7 both male and female. Females are 100,000 population) (by sex, no indicated to be less likely to youth age breakdown) commit suicide at 6.6% than males at 7.1%. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Liberia 78 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 218 Percentage of young people population living in 5/6 poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) indicators 68.60% Figure 217 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) 38.60%
76.49
71.64 72.49
2007 2014
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database
2007 2015 2017 Percentage of young people population living in Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. poverty dropped from 68.60% in 2007 to 38.60% in 2014 Voter turnout worsened in 2017, falling from 49% in 2007 to 46.37% in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies which address the increasing worsened employment rate could be beneficial to 1 Liberia.
Policies to address the worsened youth literacy rate, the enrolment in secondary, technical 2 and vocational education and training, and the completion rates for lower secondary school could benefit Liberia.
3 Liberia could benefit from policies that avert the worsened voter turnout rates.
Liberia to tackle the worsening rate of maternal mortality and suicide rate would yield 4 better health benefits for Lesotho.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Liberia 79 Libya Capital: Tripoli
Libya Libya is located in Northern Africa. Libya gained independence on December 24, 1951 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 59 . The current estimated population of Libya is 6.2 million. 36% (2.3 million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 25% by the year 206360 . Ratification of African Youth Charter
Libya ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 3 1 5/10 Improved Worsened Unchanged indicators Libya has data for five of the ten indicators in this pillar, One of these indicators improved and three worsened. One indicator had a single year data point hence, no trend
Figure 219 Figure 220 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment per day (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male 36.58 36.23 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 33.51 36.04 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10 32.37 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The rate of vulnerable employment decreased between 2016 and 2017 from 36.58 to 36.04 The rate of percentage of unemployed youth reduced between 2016 and 2017 reaching 0.60 percent for both gender. The 2017 female rate of employed youthwas 0.60 lower than male.
59 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 60 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Libya 80 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 221 1/7 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male indicators 63.45% Libya has one indicator of the seven in this pillar. 99.60% The indicator is the Youth Literacy Rate which as at 99.40% 2004 is 99.85 percent and 99.40 percent for males and females respectively.
2007
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 222 Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 10/16 17 16 14 indicators 13 12 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 999 6 1 3 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Libya has 10 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2. Six of Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository these indicators have improved, one remained 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 relatively unchanged and three others had single year Maternity mortality rate decreased, dropping from 1270 in 2000 data points hence, no trend. to 725 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
Both Female Male 8.3 8.3 8.1 7.7 Youth suicide mortality rate Figure 223 6.3 5.2 5.6 worsened in 2016 with 5.2% for 5.3 5.4 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 4.2 both male and female. Females are 100,000 population) (by sex, no indicated to be less likely to 2.7 2.7 2.4 2 youth age breakdown) 2.2 commit suicide at 2.2% than males at 8.1%.
2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Libya 81 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 225 4/6 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a indicators Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex
Figure 224 61.58% International migrant stock as percentage of total population (by age 15-34 and sex) 41.74%
Both Female Male 75.53 69.88 59.77 56.56 52.55 45.06 37.42 35.13 29.55
2012 2014
2010 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Percentage of voter turnout people population living in poverty dropped from 61.58% in 2012 to 41.74% Voter turnout worsened in 2017, falling from 49% in 2007 in 2014 to 46.37% in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies which address the increasing worsened employment rate could be beneficial to 1 Libya.
Policies to address the worsened youth literacy rate, the enrolment in secondary, technical 2 and vocational education and training, and the completion rates for lower secondary school could benefit Libya.
3 Libya could benefit from policies that avert the worsened voter turnout rates.
Libya to tackle the worsening rate of maternal mortality and suicide rate would yield 4 better health benefits for Lesotho.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Libya 81 Madagascar Capital: Antananarivo
Madagascar
The Republic of Madagascar is located in Eastern Africa. Madagascar gained independence on June 26, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196361 . The current estimated population of Madagascar is 24.2 million with 36% (9.4 million) aged 15-35. This proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 2063 62 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Madagascar has not ratified the African Youth Charter
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 1 2 8/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Madagascar has 8 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, 2 remained relatively unchanged, while other had single data points hence no trend data.
Figure 226 Figure 227 Employment distribution by Intermediate Education Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 19.00 5.24 3.07 3.07 3.07
17.20 3.02 3.02 3.02 2.98 2.97 15.20 2.97 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.52 1.50
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2015 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
The rate of youth unemployment worsened in 2017, There is just a single data point for employment reaching 3.03% for both male and female when distribution by intermediate education at 17.20 for compared to 1.50% in 2013. both male and female.
61 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 62 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Madagascar 82
Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 232 5/6 The Internet Penetration Rate improved indicators 4.70% between 2000 and 2016 to reach a still relatively low 4.7 percent.
1 2 Improved Worsened Figure 233 Madagascar has 5 of the 6 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, and others remained relatively Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage unchanged or had single data points. of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) Figure 232 Internet Penetration Rate (No age or sex breakdown) 4.7 4.2 3.7 3 2.3 1.9 67.86% 1.7 1.7 50.72% 1.6 2002 2013 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 Voter Turnout decreased between 2002 50.72% and 2013 falling to 50.72 percent.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Recommendations
Policies with potentials of reducing youth working poverty rate and vulnerable youth employment rate; and increase youth access to financial services would be beneficial to 1 Madagascar.
Policies to curb the declining effective transition rate from primary to secondary school, and 2 policies to increase the enrolment in secondary technical and vocational education and training could have far reaching effects on the economy of Madagascar.
Policies targeted at reducing the rate of Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality, and 3 Youth Lower Respiratory Mortality Rate could yield better health outcomes in Madagascar.
Policies to curb the rising Youth Poverty and the declining Voter Turnout could be 4 worthwhile.
Investments in infrastructure and access could help improve Internet Penetration Rate in 5 Madagascar.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Madagascar 84 Malawi Capital: Lilongwe
Malawi The Republic of Malawi is located in Southern Africa. Malawi gained independence on July 6, 1964 and joined the African Union on July 13, 1964 63 . The current estimated population of Malawi is 17.6 million. 37% (7 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206364 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
MalawiMalawi ratifiedratified thethe AfricanAfrican YouthYouth CharterCharter inin 2007.2010. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
4 1 4 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Malawi has data for nine out of the ten Indicators in this Pillar, Four of the indicators improved, one worsened, and four had a single year data point hence, no trend.
Figure 234 Figure 235 Employment distribution by Intermediate Education Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24, and sex) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 65.3 65.3 65.3 64.0 63.9 6.55 63.9 63.7 63.8 64.1 64.0 63.7 63.6 63.8 63.6
5.51 63.5 4.39
2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Employment distribution by intermediate education worsened in 2016 at 1.30% for both male and female. The rate of youth unemployment for female is 64.1% which is more than female unemployment of 63.8%
63 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 64 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Malawi 85 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 236 Proportion of literate youth slightly improved for 5/8 female, from 73.33% in 2014 to 73.39% in indicators 2015.
Malawi has data for five out of the eight Indicators in this Pillar,Two of these indicators improved, one Figure 237 worsened and two others have single data point Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent hence, no trend. of GDP 4.60 4.50 Figure 236 4.20 4.20 Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male 78.78 76.08 73.39 74.27 72.94 72.49 73.33 72.14 69.98 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report.
Government expenditure on education 2010 2014 2015 4.20% worsened declining from 4.60% in 2015 to 4.20% in 2016. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 238 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods (by age 14/16 15-49 and female) 74.6 indicators 73.6 58.4 44.7 10 4 43.1 Improved Unchanged
Malawi has data for 14 out of the 16 Indicators in this Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report. Pillar, Ten of these indicators have improved while four are provided for single years which does not 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 show trend.
69.41 68.03 Figure 239 67.57 67.14 Non-communicable Non-communicable Diseases Youth 66.17 diseases mortality rate Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no sex improved between 2013 breakdown) and 2017. It declined from 69.41% to 66.17% per Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Diseases. 100,000 population. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Malawi 86 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 240 5/6 The Internet Penetration Rate improved indicators 4.70% between 2000 and 2016 to reach a still relatively low 4.7 percent.
4 1 Improved Unchanged Figure 241 Malawi has data for five out of the six indicators in this Pillar, Four of these indicators have been improving Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage while no indicator exhibited a decreasing trend. of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) Figure 240
Internet Penetration Rate (No age or sex breakdown) 4.7 4.2 5.7 5.1 70.07% 4.4 53.9%
3.3 2009 2014 2.3 1.1 1.0 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 Voter Turnout increased between 2009 70.07% and 2014 from 53.9% to 70.07%.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Recommendations
Policies with potentials of reducing youth working poverty rate and vulnerable youth employment rate; and increase youth access to financial services would be beneficial to 1 Malawi.
Policies to curb the declining effective transition rate from primary to secondary school, and 2 policies to increase the enrolment in secondary technical and vocational education and training could have far reaching effects on the economy of Malawi.
Policies targeted at reducing the rate of Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality, and 3 Youth Lower Respiratory Mortality Rate could yield better health outcomes in Malawi.
Policies to curb the rising Youth Poverty and the declining Voter Turnout could be 4 worthwhile.
Investments in infrastructure and access could help improve Internet Penetration Rate in 5 Malawi.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Malawi 87 Mali Capital: Bamako
Mali The Republic of Mali is located in Western Africa. Mali gained independence on September 22, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 65 . The current estimated population of Mali is 17.5 million. 33% (6.3 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 37% by the year 206366 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Mali ratified the African Youth Charter in 2007.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 5 1 10/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Mali has all 10 indicators in this pillar; 4 improved, 5 five worsened, and 1 had single year data points.
Figure 242 Figure 206 Employment distribution by Intermediate Education Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24, and sex) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male
Both Female Male 16.83 19.61 19.43 19.52 18.19 17.96 2.10 2.10 18.08 17.10 16.97 1.60 1.60 12.49 1.30 11.09 1.20 10.05 1.00 8.79 1.00 8.08 7.12 0.60
2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Employment distribution by intermediate education worsened in 2016 at 1.30% for both male and female. The rate of youth unemployment worsened significantly in 2017, rising from 11.09% in 2013 to 17.96% in 2017 for both male and female.
63 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 64 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mali 88 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 207 The percentage of researchers declined 7/7 from 38.78% in 2006 to 30.79% per indicators 1,000,000 population in 2015.
Mali has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, 1 decreased, and 1 fluctuated. Figure 208 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male 60.53
Figure 207 56.37 56.32 49.37 47.38 47.14 44.30 39.21
Rate of Researchers per 1,000,000 population (All ages, No 39.01 38.82
youth age or sex breakdown) 33.85 30.80
2006 38.78
2006 2010 2011 2015 2010 29.35 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2015 30.79 The proportion of literate youth improved 38.82% significantly from 38.82% in 20106 to 49.37% in 2015. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 209 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) 14/16 who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods (by age 15-49 and female) indicators 46.00
27.30 19.30 7 9 18.03 Improved Unchanged Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
Mali has 14 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 2001 2006 2013 2015 improved, and others remained relatively unchanged The Prevalence rate of modern contraception among youth or had single year data. improved considerable between 2001 and 2015 reaching 46.00 per 100,000 live births.
Figure 210 Trend data is not available for the Percentage of girls and women aged 15 2015 82.70 Female Youth who have Undergone to 49 who have undergone female genital Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting which mutilation/cutting (by age 15-49 and was 82.70 per 1,000 females in 2015. female) Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division.
65 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 66 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mali 89 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 212 Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex 6/6 breakdown) 11.1 indicators 10.3
7 3 3 Improved Unchanged 3.5 2.8 2 2.2 1.6 1.8 0.7 0.8 Figure 211 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 International Migrant Stock as Percentage of Total
Population (by age 15-34 and sex) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Both Female Male 12.93 12.87 12.79 12.65 12.53 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate. 12.51 12.37 12.34 12.25 Figure 212 The Internet Penetration Rate has increased significantly between 2000 and 2016 rising to 11.1 percent.
2010 2015 2017 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. Youth migration remained relatively unchanged being 12.65 percent of the population in 2017.
Recommendations
Policies addressing unemployment and increased access to jobs in the formal sector may be 1 beneficial to Mali.
Policies to strengthen female participation and completion would benefit Mali. Likewise, 2 policies to strengthen the rate of researchers should be encouraged.
Mali should make female health a priority, especially in the aspect of Female Genital 3 Mutilation/Cutting.
Internet penetration rate is considerably below the continental average. Therefore, policies 4 or investments to improve infrastructure and access could benefit Mali.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mali 90 MAURITANIA Capital: Nouakchott
Mauritania The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is located in Northern Africa. Mauritania gained independence on November 28, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196367 . The current estimated population of Mauritania is 4.2 million. 35% (1.6 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to 34% by the year 206368 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Mauritania ratified the African Youth Charter in 2012. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 1 1 6/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Mauritania has data for 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, and 1 remained constant.
Figure 213 Figure 214 Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male
Both Female Male 22.60 22.58 22.57 22.49 22.50 6.70 6.60 6.30 6.10 6.00 6.00 5.90 5.90 17.90 18.00 5.80 17.99 17.84 17.61 5.60 5.70 5.60 5.10 15.68 15.58 5.00 15.70 15.49 4.80 15.45
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 worsened, The rate of youth unemployment slightly improved declining from 6.6% in 2013 to 5% in 2017 for both male and female. from 18.00% in 2013 to 17.935 in 2017 for both male and female.
67 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, 68 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritania 91 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 215 Effective transition rate from primary to 6/7 secondary improved significantly from indicators 56.19% in 2013 to 65.36% in 2016.
Mauritania has data for 6 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, 1 remained relatively Figure 216 unchanged, and 2 have single year data hence Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) no trend data. Both Female Male Figure 215 66.40 66.40 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 61.34 (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 56.12 65.36 55.48 47.71
59.21 2000 2007 58.19
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2003 2011 2015
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 217 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex, no youth age breakdown) 6.60
13/16 Both Female Male 6.40
indicators 5.80 5.30 5.10 4.30 4.40 3.90 3.50 3.40 2.10 2.20
6 1 1 1.90 1.70 Improved UnchangedWorsened 1.70
Mauritania has data for 13 out of 16 indicators in this 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 pillar; 6 improved over time, 1 worsened, 1 remained Prevalence of youth suicide increased between 2000 and 2016 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. relatively unchanged, while other 5 had single year largely due to the increase in male suicides from 5.1 per 100,000 data hence no trend. to 6.6 per 100,000.
5.19 5.12 4.63 4.61 4.64 While Government 4.46 4.47 4.20 Expenditure on Health as a Figure 218 3.91 3.63 percent of GDP has 3.40 3.33 3.34 Current Health Expenditure (CHE) as 3.80 fluctuated between 2000 percentage of gross domestic 3.63 and 2015 the overall 3.17 product (GDP) expenditure of these two years is similar at 4.46 percent and 4.64 percent Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. respectively. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritania 92 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 220 International Migrant Stock as percentage of total 3/4 Figure 220 population (by age 15-34 and sex) Both Female Male indicators 20.42 20.41 17.83 17.75 15.15 12.12 3 1 14.98
Unchanged 10.37 Improved 8.75
Figure 219 2010 2015 2017 Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
breakdown) 18
15.2
10.7
6.2 5 4 4.5 1.9 2.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
The Internet Penetration Rate increased substantially between 2000 and 2016 reaching 18 percent .
Recommendations
Policies that would improve rates of youth with formal financial account, youth unemployment, vulnerable youth employment, youth self-employment and child labour 1 should be encouraged in Mauritania. 2 Policies aimed at improving youth literacy would benefit Mauritania.
Mauritania could therefore benefit from investments in mental health with a focus on 3 suicide, particularly for males.
Because of the low rate of internet penetration, Mauritania should invest in internet 4 infrastructure and access.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritania 93 Mauritius Capital: Port Louis
Mauritius The Republic of Mauritius is located in Eastern African. Mauritius gained independence on March 12, 1968 and joined the African Union in August of the same year 69 . The estimated population of Mauritius is 1.3 million. 31% (394,000) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 22% by 2063.
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Mauritius ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
7 3 10/10 Improved Worsened indicators
Mauritius has data for all ten Indicators in this Pillar, Seven of the indicators improved, while three worsened.
Figure 221 Figure 222 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17, per day (by age 15-24 and sex) no sex breakdown). Both Female Male 0.014 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.007 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.006 0.006
0.000 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2004 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The percentage of vulnerable employment dropped The percentage of children involved in child labour between 2013 and 2017 but remains over half of the total decreased significantly between 2016 and 2017 from employment at 50.73 percent. 0.006% to 0.000%
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritius 94 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 199 5/8 Proportion of literate youth recorded a high percentage of 97.10% in 2015 for female, indicators compared to their male counterpart, which recorded 96.20% in 2015. Mauritius has data for five out of the eight Indicators in this Pillar; 2. One of these indicators has improved while one has worsened. Two others have a single data point Figure 224 hence no trend, and one remained relatively stable over Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24 and sex) time. 8.41 Figure 223 6.65 5.99 Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male 5.51
96.60 97.10 96.20
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
2013 2014 2015 2016
2015 Enrolment in Secondary Vocational slightly 5.99% improved from 5.51% in 2015 to 5.99% in Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2016.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 225 Number of Physicians per inhabitant or Density of Physicians 11/16 (per 1,000 population) (No youth age or sex breakdown) 23.10 indicators 20.20 21.90 19.30 16.20 1 3 7 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report. Mauritius has data for 11 out of the 16 Indicators in 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 this Pillar.One of these indicators has improved while Number of Physicians per inhabitant rate improved between three have worsened. Five have remained relatively 2016 and 2017. It improved from 21.90% to 23.10% per 1,000 unchanged and others had single year data population.
2.69 2.35 2.35 2.41 Figure 226 2.29 Current health Current health expenditure (CHE) as expenditure (CHE) as percentage of gross domestic percentage of (GDP product (GDP) improved, moving from Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Diseases. 2.41% in 2016 to 2.69% in 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritius 95 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 203 6/6 The Internet Penetration Rate improved indicators 4.70% between 2000 and 2016 to reach a still relatively low 4.7 percent.
2 3 1 Improved Worsened Unchanged Figure 228 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage Mauritius has data for all six indicators in this Pillar. Two of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) of these indicators have improved while three worsened. 80.87 81.25 Figure 227 Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex) 77.82 74.41
1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
2000 2005 2010 2014
Voter Turnout decreased between 2010 0.00 Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report. 74.41% and 2014 falling to 77.82% to 74.41%.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Recommendations
Policies with potentials of reducing youth working poverty rate and vulnerable youth employment rate; and increase youth access to financial services would be beneficial to 1 Mauritius.
Policies to curb the declining effective transition rate from primary to secondary school, and 2 policies to increase the enrolment in secondary technical and vocational education and training could have far reaching effects on the economy of Mauritius.
Policies targeted at reducing the rate of Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality, and 3 Youth Lower Respiratory Mortality Rate could yield better health outcomes in Mauritius.
Policies to curb the rising Youth Poverty and the declining Voter Turnout could be 4 worthwhile.
Investments in infrastructure and access could help improve Internet Penetration Rate in 5 Mauritius.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mauritius 96 Morocco Capital: Rabat
Morocco
The Kingdom of Morocco is located in Northern Africa. Morocco gained independence on April 7, 1956 and joined the African Union on January 31, 2017. The current estimated population of Morocco is 34.8% million. 34% (12.3 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 25% by the year 2063 70 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Morocco has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
4 6/10 Unchanged indicators
Morocco has 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 4 remained relatively unchanged, while 2 others had single year data hence no trend data.
Figure 229 Figure 230 Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age Self-Employed, as a Percent of Total Employment (modeled 15-34, no sex breakdown) ILO estimate) (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown)
52.00 54.65
51.53 54.38 51.33 54.04 50.86 53.85 50.73 53.73
Source: Generated using data from Global Monitoring Report. Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
The rate of self-employment decreased slightly between The percentage of vulnerable employment dropped 2013 and 2017 to 53.73 percent. between 2013 and 2017 but remains over half of the total employment at 50.73 percent.
70 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Morocco 97 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 223 The proportion of literate youth improved, increasing from 70.46% that it was in 2004 to 5/7 91.22% for both male and female in 2017. indicators
Morocco has 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 1 remained relatively unchanged, while the Figure 232 other 1 had a single year data point. Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24 and sex)
Figure 231 Both Female Male 4.07 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) 3.26 Both Female Male 2.59 2.10 2.45 94.63 91.22
88.83 1.60 87.78 85.81 86.73 81.51 80.80 79.47 77.86 72.15 74.03 69.90 70.46
60.49 2012 2017 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2004 2008 2009 2011 2012
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 233 Non-communicable Diseases Youth Mortality Rate (by age 11/16 15-34, no sex breakdown) 89.66 indicators 88.49 87.84
2 1 4 89.69 Improved UnchangedWorsened 85.64 Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report. Morocco has 11 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 1 worsened, 4 remained relatively 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 unchanged, and 4 had single year data. The rate of non-communicable diseases youth mortality rate declined from 43.98% that it was in 2013 to 42.16% in 2017
Figure 234 Skilled health professionals’ density 2014 14.90 (per 10,000 population) (No youth age or sex breakdown)
Source: Generated using data from Global Observatory data repository.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Morocco 98 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 236 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage 5/6 of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) indicators
45.4 51.61 42.98 1 1 37 Improved Worsened Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
2002 2007 2011 2016
Figure 235
Proportion of Young People who Occupy Parliamentary Seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex)
2015 1.60
Female
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
The proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats records a single year data at 1.6% in 2015.
Recommendations
Morocco could benefit from policies aimed at reducing employment vulnerability and 1 encourage self-employment.
Policy investment to improve the enrolment in secondary, tertiary and vocational education 2 and training should be encouraged. Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Health policies to curb the high rate of non-communicable diseases youth mortality could 3 benefit Morocco.
Policies that address political engagement of youths as members of parliament lower 4 house could benefit Morocco.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Morocco 99 Mozambique Capital: Maputo
Mozambique The Republic of Mozambique is located in Southern Africa. Mozambique gained independence on June 25, 1975 and joined the African Union on July 18, 1975 71 . The current estimated population of Mozambique is 28 million. 35% (10.6 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to remain the same in the year 206372 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Mozambique ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 5 9/16 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Mozambique has 9 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 2 worsened, and 5 had single year data.
Figure 237 Figure 238 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Vulnerable Employment as Percentage of Total Employment (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male
85.81 44.09 44.09 43.91 43.59 43.20 43.17 42.95
42.42 85.33 42.66 42.10 42.37 41.85 40.56
39.75 85.09 39.03
84.67 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 84.63
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The rate of vulnerable employment improved slightly The rate of youth unemployment worsened at 42.66% for both between 2013 and 2017 but remains high at 84.63 percent. male and female in 2017 compared to 2013 when it was 39.75%
71 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf 72 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mozambique 100 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 240 Enrolment in Secondary, Technical and Vocational Education 5/7 and Training. indicators Both Female Male Mozambique has 5 out of 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 1.13 1.13 1.07 improved, 1 remained relatively unchanged, and 1 had 1.07 0.88 0.88 single data point. 0.78 0.78 0.85 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.67 0.67 0.57 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.53 0.45 Figure 239 0.45 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24, male)
2006 2010 2011 2015 2009 79.84 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
This indicator remained low at 0.67% for 0.67% both male and female in 2015. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Trend and female data are not available for the Youth Literacy Rate. Males had a proportion of 79.84 in 2009.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 241 Maternal Mortality rate (no youth age or sex) 59 54 54 53 15/16 51 4.7 52 45 46 indicators 42 40 38 39 36 35 37 2 1 4 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Mozambique had 15 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 5 improved, 1 worsened, 3 remained relatively Maternal mortality rate worsened in 2015, reaching 53% per unchanged, and 6 had single year data. 100,000 live births
75.93 75.46 75.05 The percentage of Figure 242 74.11 Non-communicable 72.73 diseases youth mortality Non-communicable Diseases Youth rate improved, declining Mortality Rate (by age 15-34, no from 76.93% in 2013 to sex breakdown) 72.73% per 100,000 Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Diseases. population in 2017. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mozambique 101 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 243 Internet Penetration Rate (no age and sex 3/6 breakdown) 11.1 indicators 10.3
7 3 3 Improved Unchanged 3.5 2.8 2 2.2 1.6 1.8 0.7 0.8 Figure 244 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 Percentage of young people population living in
poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
80.60
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate. 69.10 62.90 Figure 245 The Internet Penetration Rate has increased significantly Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. between 2000 and 2016 rising to 11.1 percent.
2002 2008 2014
Recommendations
Mozambique would benefit from policies that address Youth Poverty Rate and Rate of 1 Vulnerable Employment.
Policies aimed at increasing the enrolment in secondary, technical and vocational education 2 and training could benefit Mozambique.
Mozambique could benefit from focusing on policies relating to maternal mortality, youth 3 tuberculosis mortality rate, non-communicable disease youth mortality rate.
Investments in policies that further reduce youth poverty and increase voter turnout should 4 be worthwhile in Mozambique.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Mozambique 101 Namibia Capital: Windhoek
Namibia The Republic of Namibia is located in Southern Africa. Namibia gained independence on March 21, 1990 and joined the African Union in June, 1990 73 . The current estimated population of Namibia is 2.4 million. 38% (992,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206374 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Namibia Ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
5 4 9/10 Improved Worsened indicators
Namibia has data for 9 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 5 improved, and 4 worsened.
Figure 246 Figure 247 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of Employed Youth Living Below US$1.90 PPP per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male
Both Female Male 53.43 53.06 45.53 45.80 18.70 18.20 45.19 42.44 44.88 40.82 38.66 16.40 40.11 38.44 17.00 16.50 16.20 38.11 35.84 15.10 14.00 14.30 14.60 35.29 36.39 14.10 12.80 13.40 12.60 12.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The percentage of young people living below US$1.90 per day The rate of youth unemployment worsened, rising from improved, declining from 18.40% in 2013 to 14.30% for both male 40.82% in 2013 to 45.53% for both male and female and female in 2017. in 2017.
73 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf 74 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Namibia 102 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 248 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 5/7 (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) indicators
Namibia has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 4 had no trend data, while others either increased or decreased. 95.96% Figure 249 Education Rate of Researchers per 1;000,000 population (All ages, No youth age or sex breakdown)
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division.
2014 143.32 There was a single data point for effective transition rate from primary to secondary at 95.96% in 2012.
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
There was a single data point for the rate of researcher in Namibia at 143.32% per 1,000,000 population in 2014.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 250 HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24 and sex) 15/16 Both Female Male 7.45 indicators 5.61
3.80 7 1 7 Improved UnchangedWorsened 2017 Namibia has 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV Estimates. improved, 1 worsened, while others either remained Namibia recorded a single year data for the rate of HIV incidence unchanged or had single year data. at 5.61% per 1,000 population in 2017
Figure 251 2007 66.00 The rate of youth high risk Youth High Risk Sex (by age 15-34 sex was at 66% for female and sex) and 74% for male between 2007 and 2013. 2013 74.00
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Namibia 103 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 253 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of 6/6 Figure 253 Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) 84.81% indicators 72.00% 2 1 Improved Worsened 2004 2014 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
Voter Turnout decreased between 2004 and 2014 being 72 Figure 252 percent in 2015. Proportion of Young People who Occupy Parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex)
No Data
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of Parliament Lower House. There were no members of parliament under 30 in 2015.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at Youth Unemployment, employment in the informal sector and those youth Not in Education, Employment or Training could improve the employment prospects of youth 1 in Namibia.
Policies aimed at increasing the completion rates of both lower and upper secondary 2 education may benefit Namibia’s youth.
HIV remains a health concern for youth in Namibia with higher rates than the continental average. Despite this high risk the Youth High Risk Sex rate remains high suggesting sexual 3 and reproductive sex education may benefit youth in Namibia.
Youth political participation could benefit Namibia with no current Members of Parliament 4 Lower House being under
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Namibia 104 Niger Capital: Niamey
Niger The Republic of Niger is located in Western Africa. Niger gained independence on August 3, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 26, 1963 75 . The current estimated population of Niger is 19.9 million. 31% (6.9 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 37% by the year 206376 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Niger ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 4 6/10 Improved Unchanged indicators
Niger has data for 6 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 4 remained relatively unchanged, and one had single
Figure 254 Figure 255 Percentage of Employed Youth Living Below US$1.90 PPP per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Vulnerable Employment as percentage of total employment (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) Both Female Male
88.98 50.40 49.20
49.40 88.88 49.00 48.90 48.30
47.10 88.68 88.56 88.50 46.90 46.70 46.60 45.50 44.00 43.90 43.50 43.50
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Vulnerable employment has remained above the 88 percent Youth Working Poor improved slightly between 2013 and 2017 mark despite a negligible improvement. dropping from 48.30 to 46.70 percent. Males had a higher proportion than females in 2017 at 49.00 and 43.50 percent respectively.
75 Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Niger 105 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 256 The Rate of Researchers worsened 7/7 between 2001 and 2005, falling to 7.42 indicators per 1,000,000 population.
Niger has data for all 7 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, Figure 257 and 2 had single year data points. Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (Relevant ages)
Figure 256 89.67 Rate of Researchers per 1,000,000 population (All ages, No 64.82 youth age or sex breakdown) 58.26 55.33 9.26 8.52 8.07 7.90 7.42
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2012 2013 2015 2016
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary worsened between 2012 and 2016 falling to 55.33 percent. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 258 Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown)
794 786 774 15/16 757 738 723 711 699 679 661 657 635 indicators 619 596 574 553 4 5 Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository Niger has data for 15 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 4 improved, 5 remained relatively unchanged, and six had single year data points. The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015 dropping to 553 per 100,000 live births.
49.78
Figure 259 41.46 40.09 Youth Malaria Mortality Rate (by age 38.41 The Youth Malaria Mortality Rate improved between 15-34, no sex breakdown) 37.14 2013 and 2017 falling to Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Disease. 37.14 percent in 2017.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Niger 106 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
6/6 Figure 261 Internet penetration rate (No age or sex 4.3 indicators breakdown)
3 3 Improved Unchanged 2.5
1.1 1.2 1.2 Figure 260 0.9 0.8 0.8 Proportion of young people who occupy 0.7 0.4 0.3 parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.20.2 under 30 and sex) 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Female Male Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
1.20 Figure 261 The rate of unemployment worsened between 2013 and 2017, rising from 9.77% 1.20 to 13.41% for both male and female.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Recommendations
Niger could benefit from policies that address High rate of Working Poverty, Child Labour, 1 Vulnerable Employment, and Youth with Formal Financial Account.
Policies that address low and declining rate of Rate of Researchers and The Effective 2 Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary School could benefit Niger.
Niger should also boost efforts to collect data on these key areas as most of the data used 3 for this pillar are over 5 years.
Policies that would accelerate improvements in Youth Maternity Mortality Rate and Youth 4 Malaria Mortality Rate should be encouraged
Policies aimed at increasing the Internet penetration and Youth Participation in Governance, 5 and policies aimed at reducing Youth Poverty Rate should be encouraged.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Niger 107 Nigeria Capital: Abuja
Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria is located in Western Africa. Nigeria gained independence on October 1, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 77. The current population of Nigeria is 181.2 million. 34% (66.7 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is estimated to increase to 36% by the year 206378 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Nigeria ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 4 1 8/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Nigeria has data for 8 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 1 remained relatively unchanged, 4 worsened, and
Figure 262 Figure 263 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Proportion of Youth not in Education, Employment or Training (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male 15.33
14.89 Both Female Male
13.41 24.52 13.06 23.40 7.18 11.91 11.63 11.17 20.40 21.36 9.77 9.71 9.18 18.28 8.67 8.52 8.05 17.70 7.58
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2016 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The rate of unemployment worsened between 2013 and 2017, rising from 9.77% to 13.41% for both male and female. The rate of young people in this category worsened in 2016, reaching 21.36% for both male and female in 2016.
77 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 78 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Nigeria 108 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 265 3/7 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male indicators
Nigeria has data for 3 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 4.07 4.07 2 improved, and 1 worsened. 3.26
2.59 2.10 2.45 Figure 264 1.60 Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown)
66.69% 2012 2008 2011 51.65% Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
The Youth Literacy Rate improved between 2003 and 2011 with males reaching 85.68 2016 percent. Females saw a decline between 2013 2003 and 2008 falling to 57.95 percent and Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. no data is available for female in 2011 . The Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education improved between 2013 and 2016 reaching 66.69 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 266 Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age and sex breakdown)
1170 1140 1090 16/16 1040 986 948 890 884 883 indicators 867 829 824 819 821 820 814 8 1 7 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Nigeria has data for all 16 indicators in this pillar; 8 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 improved, 1 worsened, and 7 had single year data Maternal mortality improved between 2000 and 2015 falling to points. 814 per 100,000 live births.
32.50 28.80 27.90 26.30 The Prevalence Rate of Figure 267 27.20 Modern Contraception among Youth dropped in Proportion of women of 2017 to 26.30 percent reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) despite seeing an who have their need for family improvement between planning satisfied with modern Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey. 2003 and 2016. methods (by age 15-49 and female) 2003 2008 2011 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Nigeria 109 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 269 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a 6/6 Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex indicators breakdown) 49.92%
1 1 43.65% Improved Worsened 28,66% 2003
2011 Figure 268 2015 Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age or sex Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. breakdown) 25.7 24.5 Figure 269 Voter Turnout fluctuated between 2003 and 2015 while we 21 have 43.65 percent in 2015. 19.1 16.1 13.8 11.5 9.3 6.8 8 5.5 3.5 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunications Union estimate. The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably between 2000 and 2016 to reach 25.7 percent.
Recommendations
Policies and interventions targeting child labour, high rates of working poor, vulnerable employment and youth not in education, employment or training are urgently required to 1 reverse negative trends.
Nigeria should embrace policies that would increase literacy and education rate, especially 2 in young girls, curb child marriage, and increase remedial learning and secondary school completion rate. Policies aimed at improving Maternal Mortality Rate, The Youth Fertility Rate, and the Prevalence Rate of Modern Contraception among Youths should be encouraged for better 3 health outcomes in Nigeria.
Policies targeting this high rate of Poverty among Youth, Internet Penetration, and Voter 4 Turnout could have far reaching positive effects on the economy of Nigeria.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Nigeria 110 Rwanda Capital: Kigali
Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda is located in Eastern Africa. Rwanda gained independence on July 1, 1962 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 79 . The current estimated population of Rwanda is 11.6 million. 37% (4.6 million) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 32% by the year 206380 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Rwanda has ratified ratified the the African African Youth Youth Charter.Charter in 2007.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
7 1 2 10/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators Rwanda has all ten indicators of this pillar, Seven of these indicators improved, one worsened, one remained relatively unchanged, and one had a single year data point hence, no trend.
Figure 270 Figure 271 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or per day (by age 15-24 and sex) More - Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male
3.2 63.2 61.3 61.1 2.7 59.4 58.9 58.4 56.8 56.7 55.9 56.0 54.0 53.5
51.5 2.1 53.3 50.7
2013 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Females were more likely to be unemployed, in 2013 the female unemployment was at 3.20 percent which is higher The rate of youth unemployment slightly worsened in 2017 at than the males which was 2.10 percent. 20.60% for both male and female.
83 Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Rwanda 111 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 266 Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24, no sex 6/7 breakdown) indicators 11.80 11.70
Rwanda has all seven indicators in this pillar, Four of 11.00 10.50 these indicators improved, one worsened and two had single year data points hence, no trend.
Figure 265 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 82.41 2013 2014 2015 2016
74.93 72.02 71.82 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics 68.46
Enrolment in secondary vocational Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats improved greatly between 2014 and 2015 from 11.00 percent to 11.80 percent 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary increased by over 10% points between 2016 and 2017, moving to 82.41%.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 267 Number of Physicians per inhabitant or Density of Physicians (per 14/16 1,000 population) (No youth age or sex breakdown) indicators 0.064 0.064
0.063 7 2 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using Democratic Health Survey
Rwanda has data for 14 of the 16 Indicators in this 2002 2008 2014 Pillar, Nine of these indicators improved. Two worsened and three had single year data points Number of physicians per inhabitant increased from 0.063% in hence, no trend. 2002 to 0.064% in 2008
Both Female Male Figure 268 19.0 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 15.6 14.0 100,000 population) (by sex, no 12.4 10.9 10.7 The rate of youth high risk youth age breakdown) 9.7 9.7 sex was at 12.4% for 7.9 7.5 6.8 6.7 female and 19.0% for male 3.9 4.5 3.8 between 2000 and 2016. Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Rwanda 112 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 270 6/6 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex indicators breakdown) 98.80 98.50 96.48 2 1 3 93.04 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Figure 269 Percentage of Young People `population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown)
37.90 2003 2008 2015 2018 35.40 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate 32.80
Voter Turnout has decreased between 2015 and 2018 from 98.80% to 93.04% in 2018. 2014
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Recommendations
Policies aimed at curbing the growing rate of Youth Working Poor, Vulnerable Employment, 1 and Child Labour could benefit Rwanda.
Policies which further increase access to financial services for youth could be beneficial and 2 far reaching.
Policies which address the declining transition rate from primary to secondary school could 3 yield better education outcomes for the Rwandan youth.
Policies which address the increasing rate of maternal mortality, curbing the non-communicable 4 disease youth mortality rate and malaria mortality rate could benefit Rwanda.
Policies or investments to increase infrastructure and access, and address youth poverty 5 rate could benefit Rwanda.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Rwanda 113 Sahrawi Arab Capital:Capital: AauinTifariti
Sahrawi Arab The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is located in Northern Africa. Sahrawi gained independence on February 27, 1976 and joined the African Union on February 22, 198281 . The current estimated population of Sahrawi is 513,000. 38% (215,000) of the population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 28% by the year 206382 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Sahrawi has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
81 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 82 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sahrawi Arab 114 Sao Tome and Principe Capital: Sao Tome
Sao Tome and Principe The Republic of Sao Tome and Principe is located in Central Africa. Sao Tome and Principe gained independence on July 12, 1975 and joined the African Union on July 18, 1975 83 . The current estimated population of Sao Tome and Principe is 196, 000. 35% (76,000) of the population is aged 15-34 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206384 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Sao Tome and Principe ratified the African Youth Charter in 2014.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 3/6 Unchanged indicators
Sao Tome and Principe has 3 out of 6 data in this pillar; 2 remained relatively unchanged, and 1 had single year data.
Figure 271 Figure 272 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Percentage of Children involved in Labour (by age 5-17 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 32.65 32.44 32.43 32.43 32.43 27.50 26.00 20.51 20.60 20.52
20.51 24.60 20.50 15.46 15.43 15.42 15.42 15.41
2010-2016
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Trend data is not available for the Rate of Child Labour with The rate of youth unemployment slightly worsened in 2017 at the rate for 2010-2016 being 26 percent. Females were 20.60% for both male and female. more likely to be child labourers at 27.50 percent versus males at 24.60 percent.
83 Pew Research Center, Religion & Public Life, 2019, Accessed: 20January2019
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sao Tome 115 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 274 Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education (Relevant 6/7 ages, no sex breakdown) indicators
Sao Tome and Principe has 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 4 improved and 2 had single year data. 33.83% Figure 273 Education Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 62.90 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
69.10
Trend data is not available for completion 80.60 rate for lower secondary education being Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 33.83 percent in 2014.
2012 2013 2016
Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary increased by over 13% points between 2012 and 2016, moving to 96.98%.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 275 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods 12/16 (by age 15-49 and female). indicators 61.40
44.30 7 2 50.30 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using Democratic Health Survey Sao Tome and Principe has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 7 improved, 2 worsened, and had single 2002 2008 2014 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who year data points. have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods (by age 15-49 and female)
Both Female Male Figure 276 The rate of youth high risk
3.00 sex was at 66% for female Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 3.00 2.70 2.70 and 74% for male between 2.40 2.30
100,000 population) (by sex, no 2.30 2.00 2.00 2007 and 2013. youth age breakdown) 1.80 1.60 1.50 1.30 1.40 1.20
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sao Tome 116 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 278 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage 6/6 of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) indicators 88.45 80.65
66.29 66.85 2 1 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Figure 277 2002 2006 2010 2018 Percentage of young people population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown)
Figure 278 Voter turnout experienced an increase since 2002. In 2018, 32.30% the rate of voter turnout landed at 80.65%. 29.80%
2000 2010
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
The percentage of young people population living in poverty worsened between 2000 and 2010. It rose from 29.80% in 2000 to 32.30% in 2010.
Recommendations
1 Policies which address rate of youth unemployment, and child labour could be worthwhile.
Sao Tome and Principe could benefit from policies that address sensitization and access to 2 modern contraception, and suicide rate especially among male youths.
3 Policies which address the increased Youth Poverty Rate for could be worth considering.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sao Tome 117 Senegal Capital: Dakar
Senegal The Republic of Senegal is located in Western Africa. Senegal gained independence on June 20, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196385 . The estimated population of Senegal is 15 million. 35% (5.7 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206386 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Senegal ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 9 10/10 Improved Unchanged indicators
Senegal has all ten indicators in this pillar, One indicator improved and nine others had single year data points hence, no trend.
Figure 279 Figure 280 Employment distribution by Intermediate education (by age Proportion of youth not in education, employment or training 15-35 and sex) (by age 15-35 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male
48.98 61.07 44.42 41.28
17.14 20.47
2013
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Employment distribution by intermediate education is lower in female in 2013, female recorded a 17.14% in 2013 compared to Female gender had a higher percentage of proportion of youth male counterpart which recorded a 48.98% employment not in education, the female gender recorded a 61.07%, while distribution. the male gender recorded 20.47, the lowest of the genders.
85 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 86 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Senegal 118 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 281 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to 7/7 Secondary experienced a decline from 2012 indicators to 2016 , starting from 91.96% to 72.97%
Senegal has all seven indicators in this pillar, Two of these indicators improved, one worsened and four had Figure 282 single year data points hence, no trend. Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male
Figure 281 45.94 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 25.43 91.96 90.88 20.51 89.99 76.5 72.97
2013
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Proportion of literate youth in 2013 is higher in male than female, the male gender recorded 25.43% literate youths 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 while the female gender recorded 20.51%
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 283 The Prevalence of HIV / AIDS among Youth worsened from 0.12 14/16 per 1,000 population in 2013 to 0.17 per 1,000 population in 2016. indicators 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.12 9 2 3 Improved UnchangedWorsened
Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Senegal has 14 of the 16 indicators in this pillar, Nine 2013 2014 2015 2016 of these indicators improved and two have worsened. Three other indicators have single year data points The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among youth increased between hence, no trend. 2013 and 2016, moving from 0.15% in 2015 to 0.17% in 2016.
25.63 Figure 284 24.90 24.28 Youth Tuberculosis Mortality Rate The Youth Mortality Rate decreased between 2013 (by age 15-34, no sex breakdown) 23.39 22.60 and 2017 falling to 25.63 percent in 2013 to 22.60 percent in 2017. Source: Generated using data from Global Burden of Disease.
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Senegal 119 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 286 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage 6/6 of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) indicators
67.26
2 1 3 53.66 Improved UnchangedWorsened 36.67 34.75
Figure 285 Percentage of young people population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 49.2 38.4 38.0 2001 2007 2012 2017
Figure 286 Voter turnout experienced an increase since 2007. In 2018, the rate of voter turnout stood at 53.66%. Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
2001 2005 2011 The percentage of young people population living in poverty decreased between 2005 and 2011. It drops from 38.40% in 2000 to 38.00% in 2011.
Recommendations
1 Policies which address rate of youth unemployment, and child labour could be worthwhile.
Senegal could benefit from policies that address sensitization and access to modern 2 contraception, and suicide rate especially among male youths.
3 Policies which address the increased Youth Poverty Rate for could be worth considering.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Senegal 120 Seychelles Capital: Victoria
Seychelles The Republic of Seychelles is located in Eastern Africa. Seychelles gained independence on June 29, 1976 and joined the African Union on the same day 87. The estimated population of Seychelles is 94,000. 28% (27,000) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to reduce to 25% in 206388 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Seychelles ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 2/10 Unchanged indicators
Seychelles has data for 2 of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 1 remained relatively unchanged while others slightly changed.
Figure 287 Figure 288 Employment distribution by Intermediate education (by age Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or More - 15-24 and sex) Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 38.30 40.90 38.40 37.80 35.00 33.00 33.70 28.50 34.10 33.80 31.90 33.30 32.70 25.00 32.10 24.70 26.60 24.10 30.50 24.20 30.00 23.70 23.30 21.00
2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Employment distribution by intermediate education slightly Unemployment distribution improved in 2017 at 24.10% for worsened from 3.30% in 2014 to 32.10% for both male and both male and female. female in 2017.
87 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 88 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Seychelles 121 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 289 Enrolment in Secondary Technical and 5/7 Vocational Education and Training has remained relatively stable between 2013 indicators and 2016 with males more likely to enrol at 2.96 percent and females at 0.63 percent Seychelles has data for 5 out of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 1 worsened, 2 remained relatively unchanged, and 1 had single year data. Figure 290 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex, no youth age breakdown) Figure 289 5.37 5.19 Enrolment in Secondary Vocational (by age 15-24 and sex) 4.77 4.42 4.08 3.61 3.61 Female Male 2.61 3.36 3.30 2.96 2.49
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 1.06 0.96 0.76 2003 2006 201220132002 2014 20162011 0.63
Government expenditure on education as a percentage 2013 2014 2015 2016 of GDP has been trending upward since 2012 after a Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. decade of decline. In 2016 it reached 4.42 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 291 Suicide Mortality Rate (deaths per 100,000 population) (by sex, no youth age breakdown) Both Female Male
9/16 16.50 16.40 15.90 15.80
indicators 15.00 9.40 9.40 9.30 9.10
3 4 8.70 Worsened Unchanged 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.40 2000 2005 2010 2016 2016 Seychelles has 9 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. 3 worsened, 4 remained relatively constant, while 2 Suicides have increased slightly between 2000 and 2016 with the have single data points. male rate being almost seven times more than the female rate at 16.4 and 2.4 per 100,000 respectively.
50.19 50.35 Figure 292 49.14 Youth mortality rates due 48.44 48.63 to Non-communicable Non-communicable Diseases diseases worsened Youth Mortality Rate (by age between 2013 and 2017, 15-34, no sex breakdown) rising to 50.35 per Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Seychelles 122 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment 6/6 indicators Figure 294 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex 2 2 breakdown) Improved Worsened
Figure 293 Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex)
84.52% 85.90% 74.25% 87.61% 2002 2007 2011 2016 No Data Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs. Electoral Assistance
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of Parliament Lower House. There were no members of parliament under 30 in 2015.
Recommendations
1 Seychelles could benefit from policies which target long-term unemployment.
Seychelles could benefit from policies that increase the Enrolment in Secondary, Technical 2 Vocational Education and Training.
Seychelles could therefore benefit from policies aimed at curbing the worsening rates of non-communicable diseases youth mortality, youth lower respiratory infections mortality 3 and the prevalence of suicide among youths, especially for males.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Seychelles 123 Sierra Leone Capital: Freetown
Sierra Leone The Republic of Sierra Leone is located in Western African. Sierra Leone gained independence on April 27, 1961 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 89 . 36% (2.7 million) of the population of Sierra Leone is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 2063 90 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Sierra Leone has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 1 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Sierra Leone has data for 9 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, 2 worsened, 1 remained relatively unchanged, while others had single data points hence no trend.
Figure 295 Figure 296 Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male 85.81 84.67 84.63 85.33 58.40 56.50 56.50 56.50 85.09 54.70 54.80 53.70 52.00 51.80 48.90 48.40 47.40 45.90 44.80 43.60 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Vulnerable employment increased by half a percentage point between 2013 and 2017 despite improving between 2013 The percentage of employed youth declined from 46.90% in and 2015 it has worsened over recent years reaching 87.63 2013 to 54.70% for both male and female in 2017 . percent.
89 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 90 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sierra Leone 124 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 298 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant 5/7 ages, by sex) Female Male indicators
Sierra Leone has data for 5 of the 7 indicators in this 22.83% pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, and 2 others had single year data. 16.79%
Figure 297 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 2013 (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 91.15%
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 87.96% 87.52%
2015 Trend data is not available for Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education with 2012 2016 the 2013 rate being 16.79 percent for females and 22.83 for males. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
The transition rate from 2015 to 2016 worsened to 87.52 percent, slightly lower than the 2012 rate at 87.96 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 299 Youth Maternal Mortality Rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 15/16 2650 2530 2390 indicators 2270 2110 1990 1880 1800 1730 1680 1630 1580 1510 9 1480 1410 1360 Improved
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
Sierra Leone has data for 15 of the 16 indicators in 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 this pillar; 9 improved, while 6 others had single year The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015 dropping to a still relatively high rate of live data points. 1360 per 100,000 births.
No trend data is currently Figure 300 available with the rate of Skilled Health Professionals Skilled Health Professionals’ 2010 3.42 in 2010 being a relatively density (per 1,000 population) (No low 3.42 per 1,000 youth age or sex breakdown) population.
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository y data repository.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sierra Leone 125 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 302 Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age 5/6 11.8 or sex breakdown) indicators
3 6.3 Improved 6.1
4 2.5 Figure 301 0.6 0.9 Percentage of Young People `population living in 0.3 0.2 0.20.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 0.1
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate 2003 62.80 The Internet Penetration Rate has increased between 2000 and 2016 but remain below average at 11.8 percent 2011 52.20 in 2016
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Recommendations
Policies aimed at curbing the growing rate of Youth Working Poor, Vulnerable Employment, 1 and Child Labour could benefit Sierra Leone.
Policies which further increase access to financial services for youth could be beneficial and 2 far reaching.
Policies which address the declining transition rate from primary to secondary school could 3 yield better education outcomes for the Sierra Leonean youth.
Policies which address the increasing rate of maternal mortality, curbing the 4 non-communicable disease youth mortality rate and malaria mortality rate could benefit
Policies or investments to increase infrastructure and access, and address youth poverty 5 rate could benefit Sierra Leone.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sierra Leone 126 Somalia Capital: Magadishu
Somalia
The Republic of Somalia is located in Eastern Africa. Somalia gained independence on July 1, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196391 . The estimated population of Somalia is 13.9 million. 34% (5.1 million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 36% by the year 206392 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Somalia has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship 2/10 indicators
Somalia has data for 2 out of 10 indicators for this pillar.
Figure 303 Figure 304 Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial per day (by age 15-24 and sex) institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age Both Female Male 15-24, no sex breakdown) 39.70 38.80 37.80 38.70 38.60 38.30 38.20 38.00 2014 42.70 37.60 37.40 37.40 37.20 37.10 37.10 36.90
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Trend data is not available for Rate of Youth with Formal The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 Financial Account, being 42.70 percent in 2014. improved as it declined from 38.80% in 2013 to 37.40% for both male and female in 2017.
91 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 92 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Somalia 127 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 305 Skilled health professionals’ density (per 1,000 population) 12/16 (No youth age or sex breakdown) indicators
2014 1.08 6 1 Improved Worsened Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository Somalia has data for 12 out of 16 indicators in this pillar; 6 improved, 1 worsened, others remained No trend data is currently available with the rate of Skilled Health unchanged or had single year data. Professionals in 2014 being 1.08 per 1,000 population.
Trend data is not available Figure 306 for Female Youth who have Undergone Female Genital Percentage of girls and women 2016 97.9 Mutilation /Cutting, with the aged 15 to 49 who have undergone 2016 rate being 97.9 %. female genital mutilation/cutting (by age 15-49 and female)
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Somalia 128 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 308 International Migrant Stock as percentage of total 4/4 population (by age 15-34 and sex) indicators Both Female Male
1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 Figure 307 1.25 1.25 0.93 0.91 Proportion of young people who occupy 0.88 parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30 and sex) Both Female Male
5.20 2010 2015 2017
3.80 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
Figure 308 Youth migration remains low with 1.27 percent of the population being youth migrant stock in 2017. 0.00 2015 Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs
Figure 307 Trend data is not available for Youth Members of Parliament Lower House. In 2015 there were no female Members of Parliament and only 5.2 percent were males under 30 years of age.
Recommendations
There has been an improvement in Youth Working Poor, with a downward trend between 1 2013 and 2017 for males and females. Females have a higher rate than men at 38.30 percent compared to 37.20 percent in 2017. Policies to increase the rate of Skilled Health Professionals, and exponentially reduce the 2 very high rate of 97.9 in 2016 for Female Youth who have Undergone Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting could lead to improvements in youth health in Somalia. Interventions to boost youth political participation could benefit Somalia, with no youth members of parliament in the country. Ratification of the African Youth Charter could 3 strengthen existing youth participation frameworks.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Somalia 129 South Africa Capital: Pretoria
South Africa The Republic of South Africa is located in Southern Africa. South Africa gained independence on April 27, 1994 and joined the African Union on June 6, 1994 93 . The estimated population of South Africa is 55.3 million. 37% (21.3 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 229% by the year 206394 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
South Africa ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 2 3 9/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
South Africa had data for 9 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 4 improved, 2 worsened, while others remained relatively unchanged or had single data points.
Figure 309 Figure 310 Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or More - per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 63.00 7.70 62.60 62.30 62.10 60.70 61.00 61.00 7.40 60.50 7.30 7.30 60.40 60.40 60.00 60.10 7.20 6.70 7.10 59.60 58.20 6.70 6.60 58.00 6.50 6.00 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Unemployment distribution improved while it declined The rate of employed youth living below US$1.90 per day from 61.0% in 2013 to 60.045 for both male and female worsened as it rose from 6.7% in 2013 to 7.1% for both male in 2017. and female in 2017
93 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 94 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Africa 130 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 311 5/7 The number of researchers improved from 305.75% in 2001 to 484.20% in 2013. indicators
South Africa has data for 5 out of 7 indicators in this Figure 312 pillar; 3 improved, 1 worsened, and others remained Proportion of Literate Youth relatively unchanged. Both Female Male 99.23 99.08 99.15 98.90 98.96 98.88 98.82 98.79 98.68 Figure 311 98.68 98.64 98.43 98.39 98.37
Rate of Researchers per 1;000,000 population (All ages, No 97.92 youth age or sex breakdown) 484.20 403.46 387.28 384.88 388.32 384.52 376.24 371.31 362.89 354.42 305.75 296.58 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. The proportion of literate improved from 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 98.96% 98.37% in 2009 to 98.96% for both male and female in 2015.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 313 HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24 and sex) 13/16 Both Female Male 17.69 indicators 11.70
6.50 1 5 Improved Worsened
2017 South Africa has data for 13 out of 16 indicators in Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV Estimates this pillar; 1 improved, 5 worsened, others stayed The occurrence of HIV per 1,000 population has a single data at consistent over time or had no data trend. 11.70 for both male and female in 2017. It is recorded that females have more tendencies of contracting HIV at 17.69% than male at
8.20 7.75 7.93 7.50 7.72 Figure 314 7.44 7.45 7.11 7.42 6.88 6.91 Current health expenditure 6.71 6.81 6.55 Current Health Expenditure 6.59 6.43 fluctuated with upward between (CHE) as percentage of gross 2000 and 2015 landing at a rate of domestic product (GDP) 8.20 percent in 2015.
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
7African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 8United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Africa 131 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 316 6/6 Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age 54 or sex breakdown) 51.9 indicators 49 46.5 41 Figure 315 34 Percentage of Young People `population living in poverty (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) 32.60 24
8.4 25.00 8.4 10 7.5 7.6 8.1 6.3 6.7 7 5.3 18.90 16.90 16.50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate 2000 2005 2008 20142010
Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database The Internet Penetration Rate has increased significantly Trend data is not available for Youth Members of between 2000 and 2016 rising to 54 percent. Parliament Lower House. In 2014 2.8 percent of Members were youth, with female Members at 0.8 percent and 2.0 percent males.
Recommendations
Policies reviewing youth long-term unemployment may be beneficial to South Africa, as its 1 rate at 60.40 percent is well above the continental average of 44.20 percent
HIV remains a serious issue for South Africa having one of the highest rates in the 2 continent at 11.70 per 1,000 population. Policy review and strengthened interventions, particularly regarding the extremely high female rate may be beneficial to South Africa.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Africa 132 South Sudan Capital: Juba
South Sudan The Republic of South Sudan is located in Eastern Africa. South Sudan gained independence on July 09, 2011 and joined the African Union on July 27, 2011 95 . 36% (4.6 million) is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 35% by the year 206396 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
South Sudan has not ratified the African Youth Charter.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 2 4/10 Improved Unchanged indicators
South Sudan has data for 4 out of 10 indicators in this pillar; 2 improved, and 2 remained relatively unchanged.
Figure 317 Figure 318 Proportion of youth with account ownership at a financial Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (by age 15-24, no sex breakdown) Both Female Male 21.31 20.09 20.40 19.53 19.83 18.85
18.93 10.74 18.61 2017 17.61 18.23 17.44 17.21 16.72 16.45 16.04
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats.
No trend data is available for The Rate of Youth with Formal The Rate of Youth Unemployment improved between 2013 and Financial Account with the 2017 rate being a low 10.74 2017 falling to 17.61. Males more likely to be unemployed at percent. 18.85 percent in 2017 compared to females at 16.45 percent.
95 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf 96 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Sudan 133 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 319 No trend data is available for Youth Literacy Rates which was 65.81 percent in 2016. 2/7 Males had much higher rates than females indicators at 44.08 and 22.58 percent respectively.
South Sudan has 2 of the indicators in this pillar and none has a clear data points. Figure 320 Government Expenditure on Education, total as a percent of GDP 1.52 1.50 Figure 319 1.36 Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24) 1.08 Both Female Male 0.98
0.83 65.81 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2008 29.58
Public Expenditure on Education as a 44.08 Percentage of GDP fluctuated between 0.98% 2011 and 2017, being a low 0.98 percent in 2017. Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 321 HIV incidence per 1,000 population (by age 15-24 and sex)
12/16 Both Female Male indicators 1.67
2.17 6 1 2017 Improved Worsened 1.19
Source: Generated using data from UNAIDS 2018 HIV Estimates South Sudan has 12 of the 16 indicators in this pillar; Trend data is not available for Prevalence of HIV / AIDS among 6 improved, 1 worsened, and five others had single Youth with a rate of 1.67 per 1,000 population in 2017, Females year data and stayed relatively stable. had a higher rate than males at 2.17 and 1.19 per 1,000 population respectively.
2.57 2.53 Figure 322 2.15 2.11 Current Health Expenditure Current Health Expenditure (CHE), as fluctuated but eventually percentage of GDP landed at 2.53% in 2015 .
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository. 20122013 2014 2015
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Sudan 134 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 323 The Internet Penetration Rate increased 2/6 slightly between 2013 and 2016 but remain below average at 6.7 percent in 2016. indicators
Figure 324 Figure 323 Percentage of young people population living in poverty Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age or sex (PYPP) (No age or sex breakdown) breakdown) 3.47
5.50 4.50 3.80 2009 42.70
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
2000 2005 2006 2010 Source: Generated using data from World Development Indicators database
According to the graph above, no trend data is available for The Youth Poverty Rate with the 2009 rate at 42.7 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at increasing the number of youth with formal banking accounts could improve economic outcomes for youth. The current rate of 10.74 percent is well below 1 the 2017 continental average of 35.55 percent.
No trend data is available for Youth Literacy Rates which was 65.81 percent in 2016. Males had much higher rates than females at 44.08 and 22.58 percent respectively, 2 both are below the continental average of 57.89 percent in 2016.
Public Expenditure on Education as a Percentage of GDP fluctuated between 2011 3 and 2017, being a low 0.98 percent in 2017, well below the continental average of 3.93 for 2017.
Policies aimed at increasing sexual and reproductive health may benefit South Sudan 4 with HIV remaining an issue for the country.
Policies and investment to increase infrastructure and access, and focus on youth 5 participation could be beneficial to South Sudan.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | South Sudan 135 Sudan Capital: Khartoum
Sudan The Republic of the Sudan is located in Eastern Africa. The Sudan gained independence on January 1. 1956 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196397 . The current estimated population of the Sudan is 38.6 million. 36% (13.7 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 34% by the year 206398 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Sudan has not ratified the African Youth Charter. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
6 6/9 Improved indicators
The Republic of the Sudan has data for 6 out of the 9 Indicators in this Pillar. Two of these 6 indicators have improved while one has deteriorated and two have only a single data point, hence, no trend.
Figure 325 Figure 326 Rate of Youth Unemployment Rate of Vulnerable Youth Employment Both Female Male
Both Female Male 42.95 42.85 42.88 42.82 42.78 41.13 40.93 40.63 40.35 40.43 27.32 27.28 27.27 27.29 27.26 21.34 21.30 21.29 21.33 21.28
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats The Rate of Youth Unemployment remained relatively unchanged between 2013 and 2017, hovering around 27.3 percent. The female The rate of vulnerable employment has improved slightly rate has consistently been more than double the male rate, with between 2013 and 2017, decreasing from 41.13 to 40.43 the 2017 rates of 42.88 and 21.33 percent respectively. percent in 2017.
97 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 98 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sudan 136 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 328 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant 5/8 ages, by sex) indicators
Sierra Leone has data for 5 of the 7 indicators in this pillar; 1 improved, 2 worsened, and 2 others had single year data. 2014 51.18
Figure 327 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 95.85% 94.25%
94.40% 91.53% Trend is not available for The Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education which 2014 was higher for males at 33.56 percent, than 2012 for females at 27.99 percent in 2014.
2013 2015
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
The Effective Transition Rate has worsened between 2012 and 2015, falling from 95.85 percent to 91.53 percent in 2015.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 329 Youth Maternal Mortality Rate
6/16 544 524 504 indicators 486 463 440 418 396 376 361 349 339 330 1 1 325 318 311 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
The Republic of the Sudan has data for 6 out of the 16 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Indicators in this Pillar. 1 of these 6 indicators has improved, The maternal mortality rate improved between 2000 and 2015 1 indicator has worsened, and 4 of the indicators are falling from 544 to 311 per 100,000 live births. provided for single years which does not show trend.
Trend data is not available for Figure 330 Female Youth who have Undergone Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting, Female Youth who have Undergone 2014 86.60 with a rate of 86.60 percent in 2014. Female Genital Mutilation /Cutting This is significantly above the continental average of 47 percent.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sudan 137 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 331 In 2015 there were 2.0 percent Members of 5/5 Parliament under 30 years of age and the female rate were half that of males, at 0.7 indicators percent and 1.4 percent respectively.
Figure 332 1 Internet Penetration Rate (no youth age Improved or sex breakdown)
Figure 331 Youth Members of Parliament Lower House Both Female Male
2.00
2015 0.70
1.40 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate The Internet Penetration Rate has increased significantly Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs between 2000 and 2016 rising from zero to 28 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed to address the education gap in gender could be instrumental to the increase 1 in Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education.
Policies which address the declining transition rate from primary to secondary school could 2 yield better education outcomes.
Policies which address the gender disparity among Youth Members of the Parliament Lower 3 House. Empowering and creating space for more women to participate in governance is essential.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Sudan 138 Tanzania Capital: Dodoma
Tanzania The United Republic of Tanzania is located in Eastern Africa. Tanzania gained independence on December 9, 1961 and joined the African Union on May 25, 196399 . 34% (20.3 million) of the current population of Tanzania is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 35% by the year 2063 100 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Tanzania ratified the African Youth Charter in 2012.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
5 4 10/10 Improved Worsened indicators
Tanzania has data for all ten Indicators in this Pillar. Four of the indicators improved while one worsened, and five have only a single data point, hence no trend.
Figure 333 Figure 334 Rate of Youth Unemployment (by age 15-24 and sex) Youth Working Poor Both Female Male
Both Female Male 7.18 45.70 45.00 5.82 44.30 43.50 4.67 4.55 4.50 43.10 4.43 3.81 4.43 41.80 42.70 3.90 41.50 3.70 41.00 3.70 41.20 3.18 40.70 3.09 3.00 3.00 40.50 40.30 40.00 39.80
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
The Rate of Youth Unemployment improved between 2013 The percentage of Youth Working Poor improved between 2013 and and 2017 for both males and females, with the overall rate 2017 for both males and females falling to 40.5 and 41.0 percent, falling from 5.82 to 3.9 percent. The female rate has been from 44.3 and 45.7 percent respectively. consistently higher than the male rate.
99 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 100 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tanzania 139 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 335 Trend data is not available for Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 5/8 with the rate for 2012 reported at 53.3 percent. indicators
Tanzania has data for five out of the eight Indicators in this Figure 336 Pillar. One of these indicators has improved while two have Youth Literacy Rate worsened.
Both Female Male
Figure 335 87.17 76.49 87.01 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 80.92 84.29 85.94 84.85 78.40 84.64 72.77 74.56 76.20
2012 53.30
2002 2010 2013 2015 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics The Youth Literacy Rate improved between 2002 and 2015 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. form an overall average of 78.4 percent in 2002 to 84.29 percent in 2015. The male rate in 2017 was 87.01 percent while the female rate was 84.64 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 337 16/16 Youth Maternal Mortality Rate indicators
5 2 2015 706.00 Improved Worsened
Tanzania has data for all the 16 Indicators in this Pillar. Five of these indicators have been improving while two Trend data is not available for Youth Maternal Mortality Rate worsened and eight have data only for a single year, hence with the 2015 rate being 706.00 per 100,000 population. no trend. One of the indicators remained relatively unchanged.
52.9 Figure 338 The Prevalence Rate of Modern Contraception Proportion of women of reproductive age among Youth improved (aged 15-49 years) who have their need 39.4 between 2005 and 2016 for family planning satisfied with modern from 39.4 to 52.9 percent. methods (by age 15-49 and female) 2005 2010 2016
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tanzania 140 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 340 Internet Penetration Rate 6/6 13 indicators 10
7 2 2 Improved Worsened 4.4 4 3.2 1.9 2.4 2.9 1.3 1.6 Figure 339 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 under 30 and sex)
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate. 0.60 2015 Figure 340 0.60 The Internet Penetration Rate improved considerably between 2000 and 2016 from 0.1 percent to 13 percent.
Trend data is not available for Youth Members of Parliament Lower House. In 2015 there were no female Members of Parliament and only 0.6 percent were males under 30 years of age.
Recommendations
Policies to improve the gender ratio of parliamentary seats should be encouraged and 1 implemented.
Policies aimed at increasing the enrolment in secondary, technical and vocational education 2 and training could benefit Tanzania
Tanzania could benefit from focusing on policies relating to maternal mortality, youth 3 tuberculosis mortality rate, non-communicable disease youth mortality rate.
Investments in policies that further reduce youth poverty and increase voter turnout should 4 be worthwhile in Tanzania.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tanzania 141 Togolese Capital: Lome
Togolese The Togolese Republic is located in Western Africa. Togo gained independence on April 27, 1960 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963 . The current estimated population of Togo is 7.4 million. 35% (28 million) of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to remain stable at 35% by the year 2063 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Togo ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
3 2 3 8/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Togo has data for 8 out of the 10 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, 2 worsened, while the remaining 3 has single data point hence no trend.
Figure 341 Figure 342 Percentage of Employed Youth living below US$1.90 PPP per day (by age 15-24 and sex) Vulnerable employment as percentage of total employment Both Female Male (by age 15+, No youth age or sex breakdown) 52.90 52.10 81.07 51.30 47.60 50.30 80.90 48.50 47,30 47.00 80.55 45.60 80.43 80.33 44.10 43.10 42.50 42.30 41.00 37.40
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The rate of vulnerable employment has improved The percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 per slightly between 2013 and 2017 being 80.33 percent day improved as it fell from 48.5% in 2013 to 42.3% for both in 2017. male and female in 2017.
101 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 102 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Togolese 142 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 343 The rate of effective transition from primary to secondary school improved to 85.32 7/7 percent in 2014, before falling to 83.24 percent in2016. indicators
Togo has all 7 indicators in this pillar; 3 improved, Figure 344 1 worsened, and 3 others had single year data. Proportion of Literate Youth (by age 15-24 and sex)
Both Female Male 89.67
Figure 343 87..63 84.856 86.92 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 83.70 79.89 (relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 78.37 74.56 74.56 74.44 72.71 67.92 85.32 67.92 85.13 63.55 84.29
83.24
80.04 2000 2006 2009 2011 2015 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The proportion of literate youth improved from 2000 to 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2011 at 74.44% and 79.89% for both female and male respectively Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 345 13/16 Maternal Mortality rate (no youth age or sex breakdown) 491 474 indicators 459 448 434 427 427 416 396 391 402 395 393 386 378 8 1 368 Improved Unchanged
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository Togo has data for 13 out of the 16 indicators in this pillar; 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 8 improved, 1 remained unchanged, and 4 had single year Maternal mortality rate improved as it dropping from 491 in data hence no trend. 2000 to 368 per 100,000 live births in 2015.
2010 26.10 The Prevalence Rate of Figure 346 Modern Contraception Proportion of women of reproductive age among Youth improved (aged 15-49 years) who have their need between 2010 and 2014 for family planning satisfied with modern 2014 32.10 reaching to 32.10 percent. methods (by age 15-49 and female)
Source: Generated using data from Demographic and Health Survey
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Togolese 143 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 348 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a 5/6 Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown) indicators 84.92
67.43 2 1 66.06 Improved Worsened 59.25
Figure 347 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Internet Penetration Rate (no age or sex 11.30 2002 2007 2013 2018 breakdown) 7.10
5.70 Figure 348 4.50
4.00 Voter turnout fell from 67.43 in 2002 to 59.25 per 100,000
3.50 population in 2018. 3.00 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.50 1.20 0.90 1.00 0.80
Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
The Internet Penetration Rate improved between 2000 and 2016 but remains low at 11.3 percent.
Recommendations
Policies with the potential of further curbing the increasing rates of working poverty and 1 vulnerable employment could benefit Togo.
Policies to avert the worsened transition rate from primary to secondary school could be 2 worthwhile.
Togo could benefit from policies that focus on prevalence rate of modern contraception and 3 youth maternal mortality rate.
Togo could benefit from interventions aimed at increasing the Internet Penetration Rate 4 further, as well as policies aimed at averting the declining Voter Turnout rate.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Togolese 144 Tunisia Capital: Tunis
Tunisia The Republic of Tunisia is located in Northern Africa. Tunisia gained independence on March 20, 1956 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963103 . The current estimated population of Tunisia is 11.3 million with 32% aged 15-35104 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Tunisia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2011.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 3 3 7/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Tunisia has data for seven out of ten Indicators in this Pillar. One of the indicators improved while three worsened, and three have only a single data point, hence no trend.
Figure 349 Figure 350 Rate of Youth Unemployment Rate of Child Labour
Both Female Male Both Female Male
40.33 2.60 39.99 2.10 38.33 37.29 1.60 36.48 36.35 36.33 35.43 34.77 34.67 34.53 34.53 34.08 33.97 33.23
2010-2016 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. No trend data exists for The Rate of Child Labour. The The Rate of Youth Unemployment has worsened since 2013, average rate between 2010-2016 was 2.1 percent, with increasing from 34.53 to 36.33 percent in 2017. The female rate a higher male rate than female rate. has consistently been higher than the male rate.
101 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 102 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tunisia 145 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 351 Following an upwards trend between 2012 6/8 and 2013 the Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary declined to 88.88 indicators percent in 2014 a high of 97.57 in 2013. Tunisia has data for six out of the eight indicators in this Pillar. Two of these indicators have improved while one Figure 352 has worsened. Two indicators have a single data point hence, no trend, and one indicator remained relatively Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education stable over time. Both Female Male Figure 351 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary 44.19
2015 51.01
37.99
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Trend data is not available for Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education with a rate of 44.19 2012 2013 2014 percent in 2012.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 353 Prevalence of Suicide among Youth 12/16 Both Female Male 5.10 5.00 4.90
indicators 4.50 4.40 3.40 3.60 3.60 3.50 3.40 6 2 2 2.30 2.30 2.30
Improved UnchangedWorsened 2.20 2.10
Tunisia has data for 12 out of the 16 Indicators in this 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Pillar. Six of these indicators have been improving Suicide Rates remained unchanged relatively between 2000 and Source: Generated using data from United Nations Statistics Division. while two worsened and two of the indicators 2016, falling very slightly from 3.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 population. remained relatively unchanged.
4.64 Maternal mortality rate Figure 354 improved between 2000 and 2015 falling from 84 to Maternal mortality rate (no youth 62 per 100,000 live births. age or sex breakdown)
Source: Generated using data from Global Health Observatory data repository.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tunisia 146 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 356 Internet penetration rate (No age or sex breakdown) Figure 333 5/6 49.6 46.2 46.5 43.8 indicators 41.4 39.1 36.8 34.1 2 1 27.5 Improved Worsened 17.1 13 9.7 6.5 8.5 5.3 2.8 4.3
Figure 355 International migrant stock as percentage of total 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 population (by age 15-34 and sex) Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate
Both Female Male Figure 356
2.01 The Internet Penetration Rate has increased 1.99 significantly between 2000 and 2016 rising 1.87 1.85 from 2.8 to 49.6 percent, which was more than double the continental rate. 1.61 1.73 1.72 1.49 1.37
2010 2015 2017
Youth migration to Tunisia remains low with 1.85 percent of the population being youth migrant stock in 2017, up from 1.49 percent in 2010.
Recommendations
Policies that would improve rates of youth with formal financial account, youth unemployment, vulnerable youth employment, youth self-employment and child labour 1 should be encouraged in Tunisia.
Tunisia could therefore benefit from investments in mental health with a focus on suicide, 2 particularly for males.
Because of the low rate of internet penetration,Tunisia should invest in internet 3 infrastructure and access.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Tunisia 147 Uganda Capital: Kampala
Uganda The Republic of Uganda is located in Eastern Africa. Uganda gained independence on October 9, 1962 and joined the African Union on May 25, 1963105 . The current estimated population Uganda is 40.1 million. 35% of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to increase to 36% by the year 2063106 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Uganda ratified the African Youth Charter in 2008. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
4 2 1 7/10 Improved UnchangedWorsened indicators
Uganda has data for seven out of ten Indicators in this Pillar. Four of the indicators improved, two worsened and one remained unchanged.
Figure 357 Figure 358 Employment distribution by Intermediate education (by Percentage of employed youth living below US$1.90 PPP per age 15-24 and sex) day (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 85.70 79.80 72.10 72.30 29.60 29.30
65.70 29.00 28.60 28.30
58.40 27.70 28.10 27.40 27.20 26.90 26.70 26.50 22.60 22.60 22.60
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2013 2016 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: Generated using data from ILO stats. The Youth Working Poor Rate improved slightly in the The Rate of Employment among Educated Youth worsened in period between 2013 and 2017, decreasing to 22.6 the period between 2013 and 2016 for both females and males. percent for both sexes from 29.3 percent. The female rate decreased from 72.1 percent to 58.4 percent while the male rate decreased from 85.7 to 72.3 percent.
103 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 104 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Uganda 148 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 360 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant 6/7 ages, no sex breakdown) indicators Both Female Male Uganda has data for six out of the eight Indicators in this pillar. Two of these indicators improved and two
worsened. Two indicators have a single data point 20.00 hence, no trend. 17.60
Figure 359 15.80 Effective Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 64.42 62.45 2016 58.95 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
53.87
Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Trend data is not available for Completion 20122013 2014 2016 Rate for Upper Secondary Education which The Effective Transition Rate from Primary to was 17.6 in 2016, for both sexes. Secondary worsened between 2012 and 2016 decreasing from 64.4 percent to 58.95 percent.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing Figure 361 Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with 16/16 49.90 47.80 44.60 indicators 40.90 40.40
31.50 6 2 29.00 Improved Worsened
Source: Generated using Democratic Health Survey Uganda has data for all 16 Indicators in this Pillar. Six 2001 2006 2011 2014 2015 20172016 of these indicators improved while two worsened, The Prevalence Rate of Modern Contraception among Youth seven indicators have only a single data point, hence improved from 31.5 to 49.9 percent between 2001 and 2017. no trend, and one remained relatively unchanged.
31.50 Figure 362 31.50 Government Expenditure on Current health expenditure (CHE) 31.50 Health as a percent of GDP remained relatively as percentage of gross domestic 31.50 31.50 31.50 product (GDP) unchanged between 2013 and 2018, reaching 1.9 percent in 2018.
Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Uganda 149 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 364 International migrant stock as percentage of total population (by age 15-34 and sex) 6/6 Figure 244 Both Female Male indicators 20.68 18.18
2 2 15.66
Improved Worsened 14.71 12.99 11.26 7.46 Figure 363 6.81 6.16 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex breakdown)
2010 2015 2017
70.31 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 68.00 67.61 59.29 Net Youth Migration Rate increased between 2010 and 2017, The male rate was lower than the female rate in 2017 at 20.68 and 15.66 percent respectively.
2001 2006 2011 2016
Voter Turnout worsened between 2001 and 2016, decreasing from 70.31 to 67.61 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at Youth Unemployment, employment in the informal sector and those youth Not in Education, Employment or Training could improve the employment prospects of youth 1 in Uganda.
Policies aimed at increasing the completion rates of both lower and upper secondary 2 education may benefit Uganda’s youth.
Youth political participation could benefit Uganda with no current Members of Parliament 3 Lower House being under
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Uganda 150 Zambia Capital: Lusaka
Zambia The Republic of Zambia is located in Southern Africa. Zambia gained independence on October 24, 1964 and joined the African Union on December 16, 1964107. The current estimated population of Zambia is 16.1 million. 36% of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to reduce to 35% by the year 2063108 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Zambia ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009. Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
2 10/10 Improved indicators
Zambia has data for all 10 indicators in this pillar. Two of these 10 indicators have improved, while the remaining 8 have only one data point, hence no trend.
Figure 365 Figure 366 Proportion of youth not in education, employment or Unemployment distribution by duration (12 Months or More - training (by age 15-35 and sex) Aggregate Duration) (by age 15-24 and sex) Both Female Male Both Female Male 53.80 44.90 54.90
35.30 2017 55.70
54.10
2017 Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats Source: : Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Zambia No trend data exists for the Rate of Long-term Youth No trend data exists for the NEET rate, with the average rate Unemployment with the 2017 rate reported at 54.90 being 44.9 percent in 2017. The female rate of 53.8 percent is percent, and relative parity between male and female substantially higher than the male rate of 35.3 percent. rates.
105 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 106 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zambia 151 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 367 No trend data exists for the Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education with 6/7 the 2013 rate being 51.45 percent. indicators
Zambia has data for 6 of the 7 indicators for this pillar. One Figure 368 indicator improved, one worsened, and 4 had only one data Proportion of literate youth (by age 15-24 and sex) point, hence no trend.
Both Female Male 91.20 Figure 367 90.43 88.71
Completion Rate for Lower Secondary Education (Relevant 87.59 77.73
ages, no sex breakdown) 86.51 70.31 69.09 66.31 64.05 58.48
2013 51.45
2002 2007 2010 2014 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics There was a significant improvement in the Rate of Youth Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Literacy between 2002 when it was 60 percent, and 2014 when it was reported at 90.4 percent. Both female and male rates improved over the period.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 369 Skilled health professionals’ density (per 1,000 population) 15/16 (No youth age or sex breakdown) indicators 2012 8.30 9 2 Improved Worsened 2016 9.76
Zambia has data for 15 out of the 16 Indicators in this Pillar. Nine of these 15 indicators have improved while 6 have The Density of Skilled Health Professionals improved, only one data point, hence no trend. increasing from 8.3 to 9.76 per 1,000 population between 2012 and 2016.
8.00
The share of Government Figure 370 Expenditure on Health 6.30 Current health expenditure (CHE) as 5.80 improved between 2013 percentage of gross domestic product 5.30 and 2016, increasing from (GDP) 5.8 to 8 percent of GDP.
2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Zambia
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zambia 152 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 372 International migrant stock as percentage of total 6/6 population (by age 15-34 and sex) indicators 5.20 5.21 5.18 4.75 4.71 4.67 4.37
3 4.33
1 4.30 Improved Unchanged
Figure 371 Proportion of young people who occupy parliamentary seats (PYPPS) Lower (by age under 30, no sex) breakdown 2010 2015 2017 8.00 8.00 8.00 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate.
Figure 236 The Net Youth Migration Rate decreased between 2010 and 4.50 4.504.50 2017 from 5.2 to 4.33 percent.
Source: Generated using data from United Nations Department of Social Affairs.
2013 2014 2016 20172015 2018 The Rate of Youth Members of Parliament Lower House worsened between 2013 and 2018, from 8 to 4.5 percent.
Recommendations
Policies addressing unemployment and increased access to jobs in the formal sector may be 1 beneficial to Zambia.
Policy investment to improve the enrolment in secondary, tertiary and vocational education 2 and training should be encouraged.
Policies that address political engagement of youths as members of parliament lower 3 house could benefit Zambia.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zambia 153 Zimbabwe Capital: Harare
Zimbabwe The Republic of Zimbabwe is located in Southern Africa. Zimbabwe gained independence on April 18, 1980 and joined the African Union on June 18, 1980 109 . The current estimated population of Zimbabwe is 15.8 million. 38% of this population is aged 15-35 and this proportion is projected to decrease to 33% by the year 2063110 .
Ratification of African Youth Charter
Zimbabwe ratified the African Youth Charter in 2009.
Pillar 1: Employment and Entrepreneurship
1 10/10 Improved indicators
Zimbabwe has data for all 10 indicators in this pillar. One of these indicators has improved, while nine have no trend data available.
Figure 373 Figure 374 Percentage of children involved in child labour (by age 5–17 Rate of decent work among youth (by age 15-35 and sex) and sex). Both Female Male Both Female Male
11.75 10.50 1.70 8.95
2014 2.10
1.20
2014 Source: Generated using data from National Statistical Office of Zimbabwe Source: Generated using data from ILO Stats No trend data is available for the Rate of Youth Working No trend data exists for the Rate of Child Labour with a Poor, with the average rate being 1.7 percent for 2014. reported rate of 10.5 percent in 2014.
107 African Union, African Union Handbook 2018, Accessed: 20January2019 < https://au.int/sites/default/files/pages/31829-file-african_union_handbook_2018_english-2.pdf > 108 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, DVD Edition1
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zimbabwe 154 Pillar 2: Education and Skills Development
Figure 376 Government expenditure on education, total as a percent of 6/7 GDP 7.53 indicators 7.29 7.41
Zimbabwe has data on 6 of the 7 indicators in this pillar. 2. Two of the indicators improved, while four have only one data point.
Figure 375 Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education (Relevant ages, no sex breakdown) 1.83 Both Female Male 2011 2012 2013 2014 28.50 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2015 11.10
14.50 There has been a significant increase in the relative share of public expenditure on education, from 1.83 percent of GDP in 2010 Source: Generated using data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics. to 7.53 percent of GDP in 2014. No trend data exists for the Completion Rate for Upper Secondary Education with the 2015 rate being 28.5 percent. There is a discrepancy of reporting the sex data.
Pillar 3: Health and Wellbeing
Figure 377 Skilled health professionals’ density (per 1,000 population) 14/16 (No youth age or sex breakdown) indicators 2011 12.70 8 1 Improved Worsened 2014 12.44
Zimbabwe has data for 14 of 16 indicators in this Pillar. There has been a slight worsening in the rate of skilled health Eight of these indicators improved, one worsened, professionals between 2011 and 2014 from 12.7 per 1,000 one remained constant and 3 had no trend data. population to 12.44 per 1,000.
Both Female Male No trend data exists for the Figure 378 prevalence of HIV, the latest 4.62 records from 2017 indicate HIV incidence per 1,000 population a rate of 6.56 percent for (by age 15-24 and sex) 2015 6.56 female youth – almost treble the 2.72 percent for 2.72 male youth.
Source: Generated using data from 2017 Global Monitoring Report.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zimbabwe 155 Pillar 4: Rights, Governance and Youth Empowerment
Figure 380 5/5 International migrant stock as percentage of total population (by age 15-34 and sex) indicators 12.94 11.14 11.00 10.40 9.65
2 9.49 Improved 9.05 8.42 7.80
Figure 379 Voter Turnout in Parliamentary Elections as a Percentage of Registered Voters (no age or sex
breakdown) 83.10
2010 2015 2017
48.33 Source: Generated using data from International Telecommunication Union estimate. 47.66 40.81 Figure 236 International migrant stock as a percentage of total population has fallen from 11.14 percent in 2010 to 9.05 Source: Generated using data from Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance percent in 2017. This percentage has consistently been higher for males than females. 2000 2005 2008 2018 Voter turnout increased dramatically from 2008 to 2018, more than doubling from 40.8 percent to 83 percent. Between 2000 and 2008 however there was a steady decline from 48.3 percent.
Recommendations
Policies aimed at curbing the growing rate of Youth Working Poor, Vulnerable Employment, 1 and Child Labour could benefit Zimbabwe.
HIV remains a serious issue for Zimbabwe having one of the highest rates at 6.56 per 1,000 population. Policy review and strengthened interventions, particularly regarding the 2 extremely high male rate may be beneficial to Zimbabwe.
Policies targeting this high rate of Poverty among Youth, Internet Penetration, and Voter 3 Turnout could have far reaching positive effects on the economy of Zimbabwe.
Investments in policies that further reduce youth poverty and increase voter turnout should 4 be worthwhile in Zimbabwe.
State of African Youth Report | Introduction | Zimbabwe 156 Conclusions
While there is much to celebrate in terms of youth development in Africa, opportunities to make further positive impacts in the lives of young people should be made. Therefore, NSOs are encouraged to publish data widely at the 15-35 year-old level, by gender and geography, to enable monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes.
Employment opportunities, quality education and health care services should extend to the disadvantaged and marginalized including, but not limited to, females, disabled, migrants, refugees and the long-term unemployed.
To positively impact youths across Africa, Each country is encouraged to review the suggestions made to them on policy and programme areas which would likely help progress youth development.
Recommendations
This report is intended as a tool to start conversations and encourage further analysis 1 of youth development across Africa.
Indicators in this report can also be used to guide countries in the development of 2 Youth Policies and Programmes at regional, national, and local levels.
Further work is needed across Africa to disseminate current data holdings at finely 3 disaggregated levels to allow for researchers, policy makers, and advocates alike to better understand the current lived experiences of youth today.
Further collections are also necessary to fill the data gaps in current holdings. Current best practices need to be more widely and effectively shared with decision makers and adapted to local contexts. Youth development will continue to be a high priority in 4 Africa, particularly during this opportunity for optimizing the demographic dividend, so work will need to continue to be done to expand the knowledge and opportunities afforded to young people for the betterment of all Africans.
State of African Youth Report | Conclusion 157