Annual Report 2010 Contents

Executive Dean’s Message 01 Director’s Report 02 2010 Achievements 04 Funding Achievements 05 Partnerships & Commercial Activities 06 Analytical Research & Services 08 Research Programs 11 Water Recycling 12 (Bio)Electrochemical Systems 14 Greenhouse Gases 16 Microbial Ecology 18 Sewer Corrosion & Odour Research (SCORe) 20 Bioproducts & Nutrient Removal 22 Anaerobic Technologies 24 The AWMC Team 26 International Visitors 33 Financial Report 34 2010 Active Research Grants 35 2010 Publications 38 Conference Participation 43 2010 Seminars 44 AWMC Annual Report 2010 1

Executive Dean’s Message

“The Advanced Water Management Centre is an internationally recognised

centre of excellence in water Introduction research and innovation.”

The Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC) was established in 1996, a time when the challenge for the global water industry was focused on the protection of waterways and reduction of nutrients in the environment. The AWMC met this challenge and led the world in nutrient removal, innovative processes and process control of wastewater treatment plants. The impact of this early research is still being applied today by water authorities, both nationally and internationally, and local agro-industries.

Today the AWMC still shows great relevance to the global water industry. This is exemplified by the number of direct collaborators and partners, which include industry, Australian Government bodies (federal, state and local), associations and research institutes.

Excellence underpins all of the AWMC activities. The AWMC research program has changed the way many authorities view their treatment processes and infrastructure. Recently, the AWMC has challenged the way the industry views greenhouse gas emissions, the impact and footprint of treatment systems, nutrient recovery, by-products from waste, and the way the industry can protect and restore our water resources and critical infrastructure.

As the Chair of the AWMC Advisory Board it is my pleasure to introduce the 2010 annual report. It has been another successful and rewarding year for the AWMC team, which promises a future of exciting developments.

Professor Graham Schaffer Executive Dean Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology 2 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Director’s Report

“I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our industry partners and research collaborators that help us achieve strong outcomes and results”

Water does not seem to get out of the headlines – at least In November 2010 we had a formal, external review of our not in Australia. If it’s not droughts, then it’s floods, water overall operations, which concluded that our activity and recycling, desalination plants, water quality, water for the performance was ‘highly commendable’. Most pleasing environment, or something else water related! It certainly was the extremely strong support provided by a range of keeps us busy at the AWMC and continuously poses industry representatives who were interviewed by the review interesting new challenges. panel. Given the quality of the expert panel, the outcome is particularly valuable and the set of recommendations will Looking through this latest summary of our activities, help in further improving our operations and overall position you will notice that we have been very productive across a within UQ. The recommendations, on a revised funding broad range of topics in the last year. Depending on existing model, improved accommodation situation and the possible and emerging needs, we adapt our research activities change of the Centre category and status, help to make our regularly as illustrated for example by the fact that our long-term future look brighter than ever. ‘clean water’ research field has expanded from water recycling to include storm water and drinking water related I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of our topics, such as disinfection by-products. At the same time, industry partners and research collaborators, in Australia other ‘hot topics’ such as greenhouse gas emissions, and internationally, for their ongoing support of our research sewer odour and corrosion management, and anaerobic activities. It is this close engagement with colleagues and technologies are also performing strongly. We continue to partners from industry and academia that help us achieve extend our fundamental understanding in both the microbial strong results, which provide direct, mutual benefits to their science and environmental biotechnology areas with the organisations. And last but not least, my biggest thanks aim to develop the next generation of technologies. These and recognition go to all of our staff and students who include novel nutrient removal and recovery concepts, are ultimately responsible for achieving such exceptional biofilm control methods and bioelectrochemical processes, research outcomes, through their tireless dedication and which are now being used in such diverse applications outstanding commitment to excellence and relevance. This as sulfide reduction in sewers or ferric and phosphate report highlights just some of their achievements over the recovery from water recycling sludges. last year. Our outstanding performance over the last few years has I trust you will enjoy reading this report and hope that it will been strongly recognised in 2010. Within The University inspire you to get in touch with us or to further continue our of Queensland, the AWMC has been recognised in the valuable collaboration in the future. top tier in terms of our overall research performance in the ‘Institute Based Performance Framework’ assessment. The nation-wide research quality assessment, called Excellence of Research for Australia (ERA), was also very positive for the centre. In the AWMC fields of research, ‘Environmental Biotechnology’ and ‘Environmental Engineering’, UQ’s ranking was in the top category nationally, considered to be ‘well above world standard’. These rankings solidify the Director AWMC’s position as a world leading water management and Professor Jurg Keller research centre. AWMC AWMC Annual Annual Report Report 2010 3 Section title Introduction 4 AWMC Annual Report 2010 2010 Achievements

Dr Florent Angly with his work titled ‘Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic twins and their mothers’, published in the highly prestigious journal, Nature.

• The AWMC was one of three finalists chosen for the • At the 2010 EAIT Faculty Professional Staff Awards, 2010 Eureka Award in the category of ‘Research and Mrs Wendy Mahon was awarded the Leadership Prize, Innovation’ for water research and innovation as a centre. Mrs Hong Lee the prize for consistent performance and Mrs Vivienne Clayton the Customer Service award. • In the UQ ‘Institute Based Performance Framework’ the AWMC was ranked in the top 3 of more than 60% of key • Mr Jeremy Barr, PhD student, had his image selected for performance indicators. The AMWC excelled in the three the front cover of the November issue of ‘Applied and categories of Esteem, Impact and Operational Excellence Environmental Microbiology’. outperforming larger University institutes. • Mr Ilje Pikaar, PhD student, won the • Dr Florent Angly’s co-authorship on the work titled “Student Highly Recommended” award at the ‘Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic 2010 Trailblazer competition. twins and their mothers’ was published in the highly • Mr Mohamed (Fauzi) Haroon, PhD student, won the prestigious journal “Nature”. For this work Dr Angly was Australian Society for Microbiology (ASM) Microbe Image also awarded a Faculty of Engineering Architecture and 2010. Information Technology (EAIT) Impact Award. • Dr Liu Ye was awarded third prize in the 2010 Organo • Prof Zhiguo Yuan was awarded an EAIT Research Water Prize in China. The prize is funded by Japanese Higher Degree Supervision Excellence award and a Organo company and awarded to the most outstanding UQ Graduate School Award for Excellence in Research Chinese graduate in water related majors. Higher Degree Supervision, in recognition of his outstanding mentoring achievements over many years. • Dr Oriol Gutierrez was presented with the ‘Highly Commended’ award for a Young Water Professional • Prof Zhiguo Yuan and Prof Jurg Keller were appointed at the 6th International IWA conference on Sewer Fellows by the International Water Association. They Processes and Networks, 7-10 November 2010, Surfers were part of an inaugural group of 34 people chosen Paradise, Australia. worldwide, and two of the four Australians selected. • A/Prof Damien Batstone was presented with an • Dr Maria José Farré was appointed as a visiting EAIT Faculty Teaching Award for his service to the scholar at the University of North Carolina for 3 years in Undergraduate Chemical Engineering Degree. collaboration with A/Prof Howard Weinberg. • Dr Korneel Rabaey and Dr René Rozendal published a • Dr Paritam Dutta, AWMC PhD graduate, won first prize strategic review on Microbial Electrosynthesis in Nature in the Huber Technology Prize 2010: Future Water, for his Reviews Microbiology. The manuscript made the proposal on the “Electrochemical Removal and Recovery journal’s cover for the October 2010 edition. of Sulfide from Wastewater: Microbial Interactions and

Process Development”. • The project “Bio-electrochemically upgrading CO2 and

H2S fractions of biogas: Increasing the efficiency and • Mr Steven Kenway, PhD Student, was awarded a adding value to Anaerobic Digestion technology”, led 2010 Fullbright Scholarship which has taken him to by Dr Shelley Brown, was awarded the 2010 Lettinga the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories and the Award. This prize recognises innovative projects in the University of California, Berkeley, to research linkages field of anaerobic technology for waste and wastewater between water use, energy and greenhouse gas. treatment aiming at cleaner production or recycling, • Mrs Vivienne Clayton was awarded a 2010 Miracle sustainable development and/or resource conservation. Worker Award for ongoing support and dedication to AWMC activities. AWMC Annual Report 2010 5

Pull-out quote Achievements Funding Achievements

ARC Discovery Projects WaterReuse Research Foundation • “Novel concepts for bioelectrochemical generation “Regulated and Emerging Disinfection By-Products during of renewable fuels and chemicals from wastewater” the Production of High Quality Recycled Water” - - Prof Jurg Keller, Dr René Rozendal with partners Dr Maria José Farré in collaboration with WaterSecure, from UQ, Wageningen University (The Netherlands), Veolia and the University of North Carolina, USA Technische Universität Braunschweig (Germany) and SEQ Urban Water Security Research Alliance Twente University (The Netherlands) “Assessment of emerging and regulated disinfection ARC Linkage Grants by-products in South East Queensland Drinking Water” - • “Fate of micropollutants in water recycling: Influence Dr Maria José Farré with partners from Griffith University, of dissolved organic matter” - Dr Wolfgang Gernjak Bond University, Seqwater and SEQ Water Grid Manager with partners from EnTox, University of NSW, Major Equipment and Infrastructure (MEI) Funding Colorado School of Mines (USA), WaterSecure and • A/Prof Damien Batstone was the lead applicant Veolia Water Australia (with several others) for a proposal to get two new • “Coals as methane bioreactors: Significance of anaerobic chambers and associated equipment, microbial methane generation in coal seams for coal which received approximately $60k seam gas (CSG) production and carbon dioxide (CO ) 2 in funding geosequestration” - Dr Gene Tyson with partners from • Dr Korneel Rabaey was successful in leading a $100k UQ and Colorado School of Mines (USA) funding proposal for three multichannel potentiostats • “Iron and phosphorus recovery from ferric precipitation sludge” - Prof Jurg Keller, Queensland Sustainable Energy Innovation Fund Dr René Rozendal, and Dr Korneel Rabaey, with (QSEIF) Grant partners from Veolia Water Australia and WaterSecure “Bioelectrochemical system for production of caustic soda from pulp and paper wastewater” - UQ Early Career Research Grant Scheme Dr René Rozendal and Dr Korneel Rabaey. This project is • “Detection of biofoulants based on functionalised set up through the AWMC spin-off company Bilexys. micro-cantilevers” - Dr Bogdan Donose • “Reductive electrochemical remediation of persistent Dr Korneel Rabaey, Dr René Rozendal and organic pollutants (POPs) using quinone mediators” - Mr Cameron Smeal (Gelita) obtained a Researcher in Dr Jelena Radjenovic Business Grant to explore a novel approach for sulfide • “Application of Raman spectroscopy to the study recovery from industrial wastewaters. of extracellular electron transfer (EET) in engineered systems” - Dr Bernardino Virdis Dr Korneel Rabaey negotiated a new UQ Strategic • “A novel method for reducing sludge production in Initiative, which will be known as the Centre for Microbial biological wastewater treatment plants” - Dr Liu Ye Electrosynthesis (CEMES). CEMES will focus on the electrical interface between microorganisms and surfaces, UQ Postdoctoral Research Fellowship with the objective of using this interface for biofuel and Dr Bing-Jie Ni was awarded the highly competitive UQ biochemical production. Postdoctoral Fellowship. UQ New Staff Research Start-Up Fund “Impact of oxygen on methane production in sewer systems” - Dr Ramon Ganigué Pagès 6 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Partnerships & Commercial Activities

Industry relevant research evident in more than 90 industry and research partners

We wish to acknowledge and thank the following QGC Pty Ltd Association, Industry and Research Partners for their Queensland Government continued support in 2010. • Department of Employment, Economic Development and AECOM Innovation Allconnex Water • Queensland Environmental Protection Agency AnoxKaldnes Biopolymer (Sweden) • Department of Environment and Resource Management Australian Academy of Science • Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services Australian Government • Queensland Water Commission • Australian Research Council • Smart State Funding Program • National Water Commission Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation • Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research SA Water Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, UQ Santos Pty Ltd Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ SEQ Urban Water Security Research Alliance Australian Institute of Marine Sciences Seqwater Australian Institute for Nuclear Science and Engineering SEQ Water Grid Manager Australian Meat Processors Corporation Sinclair Knight Merz (SKM) Australian Pork Limited South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA Australian Water Association South East Water Limited Barwon Water Sunshine Coast Regional Council Bond University Sydney Water Corporation Brisbane City Council - Urban Utilities Technical University Delft, The Netherlands CH2M Hill Trisco Foods CSIRO Teys Bros. Curtin University UniQuest DCM United Water International Department of Energy, USA Université Laval, Canada Ecowise Environmental University of Aalborg, Denmark Environmental Biotechnology CRC University of Arizona, USA Foster’s Brewery University of Auckland, New Zealand Gelita Pty Ltd University of East Anglia, UK GHD University of California, Berkeley, USA Ghent University, Belgium University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), USA Grains Research and Development Corporation University of Melbourne Griffith University University of New South Wales Healthy Waterways Pty Ltd University of Newcastle Hunter Water Corporation University of Science and Technology of China, China INRA - French National Institute for Agricultural Research University of Sydney International Water Centre University of Tasmania International Water Association University of Technology, Sydney IRSA, Italy Veolia Environment Research and Innovation IWES Veolia Environmental Services J. Craig Venter Institute, USA Veolia Water Australia Joint Genome Institute, USA Visy Pulp and Paper Linkwater Wageningen University, The Netherlands Meat and Livestock Australia Waste Technologies of Australia Melbourne Water Water Corporation Monash University Water Quality Research Australia Moreton Bay Regional Council - Unity Water Water Services Association of Australia National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox) WaterSecure WSN Environmental Solutions Australia AWMC Annual Report 2010 7

South East Water Upgrades the SEWEX Mt Martha Biosolids Treatment Train SeweX is a consulting business based at the AWMC, and is operated under The Advanced Water Management Centre has provided UniQuest Pty Ltd, the commercial arm South East Water (SEW) support in upgrading their of UQ. SeweX provides consulting Mt Martha wastewater treatment plant digesters. services on the management of sulfide related odour These digesters are now in the order of 20 years old, and problems in sewer systems to industry. The SeweX (Sewer have become capacity limited. Rather than replacing the Transformation) model, which has been developed by the digesters, SEW decided to upgrade them by implementing Centre’s strong and internationally leading research team temperature-phased anaerobic digestion. This process on sewer systems in the past seven years, is primarily used has been investigated extensively at the AWMC, and was for identifying the problems and investigating options for Partnerships found to increase the performance substantially in exactly their mitigation. SeweX also offers strong expertise and the application SEW is considering. Dr Damien Batstone tools for offline and online measurement of wastewater assisted Adjunct Prof Ken Hartley in evaluating the existing characteristics in sewer systems. SeweX has successfully SEW digesters and providing expected performance completed a number of consulting projects for water utilities outcomes. A subsequent laboratory scale investigation across Australia. Allconnex Water (Gold Coast), Unity Water provided information needed to further optimise design of (Moreton Bay) and South East Water (Melbourne) have all the process. benefited from SeweX services in the past. “Having the AWMC in Australia provides an important The SeweX model is a mathematical model describing the research service that we can easily access, but their core physical, chemical and biological processes in sewers. research that is also highly relevant, provides us with The model also predicts the formation and emission of additional process options, and reduces costs associated methane, a potent green house gas, in sewer networks. with process uncertainty.”, Mr Terry Anderson from SEW The SeweX model won the 2008 International Water corporate strategy. Association’s Project Innovation Award (East Asia and Personnel: A/Prof Damien Batstone, Dr Paul Jensen and Pacific Region) and the 2008 Excellence Award in Research, Adjunct Prof Ken Hartley Development and Innovation of Engineers of Australia (Queensland Division). The model is under continuous enhancement under the Sewer Corrosion and Odour Research (SCORe) project - see page 20. CSIRO Flagship Cluster – Microbial For further information, please contact the SeweX Business Manager Mr. Shaun Corrie on [email protected] or visit Diversity in Engineered Systems our website at www.sewex.com.au. In 2010, CSIRO established the Energy Transformed Flagship, which included a cluster aimed at BILEXYS “Biotechnological solutions to Australia’s transport energy and greenhouse gas challenges”. Within this cluster, Bilexys has developed a revolutionary Dr Korneel Rabaey and Dr Gene Tyson coordinate a wastewater treatment technology, significant effort to better understand microbial communities which converts organics in engineered systems. In collaboration with CSIRO, the in wastewater to caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide project team will set up (bio)electrochemical systems and for re-use on site. The Bilexys technology is based on a anaerobic digesters designed and operated to provide bioelectrochemical system, which harnesses naturally fuels or chemicals starting from (waste) biomass. In these occurring electrochemically active bacteria as catalysts reactors, the team will investigate the dynamics and to convert dissolved organic pollutants to hydrogen peroxide succession of microbial communities, as well as the directed and caustic soda. The process is highly controllable and evolution in specific genes such as cellulases. The ultimate can produce the desired product at high purity. The Bilexys goals are to better understand the relationship between technology is applicable to a wide range of wastewater microbial communities and system functionality, to mine types, concentrations and flowrates. The chemicals for novel cellulases or other key degradation genes, and produced by Bilexys reduce or replace the need to purchase to explore the impact of selective pressure on microbial and bring in chemicals, providing significant environmental community development. and economic benefit to customers, with payback times between two and three years. Target industries include pulp Chief Investigators: Dr Korneel Rabaey and Dr Gene Tyson; and paper, petrochemical, breweries and wineries, with a Project staff: Dr Paul Dennis, Mr Mike Imelfort and total market opportunity of several billion dollars. Bilexys Mr Kun Guo; Collaborators: Prof Mark Morrison, CSIRO technology has already been taken successfully from the one litre laboratory scale to a fully operational pilot plant system. For more information please contact [email protected] 8 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Analytical Research & Services

“Having the AWMC in Australia provides an important research service that we can easily access, but their core research that is also highly relevant, provides us with additional process options, and reduces costs associated with process uncertainty.” - Mr Terry Anderson from SEW corporate strategy.

The AWMC Analytical Services Laboratory AWMC Offers Methane Potential and (ASL) Activity Testing The AWMC has an analytical laboratory providing services Tests developed at the AWMC can provide certainty to internal and external clients. Besides routine analyses, for anaerobic digestion projects. Anaerobic digestion the ASL continuously adapts and develops new analytical technologies are an attractive option for the treatment of methods in the area of waste, surface and drinking water organic solids, resulting in a net energy generation and in order to support the AWMC researchers in their new production of safe, easy-to-handle residues for beneficial research areas. reuse in agriculture. However, the feasibility of such a project is highly dependent on the speed and extent of degradation, In 2010 the ASL was awarded a Major Equipment which can vary for different materials. The AWMC is a key Infrastructure Grant (MEI). This allowed the purchase of a leader and developer of anaerobic biodegradability, activity new HPLC and a CTC/GC/ECD for the analysis of low levels and inhibition tests, offering independent testing to enable of greenhouse gases and disinfection by-products. certainty in feasibility analysis. Ongoing testing of existing On a routine basis ASL is measuring nutrients (ammonia, projects offers benchmarks to assess process efficiency nitrate, nitrite, phosphate), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen and and product quality. In 2010, BMP testing was used to help total phosphorus, sulfur species (hydrogen sulfide, sulfate, Sydney Water Corporation evaluate options for upgrading a thiosulfate, sulfite), anions, ethanol, methanol, and other large existing wastewater treatment plant. A variation of this

alcohols, greenhouse gases (N2O, CH4), disinfection test allows independent testing of anaerobic seed biomass, by-products, total organic carbon, glucose, lactic, formic, and digester biomass health. succinic and volatile fatty acids, organics, pharmaceuticals Clients for this testing in 2010 included:- and other micropollutants, organic sulfur compounds, Foster’s Brewery polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV) Allconnex Water and COD (chemical oxygen demand). Melbourne Water The Analytical Services Lab is equipped with the following Sydney Water Corporation instruments: Trisco Foods • Gas chromatograph with CTC autosampler and Visy Pulp and Paper electron capture detector (ECD) WSN Environmental Solutions Australia • LC-MS-MS (AB4000 QTRAP) • Gas chromatograph with masspectrometer and sulfur For more information please contact chemiluminescence detector (GC-MS/SCD) Dr Damien Batstone, [email protected] • HPLC with reflective index, photoarray and Dr Paul Jensen, [email protected] fluorescence detector • Three gas chromatographs with FID detectors • Total Organic Carbon Analyser with Total Nitrogen detector (TOC/TN) • Ion chromatograph with conductivity and UV detector • Flow Injection Analyser • Inductive Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy instrument (ICP-OES) For more information please contact Dr Beatrice Keller-Lehmann, [email protected] AWMC Annual Report 2010 9 Analytical Services

Services at the Environmental Professional Development Courses Microbiology Laboratory (EML) Offered by the EML The Environmental Microbiology Laboratory (EML) offers a range of services. The EML is a fully equipped modern FISH Course laboratory for molecular biology and the culturing of Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) is extensively used microorganisms. These include facilities for manipulation for analysis of microbial communities in a wide range of and fingerprinting of DNA and various forms of enrichment environmental samples such as sludge, seawater, rumen and microbial culture techniques. Our location ensures we and biofilms. The FISH course is held annually at the AWMC have ready access to a range of excellent complementary and includes both the theory and practice to provide facilities that include confocal laser scanning microscopy, in-depth details and hands-on experience. electron microscopy and flow cytometry. We have strong expertise and experience for molecular characterisation of environmental and industry samples particularly for ARB Course determining microbial community composition. ARB is a software package for analysis of DNA sequences Services include; and determining phylogenetic relationships between organisms. This is a convenient and widely used package • Microbial community profiling: Denaturing Gradient that contains a large cumulative database – simplifying Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and Terminal Restriction management and sequence analysis for phylogenetic Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP) are high comparisons, and for design and evaluation of FISH probes throughput methods that are very powerful for and primers. ARB incorporates some of the newest and the comparison of microbial diversity in a number most sophisticated tree-building algorithms. The most recent of samples, for example to examine spatial and ARB course at EML was successfully conducted with a total temporal population variations. of 26 participants. • Community DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis: At the core of identifying microorganisms For more information please contact from environmental samples is sequencing of Dr Phil Bond, [email protected] ribosomal genes. EML uses the latest techniques Dr Gene Tyson, [email protected] for cloning and “next-generation” DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic sequence analysis is used to determine the relationship of unknown microorganisms to known representatives. • Microbial community structure using fluorescent probes: Fluorescently-labeled oligonucleotide probes based upon RNA sequences have achieved wide acceptance in the field of microbial ecology. This technique is widely used to visualise and identify microorganisms directly in the environmental sample, and is known as fluorescencein situ hybridisation (FISH). 10 AWMC Annual Report 2010 AWMC Annual Report 2010 11 Research Programs Research Programs Research

The Advanced Water Management Centre is an The current water and energy crisis has brought internationally recognised centre of excellence in about a major change in many aspects of the innovative water technology and management. water industry. The shift towards a true urban Its particular strength is the close integration water cycle, both at local and regional scale, of biological and chemical sciences, process poses numerous challenges and opportunities engineering and informatics. This unique for the water industry as a whole. combination forms the basis for ground breaking The AWMC research portfolio consists of seven research but also offers exciting opportunities linked programs, shown below. The combined for the development and application of efforts of these programs are achieving user-specific solutions to challenging sustainable outcomes for the water industry, environmental problems. protecting our water resources and critical infrastructure.

The following pages takes a look at the each of the programs and the outcomes for 2010.

SEWER RESEARCH MICROBIAL ECOLOGY (BIO)ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS Program Leaders Program Leaders Program Leaders Phil Bond Zhiguo Yuan Korneel Rabaey Jurg Keller Gene Tyson Jurg Keller

GREENHOUSE GASES ANAEROBIC TECHNOLOGIES Program Leaders Program Leaders Zhiguo Yuan Damien Batstone Paul Lant Paul Jensen

WATER RECYCLING NUTRIENT REMOVAL AND Program Leaders BIOPRODUCTS Wolfgang Gernjak Program Leaders Maite Pijuan / Fran Slater Jurg Keller Steven Pratt 12 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Water Recycling

In 2008, the Water Recycling Program was launched in a context of severe drought. This resulted in A$2.5 Billion water reclamation project to broaden sources of water supply. The implementation of the largest recycled water scheme in the southern hemisphere has provided a unique opportunity for the AWMC to develop cutting edge research on water recycling processes optimisation and alternative technologies evaluation, monitoring and management of emerging contaminants and improved strategies for sustainable purified recycled water (PRW) quality.

UQ, WaterSecure and Veolia Water continue their strategic collaboration with projects on: • Membrane fouling, chemically induced ageing of membrane in RO technologies and integrity in membrane filtration of secondary effluents. • Treatment and management of RO concentrate. • Strategies to control the formation of disinfection by products during the production of PRW. In the framework of the research program “Cities as Water Supply Catchments” ($13.5M) led by Monash University and supported by the National Water Commission, Victoria Smart Water Fund and various industry partners across Australia, AWMC researchers are looking at resolving issues related to safe harvesting of general urban stormwater for both potable and non-potable uses at household, streetscape, and neighbourhood scale.

Membrane Technologies for Advanced Water Treatment Membrane technologies generally take an integral part in In 2010, the Water Recycling Research Program has advanced water treatment schemes for the production of extended its collaboration with the SEQ Urban Water high quality water for recycling in a range of applications Security Research Alliance, a partnership between the including industrial, agricultural and drinking water supply Queensland Government, CSIRO, The University of uses. Indeed, systems combining microfiltration and reverse Queensland (UQ) and Griffith University. osmosis membranes have successfully been implemented • In the context of source control we investigate to produce purified recycled water. However, due to which fractions of the total load of pharmaceutical environmental and economical drivers, optimisation of these residues in the influent of a sewage treatment technologies is still necessary. plant or advanced water treatment plant originate As part of the strategic collaboration between UQ, from hospitals using modelling and experimental WaterSecure and Veolia Water Australia, we are actively evaluations, working on membrane technologies with projects • With regard to advanced water treatment of investigating: municipally treated wastewater, we are looking at • Impact of source water on membrane fouling in alternatives technologies to current microfiltration microfiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, and reverse osmosis processes such as biological • Impact of fouling control chemicals on reverse activated carbon and ozonation for the production of osmosis membranes performance and ageing, recycled water; • Virus surrogates for the assessment of reverse • In relation to the production of drinking water, we osmosis membranes integrity, investigate the occurrence of regulated and emerging • Reverse osmosis membranes rejection of DBPs disinfection by products may be of concern for SEQ. and micro-pollutants. AWMC Annual Report 2010 13 Water Recycling Water

Stormwater and Human Health Risk Disinfection By-products in South East Queensland Stormwater has been seen as a viable alternative water Disinfectants, such as chlorine or chloramines, are powerful resource for different end uses. oxidants that oxidize the natural organic matter and anthropogenic contaminants present in waters. During this Stormwater contains a wide range of chemicals as well process, disinfection by-products (DBPs) may be generated. as pathogens, some of which may be harmful to public health. Major impediments to stormwater harvesting and Since 2008 we have been investigating the formation of use include a lack of public acceptance and clear regulatory nitrogenous DBPs, such as nitrosamines, in recycled water. guidance related to a number of chemicals and pathogens This year, the research on DBPs has been extended to that may be present in stormwater prior to its use. investigate regulated and emerging DBPs not only in To establish stormwater as a viable alternative source water, recycled water but also in drinking water. research is required to: • First, our ongoing collaboration with WaterSecure and • Identify potential pollutants that may be present Veolia has been leveraged by the USA funded agency in stormwater and Water Reuse Research Foundation to investigate the • Characterise the associated risk based on exposure. occurrence and fate of regulated and emerging DBPs during the production of PRW. We, along with CSIRO Land and Water and Griffith • Second, a new project funded by the SEQ Urban University are investigating chemical/pathogens and human Water Security Research Alliance in collaboration with health risk associated with stormwater which is a part of Griffith University, Seqwater, Queensland Department project Cities as a Catchment for Water Supply. Other of Environment and Resource Management, partners involved in this research project include Monash LinkWater and Queensland Health aims to understand University, University of Melbourne, and AECOM sponsored which emerging and regulated DBPs are generated by many industry partners. during the production and distribution of drinking water in South East Queensland.

The AWMC Water Recycling Team 2010

Researchers PhD Students Visiting Academics Visiting Students Dr Julien Reungoat Mr Maxime Rattier Prof David Sedlak (University Mr Tan Quach (TU Delft, of California, Berkeley USA) Netherlands) Dr Wolfgang Gernjak Ms Chrystelle Ayache Prof Markus Röhricht (FH Mr Pengzhe Sui (Kyoto Dr Maria José Farré Mr Arseto Bagastyo Giessen, Germany) University, Japan) Dr Christoph Ort Ms Marie-Laure Pype Prof Q. Yang (Henan Normal Mr Florian Martin (FH Dr Jelena Radjenovic Ms Katrin Doederer University, China) Giessen, Germany) Dr Marc Pidou Ms Emmanuelle Filloux Dr Adriano Joss (EAWAG, Mr François Xavier Argaud Switzerland) (University of Joseph Fourier, Dr Bogdan Donose France) Dr Kristell Le Corre Research Support Ms Isabelle Pereira Dr Rupak Aryal Ms Hollie King (Agro Paris Tech, France) 14 AWMC Annual Report 2010 (Bio)Electrochemical Systems

(B)ESs use whole-cell biocatalysts to drive oxidation and reduction reactions at solid-state electrodes. Due to the separation between the oxidation and reduction reactions, a large range of applications is possible in the context of water and energy recovery. The most widespread application is presently the microbial fuel cell, which aims to generate power from wastewater. More recently microbial electrolysis cells have emerged. These have notably expanded the range of applications of (B)ESs, particularly towards bioproduction. AWMC Annual Report 2010 15

Calcium Abatement in Wastewater Systems versatile process for the treatment of such recalcitrant pollutants from wastewater using the powerful oxidation While improved water efficiency decreases water usage, and reduction capabilities in BES. The concept is that it also leads to increased ionic concentrations. For example wastewater needs to be first treated at the abiotic or biotic in the pulp and paper industry, calcium accumulation causes cathode (reduction) to improve its biodegradability, followed expensive scaling. We are developing a bioelectrochemical by biological oxidation of the remaining products at the system that generates caustic soda. This product is used anode of the BES. One or both of the oxidation/reduction for an up-stream calcium precipitation unit and on-site reactions in the two chambers of the BES can be catalysed paper bleaching. This can help meet the demands of a by bacteria to help reduce over-potentials and power smaller volume of process water without the economic and consumption. The electrons released from the oxidation step environmental cost of purchasing caustic soda. at the bioanode can be utilised to reduce the recalcitrant Microbial Electrosynthesis organic pollutants at the cathode, hence eliminating the need for any co-substrates. Microbial electrosynthesis is a novel process in which microorganisms are using electricity as their energy source Electrochemical Sulfide Removal from Sewers for synthesis reactions. Indeed, electrical current can drive Sewer corrosion caused by hydrogen sulfide generation microbial metabolism, instead of more conventionally is a major issue in sewer management. Existing strategies organic substrate derived from crops. As a result, it is are expensive, complex and often come with drawbacks possible to produce biofuels and biochemicals starting from such as the loss of organic matter. We propose a novel CO2 or substrate organics, and electricity. The electricity method, in which sulfide is removed electrochemically in turn can be derived from wastewater treatment, or a by means of in situ generated oxygen. Due to its ease different sustainable source of electrical energy. of operation and lack of peripherals this electrochemical Systems (Bio)Electrochemical Microbial Ecology of Engineered Environments approach is expected to exhibit important advantages compared to existing technologies. Engineered systems such as anaerobic digesters (ADs) and bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) perform a Sulfide Recovery from Wastewater wide-range of functions, including wastewater clean-up, An electrochemical process has been developed to recover power delivery, and generation of useful products. Microbial sulfide from wastewater through a two-phase system, communities are critical to the functioning of these systems in which the anode and cathode are switched over but are poorly understood from a phylogenetic and a periodically to collect a concentrated sulfide or polysulfide functional perspective. We are using a range of techniques solution. In the first phase, sulfide is anodically oxidized and including pyrotag sequencing, metagenomics and precipitated as elemental sulfur, which is then cathodically metatranscriptomics to link the genetic and taxonomic reduced and collected as a concentrated stream of sulfide diversity to the overall community functionality. or polysulfide in the second phase. Investigations are Mediated Electron Transfer to Modify Fermentation underway to apply this novel process to wastewater from Pathways a gelatin processing plant, in collaboration with Gelita Australia Pty Ltd. Fermentation is a key biotechnology process extensively used to produce a wide range of potential products from Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Concentrates primary substrates such as sugars and amino acids via Electrochemical treatment appears an attractive option anaerobic oxidation or electron neutral catabolic reactions. for the removal of trace contaminants from reverse osmosis Notably, fermentations can be significantly affected by the concentrates (ROC). Key reasons for this are the high redox conditions of the surrounding environment. conductivity of the ROC (limiting energy requirement) This research project is focused on studying how an and the replacement of oxidants by electrical current. electrode can produce a shift in fermentation pathways We are investigating the influence of electrode material and towards more attractive end-products by inducing operational strategy on the removal effectiveness, with a modifications on the redox environment using different redox particular focus on decreasing the overall toxicity and mediators. increasing the biodegradability of the trace contaminants. Ferric Sludge Recovery

Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is commonly used in many treatment The AWMC (B)ES Team 2010 plants in order to improve the precipitation of phosphate in the water. This generates a sludge that not only has no Project Leaders significant value at the moment, but brings with it a high Korneel Rabaey René Rozendal disposal cost and environmental footprint problems. The Jurg Keller Gene Tyson formed chemical sludge is potentially the source of valuable compounds such as iron and phosphate. A novel 2-stage Researchers process approach is being developed in which first, the Yang Mu Stefano Freguia phosphate is released in solution after the addition of a Paul Dennis Mike Imelfort sulphide solution and second, an electrochemical reaction Jelena Radjenovic Eugena Li with oxidation of sulphide to sulphur on the anode enables Stephen Anderson the recovery of iron. PhD Students Bioelectrochemical Transformation and Degradation Arseto Bagastyo Angela Johnstone of Recalcitrant Organic Pollutants from Wastewater Kun Guo Suzanne Read The removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants such as textile Elena Mejia Likosova dyes, agro-chemicals or pharmaceuticals from wastewater is crucial for environmental and human health protection. The AWMC (B)ES group has developed an innovative and 16 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Greenhouse Gases

Climate change caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the major challenges facing mankind today. Substantial reductions in GHG emissions are inevitable and an essential shared responsibility for all sectors.

Water and wastewater systems contribute to greenhouse Nitrous oxide (N2O) Production from Wastewater gas (GHG) emissions through both energy consumption Treatment Systems (indirect emissions of CO2) and emissions of fugitive gases The release of fugitive nitrous oxide from wastewater such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) (direct handling is a problem recognised globally. N2O is not only emissions). Methane and N2O are two potent greenhouse gases with global warming potentials 25 and 310 times, a potent greenhouse gas but also the single most important ozone depleting substance in the 21st century. Due to the respectively, that of CO2 on a 100-year horizon. Their contributions to total net anthropogenic radiative forcing are highly dynamic conditions in wastewater treatment plants very significant, at 30% and 10%, respectively. (WWTPs), N2O emission profiles are highly variable and difficult to measure. The AWMC GHG group is attempting AWMC has been directly addressing issues of GHG in the to capture online emission profiles from full-scale WWTPs. water industry since 2007 and indirectly long before this. This project is in collaboration with Water Corporation with

Our greenhouse gas research program focuses on the the first online infrared 2N O analyser in Australia installed

understanding and mitigation of CH4 and N2O emissions in the Woodman Point WWTP, WA. An intensive sampling from wastewater collection and treatment systems, as campaign aimed at establishing nitrogen balance and

well as from receiving waters and water storages. The identifying conditions responsible for elevated N2O levels will current research includes fundamental research with ARC be carried out in early 2011. The measurement program will Discovery grants as well as applied research in collaboration then be rolled out to additional WWTPs. with industry through ARC Linkage projects aimed at the understanding, quantification and mitigation of GHG In parallel to field studies, comprehensive lab studies have emissions. Our industry partners in these projects are been carried out to understand key nitrogen transformation Water Corporation, Seqwater and Healthy Waterways. reactions leading to N2O production. Lab scale reactors are being used to test specific process conditions such as Recent and on-going projects pH, free nitrous acid, free ammonia and dissolved oxygen 1. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from South concentrations on enriched cultures. Key findings to date East Queensland waterways; from these studies include: 2. Understanding and mitigating nitrous oxide emission • pH has been shown to have a direct effect on the from wastewater treatment plants; magnitude and mechanism of N2O production by 3. Understanding fugitive greenhouse gas emissions nitrifying cultures. from wastewater systems for reliable accounting and • pH indirectly affects the concentrations of free nitrous effective mitigation; acid that has been demonstrated to be a true inhibitor 4. Direct methane and nitrous oxide emissions from full- of N2O reductase activity of denitrifying bacteria, scale wastewater treatment systems; eventually leading to N2O emission. 5. Fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater systems; Further development of fundamental understanding combined with field data will assist development

of mitigation strategies to minimize N2O production and emission in wastewater treatment systems. AWMC Annual Report 2010 17 Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse

Fugitive Greenhouse Gas Emission from Receiving Methane (CH4) Production from Wastewater Collection Systems Waters

Recent field studies carried out both in Australia and Natural waterways can be a significant source of 2N O and CH4. Microorganisms in sediments and in the water column elsewhere showed that a significant amount of CH4 is formed in sewers, particularly in rising mains. Significant can produce or consume N2O or CH4 while converting carbon and nitrogen compounds. However, there is currently CH4 production and emission from wastewater collection systems can be a major source of fugitive greenhouse gas. a lack of quantitative data for CH4 and N2O emissions The research is undertaken through a multi-disciplinary from South East Queensland waterways. The GHG team, systematic approach by integrating process engineering, in collaboration with Seqwater and Healthy Waterways, microbiology, biochemistry, and mathematical modelling. is monitoring the emissions of these gases from selected Experimental investigations comprise macro-level studies South East Queensland dams, estuaries and bays. on full-scale and laboratory-scale systems, to micro-level Key findings to date from this project include: investigations on biofilm and sediments, and further to molecular-level studies on microbial communities and their • Elevated N2O and CH4 concentrations have been activities. found in two bays (Bramble Bay and Deception Bay) and in the Brisbane estuary, indicating all these sites Progress to Date: are sources of greenhouse gases. The concentrations

• Field study conducted by the GHG team revealed that of both N2O and CH4 varied spatially at all sites measured. CH4 emission from sewers contributes significantly to GHG emissions from wastewater systems; • Data obtained by this project and by a parallel investigation by Seqwater showed high CH • A mechanistic model characterising CH4 in rising main 4 sewers has been developed by our research team; concentrations in the deeper water layers of the two • Laboratory and field tests have shown that several dams (Wivenhoe Dam and Little Nerang Dam). The sulfide control strategies can significantlyeduce r mean CH4 flux from Wivenhoe Dam was at least two methane formation as a side-effect. orders of magnitude lower than emissions from Little Nerang Dam. High spatial and temporal variability in

The study of methane formation, emission and control CH4 emissions was found in both dams. in sewers is still in its early stages. In the future, the GHG team will work on the following knowledge and technology gaps: The AWMC Greenhouse Gas Team 2010 • Identification of key sources and sinks of methane in Project Leaders gravity sewers, particularly in sewer sediments; Zhiguo Yuan Paul Lant • Development of a model predicting the generation, Jurg Keller oxidation and emissions of methane under different sewer conditions; Researchers • Development of cost-effective methane mitigation Liu Ye Shihu Hu strategies. Ursula Werner Joe Lane PhD Students Yingyu Law Yuting Pan Ying Shi Ronald Musenze 18 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Microbial Ecology

Microorganisms occur in every habitat on earth, and are responsible for many of the steps in the global water cycle. At the AWMC, the microbial ecology team is attempting to understand microorganisms at every level, from genes through to ecosystems. The research uses cutting-edge molecular tools, as well as more traditional microbiological techniques, to gain fundamental knowledge and understanding of these complex, yet fascinating processes.

What’s Important for Formation of Aerobic Molecular Characterisation of Microbial Granules? Communities Involved in Anaerobic Methane-Driven Denitrification Aerobic granular activated sludge is an innovative technology the AWMC are adapting for the treatment of Anaerobic methane-driven denitrification (MDD) is a domestic wastewater. Aerobic granules have much superior microbial process that drives the oxidisation of methane settling capabilities in comparison to floccular sludge. This to carbon dioxide coupled to the reduction of nitrate or research is optimising the operation of sequencing batch nitrite to dinitrogen gas. There are many obvious industrial reactors for aerobic granules. In an interesting discovery uses for this process, however, whilst the prevalence of we find that a slow wastewater feed rate to the reactor MDD in the environment has not yet been fully evaluated, causes loosely structured aggregates to form, rather than it has potentially important implications for both the global the desired densely packed granules. We hypothesise this carbon and nitrogen cycles. To date, two key groups of due to differences in the microorganisms kinetic affinity for microorganisms have been shown to be involved in this the wastewater substrates. Currently we are determining process, a bacterium Candidatus “Methylomirabilis oxyfera” differences in the microbial communities and their function and ANME-2D-like Archaea. While “M. oxyfera” has been by analysing the protein and gene expression of these two extensively studied, including the recent sequencing of its granule types. genome, a detailed understanding of the ANME-like Archaea is lacking. We are currently sequencing the genome of the ANME-2D-like Archaea using a novel single Evaluating Microbial Species and Function in cell genomic approach in order to gain greater insight Anaerobic Digestion into how this organism carries out MDD. Additionally, we are characterising the microbial communities in several Temperature phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD), is a bioreactors at the AWMC that have been operated to enrich microbial process that has great potential for treatment for organisms capable of carrying out MDD to identify other of biosolids due to its high energy recovery, lower sludge important microbial players involved this process. production, cost effectiveness and low environmental effect. This research, funded through the Environmental Biotechnology CRC, examines the microorganisms active Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) in the thermal pretreatment stage of a two stage anaerobic Bioreactors as a Model System for Understanding digester, to provide key conceptual insight of this hydrolysis- Phage-Host Dynamics fermentation step. Two functionally different laboratory scale pretreatment reactors, one thermophilic (>50°C) and one Phage (bacterial and archaeal viruses) are ubiquitous in mesophilic (35°C), were evaluated using 16S rRNA based the environment and drive the dynamics and evolution of molecular methods. Results indicate temperature had microbial communities through predation and horizontal a significant positive correlation with the abundance gene transfer. The sheer diversity of phages in natural of dominant ribotypes within the Thermotogeae and environments makes it difficult to study phage-host Firmicutes, and with enhanced hydrolytic performance. interactions at the community scale. The EBPR bioreactors Analysis of microbial function, determined by protein dominated by Candidatus “Accumulibacter phosphatis” detection (metaproteomics), illustrates the thermophilic represent an ideal controlled engineered system to monitor sludge has a high abundance of extracellular proteins that phages-host interactions. Further, phage predation could be are likely important for the enhanced hydrolytic performance responsible for dramatic collapses in EBPR performance. of the pretreatment stage. AWMC Annual Report 2010 19 Microbial Ecology Microbial

Electron micrograph of phage from an EBPR bioreactor

To analyse the mechanisms of EBPR phage-bacteria We would like to thank the following funding agents interactions we are using metagenomics to sequence and partners whole phage communities in a lab-scale EBPR reactor. In combination with this we are using PCR to study the activity Australian Institute of Marine Sciences of host defence genes against phage. We have successfully ARC Discovery and Linkage Grants developed techniques to extract and sequence the DNA of CSIRO phage communities and accurately quantify viral numbers Department of Energy, USA using flow cytometry. Analysis of metagenomic data from Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research - an EBPR reactor has lead to our discovery of a novel International Science Linkages (DIISR – ISL) mechanism in the phage-host arms race by which phage Environmental Biotechnology CRC can potentially down-regulate essential defence genes of Joint Genome Institute, USA the host. Future work will focus on analysing, in depth, the Meat and Livestock Australia temporal aspects of phage-host interactions in EBPR. Melbourne Water Sydney Water Corporation Queensland State Government (Smart State Fellowships A New Research Partner at UQ: The Australian Program) Centre for Ecogenomics (ACE) University of Arizona, USA University of Newcastle The Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, or ACE for short, is University of New South Wales a new centre recently established in the School of Chemistry University of Sydney and Molecular Biology as part of a strategic initiative to build University of Tasmania capacity in microbial genomics at UQ. The AWMC is a major University of Technology, Sydney ACE research partner and has been centrally involved in its Water Technologies Australia establishment. This collaboration is further cemented by the Water Corporation direct involvement of Gene Tyson as Deputy Director of the new centre and return of former AWMC postdoc, Prof Phil Hugenholtz, from the Joint Genome Institute in the The AWMC Microbial Ecology Team 2010 US to be the ACE Director. ACE has three major research themes; environmental, host-associated and tree of life. Phil Bond Gene Tyson An important component of the environmental theme is Florent Angly Fran Slater engineered systems and this is the focal point of AWMC- Paul Dennis Mike Imelfort ACE research. A key collaboration with Prof Zhiguo Yuan Jeremy Barr Lauren Bragg and Dr Shihu Hu concerns the microbiology of anaerobic Barry Cayford Angela Johnstone methane-driven denitrification (MDD). This collaboration Hasina Pervin Natacha Juste-Poinapen has already resulted in the genome sequence of an MDD Connor Skennerton Marieska Verawaty organism from an AWMC bioreactor revealing key metabolic Kimber Kumbun Mohamed (Fauzi) Haroon underpinnings of this process. Further information about Hui Jie Lim ACE including researchers and projects can be found at www.ecogenomic.org 20 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Sewer Corrosion & Odour Research (SCORe)

Optimal management of sewer systems has been hindered by a limited understanding of several key in-sewer processes, and the lack of tools and reliable technologies to support strategic decisions and cost-effective sewer operation. The value of public assets is being significantly diminished as a result of corrosion problems, with the replacement of concrete sewer pipes costing hundreds of millions of dollars yearly in Australia. This research program is delivering highly valuable outcomes for the Australian water industry.

The generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been There has been heightened interest in the management of known to be a major cause of corrosion and odour odour and corrosion in sewers in recent years for a number problems in sewer systems. However odour and corrosion of reasons: in sewers has often been taken as a fait accompli, with 1. Sewer systems are being extended to fringe sewer vents being closed if odour problems occur and the populations around the major cities with ever odours being vented elsewhere in the system or at the inlet increasing size of the collection systems and greater to the wastewater treatment plant. dependency on the pumping of sewage and hence Development of fundamental scientific knowledge of sewer greater generation of sulfides in the system. processes has been limited since the publication of the 2. Water restrictions and demand management of water “Hydrogen Sulphide Control Manual” in 1989 which is still supplies is resulting in significantly lower flows and commonly used by industry for the prediction of sulfide higher concentrations of COD, sulfates and other generation in sewers. pollutants. This then produces longer retention times Basic knowledge gaps still exist in our fundamental in rising mains and the quicker onset of anaerobic

understanding of odours and corrosion including conditions which cause generation of more H2S and the following: to potentially higher concentrations (due to higher • Corrosion Processes & Control: The estimation of the sulfate and/or COD concentrations). corrosion rate and the life expectancy of pipes are 3. Warmer climates over the last decade which lowers very difficult to predict and are almost entirely based the solubility of oxygen, encourages the more on empirical data about the past performance rapid depletion of the oxygen in the wastewater of pipes under similar conditions. and stimulates the generation of H2S by the sulfate • Gas Phase Technologies: It is difficult to quantify reducing bacteria (SRB). and characterise odours from sewers without relying 4. Trade waste regulations have reduced the amount purely on costly, problematic and time consuming of heavy metals (and other pollutants) that are human olfactometry systems. In addition, applications discharged to sewers, which has reduced the of odour abatement systems rely on empirical data precipitation of metal sulfides in sewers. Precipitation with little fundamental understanding of the processes of the heavy metal sulfide would reduce the H2S occurring for the removal of the odour. concentration in the sewage. In addition it is believed • Liquid Phase Technologies: A lack of understanding that the heavy metals also have a inhibitory effect on of the chemical and biochemical transformations that the microbes responsible for H2S production. occur in wastewater and the impact of variables such as flow velocity, sediments, changes in wastewater The size of this problem is reflected in the broad support composition. This makes it difficult to predict the being provided to the SCORe Project by water utilities impact of chemicals commonly used to control throughout Australia. There are 11 industry partners and - H2S in sewers such as O2, NO3 , Mg(OH)2, FeCl3, 11 research partners. The project started in late 2008 and etc. Without closing these knowledge gaps it is not will run for five years with a total budget of approximately possible to optimise dosing systems for the control $20 million. of odours in the liquid phase or to reliably predict the impact of dosing systems on the receiving wastewater treatment plants. AWMC Annual Report 2010 21 Sewer Research

This project brings together the scientific knowledge of We would like to acknowledge all of our partners in this world-leading researchers and the vast amount of practical research program: expertise available in the Australian utilities, which will Allconnex Water ensure practical outcomes based on fundamental scientific Barwon Regional Water Corporation knowledge. The skills and expertise possessed by the CH2M Hill Australia research providers and industry partners are very diverse Curtin University of Technology yet complementary, enabling the integration of process Hunter Water Corporation engineering, mathematical modelling, environmental Melbourne Water Corporation chemistry, material science and microbiology, together with South East Water Limited operational experience, in the search for solutions. South Australian Water Corporation Sydney Water Corporation The project comprises four themes under which ten The University of Newcastle subprojects are managed: The University of New South Wales • Theme 1 - Understanding and predicting corrosion The University of Sydney processes United Water International (will be Veolia Water • Theme 2 - Gas phase technologies Australia after 1/6/11) • Theme 3 - Liquid phase technologies, and Water Corporation • Theme 4 - Decision support and knowledge Water Quality Research Australia (WQRA) management Six of the ten subprojects are being carried out by the The AWMC Sewer Team 2010 AWMC as well as the overall project leadership, project Concrete Corrosion Testing in Laboratory management and organisational responsibility. Phil Bond Jurg Keller Antony Joseph Hoai Tran Despite being operational for only two years, outcomes from Barry Cayford the SCORe project are already having a major influence on Optimising Dosing of Chemicals industry partner practices and decisions which are providing Zhiguo Yuan Ramon Ganigué Pagès significant financial benefits. Some examples include: Guangming Jiang Jindong Chen • Testing of some odour control chemicals has been Testing of Emerging Chemicals postponed by industry partners based on outcomes Gatut Sudarjanto Zhiguo Yuan from laboratory and field testing of the project. Oriol Gutierrez Guangming Jiang • Control strategies developed by AWMC are being Guo Ren Lishan Zhang applied for optimising the dosing of proven chemicals Electrochemical Control of Sulfide for odour and corrosion control. Korneel Rabaey Jurg Keller • The SeweX model is now being used by several René Rozendal Ilje Pikaar industry partners to predict and manage odour and Eugena Li corrosion in their sewerage collection systems. Model-based Decision Support Keshab Sharma Zhiguo Yuan Gatut Sudarjanto Evren Tugtas Yeting Niu Jing Sun Knowledge Management Ray Rootsey 22 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Bioproducts & Nutrient Removal

The AWMC has built a strong reputation in nutrient removal technologies over the last 14 years in the field. However, recent changes in the industry have given us new challenges including reducing costs, smaller treatment plants, and adding benefits to the treatment of wastewater, both domestic and industrial. This research program has met these challenges head-on, leading the world in the emergent technology of aerobic granulation systems and harnessing the potential bioproducts from wastewater.

Next Generation Bioplastics They have funded research at the AWMC to investigate PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) bioplastics are recognised as recovery of nitrogen and phosphorous from waste streams. outstanding candidates to replace conventional plastics. We have determined that up to 20% of the national Their mechanical properties are industrially relevant, they phosphorous and nitrogen market could be supplied are produced from renewable resources, and they are truly by recovering from waste streams, and that farm scale biodegradable. Furthermore, our recent work shows that the technology would both have a relatively rapid payback, as PHA bioplastics synthesis has the capacity to utilise cheap well as providing benefits such as renewable energy. This and renewable carbon sources such as organic wastes, research is helping to provide new revenue streams to the which are economically competitive with petroleum based agricultural sector, reduce environmental and greenhouse alternatives. gas impact, and generate new sources for fertiliser.

We are teaming up with AnoxKaldnes Biopolymer Pandemic Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in of Sweden and UQ’s Centre for High Performance Polymers Wastewater: Effects on Nutrient Removal for an ARC funded project on using mixed microbial cultures to engineer commercial grade PHA. The aim is to advance The recent H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic saw many mixed culture PHA technology by integrating state-of-the-art people treated with antivirals and antibiotics. High polymer characterisation and processing with mixed culture proportions of both classes of drugs are excreted into biopolymer production. wastewater and will eventually end up in treatment plants. There has been international concern that unprecedented Our team has already successfully accumulated PHA levels of these pharmaceuticals in wastewater during a in biomass harvested from wastewater treatment plants. pandemic could have adverse effects on the bacteria in We have extracted PHA from within the biomass, and have nutrient removal systems, causing decreased function. found that thermal properties and molecular weight are as Additionally, downstream effects on aquatic life in receiving desirable as those produced in mixed cultures. In the next waters are unknown. Investigations have to date been phase of research we will be assessing the mechanical mostly limited to modelling and pure culture studies. properties and rheology of our PHA, with the view of identifying markets for our bioplastic commodity. We conducted the first assessment of the effects of pandemic-scale pharmaceutical doses on nutrient removal reactors. A laboratory-scale sequencing batch Nutrient Recovery Helping to Improve the reactor was operated as an aerobic granular sludge for Sustainability of the Australian Agriculture Sector enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). There Australia is one of the food bowls of the world, exporting was little removal of antiviral compounds by the sludge, approximately 50% of food produced nationally. We are also demonstrating the potential for antiviral compound recognised as having some of the most sustainable and contamination of receiving waters. We also recorded best managed agricultural sectors in the world. However, disruption to granule structure, to EBPR and nitrification, there are a number of issues over sustainability and pricing and to bacterial communities following high doses of of mineral nutrients. Nitrogen is produced from fossil derived antivirals and antibiotics. These findings indicate the natural gas, while phosphate is mined from non-renewable risks of pandemic concentrations of pharmaceuticals to resources. Supply issues have seen dramatic fluctuations in nutrient removal processes and highlight the need for pricing over the last five years, particularly for phosphates. further research. Our future investigations will look further This is the driver for the Grains Research and Development at the mechanisms of the effects of these pharmaceuticals Corporation to find new, sustainable sources of nutrients. on bacteria responsible for nutrient removal, particularly focusing on biofilm disruption. AWMC Annual Report 2010 23

The AWMC Bioproducts Team 2010

Steven Pratt Paul Lant Shelley Brown Philip Keymer Monica Arcos

The AWMC Nutrient Removal Team 2010

Maite Pijuan Fran Slater Phil Bond Damien Batstone Chirag Mehta Thomas Seviour Jeremy Barr & Nutrient Removal Bioproducts

Algae Derived Biofuels The depletion of oil reserves and a quest for independence from fossil fuels are driving the search for alternative fuel sources. Biofuels from microalgae is an exciting and viable option. The direct advantages of algae-derived biofuels over conventional biofuels are a very high yield per hectare and no competition for arable land. Still, algae production currently relies on the availability of low cost synthetic fertilisers. At the AWMC we are aiming to address this by investigating the potential for using waste streams as an economic and sustainable nutrient supply for algal biofuels. Our research focus is two-fold. Firstly we are aiming to produce biogas by digesting algae grown on wastewater, and ultimately boost biogas yields by pre-treating algal biomass prior to processing. We have already shown that pre-treatment can lead to a 30% increase in biogas production. Secondly, we are developing knowledge on microbial communities in open algal systems, with the view to understanding the interactions between key populations. The outcomes will be significant in terms of tracking nitrogen and phosphorus utilisation in algal ponds when wastewater is used as the nutrient supply. 24 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Anaerobic Technologies

The anaerobic technology group works across the product development cycles, from investigation of basic relationships between microbes to construction of large demonstration plants. The knowledge developed in the laboratory feeds directly into our full-scale implementation and consulting work. Linkages are strong with industry, and we have large research projects across most industrial sectors, including energy, agriculture, waste/wastewater treatment, and industrial biotechnology.

Anaerobic Technology Group Overview Waste-to-Energy Program Anaerobic technology research is an established program Our waste-to-energy program has continued to develop within the AWMC, we think of anaerobic biotechnologies in recent years. The small medium biosolids stabilisation as resource recovery technology, rather than solely project is using temperature phased anaerobic digestion waste treatment processing. Anaerobic processes (TPAD) to achieve similar environmental and financial handle concentrated organic streams without the need benefits of advanced large scale anaerobic treatment for expensive aeration operations. Methane rich biogas technologies with much lower capital investment. Until now produced during anaerobic stabilisation is a source of green, advanced anaerobic digestion technologies have required renewable energy. As a result, anaerobic biotechnologies huge capital investments that put them beyond the reach of can generate energy rather than consuming it. In addition many small to medium producers. anaerobic stabilisation can mobilise valuable nutrients TPAD combines a relatively short thermo-biological stored in organic materials with excellent fertiliser potential. pre-treatment with conventional anaerobic stabilisation. The combination of these factors ensures anaerobic The pre-treatment stage stimulates the early stages of biotechnology has a strong future within an environmentally digestion resulting in significant improvements in overall sustainable Australia. stabilisation rates. These improvements in rate increase the Anaerobic technologies may be implemented at a broad loading rates through anaerobic processes while reducing range of technology levels in a range of industries. the size and capital costs of process vessels. The sanitised Therefore, the AWMC has assembled a diverse research final biosolid produced with elevated temperature during the team including over 15 academic staff, process engineers, pre-treatment step is a higher quality than biosolid achieved molecular scientists and higher degree research students. from conventional digestion and can be reused as a fertiliser We work across the product development cycles, from product which is superior to chemical fertilisers in terms investigation of basic relationships between microbes of environmental impact, cost, and plant nutrition. TPAD to construction of large demonstration plants. The utilises simple infrastructure and is highly flexible for knowledge we develop in the laboratory feeds directly into application to food processing residues, domestic sludge our full-scale implementation and consulting work. treatment from large municipalities to smaller communities Linkages are strong with industry, and we have large down to 10,000 persons and other solid organic wastes. research projects across most industrial sectors, including Expanding on the success of the small-medium scale energy, agriculture, waste/wastewater treatment and biosolids project, AWMC researchers are now investigating industrial biotechnology. Here we showcase a number short term thermo-biological reactors as a dedicated high of projects that contribute to these areas. rate anaerobic stabilisation technique. The development of high rate processes applicable to solids digestion is an In 2009, motivated by fluctuations in fertiliser prices, and exciting prospect. practical agronomic advantages of natural fertilisers, the anaerobic group broadened its research program Our waste-to-energy projects are supported by the to include nutrient capture and recovery processes. Environmental Biotechnology Cooperative Research Centre Supported by the Grains Research and Development (EBCRC), the Queensland State Government (Smart State Corporation, AWMC is assessing the use of local materials RIPP Scheme), Meat and Livestock Australia Limited (MLA), for production of a high-value organically derived mineral the Australian Meat Processor Corporation (AMPC), and fertiliser. This will be a direct replacement for existing fertiliser Australian Pork Limited (APL) within the Methane to sources, with a fraction of the environmental footprint, Markets Scheme. and with a better agronomic profile. AWMC Annual Report 2010 25 Anaerobic Technologies Anaerobic

Small-Medium Scale Demonstration Facility Giving Bugs a Close Shave With the help of our industry partners, we are putting our A new research project is looking at how microbes function research to the test. The small-medium scale biosolids in naturally forming bio-granules. Granular biomass forms demonstration plant was commissioned in 2010. Located at naturally in high-rate industrial anaerobic treatment systems. a red meat processing facility in South East Queensland the It is highly important for treatment systems such as used plant is designed to treat approximately five wet tonnes at Foster’s Brewery in Yatala, and Trisco Foods in Carole of organic waste per day. The demonstration plant is Park, both of whom have strong links to the AWMC. Yang capable of processing both solid waste and wastewater (Kenn) Lu, an EBCRC PhD student at the AWMC is looking streams onsite at the host plant. Biogas from the plant is at a primary component in these granules, the microbes used to fire an industrial water heater capable of producing which break down complex organics. He has found that over 100 MJ/hr. We are now looking at gas engines to they mainly exist on the surface of the granule, and is now generate electricity from the biogas. using new techniques to progressively shear layers from the granule, and analyse these separately from the parent granule. While the immediate goal is investigation of the Applying Computer Game Theory to Microbe- structure of the granules, in the future we want to enhance Microbe Interactions their capability. This will allow us to further improve existing treatment systems, while expanding their application to Classical biological process modelling is effective but more difficult wastewaters such as meat processing, unsatisfying. We represent microbes the same way we intensive agriculture, and even domestic sewage, offering represent chemicals such as water or sugars. That is, more sustainable, and lower cost wastewater treatment. The they are a bulk property that can increase or decrease in project is funded by the Environmental Biotechnology CRC. concentration or potency. The reality is vastly different, and In the initial UQ-EBCRC project, we found microbes that as we know, microbes form biofilms, interact, predate on were much better at breaking down the organic materials each other, and in other ways compete for, and share food, in sewage sludge. Now we want to make these microbes space, and nutrients. To properly represent this in models, work in advanced, high-rate applications. This is a truly we need to consider not only the microbes as individuals, new technology that offers compelling advantages against but other characteristics such as size, shape, and secondary existing competitors. filamentous growth and motility. This is being addressed by a microbe-lagrangian modelling project, or modelling microbes as individuals. This not only considers chemical The AWMC Anaerobic Technologies Team 2010 characteristics of the microbes, but also uses basic Damien Batstone Korneel Rabaey physics to describe how they interact on a physical level. Paul Jensen Phil Bond For concepts such as collision detection and response, Fran Slater Bernardino Virdis concepts from computer game programming are used, and Chirag Mehta Chris Carney we are finding that basic structural components such as Huoqing Ge Natacha Juste-Poinapen microbe elasticity and strength can have a profound impact Yang (Kenn) Lu Hasina Pervin on the appearance of a simulated biofilm. In fact, some very Dang Ho Zuhaida Mohd Zaki complex biofilm characteristic can be explained by basic Preethi Gopalan physics rules. The next phase will allow us to include cell physical structures such as bound proteins, and modelling of chemical interactions between cells. 26 AWMC Annual Report 2010 The AWMC Team

AWMC Advisory Board Adjunct & Honorary Appointments Professor Graham Schaffer, Chair Adjunct Professor Jon Black Executive Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and CEO of Unity Water Information Technology, The University of Queensland Adjunct Professor G. Bill Capati Adjunct Professor Shaun Cox Manager - Infrastructure Planning, Allconnex Water Managing Director, South East Water Adjunct Professor Shaun Cox Dr David Garman Managing Director, South East Water Executive Director, Environmental Biotechnology CRC Adjunct Senior Lecturer Ben Fawcett Professor Peter Gray Visiting Lecturer for the International Water Centre Director, Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Adjunct Professor Charles Foxall Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland HSE Manager - CUB Yatala Brewery Dr Hung Nguyen Adjunct Professor Ken Hartley Managing Director, MCQ Management Principal, Ken Hartley Pty Ltd Mr Mark Pascoe Adjunct Professor Ian Law Chief Executive, International Water Centre Owner and Director of IBL Solutions AWMC Representation from Professor Jurg Keller, Adjunct Research Fellow Christoph Ort Professor Zhiguo Yuan and Dr Veronica Futo (COO) Researcher, Urban Water Management, EAWAG, Switzerland Honorary Professor David Richardson Dean, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, UK Honorary Professor Willy Verstraete Head of the Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium Adjunct Professor Richard Went Strategic Group Manager Product and Asset Management, Allconnex Water Honorary Professor Peter Wilderer Director, Institute for Advanced Studies on Sustainability, Germany AWMC Annual Report 2010 27

Academic Staff

Director Dr Phil Bond Prof Jurg Keller • Wastewater and environmental • Biochemical and microbiology environmental engineering • Microbial community function • Environmental biotechnology analyses

Deputy Director Dr Wolfgang Gernjak AWMC Team AWMC Prof Zhiguo Yuan • Water recycling • Biological nutrient removal • Membrane fouling • Process modelling and control • Advanced oxidation processes • Sewer management • Solar energy for water mining • GHG Mitigation

Prof Paul Lant Dr Korneel Rabaey • Biological wastewater • Microbial ecology treatment • Microbial fuel cells • Wastewater and greenhouse • (Bio)electrochemical systems gas interactions • Sustainable urban water systems

A/Prof Damien Batstone Dr Gene Tyson • Anaerobic digestion • Microbial ecology • Instrumentation, modelling, • Metagenomic and and control transcriptomic approaches • Industrial wastewater treatment for microbial community characterisation • Diversity and evolution

Academic Support & Administration

Dr Veronica Futo Dr Sandra Hall Mrs Wendy Mahon Mr Ray Rootsey Chief Operating Officer Communications and Training Centre Administrator SCORe Project Manager Manager

Mrs Vivienne Clayton Miss Ana Esposo Mrs Hong Lee Ms Jessica Nott Administration Assistant Personnel and Finance Officer Administration Assistant Project Officer - RHD Support & Communications (started May) 28 AWMC Annual Report 2010

Analytical Research

Dr Beatrice Keller-Lehmann Ms Susan Cooke Ms Kar Man Leung Ms Jianguang Li AWMC Lab Manager Scientific Officer Laboratory Assistant Laboratory Assistant Environmental and water analysis (started May) Molecular biology analysis techniques (until April) Technical Services

Mr Ampon Chumpia Mrs Alyshia Lyons Technical Support Officer PC2 Lab Manager (started December) Research Team

Mr Stephen Anderson Dr Florent Angly Dr Rupak Aryal Dr Shelley Brown Research Assistant Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Fellow Research Fellow Bioelectrochemical systems Microbial ecology Stormwater and health risk Electrochemistry (started October)

Mr Chris Carney Dr Andrew Cook Dr Kristell Le Corre Dr Paul Dennis Research Assistant Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Anaerobic technologies Microbial ecology Purified recycled water (Bio)Electrochemical systems (until June) (started June) (started September)

Dr Bogdan Donose Dr Maria José Farré Ms Shoshana Fogelman Dr Stefano Freguia Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Officer Research Fellow Water recycling (started April) Purified recycled water Intelligent sensors (Bio)electrochemical systems (started September)

Dr Ramon Ganigué Pagès Ms Christy Grobbler Dr Oriol Gutierrez Ms Dang Ho Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Assistant Research Fellow Research Assistant Sewer systems (started March) Anaerobic technologies Odour control in sewer systems Anaerobic technologies (until June) (until August) AWMC Annual Report 2010 29

Dr Shihu Hu Mr Mike Imelfort Dr Paul Jensen Dr Guangming Jiang Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Officer Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Greenhouse gases Bioinformatics (started August) Anaerobic technologies Odour control in sewer systems (started November) AWMC Team AWMC

Dr Anthony Joseph Mr Joe Lane Dr Eugena Li Dr Chirag Mehta Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Scientist Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Corrosion control in sewer Life cycle assessment (Bio)electrochemical systems Intelligent sensors systems (started May)

Dr Yang Mu Dr Christoph Ort Dr Marc Pidou Dr Maite Pijuan Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Fellow Research Fellow Research Fellow Bioelectrochemical systems Purified recycled water Water recycling (started March) Aerobic granular systems (until June) (until September)

Dr Steven Pratt Dr Jelena Radjenovic Dr Julien Reungoat Dr René Rozendal Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Research Fellow Environmental biotechnology Purified recycled water Water reuse technologies (Bio)Electrochemical systems

Dr Keshab Sharma Dr Fran Slater Dr Gatut Sudarjanto Dr A. Evren Tugtas Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow Process modelling Microbial ecology Odour control in sewer systems Sewer modelling (until July)

Dr Bernardino Virdis Mr Shane Watts Dr Ursula Werner Dr Liu Ye Postdoctoral Research Fellow Senior Research Officer Postdoctoral Research Fellow Postdoctoral Research Fellow

(Bio)electrochemical systems Aerobic granular systems Microbial biotransformations N2O Emissions (started March) (started March) 30 AWMC Annual Report 2010

Casual Staff Mr Justice Baiano Mr Guangming Jiang Mr Yang (Kenn) Lu Mr Simon Tannock Lab Manager, May - December Research Assistant, Lab Assistant, Lab Assistant, March - June January - August January - December Mrs Diana Dragisic Ms Hoai Tran Administrator, Mr Joe Lane Mr Maxime Rattier Research Assistant, November - December Research Scientist, Research Assistant, March - July July - November January - July Mr Jeff Foley Ms Suzanne Read Mr Lishan Zhang Research Scientist, Dr Bronwyn Laycock Lab Assistant, February - April Research Assistant, January - February Research Scientist, March - July January - April Mr Subash Sukumar Mr David De Haas Ms Laurence Ledrut Lab Assistant, Project Researcher, Research Assistant, November - December January - December March - September Postgraduate Students

Monica Arcos Hernandez, PhD Student Katrin Doederer, PhD Student Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates Assessment of disinfection by-products during Advisors: Prof Paul Lant and the disinfection of water and their fate across Dr Steven Pratt reverse osmosis membranes Advisors: Dr Wolfgang Gernjak and Dr Maria José Farré

Chrystelle Ayache, Cotutelle PhD Student Emmanuelle Filloux, Cotutelle PhD Student Assessment of the impact of biological Performance and interest of coupling low and pre-treatment on UF and RO fouling and high pressure membrane filtration processes for micropollutants rejection the re-use of urban wastewater Advisors: Dr Wolfgang Gernjak and Advisors: Prof Jurg Keller, Dr Wolfgang Gernjak Prof Jurg Keller and Dr Jean-Philippe Croue (KAUST)

Arseto Bagastyo, PhD Student Huoqing Ge, PhD Student – EBCRC Electro-oxidative treatment of reverse osmosis Small-medium scale organic solids stabilisation concentrates Advisors: A/Prof Damien Batstone, Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey, Dr Paul Jensen and Dr Phil Bond Dr Jelena Radjenovic, Dr René Rozendal, and A/Prof Damien Batstone

Jeremy Barr, PhD Student - EBCRC Preethi Gopalan, PhD Student (submitted December) Least cost applications of anaerobic digestion to Fundamental microbial investigations into livestock wastes extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic Advisor: A/Prof Damien Batstone and granular sludge Dr Paul Jensen Advisors: Dr Phil Bond and Dr Gene Tyson

Lauren Bragg, PhD Student – CSIRO Kun Guo, PhD Student Development of statistical and computational Biofuels production from bioelectrochemical methods for the analysis of metagenomic systems sequence data Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey and Advisors: Dr Gene Tyson, Prof Mark Morrison Dr René Rozendal (CSIRO) and Dr Glenn Stone (CSIRO)

Barry Cayford, PhD Student Mohamed (Fauzi) Haroon, PhD Student Investigation of microbial biofilms responsible for Exploring novel microorganisms performing sewer corrosion methane driven denitrification Advisors: Dr Phil Bond, Prof Jurg Keller and Advisors: Dr Gene Tyson and Dr Gene Tyson Prof Phil Hugenholtz AWMC Annual Report 2010 31

Dang Ho, PhD Student Ying Yu Law, PhD Student High-rate methanogenesis Understanding fugitive greenhouse gas emission Advisors: A/Prof Damien Batstone and from wastewater systems for reliable accounting Dr Paul Jensen and effective mitigation Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan, Dr Katie De Jong (SKM) and Prof Paul Lant

Shihu Hu, PhD Student Yang (Kenn) Lu, PhD Student (completed June) Characterisation and modification of fermentation Enrichment and understanding of denitrifying microbial in anaerobic granules anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) organisms Advisors: A/Prof Damien Batstone, Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan, Prof Paul Lant, and Dr Fran Slater Dr Raymond Zeng (USTC)

Guangming Jiang, PhD Student Elena Mejia Likosova, PhD Student (completed November) Biological activated carbon filtration as pre- Team AWMC Metabolisms of sulfate-reducing bacteria and treatment for membrane filtration of secondary methanogens in sewers under oxic and anoxic effluent conditions Advisors: Dr Wolfgang Gernjak and Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan, Prof Jurg Keller and Prof Jurg Keller Dr Keshab Sharma

Angela Johnstone, PhD Student Rhiannon Mondav, PhD Student Extracellular electron transfer in engineered Melting permafrost microbial communities and environments - a genomic and proteomic methane flux approach Advisors: Dr Gene Tyson and Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey and Dr Phil Bond Prof Phil Hugenholtz

Natacha Juste-Poinapen, PhD Student Ronald Musenze, PhD Student Microbiology and genetics of interspecies Fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from South electron transfer East Queensland waterways Advisors: A/Prof Damien Batstone, Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan, Dr Ursula Werner Dr Korneel Rabaey, Dr Phil Bond and and Mr James Udy (Seqwater) Dr Bernardino Virdis

Steven Kenway, PhD Student Yeting Niu, PhD Student Urban metabolism and the water energy nexus (withdrawn July) Advisors: Prof Paul Lant and Improvement of the modelling of sulfide Prof Anthony Priestley (CSIRO) formation in rising main Advisors: Dr Keshab Sharma and Prof Zhiguo Yuan

Philip Keymer, PhD Student Yuting Pan, PhD Student Understanding nutrient transformations for algal Understanding and mitigating nitrous oxide biodiesel production in wastewater fed systems emission from wastewater treatment plants Advisors: Prof Paul Lant and Dr Steven Pratt Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan, Dr Liu Ye and Dr Maite Pijuan

Joe Lane, PhD Student Hasina Pervin, PhD Student – EBCRC Applying LCA to urban water systems planning Microbial community and function analysis during Advisors: Prof Paul Lant and Dr Steven Pratt optimisation of small to medium scale organic solid stabilisation Advisors: Dr Phil Bond, Dr Gene Tyson and A/Prof Damien Batstone 32 AWMC Annual Report 2010

Ilje Pikaar, PhD Student Connor Skennerton, PhD Student Electrochemical abatement of sulfide Ecology and Evolution of phage-host interactions Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey, in a model ecosystem Dr René Rozendal and Prof Jurg Keller Advisors: Dr Gene Tyson and Prof Phil Hugenholtz

Zuhaida Mohd Zaki, PhD Student Jing Sun, PhD Student Regulation of mixed culture fermentation Understanding nitrous oxide emissions from Advisors: A/Prof Damien Batstone and South East Queensland waterways Dr Steven Pratt Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan and Dr Shihu Hu

Maxime Rattier, PhD Student Hoai Tran, PhD Student Biological activated carbon filtration for tertiary (withdrawn July) treatment of wastewater Optimal management of corrosion and odour Advisors: Dr Wolfgang Gernjak, problems in sewer systems Dr Julien Reungoat and Prof Jurg Keller Advisors: Prof Jurg Keller, Dr Phil Bond and Dr Antony Joseph

Suzanne Read, PhD Student Marieska Verawaty, PhD Student – EBCRC (submitted April) A novel aerobic granular sludge for domestic Microbial ecology of extracellular electron wastewater treatment system transfer (EET) Advisors: Dr Phil Bond, Prof Zhiguo Yuan and Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey, Dr Philip Bond and Dr Maite Pijuan Prof Jurg Keller

Thomas Seviour, PhD Student - EBCRC Bernardino Virdis, PhD Student (submitted December) (completed March) Macromolecular associations in aerobic granular Nitrogen removal in bioelectrochemical systems sludge derived EPS Advisors: Prof Jurg Keller, Dr Korneel Rabaey, Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan, Dr Maite Pijuan and Prof Zhiguo Yuan and Dr René Rozendal Prof Jurg Keller

Ying Shi, PhD Student Qilin Wang, PhD Student Understanding fugitive greenhouse gas The investigation for methane formation, emissions from wastewater systems for reliable emissions and mitigation from wastewater accounting and effective mitigation Advisor: Prof Zhiguo Yuan Advisors: Prof Zhiguo Yuan and Dr Shihu Hu

Undergraduate & Coursework Students

Reuben Ashwin Durairatnam Hui Jie Lim - Completed July Subash Sukumar - Completed November Bachelor of Biotechnology Master of Biotechnology Master of Biotechnology Dynamics of microbial communities during Assessing the impact of the disinfectants on Assessment of NDMA formation potential anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge the polymer chemistry of thin film composite of organic precursors during advancement Advisor: Dr Phil Bond reverse osmosis membranes oxidation processes Advisors: Dr Bogdan Donose and Advisor: Dr Wolfgang Gernjak Hui-Wen Lin - Completed November Dr Wolfgang Gernjak Master of Biotechnology Kimber Kumbun - Completed November Alexander Wise - Completed November Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide at Bachelor of Biotechnology carbon gas diffusion electrodes and a Bachelor of Biotechnology (Hon) Chemotactic behaviour of freshwater bioelectrochemical study of electrochemically Electricity Driven production of microorganisms to environmental active microorganisms under the presence of 1,3-propanediol by mixed populations contaminants hydrogen peroxide Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey and Advisor: Dr Gene Tyson Advisors: Dr Korneel Rabaey and Dr Gene Tyson Dr René Rozendal Laurence Ledrut - Completed July Kai Zhang - Completed November Master of Engineering Jianmin Pei - Completed November Master of Science (coursework) Phosphate removal from iron phosphate Master of Biotechnology M-CRISPR Finder Tool (M-CFT): a sludge The effect of COD /S ratio on methane bioinformatical tool for finding clustered Advisors: Prof Jurg Keller and production and sulfate reduction in sewers regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in metagenomic data Dr René Rozendal Advisor: Dr A. Evren Tugtas Advisor: Dr Gene Tyson AWMC Annual Report 2010 33

“The AWMC is an excellent place to meet and work with dynamic world class researchers. The enthusiasm in joining fundamental and applied science, plus for me, enjoying working on improved water management solutions, was the reasons in coming to Team AWMC work here on sabbatical.” - Adriano Joss International Visiting Students

International Visiting Academics Dr Ricardo Bello-Mendoza Dr Bruce Logan El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Mexico, March 09 – February 10 Penn State University, USA, March - April Dr August Bonmati Blasi Dr Juqing Lou GIRO CT, Institute of research and food industry, Spain, Zhejiang Gongshang University, China, October 10 - October 11 November 09 – April 10 Dr Peili Lu Dr Claire Dumas Chongqing University, China PR, June 09 – June 10 INRA, French National Institute for Agriculture Research, France, Dr Markus Röhricht October - December University of Applied Sciences, Giessen-Friedberg, Germany, Prof Urs von Gunten October 09 – February 10 Department for Water Resources and Drinking Water Eawag Dr Virginie Rossard Switzerland, April INRA, French National Institute for Agriculture Research, France, Dr Christof Holliger September - December Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland, January - August Dr David Sedlak Dr Adriano Joss University of California, Berkeley CA USA, January - March Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dr Matthew Sullivan Switzerland, August 10 - August 11 University of Arizona, USA, June - July Dr Dong-Jin Kim Dr Xinfeng Xiao Hallym University, Republic of Korea, January - December Shandong University of Science and Technology, China, Dr Robbert Kleerebezem August 10 - August 11 Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, November - December Dr Qingxiang Yang Henan Normal University China, China PR, December 09 - February 10 International Visiting Students Ms Freja Aasted Ms Isabelle Pereira Aalborg University, Denmark, July - December Agro Paris Tech, France, March - August Ms Eva Andresen Mr David Probant Aalborg University, Denmark, July 10 - February 11 University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany, January - June Mr Francois-Xavier Argaud Ms Marie-Laure Pype University Joseph Fourier, France, May - September University de Montpellier, France, June 10 - February 11 Ms Alinne Castro Mr Yan Rafrafi University of Brazil, Brazil, June INRA, French National Institute for Agriculture Research, France Mr Jindong Chen September - December Jiangnan University, China, October 10 - March 12 Mr Pengzhe Sui Ms Xin Mei Guo Kyoto University, Japan, November 10 - March 11 INRA, French National Institute for Agriculture Research, France Dr Yiu Fai (Chris) Tsang March - May Homg Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Chi Wan), China PR Mr Florian Martin November 09 - May 10 University of Applied Sciences Giessen, Germany Mr Tan Quach October 10 - February 11 TU Delft, Faculty Civil Engineering, Netherlands Ms Liliana Montaño September 10 - February 11 National Autonomus University of Mexico, April - July Ms Mi Zhou Ms Julia Mueller Dalian University of Technology, China, September 10 - August 11 The Ohio State University, USA, November - December 34 AWMC Annual Report 2010 Financial Report

Income for 2010 University Income University Allocation (Postgraduate Supervision plus Research Quantum) $ 354,203 Postgraduate Tuition Fee Income $ 97,315 Major Equipment and Infrastructure Grant $ 169,000 UQ Research Start Up Fund $ 25,206 UQ Early Career Research Grants $ 55,000 UQ External Support Enabling Grants $ 1,925 Other Internal Income $ 146,754 $ 849,403

Salary Support UQ Salary Support and Teaching Income $ 801,042 Water Recycling Research Program (UQ Strategic Support) $ 150,000 Environmental Biotechnology CRC Project Staff $ 58,304 ARC Project and Smart State Fellowships $ 400,358 Industry Partner Fellowship Support $ 16,000 $ 1,425,704

Scholarship Support UQ Scholarships Support $ 7,417 Commonwealth Scholarships - APA/APAI/ARC $ 219,829 Environmental Biotechnology CRC Scholarships $ 125,204 Smart State Scholarships $ 5,000 External Scholarships $ 88,000 $ 445,450

Grants and Collaborative Research (excluding Salaries & Scholarships) ARC Discovery Grants $ 1,180,655 ARC Linkage Grants $ 990,216 ARC Linkage - Industry Partner Contributions $ 1,065,025 Australian Industry Contributions $ 151,604 SEQ Urban Water Security Research Alliance $ 645,569 DIISR ISL Grants $ 353,792 QLD Government Smart State Program $ 223,000 Other Government Grants $ 62,214 Water Recycling Research Program (Veolia Water and WaterSecure) $ 750,000 Cities as Water Supply Catchments Project $ 356,325 Grains R&D Corporation Funding $ 265,995 Environmental Biotechnology CRC research projects $ 148,924 Consultancy Income $ 400,634 $ 6,593,953 Total income $ 9,314,510

Expenditure Expenses 2007 2008 2009 2010 Consumables $ 1,133,446 $ 2,236,232 $ 1,416,665 $ 1,114,924 Travel $ 232,266 $ 273,370 $ 419,339 $ 471,378 Academic and Research Salaries $ 1,779,285 $ 2,821,922 $ 3,258,602 $ 3,782,407 General Salaries $ 315,782 $ 393,016 $ 493,345 $ 841,859 Scholarships $ 243,746 $ 218,343 $ 614,043 $ 447,415 Equipment $ 147,671 $ 288,250 $ 549,472 $ 707,115 Appointment Expenses $ 18,313 $ 47,127 $ 62,987 $ 75,370 Payments to collaborative partners $ 671,785 $ 1,300,355 Total Expenditure $ 3,870,509 $ 6,278,260 $ 7,486,238 $ 8,740,823

Operating Result $ 573,686 (including existing commitments to ongoing research projects) AWMC Annual Report 2010 35 2010 Active Research Grants

Grant Title Duration Chief Investigators Funding Novel concept for wastewater treatment with integrated 2006 - 2010 Jurg Keller and Zhiguo Yuan, ARC Discovery - Australian power production based on microbial fuel cells Willy Verstraete (Univ. Ghent, Professorial Fellowship (Keller) Belgium) Anaerobic digestion process scientific support 2006 - 2010 Damien Batstone Gold Coast Water (now Allconnex Water), Brisbane Water (now Urban Utilities) NEPTUNE - Novel technology to produce biodegradable 2007 - 2010 Jurg Keller, Paul Lant, DIISR International Science polymer and electrical energy from sewage treatment Damien Batstone, Linkages/European Union biosolids Korneel Rabaey, Steven Pratt, Shelley Brown and five partner investigators Finance & Grants SEQ urban water security research alliance - Life cycle 2007 - 2010 Paul Lant Queensland Government analysis and integrated modelling Advanced aerobic granulation - Project 4.22 2007 - 2010 Maite Pijuan, Zhiguo Yuan, and Environmental Jurg Keller Biotechnology CRC

INNOWATECH - Novel microbial technologies for 2007 - 2011 Jurg Keller, Zhiguo Yuan, DIISR International Science improved treatment of industrial wastewater Phil Bond Linkages/European Union SEQ urban water security research alliance - 2007 - 2012 Jurg Keller and Queensland Government N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potential Maria José Farré SEQ urban water security research alliance - Enhanced 2007 - 2012 Jurg Keller and Julien Reungoat Queensland Government treatment SEQ urban water security research alliance - Purified 2007 - 2012 Jurg Keller and Christoph Ort Queensland Government recycled water Extracellular electron transfer in bio-electrochemical 2008 - 2011 Korneel Rabaey, Phil Bond, ARC Discovery - Australian systems Kenneth Nealson (J. Craig Postdoctoral Fellowship Venter Institute, USA), (Rabaey) Nico Boon (Univ. Ghent, Belgium) and Susan Turner (Univ. Auckland, New Zealand) Least cost applications of anaerobic digestion in 2008 - 2011 Damien Batstone Australian Pork Limited, Meat agriculture - Methane to markets scheme and Livestock Australia, Rural Industries RDC Next generation solids stabilisation 2008 - 2012 Damien Batstone, Phil Bond Queensland Government and Paul Jensen Smart State Research Industry Partnerships Program - Meat and Livestock Australia, Environmental Biotechnology CRC Water recycling research program 2008 - 2012 Wolfgang Gernjak and Veolia Water Australia, Jurg Keller WaterSecure, UQ Optimal management of corrosion and odour problems in 2008 - 2013 Zhiguo Yuan, Jurg Keller, ARC Linkage with 16 Partners sewer systems Phil Bond, Korneel Rabaey and nine other chief/partner investigators A novel method for sulfur recovery from paper industry 2009 - 2010 Jurg Keller, Korneel Rabaey and UQ First Link Fund wastewater René Rozendal Characterising phage-host dynamics in wastewater 2009 - 2010 Gene Tyson UQ New Staff Research communities Start-Up Fund

Bioelectrochemical systems for the production of butanol 2009 - 2010 Korneel Rabaey UQ Foundation Research from waste organics or renewable power Excellence Awards - DVC(R) Funding

Coupling of biological activated carbon filtration and 2009 - 2010 Wolfgang Gernjak and UQ First Link Fund membrane processes to generate high quality recycled Julien Reungoat water with low energy consumption SEQ urban water security research alliance - Fate and 2009 - 2010 Wolfgang Gernjak and Queensland Government effects of micropollutants in water recycling: Influence of Beate Escher (EnTox) dissolved organic matter 36 AWMC Annual Report 2010

Grant Title Duration Chief Investigators Funding Fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater 2009 - 2010 Zhiguo Yuan and Jurg Keller UQ First Link Fund collection, treatment and receiving systems Occurrence and fate of illicit drugs in Australian sewage 2009 - 2010 Christoph Ort UQ First Link Fund treatment work Production of algae biofuel: A multi-benefit solution for 2009 - 2010 Steven Pratt, Paul Lant and UQ First Link Fund managing coal seam gas water Damien Batstone Recovery of phosphate and iron from chemical 2009 - 2010 Jurg Keller and Zhiguo Yuan UQ First Link Fund precipitation sludge in water recycling processes Review of waste to energy processes for the chicken 2009 - 2010 Damien Batstone FSA Consulting meat industry Understanding and control of methane formation and 2009 - 2010 Jurg Keller, Zhiguo Yuan and UQ First Link Fund emission from wastewater collection systems Keshab Sharma ANAMIX: A two year exchange programme on anaerobic 2009 - 2011 Damien Batstone Australian Academy of Science mixed cultures to study and improve biological generation of chemicals and energy carriers from organic residues generated by agro-industrial activity Biotransformation and biodegradation of organic nitrogen 2009 - 2011 Yang Mu and Jurg Keller ARC Discovery - Australian compounds from wastewater in bio-electrochemical Postdoctoral Fellowship (Mu) systems Fertiliser from waste: Phase 1 2009 - 2011 Damien Batstone Grains RDC Understanding fugitive greenhouse gas emissions from 2009 - 2011 Zhiguo Yuan, Paul Lant and ARC Discovery wastewater systems David Richardson (UEA, UK) Electrochemical treatment of problematic water recycle 2009 - 2012 Korneel Rabaey, Yang Mu, ARC Linkage: Veolia Water waste streams René Rozendal, Australia, Magneto Special Damien Batstone, Jurg Keller, Anodes, Queensland Health Jochen Mueller (EnTox), and SEQ UWSRA Wolfgang Gernjak, Yvan Poussade (Veolia Water Australia) and Benjamin Tan (QLD Health) Understanding and mitigating nitrous oxide emission from 2009 - 2012 Zhiguo Yuan, Katie De Jong ARC Linkage: Water wastewater treatment plants (SKM) and Paul Lant Corporation Novel aerobic granular sludge process for optimal 2009 - 2012 Phil Bond Queensland Government Smart wastewater treatment State Fellowships (Bond) Interspecies electron transfer in biotechnology 2009 - 2013 Damien Batstone, ARC Discovery - Australian Korneel Rabaey, Research Fellowship (Batstone) Cristian Picioreanu (TU Delft, The Netherlands) and Alfons Stams (Wageningen Univ., The Netherlands) Production of PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoate) bioplastics 2009 - 2013 Paul Lant, Steven Pratt, ARC Linkage: AnoxKaldnes, from organic waste Alan Werker (AnoxKaldnes) and Veolia Water Solutions & Peter Halley (AIBN) Technologies (Australia) Pty Ltd A facility to characterise disinfection by-products and 2010 - 2010 Jurg Keller, Zhiguo Yuan, UQ Major Equipment dissolved organic matter in potable water and potable Wolfgang Gernjak, and Infrastructure water sources Jelena Radjenovic, Maria José Farré and Beatrice Keller-Lehmann Diversity and distribution of methanogenic and 2010 - 2010 Zhiguo Yuan, Gene Tyson and Seqwater methanotrophic microorganisms in the suboxic transition Shihu Hu zones of Little Nerang Dam Transformation and distribution of fossil carbon in 2010 - 2010 Paul Lant and Yingyu Law Australian Institute Nuclear wastewater treatment pathway, from input to discharge Science and Engineering Understanding the competition between sulfate reducing 2010 - 2010 Keshab Sharma UQ Early Career Researcher bacteria and methane producing Archaea in anaerobic sewer biofilms (Bio)electrochemical recovery of caustic and polysulphide 2010 - 2011 René Rozendal, Gelita Australia Pty Ltd compounds from industrial wastewater (Researcher in Korneel Rabaey and Business Project) Cameron Smeal (Gelita) Effect of low flow in sewers on blockages, corrosion and 2010 - 2011 Zhiguo Yuan, Shihu Hu and Sydney Water Corporation downstream processes Jurg Keller Enhancing ethanol production in Escherichia coli through 2010 - 2011 Bernardino Virdis UQ New Staff Research electrochemical stimulation Start-Up Fund

Impact of oxygen on methane production in sewer 2010 - 2011 Ramon Ganigué Pagès UQ New Staff Research systems Start-Up Fund

Influence of the composition of effluent organic matter on 2010 - 2011 Julien Reungoat UQ New Staff Research the adsorption of micropollutants in conventionally treated Start-Up Fund wastewater AWMC Annual Report 2010 37 Research Grants Research

Grant Title Duration Chief Investigators Funding Optimisation of biological pre-treatment to limit 2010 - 2011 Jurg Keller and DIISR - International Science microfiltration/ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis fouling Wolfgang Gernjak Linkage French-Australian and maximise retention of organic contaminants Science and Technology Program Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and scale control 2010 - 2011 Marc Pidou UQ New Staff Research in secondary effluent membrane filtration Start-Up Fund

The effect of free nitrous acid on anaerobic metabolism 2010 - 2011 Liu Ye UQ New Staff Research of polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen Start-Up Fund accumulating organisms in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems

UV/H2O2 oxidation: Study of reaction mechanisms and 2010 - 2011 Jelena Radjenovic UQ New Staff Research structural elucidation of degradation products of selected Start-Up Fund pharmaceuticals and pesticides Cities as water supply catchments 2010 - 2012 Wolfgang Gernjak, Jurg Keller, National Water Commission, Paul Lant and Beate Escher Victorian Smart Water Fund, (EnTox) with several partners Monash University and funding from Monash University (project from more than 15 industry leader) partners Coals as methane bioreactors: significance of microbial 2010 - 2012 Gene Tyson ARC Linkage: QGC Pty Ltd, methane generation in coal seams for coal seam gas Santos Ltd, South Dakota

production and CO2 geosequestration School of Mines and Technology SEQ urban water security research alliance - Hospital 2010 - 2012 Wolfgang Gernjak, Jurg Keller Queensland Government wastewater and Kristell Le Corre Hydrogen peroxide production through 2010 - 2012 René Rozendal UQ Postdoctoral Research bioelectrochemical conversion of wastewater organics Fellowship (Rozendal)

SEQ urban water security research alliance - Assessment 2010 - 2012 Maria José Farré Queensland Government of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in South East Queensland drinking water Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from South East 2010 - 2013 Zhiguo Yuan, Raymond Zeng ARC Linkage: Healthy Queensland waterways and influence of wastewater (USTC), Jurg Keller, Eva Abal Waterways Pty Ltd, Seqwater discharges (Healthy Waterways) and James Udy (Seqwater) Iron and Phosphorus recovery from iron precipitation 2010 - 2013 Jurg Keller, René Rozendal, ARC Linkage: Veolia Water sludge Korneel Rabaey, Australia, Seqwater Yvan Poussade (Veolia Water Australia) and Cedric Robillot (WaterSecure) The only constant is change: ecology and evolution of 2010 - 2014 Gene Tyson and ARC Discovery - QEII phage-host interactions in a model ecosystem Phil Hugenholtz (ACE) Fellowship (Tyson)

ACE - Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, UQ; AIBN - Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ; ARC - Australian Research Council; CRC - Cooperative Research Centre; DIISR - Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research; EnTox - National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, UQ; RDC - Research and Development Corporation; SEQ - South East Queensland; SKM - Sinclair Knight Merz; UEA - University of East Anglia, UK; USTC - University of Technology and Science of China; UWSRA - Urban Water Security Research Alliance 38 AWMC Annual Report 2010 2010 Publications

Cover of Nature Reviews - Microbiology

Theses Barr, J.J., Cook, A.E. and Bond, P.L. (2010) Granule formation mechanisms within an aerobic wastewater system operating for The following theses of AWMC enrolled students were submitted phosphorus removal, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, in 2010. 76 (22):7588-7597 Barr, J. (2010) The microbial ecology of granular sludge in Barr, J.J., Slater, F., Fukushima, T. and Bond, P.L. (2010) enhanced biological phosphorus removal, PhD Evidence for bacteriophage activity causing community and performance changes in a phosphorus-removal activated sludge, Hu, S. (2010) Enrichment and understanding of denitrifying FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 74(3):631-642 anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) organisms, PhD, Conferred Bastidas-Oyanedel, J-R, Mohd-Zaki, Z., Pratt, S., Steyer, J-P, Jiang, G. (2010) Control of sulfide and methane production in and Batstone, D.J. (2010) Development of membrane inlet mass sewers using nitrate and nitrite, PhD, Conferred spectrometry for examination of fermentation processes, Talanta, Read, S. (2010) Microbial ecology of extracellular electron 83(2):482-492 transfer, PhD Batstone, D.J., Balthes, C., and Barr, K. (2010) Model assisted Seviour, T. (2010) Aerobic sludge granules: Macromolecular startup of anaerobic digesters fed with thermally hydrolysed associations in extracellular polymeric substances, PhD activated sludge, Water Science and Technology, 62(7):1661-1666 Virdis, B. (2010) Nitrogen removal in bioelectrochemical systems, PhD, Conferred Boe, K., Batstone, D.J., Steyer, J.P., and Angelidaki, I. (2010) State indicators for monitoring the anaerobic digestion process, Zhang, L. (2010) Understanding the biotransformation processes Water Research, 44(20):5973-5980 in a sewer system to achieve optimal management, PhD, Conferred Carrère, H., Dumas, C., Battimelli, A., Batstone, D.J., Delgenès, J.P., Steyer, J.P., and Ferrer, I. (2010) Pretreatment methods to improve sludge anaerobic degradability: A review, Journal of Peer reviewed publications Hazardous Materials, 183(1-3):1-15 Antony, P.J., Singh Raman, R. K., Kumar, P., Raman, R. (2010) Dennis, P.G., Miller, A.J., and Hirsch, P.R. (2010) Are root Role of microstructure on corrosion of duplex stainless steel in exudates more important than other sources of rhizodeposits in presence of bacterial activity, Corrosion Science, 52:1404-1412 determining the structure of rhizosphere bacterial communities?, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 72:313-327 Arcos-Hernandez, M.V., Gurieff, N., Pratt, S., Magnusson, P., Werker, A., Vargas, A., and Lant, P. (2010) Rapid quantification of Dutta, P. K., Rabaey, K., Yuan, Z., Rozendal, R. A., and Keller, J. intracellular PHA using infrared spectroscopy: An application in (2010) Electrochemical sulfide removal and recovery from paper mixed cultures, Journal of Biotechnology, 150(3):372-379 mill anaerobic treatment effluent, Water Research, 44(8):2563-2571 Assemi, S., Tadjiki, S., Donose, B. C., Nguyen, A.V., and Miller, J. (2010) Aggregation of fullerol C60(OH)24 nanoparticles Farré, M.J., Doederer, K., Hearn, L. Poussade, Y., Keller, J. and as revealed using flow field-flow fractionation and atomic force Gernjak, W. (2010) Understanding the parameters affecting microscopy, Langmuir, 26 (20):16063–16070 NDMA formation at advanced water treatment plants, Journal of Hazardous Material, 185(2-3):1575-1581 Baker-Austin, C., Potrykus, J., Wexler, M., Bond, P.L., and Dopson, M. (2010) Biofilm development in the extremely Foley, J. M., Rozendal, R.A., Hertle, C.K., Lant, P.A. and acidophilic archaeon ‘Ferroplasma acidarmanus’ Fer1, Rabaey, K. (2010) Life cycle assessment of high-rate anaerobic Extremophiles, 14(6):485-491 treatment, microbial fuel cells, and microbial electrolysis cells, Environmental Science and Technology, 44:3629-3637 Barr, J.J., Blackall, L.L. and Bond, P.L. (2010) Further limitations of phylogenetic group specific probes used for the detection of Foley, J., de Haas, D., Yuan, Z. and Lant, P. (2010) Nitrous oxide bacteria in environmental samples, The ISME Journal, generation in full-scale biological nutrient removal wastewater 4(8):959-961 treatment plants, Water Research, 44:831-844 Freguia, S., Teh, E.H., Boon, N., Leung, K.M., Keller, J. and Rabaey, K. (2010) Microbial fuel cells operating on mixed fatty acids, Bioresource Technology, 101:1233–1238 AWMC Annual Report 2010 39

Gao, Y.Q , Peng, Y.Z., Zhang, J.Y., Wang, J.L. and Ye, L (2010) Rabaey, K. and Rozendal, R.A. (2010) Microbial electrosynthesis: Using excess sludge as carbon source for enhanced nitrogen Revisiting the electrical route for bioproduction, removal and sludge reduction with hydrolysis technology, Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8:706-716 Water Science and Technology, 62 (7):1536-1543 Rabaey, K., Buetzer, S., Brown, S., Keller, J. and Rozendal, R. Ge, H.Q., Jensen, P.D., Batstone, D.J. (2010) Pre-treatment (2010) High current generation coupled to caustic production mechanisms during thermophilic-mesophilic temperature using a lamellar bioelectrochemical system, phased anaerobic digestion of primary sludge, Water Research, Environmental Science and Technology, 44:4315-4321 44(1):123-130 Radjenovic, J., Bagastyo, A., Rozendal, R.A., Mu, Y., Keller, J., Guisasola, A. Marcelino, M., Lemaire, R. Baeza, J. A. and and Rabaey, K. (2010) Electrochemical oxidation of trace organic - Yuan, Z. (2010) Modelling and simulation revealing mechanisms contaminants in reverse osmosis concentrate using RuO2/IrO2 likely responsible for achieving the nitrite pathway through coated titanium anodes, Water Research, 45(4):1579-1586 aeration control, Water Science and Technology, 61(6):1459-1465

Read, S.T., Dutta, P.K., Bond, P.L., Keller, J. and Rabaey, K. Publications Gutierrez, O., Park, D., Sharma, K. R., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Iron (2010) Initial development and structure of biofilms on microbial salts dosage for sulfide control in sewers induces chemical fuel cell anodes, BMC Microbiology, 10:art.no.98 phosphorus removal during wastewater treatment, Water Research, 44(11):3467-3475 Reungoat, J., Macova, M., Carswell, S., Escher, B.I., Mueller, J.F., Gernjak, W., and Keller, J. (2010) Effective removal of pathogens Gutierrez, O., Sutherland-Stacey, L., and Yuan, Z. (2010) and micropollutants by ozone and GAC, Water, 37(1):69-72 Simultaneous online measurement of sulfide and nitrate in sewers for nitrate dosage optimisation, Water Science and Technology, Reungoat, J., Macova, M., Escher, B.I., Carswell, S., Mueller, J.F., 61(3):651-658 and Keller, J. (2010) Removal of micropollutants and reduction of biological activity in a full scale reclamation plant using ozonation Hudson, J.E., Frith, J.E., Donose, B.C., Rondeau, E., and activated carbon filtration,Water Research, 44(2):625-637 Mills, R.J., Wolvetang, E., Brooke, G., and Cooper-White, J.J. (2010) A synthetic elastomer based on acrylated polypropylene Reyes, A., Haynes, M., Hanson, N., Angly, F.E., Heath, A.C., glycol triol with tuneable modulus for tissue engineering Rohwer, F., and Gordon, J.I. (2010) Viruses in the faecal applications, Biomaterials, 31(31):7937-7947 microbiota of monozygotic twins and their mothers, Nature, 466:334-338 Jiang, G., Gutierrez, O., Sharma, K.R. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Effects of nitrite concentration and exposure time on sulfide and methane Rodriguez-Brito, B., Li, L.L., Wegley, L., Furlan, M., Angly, F., production in sewer systems, Water Research, 44(14):4241-4251 Breitbart, M., Buchanan, J., Desnues, C., Dinsdale, E., Edwards, R., Felts, B., Haynes, M., Liu, H., Lipson, D., Lawrence, M.G., Keller, J. and Poussade, Y. (2010) Removal of Mahaffy, J., Martin-Cuadrado, A.B., Mira, A., Nulton, J., magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents through advanced Paši, L., Rayhawk, S., Rodriguez-Mueller, J., Rodriguez-Valera, F., water treatment plants, Water Science and Technology, Salamon, P., Srinagesh, S., Thingstad, T.F., Tran, T., 61:685-692 Vega Thurber, R., Willner, D., Youle, M. and Rohwer, F. (2010) Viral and microbial community dynamics in four aquatic environments, Macova, M., Escher, B.I., Reungoat, J., Carswell, S., Chue, K.L., The ISME Journal, 4:739-751 Keller, J. and Mueller, J.F. (2010) Monitoring the biological activity of micropollutants during advanced wastewater treatment with Seviour, T., Donose, B., Pijuan, M., and Yuan, Z. (2010) ozonation and activated carbon filtration,Water Research, Purification and conformational analysis of a key 44(2):477-492 exopolysaccharide component of mixed culture aerobic sludge granules, Environmental Science and Technology, Martinez, A., Tyson, G.W., and DeLong E.F. (2010) Widespread 44(12):4729-4734 known and novel phosphonate utilization pathways in marine bacteria revealed by functional screening and metagenomic Seviour, T., Lambert, L., Pijuan, M., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Structural analyses, Environmental Microbiology, 12:222-238 determination of a key exopolysaccharide in mixed culture aerobic sludge granules using NMR spectroscopy, Morgan-Sagatume, F., Karlsson, A., Johansson, P., Pratt, S., Environmental Science and Technology, 44(23):8964-8970 Boon, N., Lant, P., and Werker, A. (2010) Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in open, mixed cultures from a waste Shi, Y., Tyson, G.W., Eppley, J.M. and DeLong, E.F. (2010) sludge stream containing high levels of soluble organics, nitrogen Integrated metatranscriptomic and metagenomic analyses of and phosphorus, Water Research, 44(18):5196-5211 stratified microbial assemblages in the open ocean, The ISME Journal, doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.189: Mu, Y., Radjenovic, J., Shen, J., Rozendal, R.A., Mu Y., Rabaey, K., and Keller, J. (2010) Dehalogenation of iodinated Sirtori, C., Agüera, A., Gernjak, W., and Malato, S. (2010) X-ray contrast media in a bioelectrochemical system, Effect of water-matrix composition on Trimethoprim solar Environmental Science and Technology, 45(2):782-788 photodegradation kinetics and pathways., Water Research, 44:2735-2744 Ort, C., Lawrence, M.G., Reungoat, J. and Mueller, J.F. (2010) Sampling for PPCPs in wastewater systems: A comparison Slater, F.R., Bruce, K.D., Ellis, R.J., Lilley, A.K., and Turner, S.L. of different sampling modes and optimization strategies, (2010) Determining the effects of a spatially heterogeneous Environmental Science and Technology, 44(16):6289–6296 selection pressure on the fitness of plasmid-carrying bacteria at the sub-millimetre scale, Microbial Ecology, 60(4):873-884 Ort, C., Lawrence, M.G., Reungoat, J., Eagelsham, G., Carter, S. and Keller, J. (2010) Determining the fraction of pharmaceutical Slater, F.R., Johnson, C.R., Blackall, L.L., Beiko, R.G. and Bond, residues in wastewater originating from a hospital, P.L. (2010) Monitoring associations between clade-level variation, Water Research, 44(2):605-615 overall community structure and ecosystem function in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems using terminal- Pijuan, M. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Development and optimization of restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen and phosphorus removal Water Research, 44(17):4908-4923 from abattoir wastewater to meet irrigation standards, Water Science and Technology, 61(8):2105-2112 Thompson, J., Eaglesham, G., Reungoat, J., Poussade, Y., Bartkow, M., Lawrence, M., and Mueller, J.F. (2010) Removal of Pijuan, M., Ye, L., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Free nitrous acid inhibition PFOS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl acids at water reclamation on the aerobic metabolism of Poly-phosphate accumulating plants in South East Queensland Australia, Chemosphere, organisms, Water Research, 44(20):6063-6072 82(1):9-17 40 AWMC Annual Report 2010

Virdis, B., Rabaey, K., Rozendal, R.A, Yuan, Z., and Keller, J. Batstone D.J., Jensen, P.D. and Ge, H. (2010) Comparison of (2010) Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and carbon methods to assess biosolids anaerobic degradation rate and removal in microbial fuel cells, Water Research, extent, AWA Biosolids Specialty Conference V, June 2-4, Sydney, 44 (9):2970-2980 Australia Virdis, B., Read, S.T., Rabaey, K., Rozendal, R.A., Yuan, Z. and Batstone, D.J. (2010) Anaerobic digestion of complex organic Keller, J. (2011) Distribution of nitrifying and denitrifying organisms waste: perspectives and opportunities, International workshop during simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) at a on anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse waste, June 9-11, biocathode, Bioresource Technology, 102(1):334-341 Barcelona, Spain Willner D., Furlan M., Schmieder R., Grasis J.A., Pride D.T., Batstone, D.J. (2010) Workshop 6: Towards a generalised Relman D.A., Angly F.E., McDole T., Mariella R.P., Rohwer F., and physisochemical framework, WWTmod 2nd IWA/WEF Haynes M. (2010) Metagenomic detection of phage-encoded Wastewater treatment modelling seminar, March 28-30, platelet-binding factors in the human oral cavity, Proceedings Quebec, Canada of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1000089107: Batstone, D.J., Amerlinck, Y., Ekama, G., Goel, R., Grau, P., Johnson, B., Kaya, I., Steyer, J.P., Takacs, I., Vanrolleghem, P.A., Wright, C.M., Larsen, J.E., Colosimo, M.L., Barr, J.J., Chen, L., and Volcke, E. (2010) Towards a generalized physicochemical McLachlan, R.E., Yang, I.A., Bowman, R.V., and Fong, K.M. framework, 83rd Annual Water Environment Federation Technical (2010) Genetic association study of CYP1A1 polymorphisms Exhibition and Conference, October 2-6, New Orleans, USA identifies risk haplotypes in nonsmall cell lung cancer, European Respiratory Journal, 35 (1):152-159 Birchall, S., Batstone, D.J., and Gopalan, P. (2010) Biogas production from a covered Ananerobic Lagoon; Analysis of data Wrighton, K., Virdis, B., Clauwaert, P., Read, S., Boon, N., from Bears Lagoon Piggery, Bioenergy Australia, Keller, J., Anderson, G.T., Coates, J.D., and Rabaey, K. (2010) December 8-10, Sydney, Australia Biological nitrate reduction using electrical current: microbial communities and key players, The ISME Journal, 4(11):1443-55 Bond, P.L. (2010) Aerobic granular biofilms, the next big hing in activated sludge, 51st Annual Australian Society of Microbiology Ye, L., Pijuan, M., and Yuan, Z. (2010) The effect of free nitrous Conference, July 4-8, Sydney, Australia acid on the anabolic and catabolic processes of glycogen accumulating organisms, Water Research, 44(9):2901-2909 Bonmati, A., Mu, Y., Rozendal, R.A., Keller, J., and Rabaey, K. (2010) Oxalate degradation in a bioelectrochemical system, Yilmaz, S., Haroon, M.F., Rabkin, B.A., Tyson, G.W. and 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Hugenholtz, P. (2010) Fixation-free fluorescence in situ October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico hybridization for targeted enrichment of microbial populations, The ISME Journal, 4:1352-1356 Cayford, B.I., Bond P.L., Keller, J., and Tyson, G.W. (2010) Microbial community composition of sulfide oxidising biofilms Zhang, L., Keller, J., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Ferrous salt demand responsible for sewer corrosion, 13th International Symposium for sulfide control in rising main sewers: tests on a laboratory on Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA scale sewer system, ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136(10):1180-1187 Cayford, B.I., Tyson, G.W., Keller, J., and Bond, P.L. (2010) Microbial community composition of biofilms associated Zhao, B.H., Mu, Y., Dong, F., Ni B.J., Zhao, J.B., Sheng, G.P., with sewer corrosion, 6th International Conference on Sewer Yu, H.Q., Li, Y.Y., and Harada, H. (2010) Dynamic modelling the Processes & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia anaerobic reactor start-up process, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 49(16):7193-7200 Cirne, D., Pratt, S., Lant, P., and Batstone, B.J. (2010) Microbial community analysis during continuous fermentation of thermally Zhou, Y., Ganda, L., Lim, M., Yuan, Z., Kjelleberg, S., and hydrolysed waste, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Ng, W.J. (2010) Free nitrous acid (FNA) inhibition on denitrifying October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico poly-phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs), Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 88(1):359-369 Coma, M., Verawaty, M., Yuan, Z., Pijuan, M., and Bond, P. (2010) Application of the aerobic granular technology to treat Zhou, Y., Pijuan, M., Oehmen, A., and Yuan, Z. (2010) The source domestic wastewater for biological nutrient removal, of reducing power in the anaerobic metabolism of polyphosphate AWA Ozwater Convention and Exhibition, March 8-10, Brisbane, accumulating organisms (PAOs): A mini-review, Australia Water Science and Technology, 61(7):1653-1662 Corrie, S., Sharma, K.,Wilson, M., Sikdar, S. and Zieberth, K. (2010) Odour mitigation in the Elanora catchment using model- Non-refereed Articles based network chemical dosing, AWA Ozwater Convention and Exhibition, March 8-10, Brisbane, Australia Batstone, D.J. (2010) Approaching anaerobic digestion with a view to resource recovery, IWA Yearbook, 2010, 43-45 Corrie, S., Sharma, K.R., and Fillmore, D. (2010) Chemical dosing recommendations for odour and corrosion control Rabaey, K., Johnstone, A.J., Wise, A., Read, S.T., and Rozendal, at the Sandstone-Ningi network, using sulfide modelling, R.A. (2010) Microbial electrosynthesis - From electricity to biofuels 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, and biochemicals, Biotechnology International, July November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia Corrie, S.K., Sharma K.R., Sikder, S., Wilson, M., and Conference Papers Ziebarth, K. (2010) Odour and corrosion mitigation in the Elanora catchment using model- based network chemical dosing, Antony, P.J., Keller, J., and Bond, P.L. (2010) Examination of 7th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater concrete corrosion using a laboratory experimental set up Technologies, June 2-5, Phoenix, USA simulating sewer conditions, 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Crichton, M.L., Donose, B.C.; Chen, X., Han, H. and Australia Kendal, M.A.F. (2010) Determining sub-cellular scale elastic moduli within individual skin layers using AFM indentation and Arcos-Hernandez, M.V., Pratt, S., and Lant, P. (2010) Novel their importance for targeted drug delivery, 6th World Congress direct accumulation of PHA from waste activated sludge, on Biomechanics, August 1-6, Singapore International Symposium on Biopolymers Proceedings, October 3-7, Stuttgart, Germany. Döderer, K., Hearn, L., Gernjak, W., Keller, J., Poussade, Y., and Farré M-J (2010) Fate of NDMA and its precursors across UF/RO Bar, J.J., Fukushima, T., Haiste, M., Plan, M.R., Gorman, J. and membranes during the production of high quality recycled water, Bond, P.L. (2010) Community proteomics highlights extra-cellular Membranes in the Production of Drinking and Industrial Water, differences between granular and floccular sludge, 13th June 27-30, Trondheim, Norway International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA Farré, M.J., Weinberg, H.S., Lyon, B., Poussade, Y., Keller, J., and Gernjak, W. (2010) Fate of disinfection by-products & their Barr, J.J (2010) Metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic precursors across reverse osmosis membranes when producing comparison of floccular and granular sludges,AusBiotech2010, high quality recycled water, Water Quality Technology Conference October 19-22, Melbourne, Australia and Exposition, November 14-18, Savannah, USA AWMC Annual Report 2010 41

Fogelman, S. (2010) Evaluation of on-line monitoring sensors for Lu, Y., Slater, F.R., Mohd-Zaki, Z., Pratt, S., and Batstone, D.J. ensuring watquality of new water sources and systems, (2010) Impact of operating history on mixed culture fermentation AWA Ozwater Convention and Exhibition, March 8-10, Brisbane, microbial ecology and product mixture, 12th World Congress Australia on Anaerobic Digestion, October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico Gabarró, J., Ganigué, R., Ruscalleda, M., Balaguer, M.D., and Colprim, J. (2010) Temperature effects on partial nitritation treating Mehta, C. (2010) Application of digestate for agriculture extremely high ammonium levels of landfill leachate,Enzymology application in Australia: Opportunities and challenges, 12th World and ecology of the nitrogen cycle - Biochemical Society, Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, October 31-November 4, September 15-17, Birmingham, UK Guadalajara, Mexico Ge, H.Q., Jensen, P.D., and Batstone, D.J. (2010) Relative Mu, Y., Rozendal, R.A., Rabaey, K., and Keller, J. (2010) kinetics of anaerobic digestion under thermophilic and mesophilic Removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants from wastewater in a conditions, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, bioelectrochemical system, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico Digestion, October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico Gopalan, P., Jensen, P.D, and Batstone, D.J. (2010) Overcoming Mu, Y., Rozendal, R.A., Rabaey, K., and Keller, J. (2010) Performance Barriers: Low-Cost Applications of AD to Livestock Electrochemically active bacteria assisted nitrobenzene removal Waste, 1st Methane to Markets Partnership Expo, March 2-5, from wastewater, 14th International Biotechnology Symposium Delhi, India and Exhibition, September 14-18, Italy Gutierrez, O., Sudarjanto, G., Sharma, K.R., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Pervin, H., Lim, H.J., Tyson, G.W., Batstone, D.J., and SCORe-CT: a new method for testing effectiveness of sulfide- Bond, P.L. (2010) Evaluation of Bacterial community structure

control chemicals used in sewer systems, 6th International and dynamics in mesophilic and thermophilic pretreatment of Publications Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, two stage anaerobic digestion, 13th International Symposium on Gold Coast, Australia Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA Gutierrez, O., Sudarjanto, G., Sharma, K.R., Keller, J., and Pijuan, M, Liu, Y. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Could nitrite/free nitrous Yuan, Z. (2010) SCORe-CT: A new method for testing acid favour GAOs over PAOs in enhanced biological phosphorus effectiveness of sulfide-control chemicals used in sewer systems, removal systems?, IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes September 19–24, Montréal, Canada & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia Pikaar, I. (2010) High rate electrochemical sulfide removal from Hill, B., Pijuan, M., Werner, U. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Effect of free synthetic feed and real domestic wastewater, 6th International nitrous acid on nitrous oxide production by a full-scale denitrifying Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, sludge, 7th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Gold Coast, Australia Wastewater Technologies, June 2-5, Phoenix, USA Pikaar, I. (2010) High rate electrochemical sulfide removal from Hines, M.J., Donose, B.C., Green, D., and Cooper-White, J.J. synthetic feed and real domestic wastewater, 61st Annual (2010) Bulk adsorption vs. microfluidic deposition of a four Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, protein mixture: A dynamic force spectroscopy study, September 26 - October 1, Nice, France 21st Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis, July 11-15, Brisbane, Australia Pratt, S., Werker, A., Morgan-Sagastume, F., and Lant, P. (2010) Microaerophilic conditions support elevated mixed culture PHA Jensen, P., Ge, H. and Batstone, D.J (2010) Assessing the role yields, but result in decreased PHA production rates, IWA World of biochemical methane potential tests in determining anaerobic Water Congress and Exhibition, September 19-24, Montréal, degradability rate and extent, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Canada Digestion, October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico Rabaey, K. (2010) Electrical current sustains highly diverse Jiang, G., Gutierrez, O., Sharma, K.R., Keller, J. and Yuan, Z. denitrifying and bioproduction communities, 13th International (2010) Free nitrous acid controls sulfide and methane production Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA in rising main sewers, 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia Rabaey, K. and Rozendal, R.A. (2010) Caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide from pulp & paper wastewater, Australian Keller J., Mu Y., Radjenovic J., Rozendal R.A., and Rabaey K. Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Association, April 19-20, (2010) Dehalogenation of iodinated X-ray contrast media Melbourne, Australia in a bioelectrochemical system, 61st Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, Rabaey, K. and Rozendal, R.A. (2010) Energy efficient production September 26-October 1, Nice, France of caustic soda from wastewater using bioelectrochemical systems, Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Keller, J. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Wastewater treatment and March 21-25, San Francisco, USA greenhouse gas emissions, 7th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies, June 2-5, Phoenix, USA Radjenovic, J., Bagastyo, A., Mu, Y., Rozendal, R.A., and Rabaey, K. (2010) Electrochemical treatment of reverse osmosis Keller, J., Mu, Y., Radjenovic, J., Rozendal, R.A., and Rabaey, K. concentrate, 2nd Regional Symposium on Electrochemistry: (2010) Dehalogenation of iodinated X-Ray contrast media South-East Europe, June 6-10, Belgrade, Serbia in a bioelectrochemical system, 61st Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, Rattier, M., Fudianto, R., Antony, A., Farré, M.J., Leslie, G., September 26-October 1, Nice, France Poussade, Y., Keller, J. and Gernjak, W. (2010) Change of performance and properties of reverse osmosis membranes Keymer, P., Pratt, S. and Lant, P. (2010) Increasing anaerobic after exposure to free chlorine, Membranes in the Production of methane production from algal biomass by pretreatment, Drinking and Industrial Water, June 27-30, Trondheim, Norway Bioenergy Australia, December 8-10, Sydney, Australia Rattier, M., Reungoat, J., Tyson, G., Yang, Q., Gernjak, W., and Lane, J., de Haas, D., and Lant, P. (2010) Life Cycle Impacts of Keller, J. (2010) Fundamental investigation on biological activated the Gold Coast Urban Water Cycle, AWA Ozwater Convention carbon, Science Form of the Urban Water Security Research and Exhibition, March 8-10, Brisbane, Australia Alliance (UWSRA), September 28-29, Brisbane, Australia Lane, J., de Haas, D., and Lant, P. (2010) Life Cycle Analysis of Read, S.T., Turner, S., Lau, K., Pichler, F.P., Keller, J., and Rabaey, the Gold Coast Urban Water Cycle, Science Form of the Urban K (2010) Coculture response of Enterococcus faecium and Water Security Research Alliance (UWSRA), September 28-29, Gram negatives during current generation, 13th International Brisbane, Australia Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA Le Corre, K., Ort, C. and Keller J. (2010) Pharmaceutical audit Reungoat, J., Escher, B.I., Macova, M., Gernjak, W. and data from hospital, Science Form of the Urban Water Security Keller, J. (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care Research Alliance (UWSRA), September 28-29, Brisbane, products, reduction of estrogenicity and toxicity in full-scale water Australia reclamation plants based on ozonation and biological activated carbon filtration,3rd Australian Symposium on Ecological Risk Assessment and Management of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Australasian Environment, November 10-11, Canberra, Australia 42 AWMC Annual Report 2010

Reungoat, J., Gernjak, W. and Keller, J. (2010) Removal of Virdis, B., Rabaey, K., Rozendal, R.A., Keller, J. (2010) trace organic chemicals from secondary effluents by ozone/ Bioelectrochemical Nitrogen and COD removal from synthetic biological activated carbon treatments in Australia, Water Reuse wastewater, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, and Desalination: Water Scarcity Solutions for the 21st Century, October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico November 15-17, Sydney, Australia Virdis, B., Rabaey, K., Rozendal, R.A., Yuan, Z.G., Mu, Y., and Rootsey, R. and Yuan, Z. (2010) New insights into sewer odour Keller, J. (2010) Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification and corrosion, 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes (SND) at a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Biocathode, 14th & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia International Biotechnology Symposium and Exhibition, September 14-18, Italy Rootsey, R., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Sewer Odour & Corrosion Research (SCORe) Project – Delivering Outcomes to the Water Yuan, Z. (2010) Corrosion and odour management in sewers Industry, AWA Sustainable Infrastructure and Asset Management – recent advances and key knowledge gaps. Keynote speech, Conference, November 23-24, Sydney, Australia 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia Sharma K. R., Gutierrez, O., Corrie, S. K., and Yuan, Z. (2010) Investigation of the effects of chemical dosing in sewer using Yuan, Z., Sharma. K. R., Gutierrez, O., Rootsey, R. and Keller, integrated modelling of sewer system and wastewater treatment J. (2010) Corrosion and odour management in sewers: recent plant, 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & advances and key knowledge gaps, 6th International Conference Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia Sharma, G., Shon, H.K., Aryal, R., and Phuntsho, S. (2010) Profiles performance evaluation of microfiltration with electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation pretreatment, Book Chapters 7th International Membrane Science and Technology Conference, November 22-26, Sydney, Australia Fukushima, T. and Bond P.L.(2010) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technology In: Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge. Sharma, K. R., Gutierrez O., Corrie S., O’Halloran K., Capati B. R. Seviour and P. Halkjær Nielsen (eds), IWA Publishing, 350-359 and Yuan, Z. (2010) Integrated modelling of biotransformation processes in sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants for Freguia, S. (2010) Organics oxidation, In: Bioelectrochemical optimising chemical dosing to sewer networks, 6th International Systems. From extracellular electron transfer to biotechnologycal Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, application, IWA Publishing, ISBN: 9781843392330. Gold Coast, Australia Barr, J. J., Cook, A. E., Fukushima, T. and Bond P.L. (2010) Clone Sharma, K.R. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Kinetics of chemical sulfide Library Generation In: Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge. oxidation under high dissolved oxygen levels, 6th International R. Seviour and P. Halkjær Nielsen (eds.), IWA Publishing, 360-370 Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, November 7-10, Fogelman, S.(2010) Technology Career Spotlight: Developing a Gold Coast, Australia Dynamic Environmental Calibration Technology For Cost Effective Shaw, A., Coleman, P., Nolasco, D., Rosso, D., Yuan, Z., Online Water Quality Monitoring, In: Women in Engineering van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Shiskowski, D., Chandran, K., Science and Technology: Education and Career Challenges, Houweling, D., Willis, J., Beecher, N., Corominas, Ll., Siegrist, H., IGI-Global, USA, ISBN 978-1-61520-658 Porro, J., and Nopens, I. (2010) Workshop Summary: The Role of Modelling in Assessing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, 83rd Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition Reports and Conference, October 2-6, New Orleans, USA Farré, M.J., Doederer, K., Keller J., Poussade, Y., Mueller, J., and Slater, F.R. (2010) Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Gernjak, W. (2010) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Purified (EBPR) bacterial communities: Model systems for microbial Recycled Water, Final project report, SEQ Urban Water Security ecology studies, 51st Annual Australian Society of Microbiology Research Alliance Conference, July 4-8, Sydney, Australia Slater, F.R., Johnson, C.R., Blackall, L.L., Beiko, R, and Patents Bond, P.L. (2010) Clade-level variation in key bacteria is Pijuan, M., Yuan, Z., and Johns, M. (2010) Reducing the start associated with community composition and ecosystem function up time of aerobic granular sludge reactors treating nutrient rich in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems, wastewater, 2010900901 IWA Water Research Conference, April 11-14, Lisbon, Portugal Yuan, Z. (2010) Pre-treatment of sludge, 2010901789 Slater, F.R., Johnson, C.R., Blackall, L.L., Beiko, R.G., Lu, Y. and Bond, P.L. (2010) Relating bacterial community structure to Yuan, Z. (2010) Production of nitrite, 2010901787 process performance in laboratory-scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems, 13th International Symposium on Yuan, Z. (2010) Treatment of membrane used in water treatment, Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA 2010901792 Slater, F.R., Singer, A., Turner, S., Barr, J.J., and Bond, P.L. Yuan, Z., Jiang, G. and Gutierrez, O. (2010) Control of bacterial (2010) Evidence for disrupted performance of wastewater activity, such as in sewers and wastewater treatment systems, treatment while simulating high-level community use of antiviral 2010901790 and antibiotic drugs, 13th International Symposium on Microbial Rozendal, R.A. and Rabaey, K. (2010) Process for the production Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA of chemicals, WO2010068994 Sudarjanto, G., Gutierrez, O., Sharma, K.R. and Yuan, Z. (2010) Rabaey, K. and Rozendal, R.A. (2010) Production of methanol or A laboratory assessment of the impact of brewery wastewater methanol derivatives, WO2010068979 discharge on sulfide and methane production in a sewer,6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, Rabaey, K. and Rozendal, R.A. (2010) Production of hydrogen November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia peroxide, WO 2010/042986 Vargas, M., Yuan, Z., and Pijuan, M. (2010) The effect of long Rabaey, K. and Rozendal, R.A. (2010) Treatment of solutions or starvation conditions on PAO and GAO cultures, IWA Water wastewater, WO 2010/042987 Research Conference, April 11-14, Lisbon, Portugal Verawaty, M. Coma, M. Yuan, Z., Pijuan, M., Bond, P.L. (2010) Application of aerobic granular technology to treat domestic wastewater for biological nutrient removal, AWA Ozwater Convention and Exhibition, March 8-10, Brisbane, Australia Verawaty, M. Yuan, Z., Pijuan, M., Bond, P.L. (2010) Use of fluorescent microbeads to understand aerobic granule formation for activated sludge wastewater treatment, 13th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA AWMC Annual Report 2010 43 Conference Participation Conference

Acting Minister for Climate Change and Sustainability, Annastacia Palaszczuk, visits AWMC Labs

Conference Participation New Zealand Microbial Ecology Consortium, February 12, 14th International Biotechnology Symposium and Exhibition, Auckland, New Zealand September 14-18, Italy 1st Methane to Markets Partnership Expo Proceedings, IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, September 19-24, March 2-5, Delhi, India Montréal, Canada AWA Ozwater Convention and Exhibition, March 8-10, 61st Annual Meeting of the International Society of Brisbane, Australia Electrochemistry, September 26-October 1, Nice, France Annual Meeting of the American Chemical Society, March 21-25, Science Form of the Urban Water Security Research Alliance San Francisco, USA (UWSRA), September 28-29, Brisbane, Australia 2nd IWA/WEF Wastewater Treatment Modelling Seminar, 83rd Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition March 28-30, Quebec, Canada and Conference, October 2-6, New Orleans, USA IWA Water Research Conference, April 11-14, Lisbon, Portugal International Symposium on Biopolymers Proceedings, October 3-7, Stuttgart, Germany Australian Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Association, April 19-20, Melbourne, Australia UK-Australia Frontier of Sciences – Marine Science, October 9-13, Perth, Australia 110th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, May 24-27, San Diego, USA AusBiotech 2010, October 19-22, Melbourne, Australia AWA Biosolids Specialty Conference V, June 2-4, Sydney, 12th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Australia October 31-November 4, Guadalajara, Mexico 7th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes & Networks, Technologies, June 2-5, Phoenix, USA November 7-10, Gold Coast, Australia 2nd Regional Symposium on Electrochemistry: South-East 3rd Australian Symposium on Ecological Risk Assessment Europe, June 6-10, Belgrade, Serbia and Management of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the International workshop on anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse Australasian Environment, November 10-11, Canberra, Australia waste, June 9-11, Barcelona, Spain Water Quality Technology Conference and Exposition, Pan Pacific Pork Expo 2010, June 16-17, Gold Coast, Australia November 14-18, Savannah, USA Membranes in the Production of Drinking and Industrial Water, Water Reuse and Desalination: Water Scarcity Solutions for the June 27-30, Trondheim, Norway 21st Century, November 15-17, Sydney, Australia 51st Annual Australian Society of Microbiology Conference, 6th Conference of the Aseanian Membrane Society, July 4-8, Sydney, Australia November 22-26, Sydney, Australia 21st Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis, 7th International Membrane Science and Technology July 11-15, Brisbane, Australia Conference, November 22-26, Sydney, Australia 6th World Congress on Biomechanics, August 1-6, Singapore AWA Sustainable Infrastructure and Asset Management Conference, November 23-24, Sydney, Australia 13th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, August 22-27, Seattle, USA Bioenergy Australia, December 8-10, Sydney, Australia AWA Specialty Conference: Odours 2010, August 24-25, Sydney, Australia 44 AWMC Annual Report 2010 2010 Seminars

Prof Nazim Cicek, University of Manitoba, Canada, Membrane Dr Bogdan Donose, AWMC, Atomic force microscopy, alpinism related activities in wastewater treatment and biofuel and at nanoscale, 14 May bioenergy research projects, 18 January Ms Hoai Tran, AWMC, Confirmation seminar: Physical and Dr Markus Röhricht, University of Applied Sciences Giessen- chemical investigations of corrosion processes in concrete Friedberg, Germany, Elimination of pharmaceuticals from sewer pipes, 25 May wastewater - Do we need additional treatment steps on our wastewater treatment plants?, 29 January Dr Afreen Siddiqi, MIT, USA, Uncovering inter-system linkages for sustainable designs and decisions, 4 June Dr Florent Angly, AWMC, Characterization of environmental viral diversity using high throughput metagenomics, 29 January Mr Mohamed Haroon, AWMC, Molecular characterisation of microbial communities performing anaerobic methane driven Prof Christof Holliger, EPFL, Switzerland, Reductive denitrification, 4 June dechlorination of chloroethenes, 5 February Prof Zhiguo Yuan, AWMC, Fugitive greenhouse gas emissions Ms Yingyu Law, AWMC, Confirmation seminar: Understanding from wastewater systems: AWMC research as part of a global fugitive nitrous oxide emission from wastewater treatment effort, 11 June systems, 12 February Dr Phil Bond, AWMC, Investigating the impact of pandemic Prof David Sedlak, UC Berkeley, USA, Is potable water reuse a levels of an antiviral drug on wastewater treatment, 11 June viable solution to urban water shortages?, 19 February Mr Ronald Niermans and Mr Luc Kox, DHV, Australia, A Dr Chirag Mehta, AWMC, Importance of protein-protein new standard for sustainable and cost-effective waste water interactions on protein crystallisation, 26 February treatment, 25 June Mr Ray Rootsey, AWMC, ARC sewer corrosion & odour Dr Kristell Le Corre, AWMC, Understanding struvite research (SCORe) linkage project – Summary of year 1 crystallisation, 2 July outcomes, 26 February Dr Liu Ye, AWMC, Optimization control of biological nitrogen Mr Barry Cayford, AWMC, Confirmation seminar: Investigation removal process in saline wastewater treatment based on of microbial biofilms responsible for sewer corrosion, 4 March energy saving, 2 July Ms Natacha Juste-Poinapen, AWMC, Confirmation seminar: Mr Arseto Bagastyo, AWMC, Electrochemical treatment of Microbiology and genetics of interspecies electron transfer, reverse osmosis concentrates, 30 July 12 March Ms Zuhaida Mohd-Zaki, AWMC, Effect of ph on product Prof David J. Richardson, University of East Anglia, UK, spectrum in mixed culture fermentation (MCF), 6 August Mitigating release of the potent greenhouse gas N2O from the nitrogen cycle – Could enzymic regulation hold the key?, Dr Elizabeth Baggs, University of Aberdeen, UK, Soil microbial 22 March sources of N2O: Current state of knowledge and future challenges, 6 August Dr Christoph Ort, AWMC, Tapping into sewers, 9 April A/Prof Damien Batstone, AWMC, Anaerobic digestion of Ms Yeting Niu, AWMC, Confirmation seminar: Understanding complex feeds: Perspectives & opportunities, 13 August competition between sulfate-reducing Bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic Archaea (MA) under different conditions in sewer Dr Steven Pratt, AWMC, Project NEPTUNE: Using biosolids as rising main, 16 April a resource for energy generation and biopolymer production, 13 August Dr Fran Slater, AWMC, Clade-level variation in key bacteria is associated with community composition and ecosystem Prof Kenneth Nealson, University of Southern California, USA, function in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) Microbial ecology to bioproduction Symposium - Extracellular systems, 23 April electron transport: What it is, what it means, and what it may mean when we understand it, 18 August Dr Marc Pidou, AWMC, Hybrid membrane processes for wastewater treatment, 23 April Dr Phil Hugenholtz, Joint Genome Institute, USA, Microbial ecology to bioproduction Symposium - Boring spirochetes might Dr Ramon Ganigué Pagès, AWMC, Completely autotrophic be interesting for biofuel production, 18 August nitrogen removal from urban landfill leachate, 30 April Dr Gene Tyson, AWMC, Microbial ecology to bioproduction Ms Lauren Bragg, AWMC, Confirmation seminar: Development Symposium - From meta’omics to single cell genomics, of computational and statistical methods for the analysis of 18 August microbial community sequence data, 7 May sidestream effluents,22October activities onadvancedN-removal processes forN-rich Dr RomainLemaire, Veolia Water, France,Veolia research approach), 8October on aconductivesurface?(Aslightlyprovocative modelling only capableof‘direct electron transfer’surviveandmultiply Dr ShelleyBrown, AWMC, Howdomicroorganisms thatare 8 October metaproteomic comparison offloccularandgranularsludges, Mr Jeremy Barr,AWMC, Metatranscriptomicand 1 October accumulation duringdenitrificationinwastewatertreatment, Ms Yuting Pan,AWMC, Understandingnitrous oxide compounds control, 24September using RUO trace organiccontaminantsinreverse osmosisconcentrate Dr JelenaRadjenovic,AWMC, Electrochemical oxidationof stay attheUniversityofNorthCarolina, 20August corridorrecycledwestern waterproject context-results from my Dr MariaJoséFarré,AWMC, Disinfectionby-products inthe Symposium -Algalselectionforbioproduction, 18August Dr PeerSchenk,UQ,Microbial ecologytobioproduction Symposium -Microbial systemsbiology, 18August Prof LarsNielsen,AIBNUQ,Microbial ecologytobioproduction bacteria insoils,18August bioproduction Symposium-Stressed out?-Sulfuroxidising Dr UlrikeKappler, SCMBUQ,Microbial ecologyto of chemicaladditivesandbiomaterialsforH Dr GatutSudarjanto,AWMC, Fieldandlaboratorytesting sewers, 24September Mr IljePikaar,AWMC, Electrochemical sulfideabatementin systems, 17September Dr PaulDennis,AWMC, Unravellingthebiologyofengineered present, andfuture, 17September Dr RenéRozendal,AWMC, Bioelectrochemical systems:Past, transesterification forbiodieselproduction, 10September Dr EugenaLi,AWMC, Heterogeneous catalyzed 10 September reduction ofdisinfectionbyproducts formationpotential, effluents withbiofiltration:Removaloforganicmatterand Advanced treatment ofdomesticwastewatertreatment plant Mr Francois-XavierArgaud, UniversiteJosephFourier, France, AWMC aftertenyearsworkingatEAWAG, 27August Dr AdrianoJoss,Eawag,Switzerland,Oneyearsabbaticalat wastewater –Stillstrong?, 27August Prof Jurg Keller,AWMC, Thecaseforresource recovery from 2 /IRO 2 - coatedtitaniumanodes,20August 2 S andodorous performance inacceleratedageing,17 December Mr SubashSukumar,AWMC, Reverseosmosismembranes 17 December solids andparticle-associatedmicropollutants inhighwayrunoff, Dr RupakAryal,AWMC, Dynamicbehaviourofsuspended rejection, 13December biological pre-treatment onmembranefoulingandmicropollutant Ms ChrystelleAyache, AWMC, Assessmentoftheimpact 10 December (INRA), France,Rsoftware -yourdatadeservesthebest!, Dr Virginie Rossard, NationalInstituteforAgriculturalResearch 3 December France, MembranefoulinginMBR:tryingtounderstand, Prof RogerBenAim,InstituteNationaleScientifiqueApplique, membrane processes, 30 November Netherlands, Modellingofbiofoulinginreverse osmosis Dr Andrea Radu,DelftUniversityofTechnology, The bioplastic production, 26November The Netherlands,Microbial communityengineering(MCE)for Dr RobbertKleerebezem, DelftUniversityofTechnology, bacteria, 26November Netherlands, Ecologyandbiotechnologyofhaloalkaliphilicsulfur Prof Gerard Muyzer,DelftUniversityofTechnology, The the ozonation/biologicalactivatedcarbonprocess, 19November micropollutants from WWTPeffluentsin reclamation plantsusing Dr JulienReungoat,AWMC, Removaloforganic production insewersusingnitrateandnitrite,19November Dr GuangmingJiang,AWMC, Control ofsulfideandmethane oxidation underhighdissolvedoxygenlevels,12November Dr KeshabSharma,AWMC, Kineticsofchemicalsulfide monozygotic twinsandtheirmothers,12November Dr Florent inthefaecalmicrobiota Angly,AWMC, Viruses of concrete sewerpipes,5November Dr AntonyJoseph,AWMC, Elementalsulfurformationin 1,3-propanediol bymixedpopulations,5November Mr AlexanderWise,AWMC, Electricitydrivenproduction of 29 October monoethanolamine (MEA)inanuclearpowerplantwastewater, Prof Dong-JinKim,HallymUniversity, Korea, Biodegradatonof assemblers, 29October Mr MichaelImelfort,AWMC, Abirds eyeviewofsequence Electricity drivenbioproduction, 22October Rabaey,AWMC, MicrobialDr Korneel electrosynthesis:

Seminars Advanced Water Management Centre Level 4 Gehrmann Building (60) Research Road, St. Lucia Campus The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

Telephone: +61 7 3365 4730 Facsimile: +61 7 3365 4726 Website: www.awmc.uq.edu.au Email: [email protected]