SFM001 01 The Outline of Forests and Forestry in

Hajime Naganawa Senior Technical Advisor Japan & Overseas Forestry Consultants Associate (JOFCA)

Data collected from the Annual Report by Forestry Agency, Japan Status of Forests in Japan

⚪Forests cover 25 million ha, or about 66 %, of the land in Japan. ⚪The private forests account for about 57%; the public forests, about 12%; and the national forests, about 31%.

■ Ratio of Area of National Land to Area of Forests

(x 10,000 ha) (10,000 ha) その 公有 Public Others他 林 Forests Residential Land 宅地 National Private Agricultural Land Area Forests Forest Area Forests Land 国有 25.05 million ha 農地 37.80 million ha Forests 私有 林 林 森林 Ratio of forest area in each country in the world

Finland * Japan 66.0 Sweden Korea Australia Japan is the Portugal Slovakia second in the Spain world Czech Italy Mexico Canada America Germany New zealand Switzerland Norway Poland Greece 日本の世界各国の中での国民1人当たりの森林面積Forest areas per person in the world

Country ha/person forest area Canada Finland * Brazil Sweden Zaire Australia America Malaysia Indonesia Japan 66.0% Germany Italy 2500 ÷120.00＝0.2ha (6) Global Warming Countermeasures and Forests

⚪Global warming prevention requires measures for reducing CO2 emission as well as forest development and other forest sink measures. ⚪In order to realize the target of forest sinks in FY2020 (2.7% up from FY2005), Japan promotes forest sink measures by thinning of the yearly average of 520,000 ha for eight years (between FY2013 and FY2020). ⚪After 2020, under the Paris Agreement, each country shall continue to take measures to maintain carbon sinks such as forests. Japan aims to offset 2.0% of greenhouse gas emissions out of the 26% reduction target by the absorption of greenhouse gases by forests (compared to FY2013). ⚪With regard to securing stable financial resources to that end, it was specified in the FY2018 Tax Reform Outline that a forest environment tax and a forest environment donation (transfer) tax would be established the FY2019 tax reforms in order to allocate the financial resources necessary for forest development activities to be implemented by municipalities, and related laws were enacted in March 2019. Transfer of the forest environment donation tax started in FY2019.

■Rules about how to calculate the amount of forest CO2 absorption ■Reduction targets and the amount of forest CO2 absorption

1 ⚪All CO2 absorbed since 1990 by forests involving human activities (forests where During the second commitment period* of Intended nationally determined *1 *1 *2 new planting , replanting , and forest management are taking place) is counted. the Protocol contributions for the Paris Agreement FY2013–FY2020 FY2021–FY2030 Note 1: Afforestation on land that was not forested in 1990. Note 2: Forest development such as thinning carried out since 1990. Japan’s reduction 3.8% or more by FY2020 26.0% by FY2030 target (compared to FY2005) (compared to FY2013)

Forest CO 2 2.7% or more by FY2020 2.0%*2 by FY2030 (compared to absorption (compared to FY2005) FY2013) capacities

Note 1: Although Japan didn’t take part in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, Japan’s reduction target has been 1990 Forest development already registered at the Convention Bureau based on Cancun Agreements. Note 2: The figure is calculated based on the rules of the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. ⚪According to new rules established from the second commitment period, a carbon ■Overview of the Paris Agreement (The date of issue: November 2016) sequestration function is assessed in the use of Harvested Wood Products (HWP). ○ Legal framework of international measures against global warming after 2020. (Carbon is stored and sequestered in the harvested wood when it is used as housing ○ Keeping the increase in global average temperature to fairly below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. materials, etc., and emissions are to be reported when the materials are discarded ○ Each country should set their intended nationally determined contributions and take measures. (burned, etc.)) ○ The balance of emissions and absorption should be achieved by the second half of this century. ⚪The calculation rules about greenhouse gas emissions and absorption, including the ○ Taking action in order to maintain natural carbon sinks like forests and storages and enhance their capacities. amount of forest CO2 absorption, based on the Paris agreement was adopted at COP24 in 2018. ○ Encouraging to cooperate and take action for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (REDD+) Most mountainous areas in Japan are very steep.

More than 60% is higher than 30 degrees. Distribution of four forest types in Japan

Sub frigid Forest type Latitude

Warm forest Subfrigid forest

Sub-tropical forest Sub-frigid forest Temperate forest Sub-Frigid Forest Type

1) Evergreen conifers can be seen in the sub-frigid forest in Japan is made the main wood species. Woods such as sakhalin fir, etc. are seen in the Abies sachalinensis (sakhalin fir) mountainous areas in , northern part of Japan.

Picea jezoensis (Yezo spruce) Temperate Forest Type

A lot of deciduous broad- leave trees are seen in the temperate forest zone and they consist the main tree species in the Tohoku (northern mainland Honshu) region. *

Fagus crenata (beech) Warm Forest Type

Evergreen broad- leaved trees are seen in the warm- temperate forests in Japan. Species as castanopsis and oaks are seen in southern/eastern mainland Honshu. Castanopsis Sub Tropical Forest Type •Evergreen broadleaf trees consist main wood species in the sub-tropical areas in Japan. Also, mangrove species are seen in the coastal areas of Yaeyama islands in Okinawa prefecture, etc. Mangrove Main Species in Japan

Dominance (%) Cryptomeria japonica Quercus serrata (oak) Chamaecyparis obtusa Pinus Abies firma Fagus crenata Larix kaempferi Betula Castanopsis Acer (maples) Alnus (alders) Bamboo Conifers Tilia (limes) Broadleaf Carpinus (hornbeams) Forest Resources in Japan

* Changes in Forest Resources

⚪ Expansive afforestation, a scheme of planting cedar/cypress after felling natural forests, was promoted from the 1960s to the 1970s. ⚪ The ratio of planted forests doubled, soaring from about 20% to 40%, during about 30 years from 1957.

■ Changes in Japan’s Forest Area 3,000

239 173 144 137 137 141 137 136 136 2,250

1,444 1,367 1,338 1,335 1,338 1,343 1,348 その他 1,500 1,551 Others 1,687 Natural天然林 forests Planted人工林 forests (10,000 ha) 750 1,022 1,040 1,036 1,035 1,029 1,020 793 938 574 0 1957 1966 1976 1986 1995 2002 2007 2012 2017 Changes in Forest Resources

⚪The volume of forest stock is approximately 4.9 billion m3. ⚪It is increasing annually by 90 million m3, mainly in planted forests that account for about 40% of the area of forests. ■ Changes in Japan’s Forest Stock

Stock Increased by approx. 70 (100 million m3) million m³ per year 34.8 40.4 44.3 49.0 52.4 60. Planted Natural forests天然林等 forests,人工林 etc. 50. 28.6 19.3 40. 21.9 18.6 18.9 17.8 Approx. 6x 30. 17.0 more in 50 15.9 years 20. 15.0 33.1 13.9 26.5 30.4 10. 13.3 18.9 23.4 8.0 13.6 0. 5.6 1966 1976 1986 1995 2002 2007 2012 2017 Year Areas of Planted Forests by Age Class

⚪ Almost half of the planted forests, including Japanese cedar and cypress tree forests, have grown into 50-year-old or upper classes and will soon become mature. They will be ready to be harvested as resources.

■Planted Forests in Japan by Age Class 50% of planted forests are (10,000 ha) over 50 years old 200 （面積）

153159 150 143 111 100 85 89 58 50 35 34 22 19 17 7 10 11 16 16 13 10 9 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 Age class Age-Class Distribution of Private Forests and National Forests X 10,000 ha

5-year period History of Forest and Forestry in Japan

After Second World War: from 1945 （75 years ago) History of forests and forest industry in Japan Since 1945 after WWII:

1. wood demand increased 2. wood price went up 3. afforestation boosted (1.5 million bare mountain) 4. fuel revolution (from wood to electric, kerosene and gas) 5. tariff for imported wood was lifted and the import increased dramatically. 6. domestic wood demand went down 7. logging systems changed 8. and mountain residents/villagers decreased Wood Supply and Demand

⚪The amount of wood supply steadily decreased since 1996 as the wood demand went down in accordance with the decline of the number of houses under construction. ⚪The volume of wood imports decreased after its peak in 1996, whereas the amount of domestic wood supply increased after hitting bottom in 2002.The wood self-sufficiency rate bottomed out at 18.8% in 2002 and began to increase. It increased steadily and reached 34.8% in 2016.

■ Changes in Supply of Wood (Lumber) Wood (lumber) self-sufficiency rate (right axis) (％) (10,000 ㎥) 1973 1980 14,000 Total amount of wood Wood price 1996 demand peaked peaked Wood imports peaked 2002 1964 Wood self-sufficiency rate Wood imports liberalized bottomed out

10,500

Imported product Now (2017) Imported log 7,000 36.2％

Domestic wood 3,500

Self-sufficiency rate bottomed out (2002) 18.8％ 0 1955 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 (year) Wood price has soared.

Wood price

General consumer price Changes in Afforestation

X 10.000 ha Expansive afforestation Secondary afforestation Main Species for Artificial Plantation in Japan Artificial Forest Plantation

Main 3 species planted in Pinus densiflora (mainland) Japan (Japanese red pine)

Dry brown forest soil Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress)

Suitable brown forest soil Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)

Wet brown forest soil Chamaecyparis obtusa (Japanese cypress) Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) Population in Mountainous Areas and Villages Shrinks

People in mountain/villages are only 3% of the entire population in Japan. Main Issues of Recent Forests and Forestry in Japan Results of Tsunami Disaster on March 11, 2011 Before After The soil has been refilled and reforested Trees planted by volunteers Radioactive material is being removed. Forest Fires in Japan Changes in Forest Fire Occurrence in Japan

total area (ha)

number of cases Forest fire frequency by month

Picnic season

Number

month Causes of forest fires Damages by wild animals Debarking by Deer Deer eat tree bark in winter. Protection with fences Protecting trees by netting Capturing by trap Capturing using an enclosure trap Hunting deer

Hunting season is from November to the following February. You can hunt deer if you acquire hunting permit from the prefectural government. Changes in forestry factors

wholesale

contraction wholesale

Logging cost Japanese cedar

Seeding Hemlock fir

Japanese cedar log price at road side Ratio of Resident and Absent Forest Owners

Absent forest owners have increased.

Owned by those who do not live in the prefecture

10.16 million ha 3.27 million ha 1.32 million ha 1.96 million ha

Owned by those who live in the prefecture No thinning has been After thinning done. New Trend of Forest and Forestry Activities in Japan

Promotion of Forest Management New Technical Plantation Methods

Left: Multi-cavity root trainer (container) Right: Seedling raised in a container Forest management types Subsidized for the Following Forestry Operations:

1. Weeding (less than 10 years) 2. Pruning (less than 30 years) 3. Cleaning (less than 25 years)

4. Thinning (less than 60 years)

5. Regeneration cutting (less than 90 years) Improved multiple-storied forest Broadleaf forest Natural forest 6. Building and maintaining forest roads Line thinning method Mobile machine Harvester (attachment) for felling, pruning, logging and yarding work. Forestry Management in Japan (2) Trend of forestry operation

⚪In Japan, most forest owners are micro- or small-scale; those own 10 ha or less accounting for 90% of total forest owners. More and more forest owners have been losing motivation for the business and intention to own the forests because they experienced less profitable of forestry. ⚪The productivity has been improving, but its level is still low. It needs to consolidate the operations to the motivated persons and to spread and establish efficient, low-cost work systems. In addition, the income of forest owners and the average wage of forestry workers remain low. ⚪The forestry organization, such as forestry associations and forestry companies to which forest owners outsource their work, mainly manages forests. Small-scale operation entities which produce less than 5,000 m3 of wood annually account for 90%, while larger-scale operation entities with over 5,000 m3 output per year produce roughly 80% of the total wood production.

■ Forest area held by forestry owners ■ Production of log for each organization type Approx. 80% is 10–50 ha 50–100 ha outsourcing and buying 100 ha or more * Operation entity that produced wood in the値タイトル past one year on the stump. (100 million JPY) 91,000 7,000 4,000 Owned land area of 10 (0.4%) (11%) (1%) Total 3 総計 4 million m 16 million m3 (78%) ha or less 90% (10,490 entities) (22%) (20 million m3)

1–5 ha Companies 1 million m3 Numbers according to 5–10 ha 会社 7 million m3 (84%) 林家数 (16%) (8 million m3) ownership (830,000 617,000 111,000 (1,305 entities) households) (14 million m3) (74%) (13%) Forestry associations and 0.4 million m3 森林組合等の団体 (7%) 3 Account for approx. other organizations 5.5 million m3 (93%) (6 million m ) (808 entities) 70% of the wood 1–5 ha 5–10 ha 10–50 ha 100 ha or more production. Areas保有山林面積 according to ownership Other legal persons 1.29 mil. ha 0.72 mil.ha 1.64 mil. ha 1.08 mil. ha その他の法人 (5.17 mil. ha) (126 entities) (25%) (14%) (32%) (21%) Has not become legal 50–100 ha 法人化していない 保有山林で自ら伐採 Source: MAFF, "2015 Agriculture and Forestry Census" persons Log trees in their own forests Source: MAFF, "2015 Agriculture and Forestry Census” 0.43 mil. ha (7,916 entities) 受託若しくは立木買い Note: A forest owner is someone who owns at least 1 ha of forest land. by themselves Note: A forest owner is someone who owns at least 1 ha of forest land. (8%) Local public bodies Outsourcing or buying on the 地方公共団体・財産区and property wards stump (335 entities) ■ Productivity of logging and ■ Income from forestry thinning . 5500000. 11000000. 16500000. 22000000.

(m3/person) Logging Source: MAFF "2015 Agriculture and Forestry Census" 15. Note 1: Companies refer to joint-stock companies, unlimited partnerships, partnerships, and consolidated companies. 13. Thinning 113,000 Note 2: Other legal persons refer to general corporate judicial persons and religious corporations. Income from forestry Note 3: Entities refer to forestry operation entities which meet either of the following conditions: (1) entities that possess more than 3 ha of forest and engage in forestry operation in the JPY/ entity last five years, or make forest management plans or forest development plans, (2) those which are entrusted with nurturing of forests, or (3) those which produce over 200 m3 11.3 10. of wood in the last one year by being outsourced or purchasing standing trees.

Average income of 3,050,000 The number of forestry operation entities by wood production scale and their wood production 6.7 7.5 forestry workers (Note) JPY/year 90% Less than 1,000 m3 4.2 Forestry operation entities 75% 1,000-5,00015% 5% m35% 3.8 (10,490 entities) 5,000-10,000 m3 10,000 m3 or more Wood production 6% 18% 18% 58% 0. (19.89 million m3) Now Future Source: Income from forestry (FY2013) is cited from the Forestry Management Statistics Survey Report in FY2013 by MAFF, and the average income of forestry workers (FY2013) is from documents of the Forest 0% 25% 50% 75%80% 100% Agency. Source: Working document of Forestry Agency Note: The average wage of all industries in 2013 was 4,140,000 yen (National Tax Agency, "Statistical Note: The productivity is the average of all tree species for both logging and thinning. Survey of Actual Status for Salary in the Private Sector") Source: MAFF, "2015 Agriculture and Forestry Census" (8) Energy use of woody biomass ⚪ Since the start of FIT, newly certified woody biomass power generation facilities that mainly use unused wood are operating at 62 locations as of the end of December 2018. ⚪ The volume of usage of woody biomass derived from thinned wood, etc. has increased rapidly centering on the use for power generation (it has increased about eightfold over the past 6 years). ⚪ In the future, the following are important: (1) strengthening of efforts to make power generation plants operate stably such as grasping fuel supply and demand trends and giving the widest possible publicity to the wood biomass guidelines, and (2) building an “ecosystem within a community” that can be developed in remote areas where it is difficult to use generated electricity. ⚪ Initiatives in research and technological development for using wood materials such as cellulose nanofiber as new industrial raw materials through industry-academia-government collaboration.

■ Wooden biomass power plants approved after the start of FIT and purchasing prices ■ Volume of usage of woody biomass derived from thinned wood, etc. ■ Use of wood biomass as material Unused wood Chemical composition of wood General wood and 700. 3 Main fuel Under 2,000 kW 2,000 kW and Recycled wood Total Micro-components (less lignin residues from crops (10,000 m系列) 603 above 1 than 10%)

60 50 193 6 309 System approved 525. (64) (53) (203) (35) (355) 445 Hemicellulose Of which, in 24 38 44 4 110 Cellulose operation (28) (41) (54) (33) (156) 350. 280 Purchasing price ¥40/kWh ¥32/kWh ¥24/kWh* ¥13/kWh - 179 CNF (Cellulose Nano Fiber) Source: Created based on reference to the website for publicizing information on the feed-in tariff system (Agency 175. 121 ● CNF is produced through the process of chemically and mechanically breaking down for Natural Resources and Energy). 72 89 cellulose, the main constituent of plant cell walls such as wood, into nanometer-sized (one As of the end of December 2018. millionth mm) fibrous material. Note: Figures in parentheses include the amount certified in the transition from RPS to FIT. ● CNF is light and strong. In other words, CNF is five times stronger than steel at a fifth of the weight. *: Subject to bidding if certified after April 2018 (bidding applies if more than 10,000 kW) 0. 2011 12 13 14 15 16 17 Expected uses ■ Operation of new biomass power plants that were approved after the start of FIT < Mixing with resin > < Mixing with paint > Source: Investigation by the Wood Utilization Division under the Forestry Agency (up to Chemical fiber with improved and that mainly use unused wood as fuel Aomori Prefecture Iwate Prefecture 2014) and “Wood Supply and Demand Table” compiled by the Forestry Agency (from Weather resistance paint that is excellent in Hirakawa City Ichinohe-machi moisture retention 2015 onward) maintaining aesthetic quality Akita Prefecture Hanamaki City Hokkaido Katagami City Miyagi Prefecture Ebetsu City Kitaakita City Sendai City ■ Ecosystem within a community Monbetsu City Yamagata Prefecture Kesennuma City Tomakomai City Tsuruoka City Kawasaki-machi As local people concerned work together, local forest resources can be used sustainably in a Ishikari City Nagai City Fukushima Prefecture community through the small-scale system utilizing heat or supplying heat and electricity. Polypropylene fiber containing CNF Outer wall fence of Reihoku Forest Shiranuka-cho Toyama Prefecture Mogami-cho Aizuwakamatsu City * Utilization for comforters and winter clothing Management Station, Shikoku Regional Imizu City Yamagata Prefecture Fukushima Prefecture, － Image of an ecosystem in a community － Forest Office Shinjo City Koriyama City Fukui Prefecture Fukushima City Community (dozens of households) Forest in a community Ono City Niigata Prefecture Tochigi Prefecture Reformed lignin Awara City Niigata City Okayama Prefecture Nakagawa-machi ● Since lignin has diverse compositions and properties, it was thought that refinement of Hyogo Prefecture Sanjo City Maniwa City Ibaraki Prefecture lignin for industrial use was difficult. Ako City Daigo-machi ● Currently, the research and development on how to produce stable, highly-processible Okayama Prefecture Asago City Misaki-cho Ibaraki Prefecture lignin (reformed lignin) using domestic cedar wood and to seek a solid production method Hyogo Prefecture Hitachiota City （P are under way. Shimane Prefecture Nishiwaki City Matsue City Gunma Prefecture Nagano Prefecture Yamaguchi Prefecture Collective housing Clinic Community center Accommodations） Hiroshima Prefecture Maebashi City Nagano City Iwakuni City Supplying steam and warm Supplying Expected uses Kure City Gunma Prefecture Iida City water electricity Saga Prefecture Kawaba-mura Azumino City Prototype vehicle with interior and exterior Sealing material for pipe (gaskets) Imari City Mie Prefecture Gifu Prefecture parts using modified lignin installed on the * Compound substance of reformed lignin and synthetic Matsusaka City People in a community produce firewood Oita Prefecture Takayama City in the local forest and carry them in their hood, etc. resin facilities themselves. Oita City Kochi Prefecture Gifu Prefecture Hita City Kochi City Mizuho City Bungo-ono City Sukumo City Generating electricity using Stirling Prefecture Replacing existing fuel oil- Kumamoto Prefecture heated boilers with firewood engines (less than 10 kw: supplying Miyazaki Prefecture Oyodo-cho boilers electricity for about 10 households) Yatsushiro City Nichinan Kumamoto Prefecture Tokushima Prefecture System capacity: Under 2,000 kW Tsuno-cho Anan City Minamioguni-machi Kawaminami-cho * Providing a community with electricity produced in independent power- Photo: Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, National Institute Kagoshima Prefecture Miyazaki Prefecture Tokushima Prefecture * Onboard system which supplies electricity and generation facilities without using large-scale power transmission lines of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Miyagi Kasei Co., Ltd., Komatsushima City System capacity: 2,000 kW or heat in case of disasters or in remoted areas is Kirishima City Saito City now under development. and Mitsuoka Motor Co., Ltd. Photo: Japan Matex Co., Ltd. Satsuma Sendai City Kushima City above Change in forest cooperatives’ business operation

Raw material production total (thinning) (final cutting) tended areas

planted areas Change in forestry workers Trend of wood utilization in Japan Circulation of Forest Resources Utilization of the entire tree parts Wood Chip C classaa wood

Branches and bent parts Plywood B class wood

Small diameter parts Timbers A classA wood

Large diameter parts Displaying the use of thinned wood materials in public by the forestry agency Promotion of the Use of Wood for Large-Scale Buildings Number of volunteer groups participating in forestry activities 1375 1100 Private forest 825 National forest 550 275 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Forest Certificates

FSC: Forest Stewardship Council SGEC (Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council): Japanese forest certificate framework which was endorsed by PEFC (Programmed for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) as of 2016. National Forests in Japan

. Current State of Management and Administration of National Forests (1) Roles of national forests ⚪ Around 31% of Japan's forests (20% of the land area) are national forests. ⚪ Forests are widely spread in deep and steep mountains and water source areas, and expected to fulfill important public utilities functions, such as land preservation, headwaters conservation, biodiversity conservation, and global warming prevention. Around 90% of Japan's national forests are designated as "protection forests." ⚪ The national government (Forestry Agency) contributes to regenerating forests and the forestry industry while promoting public utilities-focused consolidated management as a "National Forest Project." ■ Areas of forests and ■ Distribution and organization of national forests national forests ■ World Heritage regions (As of March 31, 2017) There are seven Regional Forest Offices nationwide, and 98 District Forest Ratios to the forest area: ⚪ World Natural Heritage Offices based on catchment basins (forest planning zones) to directly Private forests: 69% Private forests (About 95% of the land area is national forests) manage national forests. National forests: 31% 14,390,000 ha 38% * In April 2013, all organizations and projects for national forest work moved to general Non-forests Forests accounting. 12,760,000 ha 25,050,000 ha 34% 66% Area of Japan Nat 37,800.000 ha ion Nati Other national forests al onal fore 70,000 ha for est st 0% Hokkaido Regional Forest 94 100 Office Shiretoko (Hokkaido) Shirakami-Sanchi % National forests directly administered by the Public % (Aomori and Akita prefectures) Forestry Agency forests 2,990,000 ha Ryukyu Islands, Amami Islands and Daito Islands 7,590,000 ha 20% 8% Tohoku Regional Forest Chubu Regional Forest Office Office ■ National forests with diverse natural resources (As of April 1, 2018) Nati ona l Kyushu Regional Forest Area Ratio to National Office Kanto Regional Forest Forests and fore Office (10,000 ha) Fields st Ogasawara Islands 81 National National Forests (Forestry Agency % 759 (Tokyo Metropolis) forest Forestry Agency administered) 95% Note: The graphs show the percentage of the World National Forests and Fields 758 Natural Heritage site that is national forest. (Kagoshima Prefecture) Protection Forests 685 91% Forest Reserves 98 13% ⚪ World Cultural Heritage Green Corridors 58 8% Kinki-Chugoku Regional Forest Office Forest Zones for Recreation 34 4% Mt. Fuji, which

Shikoku Regional Forest World Natural Heritage Sites 8 1% was registered as a Office Natural Parks 221 29% World Cultural Ogasawara Islands Wild Life Protection Area 126 14% Heritage site in June National forests 2013, is about 35% Regional Forest Office boundaries Note 1: The area for National Forests and Fields is the area covered by the management plans in accordance with 12-1 in the National Forest Management Rules, and does not include the areas for afforestation on public forest by government. (about 7,000 ha) Prefectural borders Note 2: The area of national forests (administered by the Forestry Agency) is as of the end of FY2011. Note 3: The areas of protection forests, natural parks and wild life protection area are as of April 2016, and the area Mt. Fuji (Shizuoka and of protection forests is as of April 2015. national forest. Yamanashi prefectures) (2) Further promotion of management and operation prioritizing public interest ⚪ Enhancing promotion of management and operation that emphasizes the public good will contribute to preventing global warming and preserving biodiversity.

■ Promotion of forest development ■ Preservation of biodiversity

• Diverse afforestation is actively promoted to fulfill the public utilities functions of national • In order to preserve primitive forest ecosystem and rare forests, including thinning as a measure for forest carbon sinks. Wood obtained through forest wild species, "protected forests" and "green corridors" are development is supplied to help to establish a stable supply system for domestic wood. established. In this manner, they are strictly preserved and managed. (Approximately 20% of national forests are

protection forests and green corridors.) The Yanbaru Forest Ecosystem Reserve (protected forests) where a large number of endemic species and rare species grow and ・ In managing planted forests along mountain streams, inhabit protective tree zones (valley forests) are set up, and efforts are promoted in handling them in such a way as to giving consideration to biodiversity such as fostering the growth of tall broadleaf trees. • Alien species are eliminated from regions where they threaten to harm the forest's biodiversity. By conducting thinning, healthy forests can Mixed forest made up with conifers and be maintained broad-leaved trees Forest along a mountain stream dominated by tall broadleaf trees Elimination of alien trees on the ■ Prevention of mountain disasters Ogasawara Islands • Restoration of barren areas and development of protection forests are being done in a planned manner to provide safe and secure lifestyles. ■ Measures for wildlife damage • When a major mountain disaster occurs, officials with specialist techniques are sent to ・ Local agricultural and forestry workers have been suffering from serious damage caused by wild animals, such as private forests to support surveys, etc. deer, and the ecosystem is also affected. The government take various measures in collaboration with local administrative • On request from the prefecture, "Private Forest Direct Control Land Restoration Projects" will be carried out in areas where advanced techniques are required for offices and hunters’ associations. For example, they install fences to protect planted forests as well as do research on restoration work. deer sighting to grasp the deer’s behavior and try to capture them in a trap.

17 years later

Support for a survey on recovery from Installation of a fence as a measure to Trapping deers using a small corral Research for infestation status of Situation of recovery of vegetation immediately after flood disaster at a private forest damaged by control afforestation work at Mt. Daisen prevent damage by deer trap developed by the Shikoku deer using automatic camera severe rainfall Regional Forest Office Green Corridor (conceptual drawing)

Conceptual drawing of green passages Rare species of wild animals, and their habitats Rare alpine plants, and plant Bio-genetic resources for all the and breeding areas communities that are valuable creatures that form forest (Forest reserve with for scientific research Forest ecosystem reserve ecosystems habitats for specified (Forest reserve for plant (Forest reserve for bio-genetic animals) communities) resources)

Green passage (corridor)

8% of national forest area (a total of 583,000 ha) Supply of timber production Sales Methods from National Forests

Stumpage Sale Log Sale (in the stock yard) (in the forest) World Natural Heritages in the National Forests in Japan

Total Area National Forest Area name Ratio

Shiretoko Shirakami Yakushima Ogasawara Total Shiretoko (National Park) Corporate forest system

Society contribution Utilization of wood materials in disaster prevention project (channel work)

木製流路工 Distribution of Forest Ecosystem Reserves, etc. in Japan Conservation and administration of precious forests Among the national forests, especially important national forests are designated as forest reserves in order to maintain the natural environment of primeval forest ecosystems, protect animals and plants, Ketupa and conserve bio-generic resources, and efforts are made to protect and blakistoni administrate them properly. In 2011, 840 forest reserves of 903,000 Shiretoko Forest hectares, which exceed the combined area of Tokyo and Kanagawa Ecosystem Reserve Prefecture, were designated. “Forest ecosystem reserves,” which are intended to conserve primeval, natural forests, account for two thirds of the total area of the forest reserves. Ninety-five percent of Yakushima, and the entire area of the Shirakami mountain district, which are registered as natural heritage sites, based on the World Heritage Convention, are also strictly protected and administrated as forest ecosystem reserves. ⬛ 26 forest ecosystem reserves

Felis iriomotensis Iriomote Island Forest Ecosystem Reserve Recreation/sports forest Approximately 390,000 ha in total Environmental Education in the Forest

Education on Forest and the Environmental Thank you.