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School of Humanities and Social Sciences American Travel Narratives of the Orient (1830-1870) A Study in Nineteenth Century Latent Orientalism by Cansu Özge Özmen a Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Field Literary Studies Approved Dissertation Committee Name and title of Chair Prof. Thomas Rommel Name and title of Committee Member Prof. Brendan Dooley Name and title of Committee Member Prof. Martin Heusser Date of Defense: 21.01.2010 School of Humanities and Social Sciences 1 I declare that this dissertation has been written independently and has not been submitted at another university for the conferral of a Degree. 2 çekirdek aileme, 3 Abstract: This dissertation seeks to examine the rise of interest in American travel narratives and increasing Orientalist representations on direct encounter with the ―Orient‖ within the following six immediately popular and influential narratives: David Porter‘s Constantinople and Its Environs by an American (1835), Nathaniel P. Willis‘ Pencillings by the Way (1836), John Lloyd Stephens‘ Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petræa, and the Holy Land (1837), and Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland (1838), Bayard Taylor‘s The Land of the Saracen; or, Pictures of Palestine, Asia Minor, Sicily and Spain (1854), and Mark Twain‘s Traveling with the Innocents Abroad; or the New Pilgrim’s Progress. The study traces 19th century American exceptionalist discourses in these narratives via categories of latent Orientalism and argue for a by no means uniform but an indigenous 19th century latent American Orientalism prevalent in these six texts. The analysis also draws on the substantial influence of the journey narrative both as a motif and as a genre in the 19th century American literary scene and its historically embedded impact. The work treats the discursive preferences of the authors as conscious strategies or subliminal reflexes in the national identity formation processes that these narratives partake in. 4 Contents Introduction: .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter I ................................................................................................................................................... 18 Vacillating Testimony of the First Minister Resident to the Ottoman Empire: A Traveler in Residence and his Environs ...................................................................................................................... 18 I. Savoire-Faire and the Audacity of its Echo .................................................................................... 18 II. Business and Pleasure ..................................................................................................................... 23 III. Knowledge Management and Taxonomy ................................................................................... 29 IV. Porter‘s Strongest Suit ................................................................................................................ 38 Chapter II .................................................................................................................................................. 44 Beau Monde Tracing Byron: Nathaniel Parker Willis’ Pencillings by the Way .................................. 44 I. Where Formal and Commercial Concerns Meet ............................................................................ 44 II. Nat Willis .................................................................................................................................. 54 III. By the Way ................................................................................................................................. 59 IV. A Genteel Reassurance ............................................................................................................... 64 Chapter III. ................................................................................................................................................ 72 An Havoc with Pride and Truth in a Discursive Terra Incognita: The Great American Traveler in Turkey, Egypt, Holy Land, and Arabia Petrae& Greece, Russia, Turkey and Poland ..................... 72 I. Memory and the Eye ....................................................................................................................... 72 II. Holism in a New Perspective .......................................................................................................... 77 III. Sehnsucht .................................................................................................................................... 85 IV. Authorial Intent and Reader Reception ....................................................................................... 89 V. Inheritance vs. Experience .............................................................................................................. 95 Chapter IV ............................................................................................................................................... 102 The Lands of the Saracen: A Genteel Poet in the Land of the East .................................................... 102 I. Prelude to Travel Narratives of the Orient .................................................................................... 102 II. Bayard Taylor ............................................................................................................................... 104 III. Fame and Prominence: Writing for the Future ......................................................................... 110 IV. Inspiration and Ambivalence .................................................................................................... 115 Chapter V ................................................................................................................................................ 131 Sinners on a Pilgrimage; Innocents on a Literary Quest in Mark Twain’s Innocents Abroad ........ 131 I. Sam ............................................................................................................................................... 131 II. Thematic Scheme and Travel ........................................................................................................ 136 III. Demythologizing the Orient ...................................................................................................... 141 5 IV. ―Belatedness‖ and Search for Originality ................................................................................. 149 Conclusion: .............................................................................................................................................. 157 6 Introduction: In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 397 travel accounts that dealt with the Orient, either partially or specifically were published by 314 authors from a wide array of occupational backgrounds as much as a hundred, among which were predominantly missionaries, clergymen, sailors, authors, diplomats, artists, lawyers, and physicians. Only two of these narratives were published in the 18th century which fall into the category of survival literature. One of them is the renown narrative of John Foss, A journal of the captivity and sufferings of John Foss; several years a prisoner at Algiers: together with some account of the treatment of Christian slaves when sick written after captivity in Algiers. The other one is Daniel Saunder‘s A journal of the travels and sufferings of Daniel Saunders, Jun., a mariner on board the ship Commerce, of Boston, Samuel Johnson, Commander, which was cast away near Cape Morebet, on the coast of Arabia, July 10, 1792 published in 1794. Two historical and commercial events mark the beginning and the end of the period in question (1830-1870.) Although 7 more accounts had been published before 1830, what makes the year memorable is the Treaty of Trade and Navigation that is signed between the Ottoman Porte and the United States.1 Apart from the tributary treaties with Maghreb regencies of Algeria, Tripoli, and Tunisia which were under the Ottoman rule but semi autonomous in their internal and to a certain extent external affairs, the Barbary Wars of 1801-1805 and the Algiers War of 1814-1815, the Treaty of Trade and Navigation is the first bilateral political recognition regarding the United States in the region. The analysis covers the period in which the knowledge production of the Orient was relatively limited to the pens of a few, that is until 1870, when the steamship competition reached its peak and the prices of a transatlantic trip were reduced to the extent that middle class families with a substantial income could afford. Already in the 1840s, with the introduction of transatlantic steamships the overseas travel in numbers of passengers reached from ―a few thousands annually to as many as thirty thousand.‖2 After the Civil War, the 1Mustafa Aydın and Çağrı Erhan, ed., Turkish-American Relations: Past, Present and Future, (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 5. 2Foster Rhea Dulles, ―A Historical View of Americans Abroad,‖ The annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; Vol. 368, 1966, 11-20, p. 13. 7 appearance of guidebooks of travel and the emergence of Thomas Cook in the 1870s, as well as the advent of the railroad in mid-century, transatlantic voyage cost only 100 dollars.3 During the period on which this study
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