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"The Anchor of the Soul That Enters Within the Veil": the Ascension of the "Son" in the Letter to the Hebrews

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Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2008 "The Anchor of the Soul that Enters Within the Veil": the Ascension of the "Son" in the Letter to the Hebrews Felix H. Cortez Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Philosophy Commons, Reading and Language Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Cortez, Felix H., ""The Anchor of the Soul that Enters Within the Veil": the Ascension of the "Son" in the Letter to the Hebrews" (2008). Dissertations. 26. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/26 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT “THE ANCHOR OF THE SOUL THAT ENTERS WITHIN THE VEIL”: THE ASCENSION OF THE “SON” IN THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS by Felix H. Cortez Adviser: Jon Paulien ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: “THE ANCHOR OF THE SOUL THAT ENTERS WITHIN THE VEIL”: THE ASCENSION OF THE “SON” IN THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS Name of researcher: Felix H. Cortez Name and degree of faculty adviser: Jon Paulien, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2008 Problem This dissertation studies the nature of Jesus’ ascension to heaven and its role in the argument of Hebrews. Method The study consists of an analysis of those passages in which Jesus’ ascension is referred to directly (Heb 1:6; 4:14-16; 6:19-20; 9:11-14, 24; 10:19-22) and a study of the imagery Hebrews uses to couch its theology, giving special attention to the role of this imagery in the progression of the argument. The study is both exegetical and theological in nature, seeking to provide an analysis of specific passages as well as systematization of their import. Results The six passages that refer explicitly to Jesus’ ascension in Hebrews (1:6; 4:14- 16; 6:19-20; 9:11-14, 24; 10:19-22) associate the ascension with different aspects of Jesus’ achievements. Hebrews 1:6 relates the ascension with Jesus’ enthronement (also 4:14-16); 6:19-20, with his appointment as high priest; 9:11-14, 24 and 10:19-22, with the inauguration of the new covenant. All of these events form part of Jesus’ exaltation at the right hand of God (1:3, 13; 8:1; 10:12; 12:2) and contribute to his identity as “Son.” These achievements of Jesus have an intriguing similarity to the achievements of righteous Davidic kings in the Hebrew Bible: After ascending the throne, the righteous Davidic king would (1) renew the covenant between God and the nation, (2) cleanse the land, (3) build or repair the temple, (4) reform the cult and reorganize the priests and Levites, (5) promote the reunification of Israel, and (6) achieve rest by defeating the enemies. Finally, the rise to power of the Davidic king often coincides with (7) the emergence of a faithful priest. The Hebrew prophets and those early Jewish documents that continue to hold fast to a Davidic hope project these achievements into the future and elevate them to an eschatological dimension. Hebrews argues that Jesus fulfilled these expectations: Jesus is the “son” enthroned at the right hand of God (1:3, 5-6), he has defeated “death,” the enemy (2:14- 16), built the “house of God” (3:1-6; 8:1-5), and provided “rest” for his people (4:1-10). His ascension to the throne implies as well the emergence of a new faithful priest of the order of Melchizedek (chaps. 5-7) and a reformation of the cult—specifically of the law of sacrifices (9:24-10:18) and priesthood (7:13-28). The new king cleanses his people (9:11-14), mediates a new covenant (9:15-23), and reforms the cult by establishing one sacrifice that is effective “once for all” (9:24-10:18) and multiple spiritual sacrifices (13:10-16), all of which conclude in a joyous celebration at Mount Zion (12:22-29)—as the reforms of ancient Jewish kings did. In other words, the study suggests that Hebrews conceives the ascension as the inauguration of Jesus’ office as “Son” at the “right hand of God” (Heb 1:3, 13; 4:14-16; 8:1-2; 10:12-13; 12:1-2) and that it understands the title “Son” as the fulfillment of the promise made to David (2 Sam 7:12-15) which is claimed for Jesus explicitly in Heb 1:5. Chapter 1 states the problem and analyzes the two answers that have been offered in scholarly literature (the Day of Atonement and the Inauguration of the Sanctuary as typologies or analogies to Jesus’ ascension). It also introduces the delimitations and methodology of the study. Chapter 2 presents the findings regarding the expectations of the rule of righteous Davidic kings both in the Hebrew Bible and early Jewish documents. Chapter 3 analyzes the ascension passages in Hebrews and their relationship to the fulfillment of the expectations regarding a future righteous Davidic king. Chapter 4 presents the results of the study. Conclusion Davidic traditions function as an essential subtext of Hebrews and provide the necessary force to its hortatory argument. The author of Hebrews argues that Jesus’ exaltation in heaven as the eschatological Davidic king brings about the fulfillment of God’s promises for his people: entrance into rest, an intercessor, cleansing from sin, and the restoration of the covenant. On the other hand, Jesus’ exaltation also demands their allegiance to him; otherwise, they will suffer the judgment of God. He exhorts them, then, to “hold fast the confession” so that they may inherit the promises of God. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary “THE ANCHOR OF THE SOUL THAT ENTERS WITHIN THE VEIL”: THE ASCENSION OF THE “SON” IN THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Felix H. Cortez July 2008 © Copyright by Felix H. Cortez 2008 All Rights Reserved “THE ANCHOR OF THE SOUL THAT ENTERS WITHIN THE VEIL”: THE ASCENSION OF THE “SON” IN THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy by Felix H. Cortez APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE ________________________________ _____________________________ Faculty Adviser, Director of the Ph.D./Th.D. Program Jon Paulien Roy E. Gane Dean, School of Religion Loma Linda University ________________________________ _____________________________ Roy E. Gane Dean, SDA Theological Seminary Professor of Hebrew Bible and Denis Fortin Ancient Near Eastern Languages ________________________________ Richard M. Davidson J. N. Andrews Professor of Old Testament Interpretation ________________________________ John K. McVay Professor of New Testament President Walla Walla College ________________________________ _____________________________ Harold W. Attridge Date approved Lillian Claus Professor of New Testament Dean, Yale Divinity School To Alma In the hope that I might not forget How much I owe her iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of the Problem . 5 State of Affairs: The Day of Atonement Ritual Provides the Analogy to Jesus’ Ascension ................... 9 Critique of the State of Affairs: A More Limited Role for the Day of Atonement Imagery? . 19 There Is Absence of “Affliction of the Soul” in Relation to Jesus’ Entrance into the Heavenly Sanctuary . 19 The Azazel Ritual Is Omitted . 22 The Sprinkling of Jesus’ Blood in Heaven Does Not Refer to the Day of Atonement Ritual . 25 The Day of Atonement Provides Only a Secondary Imagery to Jesus’ Sacrifice . 28 Summary . 30 Alternative Suggestion: Moses’ Inauguration of the Sanctuary Provides the Analogy to Jesus’ Ascension . 31 Critique of the Analogy to Moses’ Inauguration of the Sanctuary . 36 A Third Way: The Enthronement of the Ideal Davidic King Provides the Analogy to Jesus’ Ascension . 40 Delimitations and Methodology . 49 II. THE DAVIDIC COVENANT AND THE EXPECTATION OF AN IDEAL KING IN THE HEBREW BIBLE AND EARLY JUDAISM ............................. 51 The Institution of the Davidic Covenant ............... 54 Is the Davidic Covenant Unconditional? . 57 What Is the Relationship between the Davidic and the Mosaic Covenants? . 61 The Davidic King as Covenant Mediator: He Renews the Mosaic Covenant under “Better Promises” . 63 iv The Davidic King as Reformer of the Cult: He Reorganizes the Priesthood and the Service of the Temple . 68 The Davidic King Is Confirmed in God’s House and Kingdom: The Davidic Covenant in 1 Chronicles 17 . 72 Summary . 75 Righteous Kings and the Davidic Covenant in Monarchic Israel ................................ 76 Solomon ............................... 77 Asa ................................. 82 Joash ................................. 85 Hezekiah ............................... 89 Covenant Renewal ...................... 90 Re-Consecration of the Priests and Temple ........ 92 Re-Inauguration of the Service of the Temple ....... 95 Re-Consecration of the Nation ................ 96 Celebration of Passover .................... 98 Rest from Their Enemies . 101 Josiah . 101 Cleansing of the Land . 102 Repair of the Temple . 103 The Book of the Law Is Found . 104 Renewal of the Covenant . 105 Reorganization of the Cult . 106 Summary . 108 The Davidic Covenant in the Rest of the Hebrew Bible ...... 109 The Psalms . 109 Psalm 89 . 109 Psalm 132 ............................ 111 Other Psalms . 112 The Pre-exilic Prophets and the Davidic Covenant . 113 Amos . 113 Hosea . 116 Micah .
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