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Black Empowerment and the Fight for Liberation in Attala County, Mississippi 1865-1915

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Black Empowerment and the Fight for Liberation in Attala County, Mississippi 1865-1915 University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses November 2018 THE PRIVILEGE OF BLACKNESS: BLACK EMPOWERMENT AND THE FIGHT FOR LIBERATION IN ATTALA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI 1865-1915 Evan Ashford Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the African American Studies Commons, Genealogy Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Ashford, Evan, "THE PRIVILEGE OF BLACKNESS: BLACK EMPOWERMENT AND THE FIGHT FOR LIBERATION IN ATTALA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI 1865-1915" (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1417. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1417 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PRIVILEGE OF BLACKNESS: BLACK EMPOWERMENT AND THE FIGHT FOR LIBERATION IN ATTALA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI 1865-1915 A Dissertation Presented by EVAN HOWARD ASHFORD Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2018 W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies © Copyright by Evan Howard Ashford 2018 All Rights Reserved THE PRIVILEGE OF BLACKNESS: BLACK EMPOWERMENT AND THE FIGHT FOR LIBERATION IN ATTALA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI 1865-1915 A Dissertation Presented by EVAN HOWARD ASHFORD Approved as to style and content by: ______________________________________ John H. Bracey, Chair ______________________________________ James Smethurst, Member ______________________________________ Agustin Lao-Montes, Member ______________________________________ John Higginson, Outside Member ____________________________________ Amilcar Shabazz, Department Chair W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies DEDICATION To Charles Henry and Linda Joy Ashford ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All acknowledgements are first and foremost given to Allah, Cherisher and Sustainer of the Worlds. I wish to pay acknowledgement to my family, friends, professors, and others who assisted, guided, and encouraged me during this process. I acknowledge my family who has made it possible for me to be in this position today. I first want to thank my parents, Charles Henry & Linda Joy Ashford. They have been the one constant in my life. They have always supported my choices and have never doubted my ability to achieve my desired goals. I thank my parents for their years of sacrifice and teaching me that the pitfalls of life should never deter me from achieving my dreams. During the doctoral process, my mother passed; however, I used the years of upbringing she provided to forge ahead and complete my dissertation. I want to thank my brothers, Charles, Derrian, Derek, and Brandon. Through each of them, I learned how to navigate life. Dr. John H. Bracey played the most significant role during my time in the W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies. Dr. Bracey served beyond the capacity of dissertation chair. He became not only my mentor but also my friend. Dr. Bracey supported my research from its inception, and he allowed me the space to grow as a historian. Dr. Bracey pushed me to think like a historian and not like a lawyer. As a result my writing benefited. Through Dr. Bracey, I learned the realities of academia and the tools needed to navigate the field. Most importantly, Dr. Bracey incorporated me into his family and gave me a second home during the holidays. I thank Dr. Bracey for his time v and the many late-night conversations about life, research, and people which we shared while eating pizza. I will be forever indebted to Dr. Bracey. I thank the other members of my dissertation committee: Dr. James Smethurst, Dr. Agustin Lao-Montes, and Dr. John Higginson for taking the time to serve on my committee and for the valuable feedback and encouragement throughout the dissertation process. The valuable primary and secondary sources held by the W.E.B. Du Bois Library allowed me to construct a dissertation worthy of defense. I want to thank Isabel Espinal for her assistance tracking down research materials and her engaging conversation regarding my dissertation topic. Ms. Tricia Loveland and Ms. Sharon Coney are two special individuals who assisted me throughout the past four years. Tricia answered my many questions and assisted me while I applied for teaching positions. She remained patient and supportive throughout the process, and I would not be where I am without her. I also thank Tricia for helping me face my flying phobia. Ms. Sharon Coney holds a special place in my heart. She made herself available for conversation and provided me with deep insight into life. I could always count on Sharon to listen to me vent or to have a needed laugh. Sharon provided support and friendship during the trying times and was a constant and true friend. Special people are placed in your life for special reasons, and I have been blessed to have such people. I want to thank Xavier Gary Orr for being a brother the past four year. Xavier took me under his wing and kept me grounded and focused. He provided continual support during the tough times. I want to thank Ms. LaShawn Speed for her vi decade-long support of my research. She is a constant voice of encouragement and wisdom. LaShawn made it possible for me to possess some of the photographs within this particular dissertation. Mr. Ahmad Majeed has been like a brother to me the past twelve years and has assisted in my development as an individual. He encouraged me to see life beyond my research and balance my time between work and living life. I give special thanks to Ms. Ann Breedlove of the Attala County Regional Library. We developed a friendship that is based on mutual understanding of historical interpretation and research appreciation. Ann supported my research and was the first buyer of my genealogical research series, “The Unshackled Past.” Throughout this journey, she continued to support my research and analysis and respected my efforts to utilize genealogy as a valid and respected methodological approach. I thank my cousin, Mr. Shone Chestnut for his love and support prior to and during my time at the University of Massachusetts. I want to acknowledge my cohort, Nadia Al-Ahmed, Olivia Ekeh, and Keyona Jones. I thank Dr. Carlyn Ferrari for being a constant reminder as to why I was in the doctoral program and the importance of maintaining one’s individuality. I also thank Dr. Whitney Battle-Baptiste for selecting me for the Du Bois Library Fellowship as well as engaging conversation regarding my genealogical research. I thank the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Research Scholars Program and Mississippi Department of Archives and History for their research fellowship which helped shape the overall scope of this dissertation. vii ABSTRACT THE PRIVILEGE OF BLACKNESS: BLACK EMPOWERMENT AND THE FIGHT FOR LIBERATION IN ATTALA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI 1865-1915 SEPTEMBER 2018 EVAN ASHFORD, B.S., MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY-STARKVILLE, MS M.A., MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY-STARKVILLE, MS M.A., JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY-JACKSON, MS M.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS-AMHERST, MA Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS-AMHERST, MA Directed by: Professor John H. Bracey Post-Civil War historiography paid minimal attention to the rural Afro-American impact on Southern social, economic, and political institutions prior to the 20th century. This dissertation addresses this deficit. The Privilege of Blackness: Black Empowerment and the Fight for Liberation examines how Afro-Americans in rural Mississippi empowered themselves via their mentality, interracial interactions, landownership, labor diversification, education and suffrage as a means to fight for individual and racial liberation. The Privilege of Blackness: Black Empowerment and the Fight for Liberation in Attala County, Mississippi 1865-1915 makes the claim that freedom grounded Afro- American peoples claim to their inalienable rights guaranteed by the Declaration of viii Independence and fortified by the United States Constitution. The fight for liberation, to regain once lost freedoms and establish new freedoms, not only challenged post-Civil War Southern racial ideology but also shaped its socio-economic and political landscape for the remainder of the 19th century and impacted the 20th century burgeoning civil rights movement. Emerging from slavery, Afro-Americans entered into a period of construction rather than reconstruction. The former slave was not attempting to reconstruct slavery. Instead, they constructed the foundations on which empowerment could translate into generational liberation. Using an extensive case study of Attala County, Mississippi’s centermost county, the research details the history of Afro-American life from 1865 to 1915 to analyze the ways in which Afro-American activity created opportunities for their continued progression and freedom from their oppressors’ mental and physical attempts of continued subjugation. Attala County represents one county (and possibly more) where Afro-Americans demonstrated not survival techniques but their willingness to battle former and potential masters to obtain freedoms promised to all American citizens. The focus on the individual collective provides a more nuanced understanding of the role that Afro-Americans played in individual
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